nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2012 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  */
   5 #include <config.h>
   6
   7 #include "ast_t.h"
   8 #include "symbol_t.h"
   9 #include "type_t.h"
  10 #include "parser.h"
  11 #include "lang_features.h"
  12 #include "entity_t.h"
  13 #include "printer.h"
  14 #include "separator_t.h"
  15 #include "types.h"
  16
  17 #include <assert.h>
  18 #include <stdio.h>
  19 #include <stdlib.h>
  20 #include <ctype.h>
  21
  22 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
  23 #include <mathimf.h>
  24 #elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
  25 #include "win32/cygwin_math_ext.h"
  26 #else
  27 #include <math.h>
  28 #endif
  29
  30 #include "adt/error.h"
  31 #include "adt/util.h"
  32
  33 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  34
  35 static int indent;
  36 static int case_indent;
  37
  38 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  39 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  40
  41 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  42 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  43
  44 void change_indent(int delta)
  45 {
  46         indent += delta;
  47         assert(indent >= 0);
  48 }
  49
  50 void print_indent(void)
  51 {
  52         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  53                 print_char('\t');
  54 }
  55
  56 /**
  57  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  58  * associativity, else 0.
  59  *
  60  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  61  */
  62 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  63 {
  64         switch (precedence) {
  65         case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  66         case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  67         case PREC_UNARY:
  68                 return 1;
  69
  70         default:
  71                 return 0;
  72         }
  73 }
  74
  75 /**
  76  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  77  *
  78  * @param kind   the expression kind
  79  */
  80 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  81 {
  82         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  83                 [EXPR_ERROR]                      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  84                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
  85                 [EXPR_ENUM_CONSTANT]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
  86                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
  87                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  88                 [EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
  89                 [EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
  90                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
  91                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]           = PREC_UNARY,
  92                 [EXPR_CALL]                       = PREC_POSTFIX,
  93                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
  94                 [EXPR_SELECT]                     = PREC_POSTFIX,
  95                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]               = PREC_POSTFIX,
  96                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                     = PREC_UNARY,
  97                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = PREC_UNARY,
  98                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
  99
 100                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = PREC_PRIMARY,
 103                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_VA_START]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 105                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 106                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 107                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 108                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 109
 110                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]               = PREC_UNARY,
 111                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 112                 [EXPR_UNARY_COMPLEMENT]           = PREC_UNARY,
 113                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                  = PREC_UNARY,
 114                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]          = PREC_UNARY,
 115                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]         = PREC_UNARY,
 116                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 117                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 118                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]     = PREC_UNARY,
 119                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]     = PREC_UNARY,
 120                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 121                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]               = PREC_PRIMARY,
 122                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]               = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]         = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]                = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_IMAG]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_REAL]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 127
 128                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                 = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 129                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                 = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 130                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                 = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 131                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                 = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 132                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                 = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 133                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]               = PREC_EQUALITY,
 134                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]            = PREC_EQUALITY,
 135                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]                = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 136                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]           = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 137                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]             = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 138                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]        = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 139                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]         = PREC_AND,
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]          = PREC_OR,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]         = PREC_XOR,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]         = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]          = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]           = PREC_SHIFT,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]              = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]    = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]               = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 158
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]           = PREC_PRIMARY,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]         = PREC_PRIMARY
 165         };
 166         assert((size_t)kind < lengthof(prec));
 167         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 168
 169         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 170         return res;
 171 }
 172
 173 /**
 174  * Print a quoted string constant.
 175  *
 176  * @param string  the string constant
 177  * @param border  the border char
 178  */
 179 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border)
 180 {
 181         print_string(get_string_encoding_prefix(string->encoding));
 182
 183         print_char(border);
 184         const char *end = string->begin + string->size;
 185         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 186                 const char tc = *c;
 187                 if (tc == border) {
 188                         print_char('\\');
 189                 }
 190                 switch (tc) {
 191                 case '\\': print_string("\\\\"); break;
 192                 case '\a': print_string("\\a"); break;
 193                 case '\b': print_string("\\b"); break;
 194                 case '\f': print_string("\\f"); break;
 195                 case '\n': print_string("\\n"); break;
 196                 case '\r': print_string("\\r"); break;
 197                 case '\t': print_string("\\t"); break;
 198                 case '\v': print_string("\\v"); break;
 199                 case '\?': print_string("\\?"); break;
 200                 case 27:
 201                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 202                                 print_string("\\e"); break;
 203                         }
 204                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 205                 default:
 206                         if ((unsigned)tc < 0x80 && !isprint(tc)) {
 207                                 print_format("\\%03o", (unsigned)tc);
 208                         } else {
 209                                 print_char(tc);
 210                         }
 211                         break;
 212                 }
 213         }
 214         print_char(border);
 215 }
 216
 217 static void print_string_literal(string_literal_expression_t const *const literal, char const delimiter)
 218 {
 219         print_quoted_string(&literal->value, delimiter);
 220 }
 221
 222 static void print_literal(const literal_expression_t *literal)
 223 {
 224         switch (literal->base.kind) {
 225         case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
 226                 print_string("__noop");
 227                 return;
 228
 229         case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
 230         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
 231         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
 232                 print_string(literal->value.begin);
 233                 return;
 234
 235         default:
 236                 break;
 237         }
 238         print_string("INVALID LITERAL KIND");
 239 }
 240
 241 /**
 242  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 243  */
 244 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 245 {
 246         const char *s = "";
 247         switch (funcname->kind) {
 248         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 249         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 250         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 251         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 252         }
 253         print_string(s);
 254 }
 255
 256 static void print_compound_literal(
 257                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 258 {
 259         print_char('(');
 260         print_type(expression->type);
 261         print_char(')');
 262         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 263 }
 264
 265 static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
 266 {
 267         print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 268 }
 269
 270 /**
 271  * Prints a call expression.
 272  *
 273  * @param call  the call expression
 274  */
 275 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 276 {
 277         print_expression_prec(call->function, PREC_POSTFIX);
 278         print_char('(');
 279         separator_t sep = { "", ", " };
 280         for (call_argument_t const *arg = call->arguments; arg; arg = arg->next) {
 281                 print_string(sep_next(&sep));
 282                 print_assignment_expression(arg->expression);
 283         }
 284         print_char(')');
 285 }
 286
 287 /**
 288  * Prints a binary expression.
 289  *
 290  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 291  */
 292 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 293 {
 294         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 295         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 296
 297         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 298         char const* op;
 299         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 300         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 301         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 302         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 303         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 304         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 305         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 306         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 307         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 308         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 309         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 310         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 311         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 312         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 313         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 314         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 315         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 316         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 317         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 318         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 319         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 320
 321         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 322         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 323         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 324         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 325         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 326         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 327         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 328         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 329         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 330         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 331         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 332         }
 333         print_string(op);
 334         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 335 }
 336
 337 /**
 338  * Prints an unary expression.
 339  *
 340  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 341  */
 342 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 343 {
 344         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 345         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 346         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           print_char  ('-' );         break;
 347         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             print_char  ('+' );         break;
 348         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              print_char  ('!' );         break;
 349         case EXPR_UNARY_COMPLEMENT:       print_char  ('~' );         break;
 350         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: print_string("++");         break;
 351         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: print_string("--");         break;
 352         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      print_char  ('*' );         break;
 353         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     print_char  ('&' );         break;
 354         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           print_string("delete ");    break;
 355         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     print_string("delete [] "); break;
 356         case EXPR_UNARY_REAL:             print_string("__real__ ");  break;
 357         case EXPR_UNARY_IMAG:             print_string("__imag__ ");  break;
 358
 359         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 360                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 361                 print_string("++");
 362                 return;
 363         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 364                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 365                 print_string("--");
 366                 return;
 367         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 368                 print_char('(');
 369                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 370                 print_char(')');
 371                 break;
 372         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 373                 print_string("__assume(");
 374                 print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
 375                 print_char(')');
 376                 return;
 377         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 378                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 379                         print_string("throw");
 380                         return;
 381                 }
 382                 print_string("throw ");
 383                 break;
 384
 385         default:
 386                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 387         }
 388         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 389 }
 390
 391 /**
 392  * Prints a reference expression.
 393  *
 394  * @param ref   the reference expression
 395  */
 396 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 397 {
 398         print_string(ref->entity->base.symbol->string);
 399 }
 400
 401 /**
 402  * Prints a label address expression.
 403  *
 404  * @param ref   the reference expression
 405  */
 406 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 407 {
 408         print_format("&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 409 }
 410
 411 /**
 412  * Prints an array expression.
 413  *
 414  * @param expression   the array expression
 415  */
 416 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 417 {
 418         if (!expression->flipped) {
 419                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_POSTFIX);
 420                 print_char('[');
 421                 print_expression(expression->index);
 422                 print_char(']');
 423         } else {
 424                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_POSTFIX);
 425                 print_char('[');
 426                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 427                 print_char(']');
 428         }
 429 }
 430
 431 /**
 432  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 433  *
 434  * @param expression   the type property expression
 435  */
 436 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 437 {
 438         switch (expression->base.kind) {
 439         case EXPR_SIZEOF:  print_string("sizeof");                                   break;
 440         case EXPR_ALIGNOF: print_string(c_mode & _C11 ? "_Alignof" : "__alignof__"); break;
 441         default:           panic("invalid typeprop kind");
 442         }
 443         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 444                 /* PREC_TOP: always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 445                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_TOP);
 446         } else {
 447                 print_char('(');
 448                 print_type(expression->type);
 449                 print_char(')');
 450         }
 451 }
 452
 453 /**
 454  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 455  *
 456  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 457  */
 458 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 459 {
 460         print_string("__builtin_constant_p(");
 461         print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
 462         print_char(')');
 463 }
 464
 465 /**
 466  * Prints a builtin types compatible expression.
 467  *
 468  * @param expression   the builtin types compatible expression
 469  */
 470 static void print_builtin_types_compatible(
 471                 const builtin_types_compatible_expression_t *expression)
 472 {
 473         print_string("__builtin_types_compatible_p(");
 474         print_type(expression->left);
 475         print_string(", ");
 476         print_type(expression->right);
 477         print_char(')');
 478 }
 479
 480 /**
 481  * Prints a conditional expression.
 482  *
 483  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 484  */
 485 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 486 {
 487         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 488         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 489                 print_string(" ? ");
 490                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 491                 print_string(" : ");
 492         } else {
 493                 print_string(" ?: ");
 494         }
 495         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 496         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 497 }
 498
 499 /**
 500  * Prints a va_start expression.
 501  *
 502  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 503  */
 504 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 505 {
 506         print_string("__builtin_va_start(");
 507         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 508         print_string(", ");
 509         print_assignment_expression(expression->parameter);
 510         print_char(')');
 511 }
 512
 513 /**
 514  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 515  *
 516  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 517  */
 518 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 519 {
 520         print_string("__builtin_va_arg(");
 521         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 522         print_string(", ");
 523         print_type(expression->base.type);
 524         print_char(')');
 525 }
 526
 527 /**
 528  * Prints a va_copy expression.
 529  *
 530  * @param expression   the va_copy expression
 531  */
 532 static void print_va_copy(const va_copy_expression_t *expression)
 533 {
 534         print_string("__builtin_va_copy(");
 535         print_assignment_expression(expression->dst);
 536         print_string(", ");
 537         print_assignment_expression(expression->src);
 538         print_char(')');
 539 }
 540
 541 /**
 542  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 543  *
 544  * @param expression   the select expression
 545  */
 546 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 547 {
 548         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, PREC_POSTFIX);
 549         /* do not print anything for anonymous struct/union selects
 550          * FIXME: if the anonymous select was a '->' this will print '.'
 551          */
 552         if (expression->compound_entry->base.symbol == NULL)
 553                 return;
 554
 555         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 556                 print_string("->");
 557         } else {
 558                 print_char('.');
 559         }
 560         print_string(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
 561 }
 562
 563 /**
 564  * Prints a type classify expression.
 565  *
 566  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 567  */
 568 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 569         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 570 {
 571         print_string("__builtin_classify_type(");
 572         print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
 573         print_char(')');
 574 }
 575
 576 /**
 577  * Prints a designator.
 578  *
 579  * @param designator  the designator
 580  */
 581 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 582 {
 583         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 584                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 585                         print_char('[');
 586                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 587                         if (designator->range_last) {
 588                                 print_string(" ... ");
 589                                 print_expression(designator->range_last);
 590                         }
 591                         print_char(']');
 592                 } else {
 593                         print_char('.');
 594                         print_string(designator->symbol->string);
 595                 }
 596         }
 597 }
 598
 599 /**
 600  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 601  *
 602  * @param expression   the offset expression
 603  */
 604 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 605 {
 606         print_string("__builtin_offsetof(");
 607         print_type(expression->type);
 608         print_char(',');
 609         print_designator(expression->designator);
 610         print_char(')');
 611 }
 612
 613 /**
 614  * Prints a statement expression.
 615  *
 616  * @param expression   the statement expression
 617  */
 618 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 619 {
 620         print_char('(');
 621         print_statement(expression->statement);
 622         print_char(')');
 623 }
 624
 625 static bool needs_parentheses(expression_t const *const expr, unsigned const top_prec)
 626 {
 627         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
 628                 return true;
 629
 630         if (top_prec > get_expression_precedence(expr->base.kind))
 631                 return true;
 632
 633         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM) {
 634                 switch (expr->kind) {
 635                 case EXPR_ENUM_CONSTANT:
 636                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 637                 case EXPR_LITERAL_CASES:
 638                 case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
 639                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 640                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 641                         /* Do not print () around subexpressions consisting of a single token. */
 642                         return false;
 643
 644                 default:
 645                         return true;
 646                 }
 647         }
 648
 649         return false;
 650 }
 651
 652 /**
 653  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 654  *
 655  * @param expression  the expression to print
 656  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 657  */
 658 static void print_expression_prec(expression_t const *expr, unsigned const top_prec)
 659 {
 660         if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST && expr->base.implicit && !print_implicit_casts) {
 661                 expr = expr->unary.value;
 662         }
 663
 664         bool const parenthesized = needs_parentheses(expr, top_prec);
 665
 666         if (parenthesized)
 667                 print_char('(');
 668         switch (expr->kind) {
 669         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 670         case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     print_typeprop_expression(     &expr->typeprop);                 break;
 671         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               print_array_expression(        &expr->array_access);             break;
 672         case EXPR_BINARY_CASES:               print_binary_expression(       &expr->binary);                   break;
 673         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         print_builtin_constant(        &expr->builtin_constant);         break;
 674         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: print_builtin_types_compatible(&expr->builtin_types_compatible); break;
 675         case EXPR_CALL:                       print_call_expression(         &expr->call);                     break;
 676         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              print_classify_type_expression(&expr->classify_type);            break;
 677         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           print_compound_literal(        &expr->compound_literal);         break;
 678         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:                print_conditional(             &expr->conditional);              break;
 679         case EXPR_ERROR:                      print_string("$error$");                                         break;
 680         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   print_funcname(                &expr->funcname);                 break;
 681         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              print_label_address_expression(&expr->label_address);            break;
 682         case EXPR_LITERAL_CASES:              print_literal(                 &expr->literal);                  break;
 683         case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:          print_string_literal(          &expr->string_literal, '\'');     break;
 684         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   print_offsetof_expression(     &expr->offsetofe);                break;
 685         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 686         case EXPR_ENUM_CONSTANT:              print_reference_expression(    &expr->reference);                break;
 687         case EXPR_SELECT:                     print_select(                  &expr->select);                   break;
 688         case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  print_statement_expression(    &expr->statement);                break;
 689         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:             print_string_literal(          &expr->string_literal, '"');      break;
 690         case EXPR_UNARY_CASES:                print_unary_expression(        &expr->unary);                    break;
 691         case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     print_va_arg(                  &expr->va_arge);                  break;
 692         case EXPR_VA_COPY:                    print_va_copy(                 &expr->va_copye);                 break;
 693         case EXPR_VA_START:                   print_va_start(                &expr->va_starte);                break;
 694         }
 695         if (parenthesized)
 696                 print_char(')');
 697 }
 698
 699 static void print_indented_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 700 {
 701         switch (stmt->kind) {
 702         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
 703                 break;
 704
 705         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
 706                 for (int i = 0; i != case_indent; ++i)
 707                         print_char('\t');
 708                 break;
 709
 710         default:
 711                 print_indent();
 712                 break;
 713         }
 714         print_statement(stmt);
 715 }
 716
 717 /**
 718  * Print an compound statement.
 719  *
 720  * @param block  the compound statement
 721  */
 722 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 723 {
 724         print_string("{\n");
 725         ++indent;
 726
 727         for (statement_t const *stmt = block->statements; stmt; stmt = stmt->base.next) {
 728                 print_indented_statement(stmt);
 729                 print_char('\n');
 730         }
 731
 732         --indent;
 733         print_indent();
 734         print_char('}');
 735 }
 736
 737 /**
 738  * Print a return statement.
 739  *
 740  * @param statement  the return statement
 741  */
 742 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 743 {
 744         expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
 745         if (val != NULL) {
 746                 print_string("return ");
 747                 print_expression(val);
 748                 print_char(';');
 749         } else {
 750                 print_string("return;");
 751         }
 752 }
 753
 754 /**
 755  * Print an expression statement.
 756  *
 757  * @param statement  the expression statement
 758  */
 759 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 760 {
 761         print_expression(statement->expression);
 762         print_char(';');
 763 }
 764
 765 /**
 766  * Print a computed goto statement.
 767  *
 768  * @param statement  the computed goto statement
 769  */
 770 static void print_computed_goto_statement(computed_goto_statement_t const *const stmt)
 771 {
 772         print_string("goto *");
 773         print_expression(stmt->expression);
 774         print_char(';');
 775 }
 776
 777 /**
 778  * Print a goto statement.
 779  *
 780  * @param statement  the goto statement
 781  */
 782 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 783 {
 784         print_string("goto ");
 785         print_string(statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 786         print_char(';');
 787 }
 788
 789 /**
 790  * Print a label statement.
 791  *
 792  * @param statement  the label statement
 793  */
 794 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 795 {
 796         print_format("%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 797         print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
 798 }
 799
 800 static void print_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 801 {
 802         if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
 803                 print_char(' ');
 804                 print_compound_statement(&stmt->compound);
 805         } else {
 806                 print_char('\n');
 807                 ++indent;
 808                 print_indented_statement(stmt);
 809                 --indent;
 810         }
 811 }
 812
 813 static void print_after_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 814 {
 815         if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
 816                 print_char(' ');
 817         } else {
 818                 print_char('\n');
 819                 print_indent();
 820         }
 821 }
 822
 823 /**
 824  * Print an if statement.
 825  *
 826  * @param statement  the if statement
 827  */
 828 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 829 {
 830         print_string("if (");
 831         print_expression(statement->condition);
 832         print_char(')');
 833         print_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
 834
 835         statement_t const *const f = statement->false_statement;
 836         if (f) {
 837                 print_after_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
 838                 print_string("else");
 839                 if (f->kind == STATEMENT_IF) {
 840                         print_char(' ');
 841                         print_if_statement(&f->ifs);
 842                 } else {
 843                         print_inner_statement(f);
 844                 }
 845         }
 846 }
 847
 848 /**
 849  * Print a switch statement.
 850  *
 851  * @param statement  the switch statement
 852  */
 853 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 854 {
 855         int const old_case_indent = case_indent;
 856         case_indent = indent;
 857
 858         print_string("switch (");
 859         print_expression(statement->expression);
 860         print_char(')');
 861         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 862
 863         case_indent = old_case_indent;
 864 }
 865
 866 /**
 867  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 868  *
 869  * @param statement  the case label statement
 870  */
 871 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 872 {
 873         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 874                 print_string("default:\n");
 875         } else {
 876                 print_string("case ");
 877                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 878                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 879                         print_string(" ... ");
 880                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 881                 }
 882                 print_string(":\n");
 883         }
 884         print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
 885 }
 886
 887 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
 888 {
 889         print_string("typedef ");
 890         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
 891         print_char(';');
 892 }
 893
 894 /**
 895  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
 896  * correspondenc in the source file
 897  */
 898 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
 899 {
 900         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
 901                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
 902
 903         if (is_declaration(entity))
 904                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
 905
 906         return false;
 907 }
 908
 909 /**
 910  * Print a declaration statement.
 911  *
 912  * @param statement   the statement
 913  */
 914 static void print_declaration_statement(
 915                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 916 {
 917         bool first = true;
 918         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
 919         if (entity == NULL) {
 920                 print_string("/* empty declaration statement */");
 921                 return;
 922         }
 923
 924         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
 925         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
 926                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
 927                         continue;
 928                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 929                         continue;
 930
 931                 if (!first) {
 932                         print_char('\n');
 933                         print_indent();
 934                 } else {
 935                         first = false;
 936                 }
 937
 938                 print_entity(entity);
 939         }
 940 }
 941
 942 /**
 943  * Print a do-while statement.
 944  *
 945  * @param statement   the statement
 946  */
 947 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 948 {
 949         print_string("do");
 950         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 951         print_after_inner_statement(statement->body);
 952         print_string("while (");
 953         print_expression(statement->condition);
 954         print_string(");");
 955 }
 956
 957 /**
 958  * Print a for statement.
 959  *
 960  * @param statement   the statement
 961  */
 962 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
 963 {
 964         if (statement->initialisation || statement->scope.entities || !statement->condition || statement->step) {
 965                 print_string("for (");
 966                 if (statement->initialisation != NULL) {
 967                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
 968                         print_char(';');
 969                 } else {
 970                         entity_t const *entity = statement->scope.entities;
 971                         for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
 972                                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 973                                         continue;
 974                                 /* FIXME display of multiple declarations is wrong */
 975                                 print_declaration(entity);
 976                         }
 977                 }
 978                 if (statement->condition != NULL) {
 979                         print_char(' ');
 980                         print_expression(statement->condition);
 981                 }
 982                 print_char(';');
 983                 if (statement->step != NULL) {
 984                         print_char(' ');
 985                         print_expression(statement->step);
 986                 }
 987         } else {
 988                 print_string("while (");
 989                 print_expression(statement->condition);
 990         }
 991         print_char(')');
 992         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 993 }
 994
 995 /**
 996  * Print assembler arguments.
 997  *
 998  * @param arguments   the arguments
 999  */
1000 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t const *const arguments)
1001 {
1002         print_string(" :");
1003         separator_t sep = { " ", ", " };
1004         for (asm_argument_t const *i = arguments; i; i = i->next) {
1005                 print_string(sep_next(&sep));
1006                 if (i->symbol)
1007                         print_format("[%s] ", i->symbol->string);
1008                 print_quoted_string(&i->constraints, '"');
1009                 print_string(" (");
1010                 print_expression(i->expression);
1011                 print_char(')');
1012         }
1013 }
1014
1015 /**
1016  * Print assembler clobbers.
1017  *
1018  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1019  */
1020 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t const *const clobbers)
1021 {
1022         print_string(" :");
1023         separator_t sep = { " ", ", " };
1024         for (asm_clobber_t const *i = clobbers; i; i = i->next) {
1025                 print_string(sep_next(&sep));
1026                 print_quoted_string(&i->clobber, '"');
1027         }
1028 }
1029
1030 static void print_asm_labels(asm_label_t const *const labels)
1031 {
1032         print_string(" :");
1033         separator_t sep = { " ", ", " };
1034         for (asm_label_t const *i = labels; i; i = i->next) {
1035                 print_string(sep_next(&sep));
1036                 print_string(i->label->base.symbol->string);
1037         }
1038 }
1039
1040 /**
1041  * Print an assembler statement.
1042  *
1043  * @param stmt   the statement
1044  */
1045 static void print_asm_statement(asm_statement_t const *const stmt)
1046 {
1047         print_string("asm");
1048         if (stmt->is_volatile) print_string(" volatile");
1049         if (stmt->labels)      print_string(" goto");
1050         print_char('(');
1051         print_quoted_string(&stmt->asm_text, '"');
1052
1053         unsigned const n =
1054                 stmt->labels   ? 4 :
1055                 stmt->clobbers ? 3 :
1056                 stmt->inputs   ? 2 :
1057                 stmt->outputs  ? 1 :
1058                 0;
1059         if (n >= 1) print_asm_arguments(stmt->outputs);
1060         if (n >= 2) print_asm_arguments(stmt->inputs);
1061         if (n >= 3) print_asm_clobbers( stmt->clobbers);
1062         if (n >= 4) print_asm_labels(   stmt->labels);
1063
1064         print_string(");");
1065 }
1066
1067 /**
1068  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1069  *
1070  * @param statement   the statement
1071  */
1072 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1073 {
1074         print_string("__try");
1075         print_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
1076         print_after_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
1077         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1078                 print_string("__except(");
1079                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1080                 print_char(')');
1081         } else {
1082                 print_string("__finally");
1083         }
1084         print_inner_statement(statement->final_statement);
1085 }
1086
1087 /**
1088  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1089  *
1090  * @param statement   the statement
1091  */
1092 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1093 {
1094         (void)statement;
1095         print_string("__leave;");
1096 }
1097
1098 /**
1099  * Print a statement.
1100  *
1101  * @param statement   the statement
1102  */
1103 void print_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
1104 {
1105         switch (stmt->kind) {
1106         case STATEMENT_ASM:           print_asm_statement(          &stmt->asms);          break;
1107         case STATEMENT_BREAK:         print_string("break;");                              break;
1108         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:    print_case_label(             &stmt->case_label);    break;
1109         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:      print_compound_statement(     &stmt->compound);      break;
1110         case STATEMENT_COMPUTED_GOTO: print_computed_goto_statement(&stmt->computed_goto); break;
1111         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:      print_string("continue;");                           break;
1112         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:   print_declaration_statement(  &stmt->declaration);   break;
1113         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:      print_do_while_statement(     &stmt->do_while);      break;
1114         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:         print_char(';');                                     break;
1115         case STATEMENT_ERROR:         print_string("$error statement$");                   break;
1116         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:    print_expression_statement(   &stmt->expression);    break;
1117         case STATEMENT_FOR:           print_for_statement(          &stmt->fors);          break;
1118         case STATEMENT_GOTO:          print_goto_statement(         &stmt->gotos);         break;
1119         case STATEMENT_IF:            print_if_statement(           &stmt->ifs);           break;
1120         case STATEMENT_LABEL:         print_label_statement(        &stmt->label);         break;
1121         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:         print_leave_statement(        &stmt->leave);         break;
1122         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:        print_ms_try_statement(       &stmt->ms_try);        break;
1123         case STATEMENT_RETURN:        print_return_statement(       &stmt->returns);       break;
1124         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:        print_switch_statement(       &stmt->switchs);       break;
1125         }
1126 }
1127
1128 /**
1129  * Print a storage class.
1130  *
1131  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1132  */
1133 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1134 {
1135         switch (storage_class) {
1136         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1137         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  print_string("typedef ");  return;
1138         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   print_string("extern ");   return;
1139         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   print_string("static ");   return;
1140         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     print_string("auto ");     return;
1141         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: print_string("register "); return;
1142         }
1143         panic("invalid storage class");
1144 }
1145
1146 /**
1147  * Print an initializer.
1148  *
1149  * @param initializer  the initializer
1150  */
1151 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1152 {
1153         if (initializer == NULL) {
1154                 print_string("{}");
1155                 return;
1156         }
1157
1158         switch (initializer->kind) {
1159         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1160         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1161                 print_assignment_expression(initializer->value.value);
1162                 return;
1163
1164         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1165                 print_string("{ ");
1166                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1167
1168                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1169                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1170                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1171                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1172                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1173                                         print_string(", ");
1174                         }
1175                 }
1176                 print_string(" }");
1177                 return;
1178         }
1179
1180         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1181                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1182                 print_string(" = ");
1183                 return;
1184         }
1185
1186         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1187 }
1188
1189 #if 0
1190 /**
1191  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1192  */
1193 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1194 {
1195         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1196                 return;
1197
1198         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1199
1200         separator_t sep = { "__declspec(", ", " };
1201
1202         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1203                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1204                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1205                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1206                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1207                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1208                                 print_format("%salign(%u)", sep_next(&sep), variable->alignment);
1209                         }
1210                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1211                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1212                                 char *comma = "";
1213                                 print_format("%sproperty(", sep_next(&sep));
1214                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1215                                         print_format("get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1216                                         comma = ", ";
1217                                 }
1218                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1219                                         print_format("%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1220                                 print_char(')');
1221                         }
1222                 }
1223         }
1224
1225         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1226         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1227                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1228                         print_format("%sdllimport", sep_next(&sep));
1229                 }
1230                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1231                         print_format("%sdllexport", sep_next(&sep));
1232                 }
1233                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1234                         print_format("%sthread", sep_next(&sep));
1235                 }
1236                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1237                         print_format("%snaked", sep_next(&sep));
1238                 }
1239                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1240                         print_format("%sthread", sep_next(&sep));
1241                 }
1242                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1243                         print_format("%sselectany", sep_next(&sep));
1244                 }
1245                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1246                         print_format("%snothrow", sep_next(&sep));
1247                 }
1248                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1249                         print_format("%snoreturn", sep_next(&sep));
1250                 }
1251                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1252                         print_format("%snoinline", sep_next(&sep));
1253                 }
1254                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1255                         print_format("%sdeprecated", sep_next(&sep));
1256                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1257                                 print_format("(\"%s\")",
1258                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1259                 }
1260                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1261                         print_format("%srestrict", sep_next(&sep));
1262                 }
1263                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1264                         print_format("%snoalias", sep_next(&sep));
1265                 }
1266         }
1267
1268         if (!sep_at_first(&sep))
1269                 print_string(") ");
1270 }
1271 #endif
1272
1273 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1274 {
1275         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1276         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1277                 print_indent();
1278                 print_entity(entity);
1279                 print_char('\n');
1280         }
1281 }
1282
1283 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1284 {
1285         print_string("namespace ");
1286         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1287                 print_string(namespace->base.symbol->string);
1288                 print_char(' ');
1289         }
1290
1291         print_string("{\n");
1292         ++indent;
1293
1294         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1295
1296         --indent;
1297         print_indent();
1298         print_string("}\n");
1299 }
1300
1301 /**
1302  * Print a variable or function declaration
1303  */
1304 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1305 {
1306         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1307         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1308
1309         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1310         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1311                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1312                 if (function->is_inline) {
1313                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1314                                 print_string("__forceinline ");
1315                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1316                                 print_string("__inline ");
1317                         } else {
1318                                 print_string("inline ");
1319                         }
1320                 }
1321         }
1322         //print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1323         switch (entity->kind) {
1324                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1325                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1326                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1327
1328                         if (entity->function.body != NULL) {
1329                                 print_char('\n');
1330                                 print_indented_statement(entity->function.body);
1331                                 print_char('\n');
1332                                 return;
1333                         }
1334                         break;
1335
1336                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1337                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1338                                 print_string(c_mode & _C11 ? "_Thread_local " : "__thread ");
1339                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1340                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1341                                 print_string(" = ");
1342                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1343                         }
1344                         break;
1345
1346                 case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1347                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1348                         if (entity->compound_member.bitfield) {
1349                                 print_format(" : %u", entity->compound_member.bit_size);
1350                         }
1351                         break;
1352
1353                 default:
1354                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1355                         break;
1356         }
1357         print_char(';');
1358 }
1359
1360 /**
1361  * Prints an expression.
1362  *
1363  * @param expression  the expression
1364  */
1365 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1366 {
1367         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1368 }
1369
1370 /**
1371  * Print a declaration.
1372  *
1373  * @param declaration  the declaration
1374  */
1375 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1376 {
1377         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1378                 return;
1379
1380         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1381         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1382         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1383         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1384         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1385                 print_declaration(entity);
1386                 return;
1387         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1388                 print_typedef(entity);
1389                 return;
1390         case ENTITY_CLASS:
1391                 /* TODO */
1392                 print_string("class ");
1393                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1394                 print_string("; /* TODO */\n");
1395                 return;
1396         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1397                 print_string("struct ");
1398                 goto print_compound;
1399         case ENTITY_UNION:
1400                 print_string("union ");
1401 print_compound:
1402                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1403                 if (entity->compound.complete) {
1404                         print_char(' ');
1405                         print_compound_definition(&entity->compound);
1406                 }
1407                 print_char(';');
1408                 return;
1409         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1410                 print_string("enum ");
1411                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1412                 print_char(' ');
1413                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1414                 print_char(';');
1415                 return;
1416         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1417                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1418                 return;
1419         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1420                 print_string("__label__ ");
1421                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1422                 print_char(';');
1423                 return;
1424         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1425         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1426                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1427         }
1428         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1429 }
1430
1431 /**
1432  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1433  *
1434  * @param unit   the translation unit
1435  */
1436 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1437 {
1438         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1439         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1440                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1441                         continue;
1442                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1443                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1444                         continue;
1445                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1446                         continue;
1447
1448                 print_indent();
1449                 print_entity(entity);
1450                 print_char('\n');
1451         }
1452 }
1453
1454 expression_classification_t is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1455 {
1456         switch (initializer->kind) {
1457         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1458         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1459                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1460
1461         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1462                 return is_linker_constant(initializer->value.value);
1463
1464         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1465                 expression_classification_t all = EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1466                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1467                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1468                         expression_classification_t const cur = is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer);
1469                         if (all > cur) {
1470                                 all = cur;
1471                         }
1472                 }
1473                 return all;
1474         }
1475         }
1476         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1477 }
1478
1479 /**
1480  * Checks if an expression references an object with a constant/known location
1481  * to the linker. Example:
1482  *  - "x", "*&x" with x being a global variable. The value of x need not be
1483  *         constant but the address of x is.
1484  *  - "a.b.c" when a has a constant/known location to the linker
1485  */
1486 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_linker_constant_address(
1487         const expression_t *expression)
1488 {
1489         switch (expression->kind) {
1490         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1491                 return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1492
1493         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: {
1494                 const compound_literal_expression_t *literal
1495                         = &expression->compound_literal;
1496                 return literal->global_scope ||
1497                        ((literal->type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
1498                         && is_constant_initializer(literal->initializer));
1499         }
1500
1501         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1502                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1503                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1504                         /* it's a -> */
1505                         return is_linker_constant(expression->select.compound);
1506                 } else {
1507                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1508                 }
1509         }
1510
1511         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1512                 expression_classification_t const ref = is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1513                 expression_classification_t const idx = is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1514                 return ref < idx ? ref : idx;
1515         }
1516
1517         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1518                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1519                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1520                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1521
1522                 switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1523                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1524                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1525                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1526                         return
1527                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1528                                 !entity->variable.thread_local ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
1529                                 EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1530
1531                 case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1532                 case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1533                 case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1534                         break;
1535                 }
1536                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1537         }
1538
1539         case EXPR_ERROR:
1540                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1541
1542         default:
1543                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1544         }
1545 }
1546
1547 expression_classification_t is_linker_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1548 {
1549         switch (expression->kind) {
1550         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1551         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1552         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1553                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1554
1555         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1556                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1557
1558         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1559                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1560
1561         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1562                 type_t *real_type
1563                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1564                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1565                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1566                         return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1567                 }
1568                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1569         }
1570
1571         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1572                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1573                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1574                                 dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1575                                 !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1576                                 get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_type_size(type_void_ptr)
1577                     ))
1578                         return is_constant_expression(expression);
1579
1580                 return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1581         }
1582
1583         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1584         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1585                 expression_t *const left  = expression->binary.left;
1586                 expression_t *const right = expression->binary.right;
1587                 type_t       *const ltype = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
1588                 type_t       *const rtype = skip_typeref(right->base.type);
1589
1590                 if (is_type_pointer(ltype)) {
1591                         expression_classification_t const l = is_linker_constant(left);
1592                         expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(right);
1593                         return l < r ? l : r;
1594                 } else if (is_type_pointer(rtype)) {
1595                         expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(left);
1596                         expression_classification_t const r = is_linker_constant(right);
1597                         return l < r ? l : r;
1598                 } else if (!is_type_valid(ltype) || !is_type_valid(rtype)) {
1599                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1600                 } else {
1601                         return is_constant_expression(expression);
1602                 }
1603         }
1604
1605         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1606                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1607                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1608                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1609
1610                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1611                 if (is_type_function(type))
1612                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1613                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1614                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1615                 }
1616                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1617                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1618                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1619                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1620         }
1621
1622         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1623                 type_t *const type =
1624                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1625                 if (!is_type_array(type))
1626                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1627                 return is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1628         }
1629
1630         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1631                 expression_t *const c = expression->conditional.condition;
1632                 expression_classification_t const cclass = is_constant_expression(c);
1633                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1634                         return cclass;
1635
1636                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(c)) {
1637                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1638                         return is_linker_constant(t != NULL ? t : c);
1639                 } else {
1640                         return is_linker_constant(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1641                 }
1642         }
1643
1644         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1645                 entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
1646                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1647                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1648                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1649                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1650                         /* arrays automatically convert to their address */
1651                         expression_t *compound  = expression->select.compound;
1652                         type_t       *base_type = skip_typeref(compound->base.type);
1653                         if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1654                                 /* it's a -> */
1655                                 return is_linker_constant(compound);
1656                         } else {
1657                                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(compound);
1658                         }
1659                 }
1660                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1661         }
1662
1663         default:
1664                 return is_constant_expression(expression);
1665         }
1666 }
1667
1668 /**
1669  * Check if the given expression is a call to a builtin function
1670  * returning a constant result.
1671  */
1672 static expression_classification_t is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1673 {
1674         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1675         if (function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
1676                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1677         reference_expression_t *ref = &function->reference;
1678         if (ref->entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
1679                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1680
1681         switch (ref->entity->function.btk) {
1682         case BUILTIN_INF:
1683         case BUILTIN_NAN:
1684                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1685         default:
1686                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1687         }
1688
1689 }
1690
1691 static expression_classification_t is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1692 {
1693         expression_classification_t const expr_class = is_constant_expression(expression);
1694         if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE)
1695                 return expr_class;
1696
1697         switch (expression->kind) {
1698         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1699                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1700         default:
1701                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1702         }
1703 }
1704
1705 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1706 {
1707         switch (expression->kind) {
1708         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1709                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1710                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1711                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1712                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1713                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1714                 } else {
1715                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1716                 }
1717         }
1718
1719         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1720                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1721                         &expression->array_access;
1722                 expression_classification_t const idx_class = is_constant_expression(array_access->index);
1723                 if (idx_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1724                         return idx_class;
1725                 expression_classification_t const ref_addr = is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref);
1726                 expression_classification_t const ref_ptr  = is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref);
1727                 return ref_addr > ref_ptr ? ref_addr : ref_ptr;
1728         }
1729
1730         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1731                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1732
1733         case EXPR_ERROR:
1734                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1735
1736         default:
1737                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1738         }
1739 }
1740
1741 expression_classification_t is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1742 {
1743         switch (expression->kind) {
1744         case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
1745         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
1746         case EXPR_ENUM_CONSTANT:
1747         case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
1748         case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
1749                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1750
1751         {
1752                 type_t *type;
1753         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1754                 type = skip_typeref(expression->typeprop.type);
1755                 goto check_type;
1756
1757         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1758                 type = skip_typeref(expression->classify_type.type_expression->base.type);
1759                 goto check_type;
1760
1761         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
1762         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
1763                 type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1764                 goto check_type;
1765
1766         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1767                 type = skip_typeref(expression->offsetofe.type);
1768                 goto check_type;
1769
1770         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
1771                 type = skip_typeref(expression->typeprop.type);
1772                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1773                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1774                 goto check_type;
1775
1776 check_type:
1777                 return is_type_valid(type) ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1778         }
1779
1780         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P: {
1781                 expression_classification_t const c = is_constant_expression(expression->builtin_constant.value);
1782                 return c != EXPR_CLASS_ERROR ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1783         }
1784
1785         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1786         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1787         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1788         case EXPR_SELECT:
1789         case EXPR_VA_START:
1790         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1791         case EXPR_VA_COPY:
1792         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1793         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1794         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1795         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1796         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1797         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1798         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1799         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1800         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1801         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1802         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1803         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1804         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1805         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1806         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1807         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1808         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1809         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1810         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1811         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1812         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1813         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1814         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1815                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1816
1817         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1818                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1819                 return is_type_valid(type) ? EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1820         }
1821
1822         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1823                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1824
1825         case EXPR_CALL:
1826                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1827
1828         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1829         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1830         case EXPR_UNARY_COMPLEMENT:
1831         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1832                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1833
1834         case EXPR_UNARY_IMAG:
1835         case EXPR_UNARY_REAL: {
1836                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1837                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1838                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1839                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1840         }
1841
1842         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1843                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1844                 if (is_type_scalar(type))
1845                         return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1846                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1847                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1848                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1849         }
1850
1851         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1852         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1853         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1854         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1855         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1856         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1857         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1858         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1859         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1860         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1861         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1862         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1863         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1864         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1865         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1866         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1867         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1868         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1869         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1870         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1871         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1872         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED: {
1873                 expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left);
1874                 expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1875                 return l < r ? l : r;
1876         }
1877
1878         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND: {
1879                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1880                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1881                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1882                         return lclass;
1883                 if (!fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1884                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1885                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1886         }
1887
1888         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR: {
1889                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1890                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1891                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1892                         return lclass;
1893                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1894                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1895                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1896         }
1897
1898         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1899                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1900
1901         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1902                 expression_t               *const condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1903                 expression_classification_t const cclass    = is_constant_expression(condition);
1904                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1905                         return cclass;
1906
1907                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(condition)) {
1908                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1909                         return t == NULL ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : is_constant_expression(t);
1910                 } else {
1911                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1912                 }
1913         }
1914
1915         case EXPR_ERROR:
1916                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1917         }
1918         panic("invalid expression");
1919 }
1920
1921 void init_ast(void)
1922 {
1923         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1924 }
1925
1926 void exit_ast(void)
1927 {
1928         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1929 }