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<a name="Foreword" href="#Foreword"><b> Foreword</b></a>
1 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International
-- the long long int type and library functions
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-- increased minimum translation limits
-- additional floating-point characteristics in <a href="#7.7"><float.h></a>
-- empty macro arguments
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-- new structure type compatibility rules (tag compatibility)
-- additional predefined macro names
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<a name="Introduction" href="#Introduction"><b> Introduction</b></a>
1 With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features may be
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1) This International Standard is designed to promote the portability of C programs among a variety of
data-processing systems. It is intended for use by implementors and programmers.
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-- all minimal requirements of a data-processing system that is capable of supporting a
conforming implementation.
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<a name="3" href="#3"><b> 3. Terms, definitions, and symbols</b></a>
implementation documents
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2 EXAMPLE An example of locale-specific behavior is whether the islower function returns true for
characters other than the 26 lowercase Latin letters.
1 character
single-byte character
<C> bit representation that fits in a byte
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<a name="3.7.2" href="#3.7.2"><b> 3.7.2</b></a>
1 multibyte character
region of data storage in the execution environment, the contents of which can represent
values
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2 NOTE When referenced, an object may be interpreted as having a particular type; see <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>.
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<a name="4" href="#4"><b> 4. Conformance</b></a>
3) This implies that a conforming implementation reserves no identifiers other than those explicitly
reserved in this International Standard.
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7 A conforming program is one that is acceptable to a conforming implementation.4)
8 An implementation shall be accompanied by a document that defines all implementation-
implementations. Conforming programs may depend upon nonportable features of a conforming
implementation.
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<a name="5" href="#5"><b> 5. Environment</b></a>
and any external representation. The description is conceptual only, and does not specify any
particular implementation.
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2. Each instance of a backslash character (\) immediately followed by a new-line
character is deleted, splicing physical source lines to form logical source lines.
7) An implementation need not convert all non-corresponding source characters to the same execution
character.
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<a name="5.1.1.3" href="#5.1.1.3"><b> 5.1.1.3 Diagnostics</b></a>
1 A conforming implementation shall produce at least one diagnostic message (identified in
violation. Of course, an implementation is free to produce any number of diagnostics as long as a
valid program is still correctly translated. It may also successfully translate an invalid program.
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<a name="5.1.2.2.1" href="#5.1.2.2.1"><b> 5.1.2.2.1 Program startup</b></a>
1 The function called at program startup is named main. The implementation declares no
9) Thus, int can be replaced by a typedef name defined as int, or the type of argv can be written as
char ** argv, and so on.
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<a name="5.1.2.2.3" href="#5.1.2.2.3"><b> 5.1.2.2.3 Program termination</b></a>
1 If the return type of the main function is a type compatible with int, a return from the
environment library <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> provides a programming facility for indicating when these side
effects matter, freeing the implementations in other cases.
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-- At program termination, all data written into files shall be identical to the result that
execution of the program according to the abstract semantics would have produced.
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12 EXAMPLE 4 Implementations employing wide registers have to take care to honor appropriate
semantics. Values are independent of whether they are represented in a register or in memory. For
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15 EXAMPLE 7 The grouping of an expression does not completely determine its evaluation. In the
following fragment
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<a name="5.2" href="#5.2"><b> 5.2 Environmental considerations</b></a>
<a name="5.2.1" href="#5.2.1"><b> 5.2.1 Character sets</b></a>
other characters are encountered in a source file (except in an identifier, a character
constant, a string literal, a header name, a comment, or a preprocessing token that is never
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converted to a token), the behavior is undefined.
4 A letter is an uppercase letter or a lowercase letter as defined above; in this International
12) The trigraph sequences enable the input of characters that are not defined in the Invariant Code Set as
described in ISO/IEC 646, which is a subset of the seven-bit US ASCII code set.
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-- A multibyte character set may have a state-dependent encoding, wherein each
sequence of multibyte characters begins in an initial shift state and enters other
tabulation position, the behavior of the display device is unspecified.
\v (vertical tab) Moves the active position to the initial position of the next vertical
tabulation position. If the active position is at or past the last defined vertical
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tabulation position, the behavior of the display device is unspecified.
3 Each of these escape sequences shall produce a unique implementation-defined value
13) Implementations should avoid imposing fixed translation limits whenever possible.
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universal character name specifying a short identifier of 00010000 or more is
considered 10 characters, and each extended source character is considered the same
14) See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.3">6.11.3</a>).
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(absolute value) to those shown, with the same sign.
-- number of bits for smallest object that is not a bit-field (byte)
ULONG_MAX 4294967295 // 232 - 1
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-- minimum value for an object of type long long int
LLONG_MIN -9223372036854775807 // -(263 - 1)
16) The floating-point model is intended to clarify the description of each floating-point characteristic and
does not require the floating-point arithmetic of the implementation to be identical.
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arithmetic operand.17)
4 An implementation may give zero and non-numeric values (such as infinities and NaNs) a
18) Evaluation of FLT_ROUNDS correctly reflects any execution-time change of rounding mode through
the function fesetround in <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a>.
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-1 indeterminable;
0 evaluate all operations and constants just to the range and precision of the
_Complex operands is represented in the double _Complex format, and its parts are evaluated to
double.
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??? p log10 b if b is a power of 10
???
implementation-defined (positive) values that are less than or equal to those shown:
-- the difference between 1 and the least value greater than 1 that is representable in the
given floating point type, b1- p
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FLT_EPSILON 1E-5
DBL_EPSILON 1E-9
20) The floating-point model in that standard sums powers of b from zero, so the values of the exponent
limits are one less than shown here.
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FLT_DIG 6
FLT_MIN_EXP -125
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<a name="6" href="#6"><b> 6. Language</b></a>
declares the identifier appears inside a block or within the list of parameter declarations in
a function definition, the identifier has block scope, which terminates at the end of the
associated block. If the declarator or type specifier that declares the identifier appears
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within the list of parameter declarations in a function prototype (not part of a function
definition), the identifier has function prototype scope, which terminates at the end of the
22) A function declaration can contain the storage-class specifier static only if it is at file scope; see
<a name="6.7.1" href="#6.7.1"><b> 6.7.1.</b></a>
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prior declaration of that identifier is visible,23) if the prior declaration specifies internal or
external linkage, the linkage of the identifier at the later declaration is the same as the
23) As specified in <a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>, the later declaration might hide the prior declaration.
24) There is only one name space for tags even though three are possible.
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<a name="6.2.4" href="#6.2.4"><b> 6.2.4 Storage durations of objects</b></a>
1 An object has a storage duration that determines its lifetime. There are three storage
27) Leaving the innermost block containing the declaration, or jumping to a point in that block or an
embedded block prior to the declaration, leaves the scope of the declaration.
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<a name="6.2.5" href="#6.2.5"><b> 6.2.5 Types</b></a>
1 The meaning of a value stored in an object or returned by a function is determined by the
30) Therefore, any statement in this Standard about unsigned integer types also applies to the extended
unsigned integer types.
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7 The standard signed integer types and standard unsigned integer types are collectively
called the standard integer types, the extended signed integer types and extended
Implementation-defined keywords shall have the form of an identifier reserved for any use as
described in <a href="#7.1.3">7.1.3</a>.
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15 The three types char, signed char, and unsigned char are collectively called
the character types. The implementation shall define char to have the same range,
other two and is not compatible with either.
36) Since object types do not include incomplete types, an array of incomplete type cannot be constructed.
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-- A pointer type may be derived from a function type, an object type, or an incomplete
type, called the referenced type. A pointer type describes an object whose value
39) The same representation and alignment requirements are meant to imply interchangeability as
arguments to functions, return values from functions, and members of unions.
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pointers to structure types shall have the same representation and alignment requirements
as each other. All pointers to union types shall have the same representation and
CHAR_BIT
- 1.
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a trap representation.
6 When a value is stored in an object of structure or union type, including in a member
with unsigned types. All other combinations of padding bits are alternative object representations of
the value specified by the value bits.
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there shall be exactly one sign bit. Each bit that is a value bit shall have the same value as
the same bit in the object representation of the corresponding unsigned type (if there are
combinations of padding bits are alternative object representations of the value specified by the value
bits.
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for signed integer types the width is one greater than the precision.
<a name="6.2.7" href="#6.2.7"><b> 6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type</b></a>
46) Two types need not be identical to be compatible.
47) As specified in <a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>, the later declaration might hide the prior declaration.
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5 EXAMPLE Given the following two file scope declarations:
int f(int (*)(), double (*)[3]);
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<a name="6.3" href="#6.3"><b> 6.3 Conversions</b></a>
1 Several operators convert operand values from one type to another automatically. This
2 The following may be used in an expression wherever an int or unsigned int may
be used:
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-- An object or expression with an integer type whose integer conversion rank is less
than or equal to the rank of int and unsigned int.
need not be performed when a value of real floating type is converted to unsigned type. Thus, the
range of portable real floating values is (-1, Utype_MAX+1).
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exactly, the result is either the nearest higher or nearest lower representable value, chosen
in an implementation-defined manner. If the value being converted is outside the range of
operand is converted, without change of type domain, to a type whose
corresponding real type is long double.
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Otherwise, if the corresponding real type of either operand is double, the other
operand is converted, without change of type domain, to a type whose
52) The cast and assignment operators are still required to perform their specified conversions as
described in <a href="#6.3.1.4">6.3.1.4</a> and <a href="#6.3.1.5">6.3.1.5</a>.
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<a name="6.3.2" href="#6.3.2"><b> 6.3.2 Other operands</b></a>
<a name="6.3.2.1" href="#6.3.2.1"><b> 6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators</b></a>
54) Because this conversion does not occur, the operand of the sizeof operator remains a function
designator and violates the constraint in <a href="#6.5.3.4">6.5.3.4</a>.
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<a href="#6.3.2.2">6.3.2.2</a> void
1 The (nonexistent) value of a void expression (an expression that has type void) shall not
pointer to type B, which in turn is correctly aligned for a pointer to type C, then a pointer to type A is
correctly aligned for a pointer to type C.
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converted to a pointer to a character type, the result points to the lowest addressed byte of
the object. Successive increments of the result, up to the size of the object, yield pointers
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<a name="6.4" href="#6.4"><b> 6.4 Lexical elements</b></a>
Syntax
58) An additional category, placemarkers, is used internally in translation phase 4 (see <a href="#6.10.3.3">6.10.3.3</a>); it cannot
occur in source files.
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4 If the input stream has been parsed into preprocessing tokens up to a given character, the
next preprocessing token is the longest sequence of characters that could constitute a
59) One possible specification for imaginary types appears in <a href="#G">annex G</a>.
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<a name="6.4.2" href="#6.4.2"><b> 6.4.2 Identifiers</b></a>
<a name="6.4.2.1" href="#6.4.2.1"><b> 6.4.2.1 General</b></a>
character or sequence of characters may be used to encode the \u in a universal character name.
Extended characters may produce a long external identifier.
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Implementation limits
5 As discussed in <a href="#5.2.4.1">5.2.4.1</a>, an implementation may limit the number of significant initial
61) Since the name __func__ is reserved for any use by the implementation (<a href="#7.1.3">7.1.3</a>), if any other
identifier is explicitly declared using the name __func__, the behavior is undefined.
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<a name="6.4.3" href="#6.4.3"><b> 6.4.3 Universal character names</b></a>
Syntax
UTF-16).
63) Short identifiers for characters were first specified in ISO/IEC 10646-1/AMD9:1997.
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<a name="6.4.4" href="#6.4.4"><b> 6.4.4 Constants</b></a>
Syntax
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hexadecimal-digit: one of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Octal or Hexadecimal
Suffix Decimal Constant Constant
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<a name="6.4.4.2" href="#6.4.4.2"><b> 6.4.4.2 Floating constants</b></a>
Syntax
floating-suffix: one of
f l F L
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Description
2 A floating constant has a significand part that may be followed by an exponent part and a
64) The specification for the library functions recommends more accurate conversion than required for
floating constants (see <a href="#7.20.1.3">7.20.1.3</a>).
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<a name="6.4.4.3" href="#6.4.4.3"><b> 6.4.4.3 Enumeration constants</b></a>
Syntax
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Description
2 An integer character constant is a sequence of one or more multibyte characters enclosed
65) The semantics of these characters were discussed in <a href="#5.2.2">5.2.2</a>. If any other character follows a backslash,
the result is not a token and a diagnostic is required. See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.4">6.11.4</a>).
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Constraints
9 The value of an octal or hexadecimal escape sequence shall be in the range of
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<a name="6.4.5" href="#6.4.5"><b> 6.4.5 String literals</b></a>
Syntax
66) A character string literal need not be a string (see <a href="#7.1.1">7.1.1</a>), because a null character may be embedded in
it by a \0 escape sequence.
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sequence, as defined by the mbstowcs function with an implementation-defined current
locale. The value of a string literal containing a multibyte character or escape sequence
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3 In all aspects of the language, the six tokens67)
<: :> <% %> %: %:%:
68) Thus [ and <: behave differently when ''stringized'' (see <a href="#6.10.3.2">6.10.3.2</a>), but can otherwise be freely
interchanged.
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sequence between the " delimiters, the behavior is undefined.69) Header name
preprocessing tokens are recognized only within #include preprocessing directives and
69) Thus, sequences of characters that resemble escape sequences cause undefined behavior.
70) For an example of a header name preprocessing token used in a #pragma directive, see <a href="#6.10.9">6.10.9</a>.
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<a name="6.4.9" href="#6.4.9"><b> 6.4.9 Comments</b></a>
1 Except within a character constant, a string literal, or a comment, the characters /*
71) Thus, /* ... */ comments do not nest.
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<a name="6.5" href="#6.5"><b> 6.5 Expressions</b></a>
1 An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies computation of a
indicated in each subclause by the syntax for the expressions discussed therein.
75) Allocated objects have no declared type.
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effective type of the object for that access and for subsequent accesses that do not modify
the stored value. If a value is copied into an object having no declared type using
decrease accuracy for containing expressions, their use needs to be well-defined and clearly
documented.
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<a name="6.5.1" href="#6.5.1"><b> 6.5.1 Primary expressions</b></a>
Syntax
79) Thus, an undeclared identifier is a violation of the syntax.
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argument-expression-list:
assignment-expression
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<a name="6.5.2.2" href="#6.5.2.2"><b> 6.5.2.2 Function calls</b></a>
Constraints
change the value of the object pointed to. A parameter declared to have array or function type is
adjusted to have a pointer type as described in <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>.
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-- one promoted type is a signed integer type, the other promoted type is the
corresponding unsigned integer type, and the value is representable in both types;
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Semantics
3 A postfix expression followed by the . operator and an identifier designates a member of
83) If &E is a valid pointer expression (where & is the ''address-of '' operator, which generates a pointer to
its operand), the expression (&E)->MOS is the same as E.MOS.
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8 EXAMPLE 3 The following is a valid fragment:
union {
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<a name="6.5.2.4" href="#6.5.2.4"><b> 6.5.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators</b></a>
Constraints
84) Note that this differs from a cast expression. For example, a cast specifies a conversion to scalar types
or void only, and the result of a cast expression is not an lvalue.
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6 The value of the compound literal is that of an unnamed object initialized by the
initializer list. If the compound literal occurs outside the body of a function, the object
86) This allows implementations to share storage for string literals and constant compound literals with
the same or overlapping representations.
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13 EXAMPLE 5 The following three expressions have different meanings:
"/tmp/fileXXXXXX"
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<a name="6.5.3" href="#6.5.3"><b> 6.5.3 Unary operators</b></a>
Syntax
omitted, except that the constraints on the operators still apply and the result is not an
lvalue. Similarly, if the operand is the result of a [] operator, neither the & operator nor
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the unary * that is implied by the [] is evaluated and the result is as if the & operator
were removed and the [] operator were changed to a + operator. Otherwise, the result is
address inappropriately aligned for the type of object pointed to, and the address of an object after the
end of its lifetime.
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<a name="6.5.3.4" href="#6.5.3.4"><b> 6.5.3.4 The sizeof operator</b></a>
Constraints
88) When applied to a parameter declared to have array or function type, the sizeof operator yields the
size of the adjusted (pointer) type (see <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>).
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int main()
{
89) A cast does not yield an lvalue. Thus, a cast to a qualified type has the same effect as a cast to the
unqualified version of the type.
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<a name="6.5.5" href="#6.5.5"><b> 6.5.5 Multiplicative operators</b></a>
Syntax
90) This is often called ''truncation toward zero''.
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-- both operands are pointers to qualified or unqualified versions of compatible object
types; or
object of type ptrdiff_t. Moreover, if the expression P points either to an element of
an array object or one past the last element of an array object, and the expression Q points
to the last element of the same array object, the expression ((Q)+1)-(P) has the same
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value as ((Q)-(P))+1 and as -((P)-((Q)+1)), and has the value zero if the
expression P points one past the last element of the array object, even though the
another object in the program) just after the end of the object in order to satisfy the ''one past the last
element'' requirements.
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4 The result of E1 << E2 is E1 left-shifted E2 bit positions; vacated bits are filled with
zeros. If E1 has an unsigned type, the value of the result is E1 x 2E2 , reduced modulo
pointers to structure members declared later compare greater than pointers to members
declared earlier in the structure, and pointers to array elements with larger subscript
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values compare greater than pointers to elements of the same array with lower subscript
values. All pointers to members of the same union object compare equal. If the
means (a<b)<c; in other words, ''if a is less than b, compare 1 to c; otherwise, compare 0 to c''.
93) Because of the precedences, a<b == c<d is 1 whenever a<b and c<d have the same truth-value.
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5 Otherwise, at least one operand is a pointer. If one operand is a pointer and the other is a
null pointer constant, the null pointer constant is converted to the type of the pointer. If
outside array bounds) produced undefined behavior, subsequent comparisons also produce undefined
behavior.
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<a name="6.5.11" href="#6.5.11"><b> 6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator</b></a>
Syntax
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<a name="6.5.13" href="#6.5.13"><b> 6.5.13 Logical AND operator</b></a>
Syntax
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<a name="6.5.15" href="#6.5.15"><b> 6.5.15 Conditional operator</b></a>
Syntax
95) A conditional expression does not yield an lvalue.
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pointer to an appropriately qualified version of void.
7 EXAMPLE The common type that results when the second and third operands are pointers is determined
behavior is undefined.
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<a name="6.5.16.1" href="#6.5.16.1"><b> 6.5.16.1 Simple assignment</b></a>
Constraints
qualifiers that were applied to the type category of the expression (for example, it removes const but
not volatile from the type int volatile * const).
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negative, so the operands of the comparison can never compare equal. Therefore, for full portability, the
variable c should be declared as int.
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<a name="6.5.17" href="#6.5.17"><b> 6.5.17 Comma operator</b></a>
Syntax
97) A comma operator does not yield an lvalue.
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<a name="6.6" href="#6.6"><b> 6.6 Constant expressions</b></a>
Syntax
constraints that apply to the integer constant expressions used in conditional-inclusion preprocessing
directives are discussed in <a href="#6.10.1">6.10.1</a>.
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-- an address constant, or
-- an address constant for an object type plus or minus an integer constant expression.
static int i = 2 || 1 / 0;
the expression is a valid integer constant expression with value one.
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<a name="6.7" href="#6.7"><b> 6.7 Declarations</b></a>
Syntax
101) Function definitions have a different syntax, described in <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>.
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additional type information, or an initializer, or both. The declarators contain the
identifiers (if any) being declared.
<a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>). Thus, the only operator that can be applied to an array declared with storage-class specifier
register is sizeof.
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6 If an aggregate or union object is declared with a storage-class specifier other than
typedef, the properties resulting from the storage-class specifier, except with respect to
-- int, signed, or signed int
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-- unsigned, or unsigned int
-- long, signed long, long int, or signed long int
104) Freestanding implementations are not required to provide complex types. *
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<a name="6.7.2.1" href="#6.7.2.1"><b> 6.7.2.1 Structure and union specifiers</b></a>
Syntax
int, unsigned int, or some other implementation-defined type.
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Semantics
5 As discussed in <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>, a structure is a type consisting of a sequence of members, whose
108) An unnamed bit-field structure member is useful for padding to conform to externally imposed
layouts.
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12 Each non-bit-field member of a structure or union object is aligned in an implementation-
defined manner appropriate to its type.
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struct s t1 = { 0 }; // valid
struct s t2 = { 1, { <a href="#4.2">4.2</a> }}; // invalid
Forward references: tags (<a href="#6.7.2.3">6.7.2.3</a>).
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<a name="6.7.2.2" href="#6.7.2.2"><b> 6.7.2.2 Enumeration specifiers</b></a>
Syntax
110) An implementation may delay the choice of which integer type until all enumeration constants have
been seen.
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5 EXAMPLE The following fragment:
enum hue { chartreuse, burgundy, claret=20, winedark };
when a pointer to or a function returning a structure or union is being declared. (See incomplete types
in <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>.) The specification has to be complete before such a function is called or defined.
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union content, or enumeration content. If an identifier is provided,112) the type specifier
also declares the identifier to be the tag of that type.
enumerated type.
113) A similar construction with enum does not exist.
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typedef struct tnode TNODE;
struct tnode {
storage. Moreover, the implementation need not allocate storage for such an object if its address is
never used.
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5 If an attempt is made to modify an object defined with a const-qualified type through use
of an lvalue with non-const-qualified type, the behavior is undefined. If an attempt is
association between the allocated object and the pointer.
118) Both of these can occur through the use of typedefs.
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11 EXAMPLE 2 The following declarations and expressions illustrate the behavior when type qualifiers
modify an aggregate type:
expressions p and p+1 are based on the restricted pointer object designated by p, but the pointer
expressions *p and p[1] are not.
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associated with B.
6 A translator is free to ignore any or all aliasing implications of uses of restrict.
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{
int * restrict p1;
implementation-defined.121)
6 Any function with internal linkage can be an inline function. For a function with external
linkage, the following restrictions apply: If a function is declared with an inline
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function specifier, then it shall also be defined in the same translation unit. If all of the
file scope declarations for a function in a translation unit include the inline function
corresponding inline definitions in other translation units, all corresponding objects with static storage
duration are also distinct in each of the definitions.
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<a name="6.7.5" href="#6.7.5"><b> 6.7.5 Declarators</b></a>
Syntax
scope, storage duration, and type indicated by the declaration specifiers.
3 A full declarator is a declarator that is not part of another declarator. The end of a full
declarator is a sequence point. If, in the nested sequence of declarators in a full
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declarator, there is a declarator specifying a variable length array type, the type specified
by the full declarator is said to be variably modified. Furthermore, any type derived by
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const int *ptr_to_constant;
int *const constant_ptr;
123) When several ''array of'' specifications are adjacent, a multidimensional array is declared.
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type has a known constant size, the array type is not a variable length array type;
otherwise, the array type is a variable length array type.
124) Thus, * can be used only in function declarations that are not definitions (see <a href="#6.7.5.3">6.7.5.3</a>).
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10 EXAMPLE 4 All declarations of variably modified (VM) types have to be at either block scope or
function prototype scope. Array objects declared with the static or extern storage-class specifier
or
D( identifier-listopt )
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and the type specified for ident in the declaration ''T D'' is ''derived-declarator-type-list
T '', then the type specified for ident is ''derived-declarator-type-list function returning
126) See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.6">6.11.6</a>).
127) If both function types are ''old style'', parameter types are not compared.
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Moreover, the parameter type lists, if both are present, shall agree in the number of
parameters and in use of the ellipsis terminator; corresponding parameters shall have
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20 EXAMPLE 4 The following prototype has a variably modified parameter.
void addscalar(int n, int m,
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<a name="6.7.6" href="#6.7.6"><b> 6.7.6 Type names</b></a>
Syntax
128) As indicated by the syntax, empty parentheses in a type name are interpreted as ''function with no
parameter specification'', rather than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier.
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<a name="6.7.7" href="#6.7.7"><b> 6.7.7 Type definitions</b></a>
Syntax
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6 EXAMPLE 3 The following obscure constructions
typedef signed int t;
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<a name="6.7.8" href="#6.7.8"><b> 6.7.8 Initialization</b></a>
Syntax
. identifier
then the current object (defined below) shall have structure or union type and the
identifier shall be the name of a member of that type.
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Semantics
8 An initializer specifies the initial value stored in an object.
17 Each brace-enclosed initializer list has an associated current object. When no
designations are present, subobjects of the current object are initialized in order according
to the type of the current object: array elements in increasing subscript order, structure
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members in declaration order, and the first named member of a union.129) In contrast, a
designation causes the following initializer to begin initialization of the subobject
132) Any initializer for the subobject which is overridden and so not used to initialize that subobject might
not be evaluated at all.
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23 The order in which any side effects occur among the initialization list expressions is
unspecified.133)
133) In particular, the evaluation order need not be the same as the order of subobject initialization.
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29 EXAMPLE 6 The declaration
short q[4][3][2] = {
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32 EXAMPLE 8 The declaration
char s[] = "abc", t[3] = "abc";
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<a name="6.8" href="#6.8"><b> 6.8 Statements and blocks</b></a>
Syntax
constraints on such labels are discussed under the switch statement.
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3 Label names shall be unique within a function.
Semantics
134) Such as assignments, and function calls which have side effects.
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5 EXAMPLE 2 In the program fragment
char *s;
2 In both forms, the first substatement is executed if the expression compares unequal to 0.
In the else form, the second substatement is executed if the expression compares equal
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to 0. If the first substatement is reached via a label, the second substatement is not
executed.
135) That is, the declaration either precedes the switch statement, or it follows the last case or
default label associated with the switch that is in the block containing the declaration.
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7 EXAMPLE In the artificial program fragment
switch (expr)
136) Code jumped over is not executed. In particular, the controlling expression of a for or while
statement is not evaluated before entering the loop body, nor is clause-1 of a for statement.
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<a name="6.8.5.1" href="#6.8.5.1"><b> 6.8.5.1 The while statement</b></a>
1 The evaluation of the controlling expression takes place before each execution of the loop
such that execution of the loop continues until the expression compares equal to 0; and expression-3
specifies an operation (such as incrementing) that is performed after each iteration.
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<a name="6.8.6.1" href="#6.8.6.1"><b> 6.8.6.1 The goto statement</b></a>
Constraints
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4 EXAMPLE 2 A goto statement is not allowed to jump past any declarations of objects with variably
modified types. A jump within the scope, however, is permitted.
138) Following the contin: label is a null statement.
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<a name="6.8.6.4" href="#6.8.6.4"><b> 6.8.6.4 The return statement</b></a>
Constraints
or precision and is determined by FLT_EVAL_METHOD. A cast may be used to remove this extra
range and precision.
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<a name="6.9" href="#6.9"><b> 6.9 External definitions</b></a>
Syntax
140) Thus, if an identifier declared with external linkage is not used in an expression, there need be no
external definition for it.
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<a name="6.9.1" href="#6.9.1"><b> 6.9.1 Function definitions</b></a>
Syntax
F *Fp; // Fp points to a function that has type F
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Semantics
7 The declarator in a function definition specifies the name of the function being defined
142) See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.7">6.11.7</a>).
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extern int max(a, b)
int a, b;
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4 EXAMPLE 1
int i1 = 1; // definition, external linkage
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<a name="6.10" href="#6.10"><b> 6.10 Preprocessing directives</b></a>
Syntax
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control-line:
# include pp-tokens new-line
significance, as all white space is equivalent except in certain situations during preprocessing (see the
# character string literal creation operator in <a href="#6.10.3.2">6.10.3.2</a>, for example).
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invocation of a function-like macro.
3 A text line shall not begin with a # preprocessing token. A non-directive shall not begin
144) Because the controlling constant expression is evaluated during translation phase 4, all identifiers
either are or are not macro names -- there simply are no keywords, enumeration constants, etc.
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defined identifier
or
0x8000 is signed and positive within a #if expression even though it would be unsigned in
translation phase 7.
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# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt
# ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
before the terminating new-line character. However, comments may appear anywhere in a source file,
including within a preprocessing directive.
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# include "q-char-sequence" new-line
causes the replacement of that directive by the entire contents of the source file identified
148) Note that adjacent string literals are not concatenated into a single string literal (see the translation
phases in <a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>); thus, an expansion that results in two string literals is an invalid directive.
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#if VERSION == 1
#define INCFILE "vers1.h"
replacement list of preprocessing tokens are not considered part of the replacement list
for either form of macro.
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8 If a # preprocessing token, followed by an identifier, occurs lexically at the point at which
a preprocessing directive could begin, the identifier is not subject to macro replacement.
are never scanned for macro names or parameters.
150) Despite the name, a non-directive is a preprocessing directive.
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merger, the number of arguments is one more than the number of parameters in the macro
definition (excluding the ...).
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<a name="6.10.3.3" href="#6.10.3.3"><b> 6.10.3.3 The ## operator</b></a>
Constraints
151) Placemarker preprocessing tokens do not appear in the syntax because they are temporary entities that
exist only within translation phase 4.
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<a name="6.10.3.4" href="#6.10.3.4"><b> 6.10.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement</b></a>
1 After all parameters in the replacement list have been substituted and # and ##
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5 EXAMPLE 3 To illustrate the rules for redefinition and reexamination, the sequence
#define x 3
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printf("x" "1" "= %d, x" "2" "= %s", x1, x2);
fputs(
report(x>y, "x is %d but y is %d", x, y);
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results in
fprintf(stderr, "Flag" );
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<a name="6.10.5" href="#6.10.5"><b> 6.10.5 Error directive</b></a>
Semantics
but is not required to.
153) See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.8">6.11.8</a>).
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<a name="6.10.7" href="#6.10.7"><b> 6.10.7 Null directive</b></a>
Semantics
ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995. The intention is that this will remain an integer constant of type long
int that is increased with each revision of this International Standard.
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2 The following macro names are conditionally defined by the implementation:
__STDC_IEC_559__ The integer constant 1, intended to indicate conformance to the
2 EXAMPLE A directive of the form:
#pragma listing on "..\listing.dir"
can also be expressed as:
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_Pragma ( "listing on \"..\\listing.dir\"" )
The latter form is processed in the same way whether it appears literally as shown, or results from macro
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<a name="6.11" href="#6.11"><b> 6.11 Future language directions</b></a>
<a name="6.11.1" href="#6.11.1"><b> 6.11.1 Floating types</b></a>
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<a name="7" href="#7"><b> 7. Library</b></a>
sequence of maximum length. Whether these counts provide for more than one shift sequence is the
implementation's choice.
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<a name="7.1.2" href="#7.1.2"><b> 7.1.2 Standard headers</b></a>
1 Each library function is declared, with a type that includes a prototype, in a header,159)
159) A header is not necessarily a source file, nor are the < and > delimited sequences in header names
necessarily valid source file names.
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<a name="7.1.3" href="#7.1.3"><b> 7.1.3 Reserved identifiers</b></a>
1 Each header declares or defines all identifiers listed in its associated subclause, and
160) The list of reserved identifiers with external linkage includes errno, math_errhandling,
setjmp, and va_end.
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the header, so if a library function is declared explicitly when its header is included, one
of the techniques shown below can be used to ensure the declaration is not affected by
definition, is thereby revealed also.
164) Thus, a signal handler cannot, in general, call standard library functions.
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5 EXAMPLE The function atoi may be used in any of several ways:
-- by use of its associated header (possibly generating a macro expansion)
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<a name="7.2" href="#7.2"><b> 7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.2"><assert.h></a> defines the assert macro and refers to another macro,
Assertion failed: expression, function abc, file xyz, line nnn.
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<a name="7.3" href="#7.3"><b> 7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h></b></a>
<a name="7.3.1" href="#7.3.1"><b> 7.3.1 Introduction</b></a>
167) The imaginary unit is a number i such that i 2 = -1.
168) A specification for imaginary types is in informative <a href="#G">annex G</a>.
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<a name="7.3.2" href="#7.3.2"><b> 7.3.2 Conventions</b></a>
1 Values are interpreted as radians, not degrees. An implementation may set errno but is
???????????????
where the programmer can determine they are safe.
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declarations, the pragma takes effect from its occurrence until another
CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma is encountered, or until the end of the translation unit.
mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [-pi /2, +pi /2]
along the real axis.
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<a name="7.3.5.3" href="#7.3.5.3"><b> 7.3.5.3 The catan functions</b></a>
Synopsis
Returns
3 The csin functions return the complex sine value.
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<a name="7.3.5.6" href="#7.3.5.6"><b> 7.3.5.6 The ctan functions</b></a>
Synopsis
outside the interval [-i, +i] along the imaginary axis.
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Returns
3 The casinh functions return the complex arc hyperbolic sine value, in the range of a
long double complex csinhl(long double complex z);
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Description
2 The csinh functions compute the complex hyperbolic sine of z.
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Description
2 The clog functions compute the complex natural (base-e) logarithm of z, with a branch
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<a name="7.3.8.3" href="#7.3.8.3"><b> 7.3.8.3 The csqrt functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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Description
2 The cimag functions compute the imaginary part of z.170)
170) For a variable z of complex type, z == creal(z) + cimag(z)*I.
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<a name="7.3.9.5" href="#7.3.9.5"><b> 7.3.9.5 The creal functions</b></a>
Synopsis
171) For a variable z of complex type, z == creal(z) + cimag(z)*I.
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<a name="7.4" href="#7.4"><b> 7.4 Character handling <ctype.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.4"><ctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for classifying and mapping
whose values lie from 0x20 (space) through 0x7E (tilde); the control characters are those whose
values lie from 0 (NUL) through 0x1F (US), and the character 0x7F (DEL).
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none of iscntrl, isdigit, ispunct, or isspace is true.174) In the "C" locale,
isalpha returns true only for the characters for which isupper or islower is true.
174) The functions islower and isupper test true or false separately for each of these additional
characters; all four combinations are possible.
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Description
2 The isgraph function tests for any printing character except space (' ').
2 The isspace function tests for any character that is a standard white-space character or
is one of a locale-specific set of characters for which isalnum is false. The standard
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white-space characters are the following: space (' '), form feed ('\f'), new-line
('\n'), carriage return ('\r'), horizontal tab ('\t'), and vertical tab ('\v'). In the
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<a name="7.4.2.2" href="#7.4.2.2"><b> 7.4.2.2 The toupper function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.5" href="#7.5"><b> 7.5 Errors <errno.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.5"><errno.h></a> defines several macros, all relating to the reporting of error
value is still zero just before the return.
177) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.3">7.26.3</a>).
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<a name="7.6" href="#7.6"><b> 7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> declares two types and several macros and functions to provide
unaware of them). The responsibilities associated with accessing the floating-point environment fall
on the programmer or program that does so explicitly.
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5 Each of the macros
FE_DIVBYZERO
183) Even though the rounding direction macros may expand to constants corresponding to the values of
FLT_ROUNDS, they are not required to do so.
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FE_DFL_ENV
represents the default floating-point environment -- the one installed at program startup
folding). In general, if the state of FENV_ACCESS is ''off'', the translator can assume that default
modes are in effect and the flags are not tested.
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3 EXAMPLE
#include <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a>
point exception; the functions fegetexceptflag and fesetexceptflag deal with the full
content of flags.
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<a name="7.6.2.2" href="#7.6.2.2"><b> 7.6.2.2 The fegetexceptflag function</b></a>
Synopsis
Hence, enabled traps for floating-point exceptions raised by this function are taken. The specification
in <a href="#F.7.6">F.7.6</a> is in the same spirit.
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<a name="7.6.2.4" href="#7.6.2.4"><b> 7.6.2.4 The fesetexceptflag function</b></a>
Synopsis
188) This mechanism allows testing several floating-point exceptions with just one function call.
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#include <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a>
/* ... */
was established.
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4 EXAMPLE Save, set, and restore the rounding direction. Report an error and abort if setting the
rounding direction fails.
(continue on floating-point exceptions) mode, if available, for all floating-point
exceptions.189)
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Returns
3 The feholdexcept function returns zero if and only if non-stop floating-point
such systems, the feholdexcept function can be used in conjunction with the feupdateenv
function to write routines that hide spurious floating-point exceptions from their callers.
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4 EXAMPLE Hide spurious underflow floating-point exceptions:
#include <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a>
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<a name="7.7" href="#7.7"><b> 7.7 Characteristics of floating types <float.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.7"><float.h></a> defines several macros that expand to various limits and
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<a name="7.8" href="#7.8"><b> 7.8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.8"><inttypes.h></a> includes the header <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> and extends it with
different format specifiers may be required for fprintf and fscanf, even when the type is the
same.
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3 The fprintf macros for unsigned integers are:
PRIoN PRIoLEASTN PRIoFASTN PRIoMAX PRIoPTR
193) The absolute value of the most negative number cannot be represented in two's complement.
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Returns
3 The imaxabs function returns the absolute value.
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<a name="7.8.2.4" href="#7.8.2.4"><b> 7.8.2.4 The wcstoimax and wcstoumax functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.9" href="#7.9"><b> 7.9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.9"><iso646.h></a> defines the following eleven macros (on the left) that expand
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<a name="7.10" href="#7.10"><b> 7.10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.10"><limits.h></a> defines several macros that expand to various limits and
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+[<a name="
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<a name="7.11" href="#7.11"><b> 7.11 Localization <locale.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.11"><locale.h></a> declares two functions, one type, and defines several macros.
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3 The macros defined are NULL (described in <a href="#7.17">7.17</a>); and
LC_ALL
196) The only functions in <a href="#7.4">7.4</a> whose behavior is not affected by the current locale are isdigit and
isxdigit.
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4 At program startup, the equivalent of
setlocale(LC_ALL, "C");
197) The implementation shall arrange to encode in a string the various categories due to a heterogeneous
locale when category has the value LC_ALL.
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strings shall start and end in the initial shift state. The members with type char are
nonnegative numbers, any of which can be CHAR_MAX to indicate that the value is not
succeeds the value for a negative locally formatted monetary quantity.
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char p_sep_by_space
Set to a value indicating the separation of the currency_symbol, the
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char int_n_sep_by_space
Set to a value indicating the separation of the int_curr_symbol, the
4 The sign string immediately succeeds the currency symbol.
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7 The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the localeconv
function.
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11 EXAMPLE 2 The following table illustrates how the cs_precedes, sep_by_space, and sign_posn members
affect the formatted value.
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<a name="7.12" href="#7.12"><b> 7.12 Mathematics <math.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> declares two types and many mathematical functions and defines
200) HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF, and HUGE_VALL can be positive infinities in an implementation that
supports infinities.
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translation time.201)
5 The macro
directly with a hardware multiply-add instruction. Software implementations are expected to be
substantially slower.
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9 The macros
MATH_ERRNO
203) In an implementation that supports infinities, this allows an infinity as an argument to be a domain
error if the mathematical domain of the function does not include the infinity.
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HUGE_VALF, or HUGE_VALL according to the return type, with the same sign as the
correct value of the function; if the integer expression math_errhandling &
204) The term underflow here is intended to encompass both ''gradual underflow'' as in IEC 60559 and
also ''flush-to-zero'' underflow.
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<a name="7.12.3" href="#7.12.3"><b> 7.12.3 Classification macros</b></a>
1 In the synopses in this subclause, real-floating indicates that the argument shall be an
know the type that classification is based on. For example, a normal long double value might
become subnormal when converted to double, and zero when converted to float.
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Returns
3 The isfinite macro returns a nonzero value if and only if its argument has a finite
206) For the isnan macro, the type for determination does not matter unless the implementation supports
NaNs in the evaluation type but not in the semantic type.
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Description
2 The isnormal macro determines whether its argument value is normal (neither zero,
207) The signbit macro reports the sign of all values, including infinities, zeros, and NaNs. If zero is
unsigned, it is treated as positive.
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<a name="7.12.4.2" href="#7.12.4.2"><b> 7.12.4.2 The asin functions</b></a>
Synopsis
3 The atan2 functions return arctan y/x in the interval [-pi , +pi ] radians.
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<a name="7.12.4.5" href="#7.12.4.5"><b> 7.12.4.5 The cos functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.12.5" href="#7.12.5"><b> 7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions</b></a>
<a name="7.12.5.1" href="#7.12.5.1"><b> 7.12.5.1 The acosh functions</b></a>
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Returns
3 The atanh functions return artanh x.
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Returns
3 The tanh functions return tanh x.
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Description
2 The expm1 functions compute the base-e exponential of the argument, minus 1. A range
208) For small magnitude x, expm1(x) is expected to be more accurate than exp(x) - 1.
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Returns
3 The ilogb functions return the exponent of x as a signed int value.
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Description
2 The log10 functions compute the base-10 (common) logarithm of x. A domain error
209) For small magnitude x, log1p(x) is expected to be more accurate than log(1 + x).
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<a name="7.12.6.11" href="#7.12.6.11"><b> 7.12.6.11 The logb functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.12.6.13" href="#7.12.6.13"><b> 7.12.6.13 The scalbn and scalbln functions</b></a>
Synopsis
2 The fabs functions compute the absolute value of a floating-point number x.
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Returns
3 The fabs functions return | x |.
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Description
2 The sqrt functions compute the nonnegative square root of x. A domain error occurs if
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<a name="7.12.8.3" href="#7.12.8.3"><b> 7.12.8.3 The lgamma functions</b></a>
Synopsis
2 The ceil functions compute the smallest integer value not less than x.
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Returns
3 The ceil functions return ???x???, expressed as a floating-point number.
2 The rint functions differ from the nearbyint functions (<a href="#7.12.9.3">7.12.9.3</a>) only in that the
rint functions may raise the ''inexact'' floating-point exception if the result differs in
value from the argument.
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Returns
3 The rint functions return the rounded integer value.
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<a name="7.12.9.7" href="#7.12.9.7"><b> 7.12.9.7 The lround and llround functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.12.10" href="#7.12.10"><b> 7.12.10 Remainder functions</b></a>
<a name="7.12.10.1" href="#7.12.10.1"><b> 7.12.10.1 The fmod functions</b></a>
| n - x/y | = 1/2, then n is even. Thus, the remainder is always exact. If r = 0, its sign shall be that of
x.'' This definition is applicable for all implementations.
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<a name="7.12.10.3" href="#7.12.10.3"><b> 7.12.10.3 The remquo functions</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.12.11.2" href="#7.12.11.2"><b> 7.12.11.2 The nan functions</b></a>
Synopsis
211) The argument values are converted to the type of the function, even by a macro implementation of the
function.
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+[<a name="
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<a name="7.12.11.4" href="#7.12.11.4"><b> 7.12.11.4 The nexttoward functions</b></a>
Synopsis
212) The result of the nexttoward functions is determined in the type of the function, without loss of
range or precision in a floating second argument.
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Description
2 The fmax functions determine the maximum numeric value of their arguments.213)
fmax functions choose the numeric value. See <a href="#F.9.9.2">F.9.9.2</a>.
214) The fmin functions are analogous to the fmax functions in their treatment of NaNs.
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<a name="7.12.14" href="#7.12.14"><b> 7.12.14 Comparison macros</b></a>
1 The relational and equality operators support the usual mathematical relationships
the operands compare unordered, as an error indicator for programs written without consideration of
NaNs; the result in these cases is false.
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Returns
3 The isgreaterequal macro returns the value of (x) >= (y).
(x) < (y) || (x) > (y); however, islessgreater(x, y) does not raise
the ''invalid'' floating-point exception when x and y are unordered (nor does it evaluate x
and y twice).
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Returns
3 The islessgreater macro returns the value of (x) < (y) || (x) > (y).
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<a name="7.13" href="#7.13"><b> 7.13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.13"><setjmp.h></a> defines the macro setjmp, and declares one function and
216) These functions are useful for dealing with unusual conditions encountered in a low-level function of
a program.
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expression of a selection or iteration statement;
-- the operand of a unary ! operator with the resulting expression being the entire
transfer to a setjmp invocation in a function earlier in the set of nested calls.
218) This includes, but is not limited to, the floating-point status flags and the state of open files.
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#include <a href="#7.13"><setjmp.h></a>
jmp_buf buf;
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<a name="7.14" href="#7.14"><b> 7.14 Signal handling <signal.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.14"><signal.h></a> declares a type and two functions and defines several macros,
(respectively): abort, floating-point exception, illegal instruction, interrupt, segmentation violation,
and termination.
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<a name="7.14.1" href="#7.14.1"><b> 7.14.1 Specify signal handling</b></a>
<a name="7.14.1.1" href="#7.14.1.1"><b> 7.14.1.1 The signal function</b></a>
220) If any signal is generated by an asynchronous signal handler, the behavior is undefined.
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may be executed for some signals selected in an implementation-defined manner; the
equivalent of
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<a name="7.15" href="#7.15"><b> 7.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.15"><stdarg.h></a> declares a type and defines four macros, for advancing
221) It is permitted to create a pointer to a va_list and pass that pointer to another function, in which
case the original function may make further use of the original list after the other function returns.
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macro for the same ap). Each invocation of the va_arg macro modifies ap so that the
values of successive arguments are returned in turn. The parameter type shall be a type
containing the expansion of the va_copy macro, that initialized the va_list ap. The
va_end macro may modify ap so that it is no longer usable (without being reinitialized
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by the va_start or va_copy macro). If there is no corresponding invocation of the
va_start or va_copy macro, or if the va_end macro is not invoked before the
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if (n_ptrs > MAXARGS)
n_ptrs = MAXARGS;
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<a name="7.16" href="#7.16"><b> 7.16 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.16"><stdbool.h></a> defines four macros.
222) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.7">7.26.7</a>).
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<a name="7.17" href="#7.17"><b> 7.17 Common definitions <stddef.h></b></a>
1 The following types and macros are defined in the standard header <a href="#7.17"><stddef.h></a>. Some
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<a name="7.18" href="#7.18"><b> 7.18 Integer types <stdint.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> declares sets of integer types having specified widths, and
223) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.8">7.26.8</a>).
224) Some of these types may denote implementation-defined extended integer types.
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<a name="7.18.1.1" href="#7.18.1.1"><b> 7.18.1.1 Exact-width integer types</b></a>
1 The typedef name intN_t designates a signed integer type with width N , no padding
grounds for choosing one type over another, it will simply pick some integer type satisfying the
signedness and width requirements.
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3 The following types are required:
int_fast8_t uint_fast8_t
226) C++ implementations should define these macros only when __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS is defined
before <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> is included.
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the integer promotions. Its implementation-defined value shall be equal to or greater in
magnitude (absolute value) than the corresponding value given below, with the same sign,
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-- maximum value of pointer-holding unsigned integer type
UINTPTR_MAX 216 - 1
before <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> is included.
228) A freestanding implementation need not provide all of these types.
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WCHAR_MIN see below
WCHAR_MAX see below
230) C++ implementations should define these macros only when __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS is
defined before <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> is included.
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<a name="7.18.4.1" href="#7.18.4.1"><b> 7.18.4.1 Macros for minimum-width integer constants</b></a>
1 The macro INTN_C(value) shall expand to an integer constant expression
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<a name="7.19" href="#7.19"><b> 7.19 Input/output <stdio.h></b></a>
<a name="7.19.1" href="#7.19.1"><b> 7.19.1 Introduction</b></a>
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guarantees can be opened;231)
L_tmpnam
string. Of course, file name string contents are subject to other system-specific constraints; therefore
all possible strings of length FILENAME_MAX cannot be expected to be opened successfully.
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-- The wide character input/output functions -- the union of the ungetwc function, the
wide character input functions, and the wide character output functions.
implementation, there need be no new-line characters in a text stream nor any limit to the length of a
line.
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stream becomes a wide-oriented stream. Similarly, once a byte input/output function has
been applied to a stream without orientation, the stream becomes a byte-oriented stream.
233) The three predefined streams stdin, stdout, and stderr are unoriented at program startup.
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<a name="7.19.3" href="#7.19.3"><b> 7.19.3 Files</b></a>
1 A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical device) by opening
6 The address of the FILE object used to control a stream may be significant; a copy of a
FILE object need not serve in place of the original.
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7 At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be opened explicitly
-- standard input (for reading conventional input), standard output (for writing
undefined behavior for a binary stream (because of possible trailing null characters) or for any stream
with state-dependent encoding that does not assuredly end in the initial shift state.
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multibyte character. The wide character input/output functions and the byte input/output
functions store the value of the macro EILSEQ in errno if and only if an encoding error
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Returns
3 The rename function returns zero if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails,235) in
implementation. It is still necessary to use the remove function to remove such files when their use
is ended, and before program termination.
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TMP_MAX different strings, but any or all of them may already be in use by existing files
and thus not be suitable return values.
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Description
2 If stream points to an output stream or an update stream in which the most recent
remaining characters, or it might use them to select different kinds of a file (some of which might not
conform to the properties in <a href="#7.19.2">7.19.2</a>).
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r+b or rb+ open binary file for update (reading and writing)
w+b or wb+ truncate to zero length or create binary file for update
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as in the fopen function.238)
3 If filename is a null pointer, the freopen function attempts to change the mode of
(stderr, stdin, or stdout), as those identifiers need not be modifiable lvalues to which the value
returned by the fopen function may be assigned.
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Description
2 The setvbuf function may be used only after the stream pointed to by stream has
before a buffer that has automatic storage duration is deallocated upon block exit.
240) The fprintf functions perform writes to memory for the %n specifier.
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specifications, each of which results in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments,
converting them, if applicable, according to the corresponding conversion specifier, and
241) Note that 0 is taken as a flag, not as the beginning of a field width.
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specified.)242)
space If the first character of a signed conversion is not a sign, or if a signed conversion
242) The results of all floating conversions of a negative zero, and of negative values that round to zero,
include a minus sign.
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following c conversion specifier applies to a wint_t argument; that a
following s conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a wchar_t
zero value with a precision of zero is no characters.
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f,F A double argument representing a floating-point number is converted to
decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the number of digits after
243) When applied to infinite and NaN values, the -, +, and space flag characters have their usual meaning;
the # and 0 flag characters have no effect.
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fractional portion of the result and the decimal-point character is removed if
there is no fractional portion remaining.
decimal-point character.
246) No special provisions are made for multibyte characters.
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written up to (but not including) the terminating null character. If the
precision is specified, no more than that many bytes are written. If the
247) Redundant shift sequences may result if multibyte characters have a state-dependent encoding.
248) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.9">7.26.9</a>).
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11 For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value is correctly rounded
to a hexadecimal floating number with the given precision.
given format specifier. The number of significant digits is determined by the format specifier, and in
the case of fixed-point conversion by the source value as well.
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18 Given the following wide string with length seven,
static wchar_t wstr[] = L" X Yabc Z W";
-- An optional decimal integer greater than zero that specifies the maximum field width
(in characters).
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-- An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the receiving object.
-- A conversion specifier character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
251) fscanf pushes back at most one input character onto the input stream. Therefore, some sequences
that are acceptable to strtod, strtol, etc., are unacceptable to fscanf.
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in the object, the behavior is undefined.
11 The length modifiers and their meanings are:
for the subject sequence of the strtol function with the value 0 for the
base argument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to signed
integer.
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o Matches an optionally signed octal integer, whose format is the same as
expected for the subject sequence of the strtoul function with the value 8
conversion specifiers -- the extent of the input field is determined on a byte-by-byte basis. The
resulting field is nevertheless a sequence of multibyte characters that begins in the initial shift state.
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characters that begins in the initial shift state. Each multibyte character is
converted to a wide character as if by a call to the mbrtowc function, with
during the same program execution, the pointer that results shall compare
equal to that value; otherwise the behavior of the %p conversion is undefined.
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n No input is consumed. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to
signed integer into which is to be written the number of characters read from
253) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.9">7.26.9</a>).
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56789 0123 56a72
will assign to i the value 56 and to x the value 789.0, will skip 0123, and will assign to name the
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#include <a href="#7.19"><stdio.h></a>
/* ... */
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<a name="7.19.6.3" href="#7.19.6.3"><b> 7.19.6.3 The printf function</b></a>
Synopsis
of the characters actually written into the array. If copying takes place between objects
that overlap, the behavior is undefined.
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Returns
3 The snprintf function returns the number of characters that would have been written
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<a name="7.19.6.8" href="#7.19.6.8"><b> 7.19.6.8 The vfprintf function</b></a>
Synopsis
254) As the functions vfprintf, vfscanf, vprintf, vscanf, vsnprintf, vsprintf, and
vsscanf invoke the va_arg macro, the value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
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<a name="7.19.6.9" href="#7.19.6.9"><b> 7.19.6.9 The vfscanf function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.19.6.11" href="#7.19.6.11"><b> 7.19.6.11 The vscanf function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.19.6.13" href="#7.19.6.13"><b> 7.19.6.13 The vsprintf function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.19.7" href="#7.19.7"><b> 7.19.7 Character input/output functions</b></a>
<a name="7.19.7.1" href="#7.19.7.1"><b> 7.19.7.1 The fgetc function</b></a>
255) An end-of-file and a read error can be distinguished by use of the feof and ferror functions.
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<a name="7.19.7.3" href="#7.19.7.3"><b> 7.19.7.3 The fputc function</b></a>
Synopsis
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Returns
3 The getc function returns the next character from the input stream pointed to by
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<a name="7.19.7.8" href="#7.19.7.8"><b> 7.19.7.8 The putc function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.19.7.11" href="#7.19.7.11"><b> 7.19.7.11 The ungetc function</b></a>
Synopsis
256) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.9">7.26.9</a>).
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<a name="7.19.8" href="#7.19.8"><b> 7.19.8 Direct input/output functions</b></a>
<a name="7.19.8.1" href="#7.19.8.1"><b> 7.19.8.1 The fread function</b></a>
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Returns
3 The fwrite function returns the number of elements successfully written, which will be
an earlier successful call to the ftell function on a stream associated with the same file
and whence shall be SEEK_SET.
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5 After determining the new position, a successful call to the fseek function undoes any
effects of the ungetc function on the stream, clears the end-of-file indicator for the
stream to its position at the time of the ftell call; the difference between two such
return values is not necessarily a meaningful measure of the number of characters written
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or read.
Returns
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<a name="7.19.10.2" href="#7.19.10.2"><b> 7.19.10.2 The feof function</b></a>
Synopsis
Forward references: the strerror function (<a href="#7.21.6.2">7.21.6.2</a>).
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<a name="7.20" href="#7.20"><b> 7.20 General utilities <stdlib.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.20"><stdlib.h></a> declares five types and several functions of general utility, and
257) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.10">7.26.10</a>).
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<a name="7.20.1" href="#7.20.1"><b> 7.20.1 Numeric conversion functions</b></a>
1 The functions atof, atoi, atol, and atoll need not affect the value of the integer
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<a name="7.20.1.3" href="#7.20.1.3"><b> 7.20.1.3 The strtod, strtof, and strtold functions</b></a>
Synopsis
4 If the subject sequence has the expected form for a floating-point number, the sequence of
characters starting with the first digit or the decimal-point character (whichever occurs
first) is interpreted as a floating constant according to the rules of <a href="#6.4.4.2">6.4.4.2</a>, except that the
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decimal-point character is used in place of a period, and that if neither an exponent part
nor a decimal-point character appears in a decimal floating point number, or if a binary
259) An implementation may use the n-char sequence to determine extra information to be represented in
the NaN's significand.
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stipulation that the error with respect to D should have a correct sign for the current
rounding direction.260)
260) DECIMAL_DIG, defined in <a href="#7.7"><float.h></a>, should be sufficiently large that L and U will usually round
to the same internal floating value, but if not will round to adjacent values.
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resembling an integer represented in some radix determined by the value of base, and a
final string of one or more unrecognized characters, including the terminating null
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<a name="7.20.2" href="#7.20.2"><b> 7.20.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions</b></a>
<a name="7.20.2.1" href="#7.20.2.1"><b> 7.20.2.1 The rand function</b></a>
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void srand(unsigned int seed)
{
261) Note that this need not be the same as the representation of floating-point zero or a null pointer
constant.
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realloc function, or if the space has been deallocated by a call to free or realloc,
the behavior is undefined.
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<a name="7.20.4" href="#7.20.4"><b> 7.20.4 Communication with the environment</b></a>
<a name="7.20.4.1" href="#7.20.4.1"><b> 7.20.4.1 The abort function</b></a>
Description
2 The exit function causes normal program termination to occur. If more than one call to
the exit function is executed by a program, the behavior is undefined.
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3 First, all functions registered by the atexit function are called, in the reverse order of
their registration,262) except that a function is called after any previously registered
262) Each function is called as many times as it was registered, and in the correct order with respect to
other registered functions.
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<a name="7.20.4.5" href="#7.20.4.5"><b> 7.20.4.5 The getenv function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.20.5" href="#7.20.5"><b> 7.20.5 Searching and sorting utilities</b></a>
1 These utilities make use of a comparison function to search or sort arrays of unspecified
(char *)p < (char *)base + nmemb * size
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size of each element of the array is specified by size.
3 The comparison function pointed to by compar is called with two arguments that point
264) In practice, the entire array is sorted according to the comparison function.
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<a name="7.20.6" href="#7.20.6"><b> 7.20.6 Integer arithmetic functions</b></a>
<a name="7.20.6.1" href="#7.20.6.1"><b> 7.20.6.1 The abs, labs and llabs functions</b></a>
265) The absolute value of the most negative number cannot be represented in two's complement.
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<a name="7.20.7" href="#7.20.7"><b> 7.20.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions</b></a>
1 The behavior of the multibyte character functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category
266) If the locale employs special bytes to change the shift state, these bytes do not produce separate wide
character codes, but are grouped with an adjacent multibyte character.
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<a name="7.20.7.2" href="#7.20.7.2"><b> 7.20.7.2 The mbtowc function</b></a>
Synopsis
sequence needed to restore the initial shift state, and the function is left in the initial
conversion state.
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3 The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the wctomb function.
Returns
267) The array will not be null-terminated if the value returned is n.
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<a name="7.20.8.2" href="#7.20.8.2"><b> 7.20.8.2 The wcstombs function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.21" href="#7.21"><b> 7.21 String handling <string.h></b></a>
<a name="7.21.1" href="#7.21.1"><b> 7.21.1 String function conventions</b></a>
268) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.11">7.26.11</a>).
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<a name="7.21.2.2" href="#7.21.2.2"><b> 7.21.2.2 The memmove function</b></a>
Synopsis
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s1.269) If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.
3 If the array pointed to by s2 is a string that is shorter than n characters, null characters
270) Thus, the maximum number of characters that can end up in the array pointed to by s1 is
strlen(s1)+n+1.
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takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.
Returns
indeterminate. Strings shorter than their allocated space and unions may also cause problems in
comparison.
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pointed to by s2.
<a name="7.21.4.3" href="#7.21.4.3"><b> 7.21.4.3 The strcoll function</b></a>
string into the array pointed to by s1. The transformation is such that if the strcmp
function is applied to two transformed strings, it returns a value greater than, equal to, or
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less than zero, corresponding to the result of the strcoll function applied to the same
two original strings. No more than n characters are placed into the resulting array
Returns
3 The strchr function returns a pointer to the located character, or a null pointer if the
character does not occur in the string.
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<a name="7.21.5.3" href="#7.21.5.3"><b> 7.21.5.3 The strcspn function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.21.5.6" href="#7.21.5.6"><b> 7.21.5.6 The strspn function</b></a>
Synopsis
that is not contained in the current separator string pointed to by s2. If no such character
is found, then there are no tokens in the string pointed to by s1 and the strtok function
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returns a null pointer. If such a character is found, it is the start of the first token.
4 The strtok function then searches from there for a character that is contained in the
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<a name="7.21.6.2" href="#7.21.6.2"><b> 7.21.6.2 The strerror function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.22" href="#7.22"><b> 7.22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.22"><tgmath.h></a> includes the headers <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> and <a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> and
273) If the type of the argument is not compatible with the type of the parameter for the selected function,
the behavior is undefined.
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<a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> <a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> type-generic
function function macro
function in <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a>, the corresponding type-generic macro has the same name as the
function. These type-generic macros are:
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carg conj creal
cimag cproj
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<a name="7.23" href="#7.23"><b> 7.23 Date and time <time.h></b></a>
<a name="7.23.1" href="#7.23.1"><b> 7.23.1 Components of time</b></a>
274) The range [0, 60] for tm_sec allows for a positive leap second.
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The value of tm_isdst is positive if Daylight Saving Time is in effect, zero if Daylight
Saving Time is not in effect, and negative if the information is not available.
275) In order to measure the time spent in a program, the clock function should be called at the start of
the program and its return value subtracted from the value returned by subsequent calls.
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<a name="7.23.2.3" href="#7.23.2.3"><b> 7.23.2.3 The mktime function</b></a>
Synopsis
Daylight Saving Time, respectively, is or is not in effect for the specified time. A negative value
causes it to attempt to determine whether Daylight Saving Time is in effect for the specified time.
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time_str.tm_year = 2001 - 1900;
time_str.tm_mon = 7 - 1;
timeptr into a string in the form
Sun Sep 16 01:03:52 1973\n\0
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using the equivalent of the following algorithm.
char *asctime(const struct tm *timeptr)
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<a name="7.23.3.3" href="#7.23.3.3"><b> 7.23.3.3 The gmtime function</b></a>
Synopsis
consists of a % character, possibly followed by an E or O modifier character (described
below), followed by a character that determines the behavior of the conversion specifier.
All ordinary multibyte characters (including the terminating null character) are copied
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unchanged into the array. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the
behavior is undefined. No more than maxsize characters are placed into the array.
%T is equivalent to ''%H:%M:%S'' (the ISO 8601 time format). [tm_hour, tm_min,
tm_sec]
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%u is replaced by the ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal number (1-7), where Monday
is 1. [tm_wday]
symbols.
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%OI is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock), using the locale's alternative numeric
symbols.
%Z implementation-defined.
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Returns
8 If the total number of resulting characters including the terminating null character is not
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<a name="7.24" href="#7.24"><b> 7.24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h></b></a>
<a name="7.24.1" href="#7.24.1"><b> 7.24.1 Introduction</b></a>
278) wchar_t and wint_t can be the same integer type.
279) The value of the macro WEOF may differ from that of EOF and need not be negative.
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-- Functions for wide string date and time conversion; and
-- Functions that provide extended capabilities for conversion between multibyte and
280) The fwprintf functions perform writes to memory for the %n specifier.
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left adjustment flag, described later, has been given) to the field width. The field
width takes the form of an asterisk * (described later) or a nonnegative decimal
282) The results of all floating conversions of a negative zero, and of negative values that round to zero,
include a minus sign.
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and G conversions, the result of converting a floating-point number always
contains a decimal-point wide character, even if no digits follow it. (Normally, a
an intmax_t or uintmax_t argument; or that a following n conversion
specifier applies to a pointer to an intmax_t argument.
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z Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a
size_t or the corresponding signed integer type argument; or that a
[-]nan or [-]nan(n-wchar-sequence) -- which style, and the meaning of
any n-wchar-sequence, is implementation-defined. The F conversion
specifier produces INF, INFINITY, or NAN instead of inf, infinity, or
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nan, respectively.283)
e,E A double argument representing a floating-point number is converted in the
284) Binary implementations can choose the hexadecimal digit to the left of the decimal-point wide
character so that subsequent digits align to nibble (4-bit) boundaries.
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for an exact representation of the value; if the precision is missing and
FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, then the precision is sufficient to
might suffice depending on the implementation's scheme for determining the digit to the left of the
decimal-point wide character.
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defined manner.
n The argument shall be a pointer to signed integer into which is written the
given format specifier. The number of significant digits is determined by the format specifier, and in
the case of fixed-point conversion by the source value as well.
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Environmental limits
15 The number of wide characters that can be produced by any single conversion shall be at
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-- An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the receiving object.
-- A conversion specifier wide character that specifies the type of conversion to be
289) fwscanf pushes back at most one input wide character onto the input stream. Therefore, some
sequences that are acceptable to wcstod, wcstol, etc., are unacceptable to fwscanf.
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object does not have an appropriate type, or if the result of the conversion cannot be
represented in the object, the behavior is undefined.
i Matches an optionally signed integer, whose format is the same as expected
for the subject sequence of the wcstol function with the value 0 for the
base argument. The corresponding argument shall be a pointer to signed
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integer.
o Matches an optionally signed octal integer, whose format is the same as
If an l length modifier is present, the corresponding argument shall be a
pointer to the initial element of an array of wchar_t large enough to accept
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the sequence and the terminating null wide character, which will be added
automatically.
from the input stream so far by this call to the fwscanf function. Execution
of a %n directive does not increment the assignment count returned at the
completion of execution of the fwscanf function. No argument is
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converted, but one is consumed. If the conversion specification includes an
assignment-suppressing wide character or a field width, the behavior is
290) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.12">7.26.12</a>).
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Forward references: the wcstod, wcstof, and wcstold functions (<a href="#7.24.4.1.1">7.24.4.1.1</a>), the
wcstol, wcstoll, wcstoul, and wcstoull functions (<a href="#7.24.4.1.2">7.24.4.1.2</a>), the wcrtomb
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<a name="7.24.2.5" href="#7.24.2.5"><b> 7.24.2.5 The vfwprintf function</b></a>
Synopsis
291) As the functions vfwprintf, vswprintf, vfwscanf, vwprintf, vwscanf, and vswscanf
invoke the va_arg macro, the value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
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<a name="7.24.2.6" href="#7.24.2.6"><b> 7.24.2.6 The vfwscanf function</b></a>
Synopsis
occurred or if n or more wide characters were requested to be generated.
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<a name="7.24.2.8" href="#7.24.2.8"><b> 7.24.2.8 The vswscanf function</b></a>
Synopsis
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<a name="7.24.2.10" href="#7.24.2.10"><b> 7.24.2.10 The vwscanf function</b></a>
Synopsis
before the arguments to wscanf.
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Returns
3 The wscanf function returns the value of the macro EOF if an input failure occurs
292) An end-of-file and a read error can be distinguished by use of the feof and ferror functions.
Also, errno will be set to EILSEQ by input/output functions only if an encoding error occurs.
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additional wide characters are read after a new-line wide character (which is retained) or
after end-of-file. A null wide character is written immediately after the last wide
3 The fputws function returns EOF if a write or encoding error occurs; otherwise, it
returns a nonnegative value.
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<a name="7.24.3.5" href="#7.24.3.5"><b> 7.24.3.5 The fwide function</b></a>
Synopsis
293) If the orientation of the stream has already been determined, fwide does not change it.
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Description
2 The getwchar function is equivalent to getwc with the argument stdin.
stream pointed to by stream. Pushed-back wide characters will be returned by
subsequent reads on that stream in the reverse order of their pushing. A successful
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intervening call (with the stream pointed to by stream) to a file positioning function
(fseek, fsetpos, or rewind) discards any pushed-back wide characters for the
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<a name="7.24.4.1" href="#7.24.4.1"><b> 7.24.4.1 Wide string numeric conversion functions</b></a>
<a name="7.24.4.1.1" href="#7.24.4.1.1"><b> 7.24.4.1.1 The wcstod, wcstof, and wcstold functions</b></a>
n-wchar-sequence nondigit
The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input wide
string, starting with the first non-white-space wide character, that is of the expected form.
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The subject sequence contains no wide characters if the input wide string is not of the
expected form.
295) An implementation may use the n-wchar sequence to determine extra information to be represented in
the NaN's significand.
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9 If the subject sequence has the decimal form and at most DECIMAL_DIG (defined in
<a href="#7.7"><float.h></a>) significant digits, the result should be correctly rounded. If the subject
296) DECIMAL_DIG, defined in <a href="#7.7"><float.h></a>, should be sufficiently large that L and U will usually round
to the same internal floating value, but if not will round to adjacent values.
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<a name="7.24.4.1.2" href="#7.24.4.1.2"><b> 7.24.4.1.2 The wcstol, wcstoll, wcstoul, and wcstoull functions</b></a>
Synopsis
value of base is 16, the wide characters 0x or 0X may optionally precede the sequence
of letters and digits, following the sign if present.
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4 The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input wide
string, starting with the first non-white-space wide character, that is of the expected form.
3 The wcscpy function returns the value of s1.
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<a name="7.24.4.2.2" href="#7.24.4.2.2"><b> 7.24.4.2.2 The wcsncpy function</b></a>
Synopsis
297) Thus, if there is no null wide character in the first n wide characters of the array pointed to by s2, the
result will not be null-terminated.
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<a name="7.24.4.2.4" href="#7.24.4.2.4"><b> 7.24.4.2.4 The wmemmove function</b></a>
Synopsis
2 The wcsncat function appends not more than n wide characters (a null wide character
and those that follow it are not appended) from the array pointed to by s2 to the end of
-[<a name="
#p378" href="p378">page 378</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
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the wide string pointed to by s1. The initial wide character of s2 overwrites the null
wide character at the end of s1. A terminating null wide character is always appended to
298) Thus, the maximum number of wide characters that can end up in the array pointed to by s1 is
wcslen(s1)+n+1.
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wide string pointed to by s2 when both are interpreted as appropriate to the current
locale.
transformation of the wide string pointed to by s:
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+[<a name="
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1 + wcsxfrm(NULL, s, 0)
-[<a name="
#p381" href="p381">page 381</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p381" href="#p381">page 381</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
Returns
3 The wcscspn function returns the length of the segment.
3 The wcsspn function returns the length of the segment.
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
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<a name="7.24.4.5.6" href="#7.24.4.5.6"><b> 7.24.4.5.6 The wcsstr function</b></a>
Synopsis
the start of the first token.
5 The wcstok function then searches from there for a wide character that is contained in
the current separator wide string. If no such wide character is found, the current token
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extends to the end of the wide string pointed to by s1, and subsequent searches in the
same wide string for a token return a null pointer. If such a wide character is found, it is
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<a name="7.24.4.6" href="#7.24.4.6"><b> 7.24.4.6 Miscellaneous functions</b></a>
<a name="7.24.4.6.1" href="#7.24.4.6.1"><b> 7.24.4.6.1 The wcslen function</b></a>
the generated output is to be placed.
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+[<a name="
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-- The argument maxsize indicates the limiting number of wide characters.
-- The argument format is a wide string and the conversion specifiers are replaced by
mbsrtowcs functions as long as they are used to step sequentially through the same multibyte
character string.
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+[<a name="
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<a name="7.24.6.1" href="#7.24.6.1"><b> 7.24.6.1 Single-byte/wide character conversion functions</b></a>
<a name="7.24.6.1.1" href="#7.24.6.1.1"><b> 7.24.6.1.1 The btowc function</b></a>
Description
2 If ps is not a null pointer, the mbsinit function determines whether the pointed-to
mbstate_t object describes an initial conversion state.
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#p387" href="p387">page 387</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
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Returns
3 The mbsinit function returns nonzero if ps is a null pointer or if the pointed-to object
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+[<a name="
p388" href="#p388">page 388</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="7.24.6.3.2" href="#7.24.6.3.2"><b> 7.24.6.3.2 The mbrtowc function</b></a>
Synopsis
300) When n has at least the value of the MB_CUR_MAX macro, this case can only occur if s points at a
sequence of redundant shift sequences (for implementations with state-dependent encodings).
-[<a name="
#p389" href="p389">page 389</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p389" href="#p389">page 389</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="7.24.6.3.3" href="#7.24.6.3.3"><b> 7.24.6.3.3 The wcrtomb function</b></a>
Synopsis
-[<a name="
#p390" href="p390">page 390</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p390" href="#p390">page 390</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="7.24.6.4.1" href="#7.24.6.4.1"><b> 7.24.6.4.1 The mbsrtowcs function</b></a>
Synopsis
301) Thus, the value of len is ignored if dst is a null pointer.
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#p391" href="p391">page 391</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p391" href="#p391">page 391</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="7.24.6.4.2" href="#7.24.6.4.2"><b> 7.24.6.4.2 The wcsrtombs function</b></a>
Synopsis
302) If conversion stops because a terminating null wide character has been reached, the bytes stored
include those necessary to reach the initial shift state immediately before the null byte.
-[<a name="
#p392" href="p392">page 392</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="7.25" href="#7.25"><b> 7.25 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h></b></a>
<a name="7.25.1" href="#7.25.1"><b> 7.25.1 Introduction</b></a>
303) See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.26.13">7.26.13</a>).
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<a name="7.25.2" href="#7.25.2"><b> 7.25.2 Wide character classification utilities</b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.25"><wctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for classifying wide
(which cannot occur for wc == L' ' of course), then either iswgraph(wc) or iswprint(wc)
&& iswspace(wc) is true, but not both.
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wide characters for which none of iswcntrl, iswdigit, iswpunct, or iswspace
is true.305)
305) The functions iswlower and iswupper test true or false separately for each of these additional
wide characters; all four combinations are possible.
-[<a name="
#p395" href="p395">page 395</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p395" href="#p395">page 395</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
Description
2 The iswgraph function tests for any wide character for which iswprint is true and
corresponding functions in <a href="#7.4.1">7.4.1</a> with respect to printing, white-space, single-byte execution
characters other than ' '.
-[<a name="
#p396" href="p396">page 396</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p396" href="#p396">page 396</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
Description
2 The iswspace function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a locale-specific
character classification function (<a href="#7.25.2.1">7.25.2.1</a>) in the comment that follows the expression:
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iswctype(wc, wctype("alnum")) // iswalnum(wc)
iswctype(wc, wctype("alpha")) // iswalpha(wc)
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<a name="7.25.3" href="#7.25.3"><b> 7.25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities</b></a>
1 The header <a href="#7.25"><wctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for mapping wide characters.
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<a name="7.25.3.2.1" href="#7.25.3.2.1"><b> 7.25.3.2.1 The towctrans function</b></a>
Synopsis
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+[<a name="
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<a name="7.26" href="#7.26"><b> 7.26 Future library directions</b></a>
1 The following names are grouped under individual headers for convenience. All external
types defined in the <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> header. Macro names beginning with INT or UINT
and ending with _MAX, _MIN, or _C may be added to the macros defined in the
<a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> header.
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<a name="7.26.9" href="#7.26.9"><b> 7.26.9 Input/output <stdio.h></b></a>
1 Lowercase letters may be added to the conversion specifiers and length modifiers in
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<a name="A" href="#A"><b> Annex A</b></a>
(informative)
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p403" href="#p403">page 403</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="A.1.3" href="#A.1.3"><b>A.1.3 Identifiers</b></a>
(<a href="#6.4.2.1">6.4.2.1</a>) identifier:
(<a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>) decimal-constant:
nonzero-digit
decimal-constant digit
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+[<a name="
p404" href="#p404">page 404</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>) octal-constant:
0
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p405" href="#p405">page 405</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.4.4.2">6.4.4.2</a>) hexadecimal-floating-constant:
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant
-[<a name="
#p406" href="p406">page 406</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p406" href="#p406">page 406</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4</a>) c-char-sequence:
c-char
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p407" href="#p407">page 407</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="A.1.7" href="#A.1.7"><b>A.1.7 Punctuators</b></a>
(<a href="#6.4.6">6.4.6</a>) punctuator: one of
pp-number .
-[<a name="
#p408" href="p408">page 408</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p408" href="#p408">page 408</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="A.2" href="#A.2"><b>A.2 Phrase structure grammar</b></a>
<a name="A.2.1" href="#A.2.1"><b>A.2.1 Expressions</b></a>
multiplicative-expression / cast-expression
multiplicative-expression % cast-expression
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+[<a name="
p409" href="#p409">page 409</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>) additive-expression:
multiplicative-expression
logical-OR-expression
logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression
-[<a name="
#p410" href="p410">page 410</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p410" href="#p410">page 410</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.5.16">6.5.16</a>) assignment-expression:
conditional-expression
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p411" href="#p411">page 411</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.7.2">6.7.2</a>) type-specifier:
void
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p412" href="#p412">page 412</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.7.2.2">6.7.2.2</a>) enum-specifier:
enum identifieropt { enumerator-list }
parameter-list
parameter-list , ...
-[<a name="
#p413" href="p413">page 413</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p413" href="#p413">page 413</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.7.5">6.7.5</a>) parameter-list:
parameter-declaration
-[<a name="
#p414" href="p414">page 414</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p414" href="#p414">page 414</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.7.8">6.7.8</a>) designator-list:
designator
-[<a name="
#p415" href="p415">page 415</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p415" href="#p415">page 415</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.8.5">6.8.5</a>) iteration-statement:
while ( expression ) statement
if-group elif-groupsopt else-groupopt endif-line
-[<a name="
#p416" href="p416">page 416</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p416" href="#p416">page 416</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.10">6.10</a>) if-group:
# if constant-expression new-line groupopt
-[<a name="
#p417" href="p417">page 417</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p417" href="#p417">page 417</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
(<a href="#6.10">6.10</a>) pp-tokens:
preprocessing-token
-[<a name="
#p418" href="p418">page 418</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p418" href="#p418">page 418</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B" href="#B"><b> Annex B</b></a>
(informative)
double complex catanh(double complex z);
float complex catanhf(float complex z);
long double complex catanhl(long double complex z);
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#p419" href="p419">page 419</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p419" href="#p419">page 419</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
double complex ccosh(double complex z);
float complex ccoshf(float complex z);
long double creall(long double complex z);
-[<a name="
#p420" href="p420">page 420</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p420" href="#p420">page 420</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.3" href="#B.3"><b>B.3 Character handling <ctype.h></b></a>
int isalnum(int c);
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#p421" href="p421">page 421</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p421" href="#p421">page 421</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.6" href="#B.6"><b>B.6 Characteristics of floating types <float.h></b></a>
FLT_ROUNDS DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_MAX
-[<a name="
#p422" href="p422">page 422</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p422" href="#p422">page 422</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.8" href="#B.8"><b>B.8 Alternative spellings <iso646.h></b></a>
and bitor not_eq xor
float asinf(float x);
long double asinl(long double x);
double atan(double x);
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+[<a name="
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float atanf(float x);
long double atanl(long double x);
float expm1f(float x);
long double expm1l(long double x);
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#p424" href="p424">page 424</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p424" href="#p424">page 424</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
double frexp(double value, int *exp);
float frexpf(float value, int *exp);
double hypot(double x, double y);
float hypotf(float x, float y);
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+[<a name="
p425" href="#p425">page 425</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
long double hypotl(long double x, long double y);
double pow(double x, double y);
long double roundl(long double x);
long int lround(double x);
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+[<a name="
p426" href="#p426">page 426</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
long int lroundf(float x);
long int lroundl(long double x);
double fma(double x, double y, double z);
float fmaf(float x, float y, float z);
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#p427" href="p427">page 427</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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long double fmal(long double x, long double y,
long double z);
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+[<a name="
p428" href="#p428">page 428</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.16" href="#B.16"><b>B.16 Common definitions <stddef.h></b></a>
ptrdiff_t size_t wchar_t NULL
char * restrict buf);
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+[<a name="
p429" href="#p429">page 429</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
int setvbuf(FILE * restrict stream,
char * restrict buf,
int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream);
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+[<a name="
p430" href="#p430">page 430</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
size_t fread(void * restrict ptr,
size_t size, size_t nmemb,
-[<a name="
#p431" href="p431">page 431</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p431" href="#p431">page 431</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
unsigned long long int strtoull(
const char * restrict nptr,
-[<a name="
#p432" href="p432">page 432</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p432" href="#p432">page 432</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.20" href="#B.20"><b>B.20 String handling <string.h></b></a>
size_t
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#p433" href="p433">page 433</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p433" href="#p433">page 433</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.21" href="#B.21"><b>B.21 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></b></a>
acos sqrt fmod nextafter
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#p434" href="p434">page 434</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p434" href="#p434">page 434</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="B.23" href="#B.23"><b>B.23 Extended multibyte/wide character utilities <wchar.h></b></a>
wchar_t wint_t WCHAR_MAX
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+[<a name="
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double wcstod(const wchar_t * restrict nptr,
wchar_t ** restrict endptr);
size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
wchar_t *wcsstr(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
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#p436" href="p436">page 436</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p436" href="#p436">page 436</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
wchar_t *wcstok(wchar_t * restrict s1,
const wchar_t * restrict s2,
int iswupper(wint_t wc);
int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
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#p437" href="p437">page 437</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p437" href="#p437">page 437</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
wctype_t wctype(const char *property);
wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
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#p438" href="p438">page 438</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p438" href="#p438">page 438</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="C" href="#C"><b> Annex C</b></a>
(informative)
-[<a name="
#p439" href="p439">page 439</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p439" href="#p439">page 439</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="D" href="#D"><b> Annex D</b></a>
(normative)
0AC7-0AC9, 0ACB-0ACD, 0AD0, 0AE0
Oriya: 0B01-0B03, 0B05-0B0C, 0B0F-0B10, 0B13-0B28, 0B2A-0B30,
0B32-0B33, 0B36-0B39, 0B3E-0B43, 0B47-0B48, 0B4B-0B4D,
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+[<a name="
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0B5C-0B5D, 0B5F-0B61
Tamil: 0B82-0B83, 0B85-0B8A, 0B8E-0B90, 0B92-0B95, 0B99-0B9A,
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#p441" href="p441">page 441</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p441" href="#p441">page 441</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="E" href="#E"><b> Annex E</b></a>
(informative)
4 The values given in the following list shall be replaced by implementation-defined
constant expressions that are greater or equal in magnitude (absolute value) to those
shown, with the same sign:
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p442" href="#p442">page 442</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
#define DBL_DIG 10
#define DBL_MANT_DIG
-[<a name="
#p443" href="p443">page 443</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p443" href="#p443">page 443</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F" href="#F"><b> Annex F</b></a>
(normative)
308) A non-IEC 60559 long double type is required to provide infinity and NaNs, as its values include
all double values.
-[<a name="
#p444" href="p444">page 444</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="F.2.1" href="#F.2.1"><b> F.2.1 Infinities, signed zeros, and NaNs</b></a>
1 This specification does not define the behavior of signaling NaNs.309) It generally uses
309) Since NaNs created by IEC 60559 operations are always quiet, quiet NaNs (along with infinities) are
sufficient for closure of the arithmetic.
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
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-- The relational and equality operators provide IEC 60559 comparisons. IEC 60559
identifies a need for additional comparison predicates to facilitate writing code that
-- The isnan macro in <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> provides the isnan function recommended in the
Appendix to IEC 60559.
-[<a name="
#p446" href="p446">page 446</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p446" href="#p446">page 446</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The signbit macro and the fpclassify macro in <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a>, used in
conjunction with the number classification macros (FP_NAN, FP_INFINITE,
IEC 60559 format supported, then DECIMAL_DIG shall be at least 17. (By contrast, LDBL_DIG and
DBL_DIG are 18 and 15, respectively, for these formats.)
-[<a name="
#p447" href="p447">page 447</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p447" href="#p447">page 447</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.6" href="#F.6"><b> F.6 Contracted expressions</b></a>
1 A contracted expression treats infinities, NaNs, signed zeros, subnormals, and the
point control modes will be the default ones and the floating-point status flags will not be tested,
which allows certain optimizations (see <a href="#F.8">F.8</a>).
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#p448" href="p448">page 448</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p448" href="#p448">page 448</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
floating-point exception, other than ''inexact'';314) the implementation should then
proceed with the translation of the program.
const static double one_third = <a href="#1.0">1.0</a>/3.0;
-[<a name="
#p449" href="p449">page 449</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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execution time.
double_t x = 1.1e75;
could be done at translation time, regardless of the expression evaluation method.
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+[<a name="
p450" href="#p450">page 450</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.7.6" href="#F.7.6"><b> F.7.6 Changing the environment</b></a>
1 Operations defined in <a href="#6.5">6.5</a> and functions and macros defined for the standard libraries
floating-point exceptions need not be precise: the actual order and number of occurrences
of floating-point exceptions (> 1) may vary from what the source code expresses. Thus,
the preceding loop could be treated as
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+[<a name="
p451" href="#p451">page 451</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
if (0 < n) x + 1;
<a name="F.8.2" href="#F.8.2"><b> F.8.2 Expression transformations</b></a>
conj(csqrt(z)) is csqrt(conj(z)),
for complex z.
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+[<a name="
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might be zero.
-x (<->) 0 - x The expressions -x and 0 - x are not equivalent if x
-[<a name="
#p453" href="p453">page 453</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p453" href="#p453">page 453</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
// calls g without raising ''invalid'' if a and b are unordered
if (isless(a,b))
319) 0 - 0 yields -0 instead of +0 just when the rounding direction is downward.
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+[<a name="
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whose magnitude is too large.
7 The ''underflow'' floating-point exception is raised whenever a result is tiny (essentially
321) It is intended that undeserved ''underflow'' and ''inexact'' floating-point exceptions are raised only if
avoiding them would be too costly.
-[<a name="
#p455" href="p455">page 455</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p455" href="#p455">page 455</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.1.2" href="#F.9.1.2"><b> F.9.1.2 The asin functions</b></a>
1 -- asin((+-)0) returns (+-)0.
322) atan2(0, 0) does not raise the ''invalid'' floating-point exception, nor does atan2( y , 0) raise
the ''divide-by-zero'' floating-point exception.
-[<a name="
#p456" href="p456">page 456</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p456" href="#p456">page 456</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.1.7" href="#F.9.1.7"><b> F.9.1.7 The tan functions</b></a>
1 -- tan((+-)0) returns (+-)0.
-[<a name="
#p457" href="p457">page 457</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p457" href="#p457">page 457</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.3" href="#F.9.3"><b> F.9.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions</b></a>
<a name="F.9.3.1" href="#F.9.3.1"><b> F.9.3.1 The exp functions</b></a>
-[<a name="
#p458" href="p458">page 458</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p458" href="#p458">page 458</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.3.6" href="#F.9.3.6"><b> F.9.3.6 The ldexp functions</b></a>
1 On a binary system, ldexp(x, exp) is equivalent to scalbn(x, exp).
-[<a name="
#p459" href="p459">page 459</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="F.9.3.12" href="#F.9.3.12"><b> F.9.3.12 The modf functions</b></a>
1 -- modf((+-)x, iptr) returns a result with the same sign as x.
-[<a name="
#p460" href="p460">page 460</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p460" href="#p460">page 460</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.4.3" href="#F.9.4.3"><b> F.9.4.3 The hypot functions</b></a>
1 -- hypot(x, y), hypot(y, x), and hypot(x, -y) are equivalent.
-[<a name="
#p461" href="p461">page 461</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p461" href="#p461">page 461</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.4.5" href="#F.9.4.5"><b> F.9.4.5 The sqrt functions</b></a>
1 sqrt is fully specified as a basic arithmetic operation in IEC 60559.
-[<a name="
#p462" href="p462">page 462</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p462" href="#p462">page 462</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
#include <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a>
#include <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a>
-[<a name="
#p463" href="p463">page 463</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p463" href="#p463">page 463</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="F.9.6.6" href="#F.9.6.6"><b> F.9.6.6 The round functions</b></a>
1 -- round((+-)0) returns (+-)0.
-[<a name="
#p464" href="p464">page 464</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="F.9.7" href="#F.9.7"><b> F.9.7 Remainder functions</b></a>
<a name="F.9.7.1" href="#F.9.7.1"><b> F.9.7.1 The fmod functions</b></a>
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
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<a name="F.9.8.3" href="#F.9.8.3"><b> F.9.8.3 The nextafter functions</b></a>
1 -- nextafter(x, y) raises the ''overflow'' and ''inexact'' floating-point exceptions
323) Ideally, fmax would be sensitive to the sign of zero, for example fmax(-0.0, +0.0) would
return +0; however, implementation in software might be impractical.
-[<a name="
#p466" href="p466">page 466</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="G" href="#G"><b> Annex G</b></a>
(informative)
-[<a name="
#p467" href="p467">page 467</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p467" href="#p467">page 467</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="G.4" href="#G.4"><b> G.4 Conversions</b></a>
<a name="G.4.1" href="#G.4.1"><b> G.4.1 Imaginary types</b></a>
324) See <a href="#6.3.1.2">6.3.1.2</a>.
-[<a name="
#p468" href="p468">page 468</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="G.5.1" href="#G.5.1"><b> G.5.1 Multiplicative operators</b></a>
Semantics
325) These properties are already implied for those cases covered in the tables, but are required for all cases
(at least where the state for CX_LIMITED_RANGE is ''off'').
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
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-- if the first operand is a nonzero finite number or an infinity and the second operand is
a zero, then the result of the / operator is an infinity.
}
if (recalc) {
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+[<a name="
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x = INFINITY * ( a * c - b * d );
y = INFINITY * ( a * d + b * c );
x = 0.0 * ( a * c + b * d );
y = 0.0 * ( b * c - a * d );
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+[<a name="
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}
}
particularly suited to IEC 60559 implementations. For families of functions, the
specifications apply to all of the functions even though only the principal function is
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#p472" href="p472">page 472</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p472" href="#p472">page 472</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
shown. Unless otherwise specified, where the symbol ''(+-)'' occurs in both an argument
and the result, the result has the same sign as the argument.
326) As noted in <a href="#G.3">G.3</a>, a complex value with at least one infinite part is regarded as an infinity even if its
other part is a NaN.
-[<a name="
#p473" href="p473">page 473</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="G.6.1" href="#G.6.1"><b> G.6.1 Trigonometric functions</b></a>
<a name="G.6.1.1" href="#G.6.1.1"><b> G.6.1.1 The cacos functions</b></a>
-- cacosh((+-)(inf) + iNaN) returns +(inf) + iNaN.
-[<a name="
#p474" href="p474">page 474</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p474" href="#p474">page 474</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- cacosh(NaN + iy) returns NaN + iNaN and optionally raises the ''invalid''
floating-point exception, for finite y.
-- catanh(+(inf) + i (inf)) returns +0 + ipi /2.
-- catanh(+(inf) + iNaN) returns +0 + iNaN.
-[<a name="
#p475" href="p475">page 475</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p475" href="#p475">page 475</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- catanh(NaN + iy) returns NaN + iNaN and optionally raises the ''invalid''
floating-point exception, for finite y.
unspecified) and raises the ''invalid'' floating-point exception.
-- csinh(+0 + iNaN) returns (+-)0 + iNaN (where the sign of the real part of the result is
unspecified).
-[<a name="
#p476" href="p476">page 476</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p476" href="#p476">page 476</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- csinh(x + i (inf)) returns NaN + iNaN and raises the ''invalid'' floating-point
exception, for positive finite x.
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p477" href="#p477">page 477</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="G.6.3" href="#G.6.3"><b> G.6.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions</b></a>
<a name="G.6.3.1" href="#G.6.3.1"><b> G.6.3.1 The cexp functions</b></a>
-- clog(x + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN and optionally raises the ''invalid'' floating-
point exception, for finite x.
-[<a name="
#p478" href="p478">page 478</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p478" href="#p478">page 478</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- clog(-(inf) + iy) returns +(inf) + ipi , for finite positive-signed y.
-- clog(+(inf) + iy) returns +(inf) + i0, for finite positive-signed y.
327) This allows cpow( z , c ) to be implemented as cexp(c clog( z )) without precluding
implementations that treat special cases more carefully.
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#p479" href="p479">page 479</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
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<a name="G.7" href="#G.7"><b> G.7 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></b></a>
1 Type-generic macros that accept complex arguments also accept imaginary arguments. If
-[<a name="
#p480" href="p480">page 480</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p480" href="#p480">page 480</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="H" href="#H"><b> Annex H</b></a>
(informative)
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
p481" href="#p481">page 481</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="H.2.2.1" href="#H.2.2.1"><b> H.2.2.1 Integer operations</b></a>
1 The integer operations on integer types are the following:
2 The derived constants for the floating point types are accessed by the following:
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+[<a name="
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fmax FLT_MAX, DBL_MAX, LDBL_MAX
fminN FLT_MIN, DBL_MIN, LDBL_MIN
2 The FLT_ROUNDS parameter can be used to indicate the LIA-1 rounding styles:
truncate FLT_ROUNDS == 0
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#p483" href="p483">page 483</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p483" href="#p483">page 483</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
nearest FLT_ROUNDS == 1
other FLT_ROUNDS != 0 && FLT_ROUNDS != 1
-[<a name="
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+[<a name="
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<a name="H.3" href="#H.3"><b> H.3 Notification</b></a>
1 Notification is the process by which a user or program is informed that an exceptional
where i is an expression of type int representing a subset of the LIA-1 indicators.
4 C allows an implementation to provide the following LIA-1 required behavior: at
program termination if any indicator is set the implementation shall send an unambiguous
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and ''hard to ignore'' message (see LIA-1 subclause <a href="#6.1.2">6.1.2</a>)
5 LIA-1 does not make the distinction between floating-point and integer for ''undefined''.
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+[<a name="
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<a name="I" href="#I"><b> Annex I</b></a>
(informative)
-- A statement with no apparent effect is encountered (<a href="#6.8">6.8</a>).
-- A constant expression is used as the controlling expression of a selection statement
(<a href="#6.8.4">6.8.4</a>).
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#p487" href="p487">page 487</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p487" href="#p487">page 487</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- An incorrectly formed preprocessing group is encountered while skipping a
preprocessing group (<a href="#6.10.1">6.10.1</a>).
-[<a name="
#p488" href="p488">page 488</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p488" href="#p488">page 488</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J" href="#J"><b> Annex J</b></a>
(informative)
-- The order in which subexpressions are evaluated and the order in which side effects
take place, except as specified for the function-call (), &&, ||, ?:, and comma
operators (<a href="#6.5">6.5</a>).
-[<a name="
#p489" href="p489">page 489</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p489" href="#p489">page 489</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The order in which the function designator, arguments, and subexpressions within the
arguments are evaluated in a function call (<a href="#6.5.2.2">6.5.2.2</a>).
range of the return type (<a href="#7.12.6.5">7.12.6.5</a>, <a href="#F.9.3.5">F.9.3.5</a>).
-- The result of rounding when the value is out of range (<a href="#7.12.9.5">7.12.9.5</a>, <a href="#7.12.9.7">7.12.9.7</a>, <a href="#F.9.6.5">F.9.6.5</a>).
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-- The value stored by the remquo functions in the object pointed to by quo when y is
zero (<a href="#7.12.10.3">7.12.10.3</a>).
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+[<a name="
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-- Whether or when library functions in <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> raise the ''inexact'' floating-point
exception in an IEC 60559 conformant implementation (<a href="#F.9">F.9</a>).
-- A trap representation is read by an lvalue expression that does not have character type
(<a href="#6.2.6.1">6.2.6.1</a>).
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#p492" href="p492">page 492</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p492" href="#p492">page 492</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- A trap representation is produced by a side effect that modifies any part of the object
using an lvalue expression that does not have character type (<a href="#6.2.6.1">6.2.6.1</a>).
-- The identifier __func__ is explicitly declared (<a href="#6.4.2.2">6.4.2.2</a>).
-[<a name="
#p493" href="p493">page 493</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p493" href="#p493">page 493</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The program attempts to modify a string literal (<a href="#6.4.5">6.4.5</a>).
-- The characters ', \, ", //, or /* occur in the sequence between the < and >
-- Pointers that do not point into, or just beyond, the same array object are subtracted
(<a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>).
-[<a name="
#p494" href="p494">page 494</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p494" href="#p494">page 494</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- An array subscript is out of range, even if an object is apparently accessible with the
given subscript (as in the lvalue expression a[1][7] given the declaration int
-- A structure or union is defined as containing no named members (<a href="#6.7.2.1">6.7.2.1</a>).
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#p495" href="p495">page 495</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p495" href="#p495">page 495</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- An attempt is made to access, or generate a pointer to just past, a flexible array
member of a structure when the referenced object provides no elements for that array
compatible return types, or their parameters disagree in use of the ellipsis terminator
or the number and type of parameters (after default argument promotion, when there
is no parameter type list or when one type is specified by a function definition with an
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#p496" href="p496">page 496</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p496" href="#p496">page 496</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
identifier list) (<a href="#6.7.5.3">6.7.5.3</a>).
-- The value of an unnamed member of a structure or union is used (<a href="#6.7.8">6.7.8</a>).
-- The result of the preprocessing operator ## is not a valid preprocessing token
(<a href="#6.10.3.3">6.10.3.3</a>).
-[<a name="
#p497" href="p497">page 497</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p497" href="#p497">page 497</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The #line preprocessing directive that results after expansion does not match one of
the two well-defined forms, or its digit sequence specifies zero or a number greater
-- The argument to the assert macro does not have a scalar type (<a href="#7.2">7.2</a>).
-- The CX_LIMITED_RANGE, FENV_ACCESS, or FP_CONTRACT pragma is used in
any context other than outside all external declarations or preceding all explicit
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+[<a name="
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declarations and statements inside a compound statement (<a href="#7.3.4">7.3.4</a>, <a href="#7.6.1">7.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.12.2">7.12.2</a>).
-- The value of an argument to a character handling function is neither equal to the value
invocation of the corresponding setjmp macro, that was changed between the
setjmp invocation and longjmp call (<a href="#7.13.2.1">7.13.2.1</a>).
-[<a name="
#p499" href="p499">page 499</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p499" href="#p499">page 499</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The program specifies an invalid pointer to a signal handler function (<a href="#7.14.1.1">7.14.1.1</a>).
-- A signal handler returns when the signal corresponded to a computational exception
-- The parameter parmN of a va_start macro is declared with the register
storage class, with a function or array type, or with a type that is not compatible with
the type that results after application of the default argument promotions (<a href="#7.15.1.4">7.15.1.4</a>).
-[<a name="
#p500" href="p500">page 500</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p500" href="#p500">page 500</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The member designator parameter of an offsetof macro is an invalid right
operand of the . operator for the type parameter, or designates a bit-field (<a href="#7.17">7.17</a>).
conversion specifier other than those described (<a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.1">7.24.2.1</a>).
-[<a name="
#p501" href="p501">page 501</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p501" href="#p501">page 501</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- A conversion specification for one of the formatted input/output functions uses a
length modifier with a conversion specifier other than those described (<a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>,
<a href="#7.24.2.5">7.24.2.5</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.6">7.24.2.6</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.7">7.24.2.7</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.8">7.24.2.8</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.9">7.24.2.9</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.10">7.24.2.10</a>).
-- The contents of the array supplied in a call to the fgets, gets, or fgetws function
are used after a read error occurred (<a href="#7.19.7.2">7.19.7.2</a>, <a href="#7.19.7.7">7.19.7.7</a>, <a href="#7.24.3.2">7.24.3.2</a>).
-[<a name="
#p502" href="p502">page 502</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p502" href="#p502">page 502</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The file position indicator for a binary stream is used after a call to the ungetc
function where its value was zero before the call (<a href="#7.19.7.11">7.19.7.11</a>).
inconsistently (<a href="#7.20.5">7.20.5</a>).
-[<a name="
#p503" href="p503">page 503</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p503" href="#p503">page 503</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The array being searched by the bsearch function does not have its elements in
proper order (<a href="#7.20.5.1">7.20.5.1</a>).
-[<a name="
#p504" href="p504">page 504</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p504" href="#p504">page 504</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.3" href="#J.3"><b> J.3 Implementation-defined behavior</b></a>
1 A conforming implementation is required to document its choice of behavior in each of
-[<a name="
#p505" href="p505">page 505</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p505" href="#p505">page 505</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.3.4" href="#J.3.4"><b> J.3.4 Characters</b></a>
1 -- The number of bits in a byte (<a href="#3.6">3.6</a>).
-[<a name="
#p506" href="p506">page 506</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p506" href="#p506">page 506</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The results of some bitwise operations on signed integers (<a href="#6.5">6.5</a>).
<a name="J.3.6" href="#J.3.6"><b> J.3.6 Floating point</b></a>
-[<a name="
#p507" href="p507">page 507</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p507" href="#p507">page 507</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.3.8" href="#J.3.8"><b> J.3.8 Hints</b></a>
1 -- The extent to which suggestions made by using the register storage-class
-- The method by which preprocessing tokens (possibly resulting from macro
expansion) in a #include directive are combined into a header name (<a href="#6.10.2">6.10.2</a>).
-[<a name="
#p508" href="p508">page 508</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p508" href="#p508">page 508</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The nesting limit for #include processing (<a href="#6.10.2">6.10.2</a>).
-- Whether the # operator inserts a \ character before the \ character that begins a
-[<a name="
#p509" href="p509">page 509</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p509" href="#p509">page 509</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- Whether a domain error occurs or zero is returned when a remquo function has a
second argument of zero (<a href="#7.12.10.3">7.12.10.3</a>).
-- The interpretation of a - character that is neither the first nor the last character, nor
the second where a ^ character is the first, in the scanlist for %[ conversion in the
fscanf or fwscanf function (<a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.1">7.24.2.1</a>).
-[<a name="
#p510" href="p510">page 510</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p510" href="#p510">page 510</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-- The set of sequences matched by a %p conversion and the interpretation of the
corresponding input item in the fscanf or fwscanf function (<a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.2">7.24.2.2</a>).
-[<a name="
#p511" href="p511">page 511</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p511" href="#p511">page 511</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.4" href="#J.4"><b> J.4 Locale-specific behavior</b></a>
1 The following characteristics of a hosted environment are locale-specific and are required
-[<a name="
#p512" href="p512">page 512</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p512" href="#p512">page 512</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.5" href="#J.5"><b> J.5 Common extensions</b></a>
1 The following extensions are widely used in many systems, but are not portable to all
-[<a name="
#p513" href="p513">page 513</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p513" href="#p513">page 513</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.5.7" href="#J.5.7"><b> J.5.7 Function pointer casts</b></a>
1 A pointer to an object or to void may be cast to a pointer to a function, allowing data to
-[<a name="
#p514" href="p514">page 514</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p514" href="#p514">page 514</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="J.5.14" href="#J.5.14"><b> J.5.14 Extra arguments for signal handlers</b></a>
1 Handlers for specific signals are called with extra arguments in addition to the signal
-[<a name="
#p515" href="p515">page 515</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p515" href="#p515">page 515</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="Bibliography" href="#Bibliography"><b> Bibliography</b></a>
18. ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, Information technology -- Universal Multiple-Octet
Coded Character Set (UCS) -- Part 1: Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.
-[<a name="
#p516" href="p516">page 516</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p516" href="#p516">page 516</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
19. ISO/IEC 10646-1/COR1:1996, Technical Corrigendum 1 to
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993.
-[<a name="
#p517" href="p517">page 517</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p517" href="#p517">page 517</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
-[<a name="
#p518" href="p518">page 518</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p518" href="#p518">page 518</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a name="Index" href="#Index"><b>Index</b></a>
++ (prefix increment operator), <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>, <a href="#6.5.3.1">6.5.3.1</a> <a href="#7.18"><stdint.h></a> header, <a href="#4">4</a>, <a href="#5.2.4.2">5.2.4.2</a>, <a href="#6.10.1">6.10.1</a>, <a href="#7.8">7.8</a>,
+= (addition assignment operator), <a href="#6.5.16.2">6.5.16.2</a> <a href="#7.18">7.18</a>, <a href="#7.26.8">7.26.8</a>
, (comma operator), <a href="#6.5.17">6.5.17</a>
-[<a name="
#p519" href="p519">page 519</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p519" href="#p519">page 519</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a href="#7.19"><stdio.h></a> header, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a>, <a href="#7.19">7.19</a>, <a href="#7.26.9">7.26.9</a>, <a href="#F">F</a> __cplusplus macro, <a href="#6.10.8">6.10.8</a>
<a href="#7.20"><stdlib.h></a> header, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a>, <a href="#7.20">7.20</a>, <a href="#7.26.10">7.26.10</a>, <a href="#F">F</a> __DATE__ macro, <a href="#6.10.8">6.10.8</a>
__bool_true_false_are_defined abstract declarator, <a href="#6.7.6">6.7.6</a>
macro, <a href="#7.16">7.16</a> abstract machine, <a href="#5.1.2.3">5.1.2.3</a>
-[<a name="
#p520" href="p520">page 520</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p520" href="#p520">page 520</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
access, <a href="#3.1">3.1</a>, <a href="#6.7.3">6.7.3</a> array
accuracy, see floating-point accuracy argument, <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>
arithmetic types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a> basic character set, <a href="#3.6">3.6</a>, <a href="#3.7.2">3.7.2</a>, <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>
arithmetic, pointer, <a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a> basic types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>
-[<a name="
#p521" href="p521">page 521</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p521" href="#p521">page 521</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
behavior, <a href="#3.4">3.4</a> call by value, <a href="#6.5.2.2">6.5.2.2</a>
binary streams, <a href="#7.19.2">7.19.2</a>, <a href="#7.19.7.11">7.19.7.11</a>, <a href="#7.19.9.2">7.19.9.2</a>, calloc function, <a href="#7.20.3">7.20.3</a>, <a href="#7.20.3.1">7.20.3.1</a>, <a href="#7.20.3.2">7.20.3.2</a>,
calendar time, <a href="#7.23.1">7.23.1</a>, <a href="#7.23.2.2">7.23.2.2</a>, <a href="#7.23.2.3">7.23.2.3</a>, <a href="#7.23.2.4">7.23.2.4</a>, extensible, <a href="#7.25.2.2">7.25.2.2</a>
<a href="#7.23.3.2">7.23.3.2</a>, <a href="#7.23.3.3">7.23.3.3</a>, <a href="#7.23.3.4">7.23.3.4</a> character constant, <a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>, <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>, <a href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4</a>
-[<a name="
#p522" href="p522">page 522</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p522" href="#p522">page 522</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
character display semantics, <a href="#5.2.2">5.2.2</a> complex.h header, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a>, <a href="#7.3">7.3</a>, <a href="#7.22">7.22</a>, <a href="#7.26.1">7.26.1</a>,
character handling header, <a href="#7.4">7.4</a>, <a href="#7.11.1.1">7.11.1.1</a> <a href="#G.6">G.6</a>, <a href="#J.5.17">J.5.17</a>
complex type domain, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a> function, <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>
complex types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>, <a href="#6.7.2">6.7.2</a>, <a href="#G">G</a> function argument, <a href="#6.5.2.2">6.5.2.2</a>, <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>
-[<a name="
#p523" href="p523">page 523</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p523" href="#p523">page 523</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
function designators, <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a> type-generic macro for, <a href="#7.22">7.22</a>
function parameter, <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a> csinh functions, <a href="#7.3.6.5">7.3.6.5</a>, <a href="#G.6.2.5">G.6.2.5</a>
creal type-generic macro, <a href="#7.22">7.22</a>, <a href="#G.7">G.7</a> function, <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>
csin functions, <a href="#7.3.5.5">7.3.5.5</a>, <a href="#G.6">G.6</a> derived declarator types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>
-[<a name="
#p524" href="p524">page 524</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p524" href="#p524">page 524</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
derived types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a> end-of-file indicator, <a href="#7.19.1">7.19.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.5.3">7.19.5.3</a>, <a href="#7.19.7.1">7.19.7.1</a>,
designated initializer, <a href="#6.7.8">6.7.8</a> <a href="#7.19.7.5">7.19.7.5</a>, <a href="#7.19.7.6">7.19.7.6</a>, <a href="#7.19.7.11">7.19.7.11</a>, <a href="#7.19.9.2">7.19.9.2</a>,
<a href="#7.24.6.3.2">7.24.6.3.2</a>, <a href="#7.24.6.3.3">7.24.6.3.3</a>, <a href="#7.24.6.4.1">7.24.6.4.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.6.4.2">7.24.6.4.2</a> encoding, see encoding error
end-of-file, <a href="#7.24.1">7.24.1</a> range, see range error
-[<a name="
#p525" href="p525">page 525</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p525" href="#p525">page 525</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
error conditions, <a href="#7.12.1">7.12.1</a> extended characters, <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>
error functions, <a href="#7.12.8">7.12.8</a>, <a href="#F.9.5">F.9.5</a> extended integer types, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>, <a href="#6.3.1.1">6.3.1.1</a>, <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>,
expression statement, <a href="#6.8.3">6.8.3</a> fetestexcept function, <a href="#7.6.2">7.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.6.2.5">7.6.2.5</a>, <a href="#F.3">F.3</a>
extended character set, <a href="#3.7.2">3.7.2</a>, <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>, <a href="#5.2.1.2">5.2.1.2</a> feupdateenv function, <a href="#7.6.4.2">7.6.4.2</a>, <a href="#7.6.4.4">7.6.4.4</a>, <a href="#F.3">F.3</a>
-[<a name="
#p526" href="p526">page 526</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p526" href="#p526">page 526</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
fexcept_t type, <a href="#7.6">7.6</a>, <a href="#F.3">F.3</a> floating-point status flag, <a href="#7.6">7.6</a>, <a href="#F.7.6">F.7.6</a>
fflush function, <a href="#7.19.5.2">7.19.5.2</a>, <a href="#7.19.5.3">7.19.5.3</a> floor functions, <a href="#7.12.9.2">7.12.9.2</a>, <a href="#F.9.6.2">F.9.6.2</a>
floating-point number, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a>, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a> fpclassify macro, <a href="#7.12.3.1">7.12.3.1</a>, <a href="#F.3">F.3</a>
floating-point rounding mode, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a> fpos_t type, <a href="#7.19.1">7.19.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.2">7.19.2</a>
-[<a name="
#p527" href="p527">page 527</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p527" href="#p527">page 527</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
fprintf function, <a href="#7.8.1">7.8.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.1">7.19.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>, language, <a href="#6.11">6.11</a>
<a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.3">7.19.6.3</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.5">7.19.6.5</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.6">7.19.6.6</a>, library, <a href="#7.26">7.26</a>
function-like macro, <a href="#6.10.3">6.10.3</a> hypot functions, <a href="#7.12.7.3">7.12.7.3</a>, <a href="#F.9.4.3">F.9.4.3</a>
future directions hypot type-generic macro, <a href="#7.22">7.22</a>
-[<a name="
#p528" href="p528">page 528</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p528" href="#p528">page 528</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
I macro, <a href="#7.3.1">7.3.1</a>, <a href="#7.3.9.4">7.3.9.4</a>, <a href="#G.6">G.6</a> initial position, <a href="#5.2.2">5.2.2</a>
identifier, <a href="#6.4.2.1">6.4.2.1</a>, <a href="#6.5.1">6.5.1</a> initial shift state, <a href="#5.2.1.2">5.2.1.2</a>
inequality operator (!=), <a href="#6.5.9">6.5.9</a> INTMAX_C macro, <a href="#7.18.4.2">7.18.4.2</a>
INFINITY macro, <a href="#7.3.9.4">7.3.9.4</a>, <a href="#7.12">7.12</a>, <a href="#F.2.1">F.2.1</a> INTMAX_MAX macro, <a href="#7.8.2.3">7.8.2.3</a>, <a href="#7.8.2.4">7.8.2.4</a>, <a href="#7.18.2.5">7.18.2.5</a>
-[<a name="
#p529" href="p529">page 529</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p529" href="#p529">page 529</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
INTMAX_MIN macro, <a href="#7.8.2.3">7.8.2.3</a>, <a href="#7.8.2.4">7.8.2.4</a>, <a href="#7.18.2.5">7.18.2.5</a> iswalpha function, <a href="#7.25.2.1.1">7.25.2.1.1</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.1.2">7.25.2.1.2</a>,
intmax_t type, <a href="#7.18.1.5">7.18.1.5</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.2.1">7.25.2.2.1</a>
iswalnum function, <a href="#7.25.2.1.1">7.25.2.1.1</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.1.9">7.25.2.1.9</a>, LC_NUMERIC macro, <a href="#7.11">7.11</a>, <a href="#7.11.1.1">7.11.1.1</a>, <a href="#7.11.2.1">7.11.2.1</a>
<a href="#7.25.2.1.10">7.25.2.1.10</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.2.1">7.25.2.2.1</a> LC_TIME macro, <a href="#7.11">7.11</a>, <a href="#7.11.1.1">7.11.1.1</a>, <a href="#7.23.3.5">7.23.3.5</a>
-[<a name="
#p530" href="p530">page 530</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p530" href="#p530">page 530</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
lconv structure type, <a href="#7.11">7.11</a> llabs function, <a href="#7.20.6.1">7.20.6.1</a>
LDBL_DIG macro, <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a> lldiv function, <a href="#7.20.6.2">7.20.6.2</a>
linkage, <a href="#6.2.2">6.2.2</a>, <a href="#6.7">6.7</a>, <a href="#6.7.4">6.7.4</a>, <a href="#6.7.5.2">6.7.5.2</a>, <a href="#6.9">6.9</a>, <a href="#6.9.2">6.9.2</a>, long integer suffix, l or <a href="#L">L</a>, <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>
<a href="#6.11.2">6.11.2</a> long long int type, <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>, <a href="#6.3.1.1">6.3.1.1</a>, <a href="#6.7.2">6.7.2</a>,
-[<a name="
#p531" href="p531">page 531</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p531" href="#p531">page 531</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
<a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.1">7.24.2.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.2">7.24.2.2</a> mbsinit function, <a href="#7.24.6.2.1">7.24.6.2.1</a>
long long int type conversion, <a href="#6.3.1.1">6.3.1.1</a>, mbsrtowcs function, <a href="#7.24.6.4.1">7.24.6.4.1</a>
<a href="#7.24.2.1">7.24.2.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.2">7.24.2.2</a>, <a href="#7.24.6.3.1">7.24.6.3.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.6.3.2">7.24.6.3.2</a>, file, <a href="#7.19.3">7.19.3</a>
<a href="#7.24.6.4.1">7.24.6.4.1</a> internal, <a href="#5.2.4.1">5.2.4.1</a>, <a href="#6.4.2.1">6.4.2.1</a>
-[<a name="
#p532" href="p532">page 532</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
+[<a name="
p532" href="#p532">page 532</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
label, <a href="#6.2.3">6.2.3</a> octal-character escape sequence (\octal digits),
structure/union member, <a href="#6.2.3">6.2.3</a> <a href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4</a>
octal constant, <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a> parse state, <a href="#7.19.2">7.19.2</a>
octal digit, <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>, <a href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4</a> permitted form of initializer, <a href="#6.6">6.6</a>
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perror function, <a href="#7.19.10.4">7.19.10.4</a> PRIcPTR macros, <a href="#7.8.1">7.8.1</a>
phase angle, complex, <a href="#7.3.9.1">7.3.9.1</a> primary expression, <a href="#6.5.1">6.5.1</a>
PRIcMAX macros, <a href="#7.8.1">7.8.1</a> <a href="#7.12.9.5">7.12.9.5</a>, <a href="#7.12.9.7">7.12.9.7</a>, <a href="#7.12.11.3">7.12.11.3</a>, <a href="#7.12.12.1">7.12.12.1</a>,
PRIcN macros, <a href="#7.8.1">7.8.1</a> <a href="#7.12.13.1">7.12.13.1</a>
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rank, see integer conversion rank same scope, <a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>
real floating type conversion, <a href="#6.3.1.4">6.3.1.4</a>, <a href="#6.3.1.5">6.3.1.5</a>, save calling environment function, <a href="#7.13.1">7.13.1</a>
rvalue, <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a> SHRT_MAX macro, <a href="#5.2.4.2.1">5.2.4.2.1</a>
SHRT_MIN macro, <a href="#5.2.4.2.1">5.2.4.2.1</a>
-[<a name="
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side effects, <a href="#5.1.2.3">5.1.2.3</a>, <a href="#6.5">6.5</a> source lines, <a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>
SIG_ATOMIC_MAX macro, <a href="#7.18.3">7.18.3</a> source text, <a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>
name, <a href="#6.10.4">6.10.4</a>, <a href="#6.10.8">6.10.8</a> continue, <a href="#6.8.6.2">6.8.6.2</a>
source file inclusion, <a href="#6.10.2">6.10.2</a> do, <a href="#6.8.5.2">6.8.5.2</a>
-[<a name="
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else, <a href="#6.8.4.1">6.8.4.1</a> strictly conforming program, <a href="#4">4</a>
expression, <a href="#6.8.3">6.8.3</a> string, <a href="#7.1.1">7.1.1</a>
strftime function, <a href="#7.11.1.1">7.11.1.1</a>, <a href="#7.23.3">7.23.3</a>, <a href="#7.23.3.5">7.23.3.5</a>, subscripting, <a href="#6.5.2.1">6.5.2.1</a>
<a href="#7.24.5.1">7.24.5.1</a> subtraction assignment operator (-=), <a href="#6.5.16.2">6.5.16.2</a>
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subtraction operator (-), <a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>, <a href="#F.3">F.3</a>, <a href="#G.5.2">G.5.2</a> tolower function, <a href="#7.4.2.1">7.4.2.1</a>
suffix toupper function, <a href="#7.4.2.2">7.4.2.2</a>
token concatenation, <a href="#6.10.3.3">6.10.3.3</a> UINTMAX_C macro, <a href="#7.18.4.2">7.18.4.2</a>
token pasting, <a href="#6.10.3.3">6.10.3.3</a> UINTMAX_MAX macro, <a href="#7.8.2.3">7.8.2.3</a>, <a href="#7.8.2.4">7.8.2.4</a>, <a href="#7.18.2.5">7.18.2.5</a>
-[<a name="
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uintmax_t type, <a href="#7.18.1.5">7.18.1.5</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.1">7.19.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.2">7.19.6.2</a>, USHRT_MAX macro, <a href="#5.2.4.2.1">5.2.4.2.1</a>
<a href="#7.24.2.1">7.24.2.1</a>, <a href="#7.24.2.2">7.24.2.2</a> usual arithmetic conversions, <a href="#6.3.1.8">6.3.1.8</a>, <a href="#6.5.5">6.5.5</a>, <a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>,
uppercase letter, <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a> vsprintf function, <a href="#7.19.6.8">7.19.6.8</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.13">7.19.6.13</a>
use of library functions, <a href="#7.1.4">7.1.4</a> vsscanf function, <a href="#7.19.6.8">7.19.6.8</a>, <a href="#7.19.6.14">7.19.6.14</a>
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#p539" href="p539">page 539</a>] (<a href="#Contents">Contents</a>)
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vswprintf function, <a href="#7.24.2.7">7.24.2.7</a> wctype.h header, <a href="#7.25">7.25</a>, <a href="#7.26.13">7.26.13</a>
vswscanf function, <a href="#7.24.2.8">7.24.2.8</a> wctype_t type, <a href="#7.25.1">7.25.1</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.2.2">7.25.2.2.2</a>
wctrans_t type, <a href="#7.25.1">7.25.1</a>, <a href="#7.25.3.2.2">7.25.3.2.2</a>
wctype function, <a href="#7.25.2.2.1">7.25.2.2.1</a>, <a href="#7.25.2.2.2">7.25.2.2.2</a>
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</pre></body></html>
projects / c-standard / blobdiff