add new masked cancellation mode

this is a new extension which is presently intended only for
experimental and internal libc use. interface and behavior details may
change subject to feedback and experience from using it internally.

the basic concept for the new PTHREAD_CANCEL_MASKED state is that the
first cancellation point to observe the cancellation request fails
with an errno value of ECANCELED rather than acting on cancellation,
allowing the caller to process the status and choose whether/how to
act upon it.