+
+
WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 ISO/IEC 9899:TC3
@@ -887,7 +888,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
/* ... */
fesetround(FE_UPWARD);
/* ... */
- #endif
+ #endif
+
3) This implies that a conforming implementation reserves no identifiers other than those explicitly
@@ -1003,7 +1005,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
EXAMPLE An implementation shall issue a diagnostic for the translation unit:
char i;
- int i;
+ int i;
+
because in those cases where wording in this International Standard describes the behavior for a construct
as being both a constraint error and resulting in undefined behavior, the constraint error shall be diagnosed.
@@ -1050,11 +1053,13 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
prototype for this function. It shall be defined with a return type of int and with no
parameters:
- int main(void) { /* ... */ }
+ int main(void) { /* ... */ }
+
or with two parameters (referred to here as argc and argv, though any names may be
used, as they are local to the function in which they are declared):
- int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
+ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
+
or equivalent;9) or in some other implementation-defined manner.
If they are declared, the parameters to the main function shall obey the following @@ -1171,7 +1176,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
char c1, c2;
/* ... */
- c1 = c1 + c2;
+ c1 = c1 + c2;
+
the ''integer promotions'' require that the abstract machine promote the value of each variable to int size
and then add the two ints and truncate the sum. Provided the addition of two chars can be done without
overflow, or with overflow wrapping silently to produce the correct result, the actual execution need only
@@ -1183,7 +1189,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
float f1, f2;
double d;
/* ... */
- f1 = f2 * d;
+ f1 = f2 * d;
+
the multiplication may be executed using single-precision arithmetic if the implementation can ascertain
that the result would be the same as if it were executed using double-precision arithmetic (for example, if d
were replaced by the constant 2.0, which has type double).
@@ -1198,7 +1205,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
double d1, d2;
float f;
d1 = f = expression;
- d2 = (float) expression;
+ d2 = (float) expression;
+
the values assigned to d1 and d2 are required to have been converted to float.
@@ -1214,30 +1222,36 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 x = (x * y) * z; // not equivalent to x *= y * z; z = (x - y) + y ; // not equivalent to z = x; z = x + x * y; // not equivalent to z = x * (1.0 + y); - y = x / 5.0; // not equivalent to y = x * 0.2; + y = x / 5.0; // not equivalent to y = x * 0.2; +
EXAMPLE 6 To illustrate the grouping behavior of expressions, in the following fragment
int a, b;
/* ... */
- a = a + 32760 + b + 5;
+ a = a + 32760 + b + 5;
+
the expression statement behaves exactly the same as
- a = (((a + 32760) + b) + 5);+ a = (((a + 32760) + b) + 5); + due to the associativity and precedence of these operators. Thus, the result of the sum (a + 32760) is next added to b, and that result is then added to 5 which results in the value assigned to a. On a machine in which overflows produce an explicit trap and in which the range of values representable by an int is [-32768, +32767], the implementation cannot rewrite this expression as
- a = ((a + b) + 32765);+ a = ((a + b) + 32765); + since if the values for a and b were, respectively, -32754 and -15, the sum a + b would produce a trap while the original expression would not; nor can the expression be rewritten either as
- a = ((a + 32765) + b);+ a = ((a + 32765) + b); + or
- a = (a + (b + 32765));+ a = (a + (b + 32765)); + since the values for a and b might have been, respectively, 4 and -8 or -17 and 12. However, on a machine in which overflow silently generates some value and where positive and negative overflows cancel, the above expression statement can be rewritten by the implementation in any of the above ways because the @@ -1251,10 +1265,12 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 int sum; char *p; /* ... */ - sum = sum * 10 - '0' + (*p++ = getchar()); + sum = sum * 10 - '0' + (*p++ = getchar()); + the expression statement is grouped as if it were written as
- sum = (((sum * 10) - '0') + ((*(p++)) = (getchar())));+ sum = (((sum * 10) - '0') + ((*(p++)) = (getchar()))); + but the actual increment of p can occur at any time between the previous sequence point and the next sequence point (the ;), and the call to getchar can occur at any point prior to the need of its returned value. @@ -1294,18 +1310,22 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 members: the 26 uppercase letters of the Latin alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
- N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
+ N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
+
the 26 lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
- n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+ n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+
the 10 decimal digits
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + the following 29 graphic characters
! " # % & ' ( ) * + , - . / :
- ; < = > ? [ \ ] ^ _ { | } ~
+ ; < = > ? [ \ ] ^ _ { | } ~
+
the space character, and control characters representing horizontal tab, vertical tab, and
form feed. The representation of each member of the source and execution basic
character sets shall fit in a byte. In both the source and execution basic character sets, the
@@ -1334,24 +1354,29 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
??= # ??) ] ??! |
??( [ ??' ^ ??> }
- ??/ \ ??< { ??- ~
+ ??/ \ ??< { ??- ~
+
No other trigraph sequences exist. Each ? that does not begin one of the trigraphs listed
above is not changed.
EXAMPLE 1
- ??=define arraycheck(a, b) a??(b??) ??!??! b??(a??)+ ??=define arraycheck(a, b) a??(b??) ??!??! b??(a??) + becomes
- #define arraycheck(a, b) a[b] || b[a]+ #define arraycheck(a, b) a[b] || b[a] +
EXAMPLE 2 The following source line
- printf("Eh???/n");
+ printf("Eh???/n");
+
becomes (after replacement of the trigraph sequence ??/)
- printf("Eh?\n");
+ printf("Eh?\n");
+
CHAR_BIT 8+
+ CHAR_BIT 8 +
SCHAR_MIN -127 // -(27 - 1)+
+ SCHAR_MIN -127 // -(27 - 1) +
SCHAR_MAX +127 // 27 - 1+
+ SCHAR_MAX +127 // 27 - 1 +
UCHAR_MAX 255 // 28 - 1+
+ UCHAR_MAX 255 // 28 - 1 +
CHAR_MIN see below+
+ CHAR_MIN see below +
CHAR_MAX see below+
+ CHAR_MAX see below +
MB_LEN_MAX 1+
+ MB_LEN_MAX 1 +
SHRT_MIN -32767 // -(215 - 1)+
+ SHRT_MIN -32767 // -(215 - 1) +
SHRT_MAX +32767 // 215 - 1+
+ SHRT_MAX +32767 // 215 - 1 +
USHRT_MAX 65535 // 216 - 1+
+ USHRT_MAX 65535 // 216 - 1 +
INT_MIN -32767 // -(215 - 1)+
+ INT_MIN -32767 // -(215 - 1) +
INT_MAX +32767 // 215 - 1+
+ INT_MAX +32767 // 215 - 1 +
UINT_MAX 65535 // 216 - 1+
+ UINT_MAX 65535 // 216 - 1 +
LONG_MIN -2147483647 // -(231 - 1)+
+ LONG_MIN -2147483647 // -(231 - 1) +
LONG_MAX +2147483647 // 231 - 1+
+ LONG_MAX +2147483647 // 231 - 1 +
ULONG_MAX 4294967295 // 232 - 1+
+ ULONG_MAX 4294967295 // 232 - 1 +
LLONG_MIN -9223372036854775807 // -(263 - 1)+
+ LLONG_MIN -9223372036854775807 // -(263 - 1) +
LLONG_MAX +9223372036854775807 // 263 - 1+
+ LLONG_MAX +9223372036854775807 // 263 - 1 +
ULLONG_MAX 18446744073709551615 // 264 - 1+
+ ULLONG_MAX 18446744073709551615 // 264 - 1 +
If the value of an object of type char is treated as a signed integer when used in an @@ -1571,12 +1634,14 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 b base or radix of exponent representation (an integer > 1) e exponent (an integer between a minimum emin and a maximum emax ) p precision (the number of base-b digits in the significand) - fk nonnegative integers less than b (the significand digits) + fk nonnegative integers less than b (the significand digits) + A floating-point number (x) is defined by the following model:
p
x = s be (Sum) fk b-k , emin <= e <= emax
- k=1
+ k=1
+
In addition to normalized floating-point numbers ( f1 > 0 if x != 0), floating types may be @@ -1617,7 +1682,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 0 toward zero 1 to nearest 2 toward positive infinity - 3 toward negative infinity + 3 toward negative infinity + All other values for FLT_ROUNDS characterize implementation-defined rounding behavior.
@@ -1639,7 +1705,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 operations and constants to the range and precision of the long double type; 2 evaluate all operations and constants to the range and precision of the - long double type. + long double type. + All other negative values for FLT_EVAL_METHOD characterize implementation-defined behavior.
@@ -1648,19 +1715,26 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 those shown, with the same sign:
FLT_RADIX 2+
+ FLT_RADIX 2 +
FLT_MANT_DIG
+
+ FLT_MANT_DIG
DBL_MANT_DIG
- LDBL_MANT_DIG
+ LDBL_MANT_DIG
+
{ pmax log10 b if b is a power of 10
{
- { [^1 + pmax log10 b^] otherwise
-DECIMAL_DIG 10+ { [^1 + pmax log10 b^] otherwise + +
+ DECIMAL_DIG 10 +
{ p log10 b if b is a power of 10
{
- { [_( p - 1) log10 b_] otherwise
- FLT_DIG 6
+ { [_( p - 1) log10 b_] otherwise
+
++ FLT_DIG 6 DBL_DIG 10 - LDBL_DIG 10+ LDBL_DIG 10 +
FLT_MIN_EXP ++ FLT_MIN_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP - LDBL_MIN_EXP+ LDBL_MIN_EXP +
FLT_MIN_10_EXP -37 ++ FLT_MIN_10_EXP -37 DBL_MIN_10_EXP -37 - LDBL_MIN_10_EXP -37+ LDBL_MIN_10_EXP -37 +
FLT_MAX_EXP ++ FLT_MAX_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP - LDBL_MAX_EXP+ LDBL_MAX_EXP +
FLT_MAX_10_EXP +37 ++ FLT_MAX_10_EXP +37 DBL_MAX_10_EXP +37 - LDBL_MAX_10_EXP +37+ LDBL_MAX_10_EXP +37 +
The values given in the following list shall be replaced by constant expressions with implementation-defined values that are greater than or equal to those shown:
FLT_MAX 1E+37 ++ FLT_MAX 1E+37 DBL_MAX 1E+37 - LDBL_MAX 1E+37+ LDBL_MAX 1E+37 +
The values given in the following list shall be replaced by constant expressions with @@ -1713,15 +1800,19 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
FLT_EPSILON 1E-5
+
+ FLT_EPSILON 1E-5
DBL_EPSILON 1E-9
- LDBL_EPSILON 1E-9
+ LDBL_EPSILON 1E-9
+
FLT_MIN 1E-37
+
+ FLT_MIN 1E-37
DBL_MIN 1E-37
- LDBL_MIN 1E-37
+ LDBL_MIN 1E-37
+
-Conversion from (at least) double to decimal with DECIMAL_DIG digits and back should be the identity function. @@ -1732,7 +1823,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
6
x = s 16e (Sum) fk 16-k , -31 <= e <= +32
- k=1
+ k=1
+
FLT_RADIX 16
@@ -1744,7 +1836,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
FLT_MIN_10_EXP -38
FLT_MAX_EXP +32
FLT_MAX 3.40282347E+38F
- FLT_MAX_10_EXP +38
+ FLT_MAX_10_EXP +38
+
EXAMPLE 2 The following describes floating-point representations that also meet the requirements for @@ -1753,12 +1846,14 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
24
xf = s 2e (Sum) fk 2-k , -125 <= e <= +128
- k=1
+ k=1
+
53
xd = s 2e (Sum) fk 2-k , -1021 <= e <= +1024
- k=1
+ k=1
+
@@ -1766,7 +1861,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
DECIMAL_DIG 17
FLT_MANT_DIG 24
FLT_EPSILON 1.19209290E-07F // decimal constant
- FLT_EPSILON 0X1P-23F // hex constant
+ FLT_EPSILON 0X1P-23F // hex constant
+
@@ -1791,7 +1887,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
DBL_MAX_EXP +1024
DBL_MAX 1.7976931348623157E+308 // decimal constant
DBL_MAX 0X1.fffffffffffffP1023 // hex constant
- DBL_MAX_10_EXP +308
+ DBL_MAX_10_EXP +308
+
If a type wider than double were supported, then DECIMAL_DIG would be greater than 17. For
example, if the widest type were to use the minimal-width IEC 60559 double-extended format (64 bits of
precision), then DECIMAL_DIG would be 21.
@@ -1832,7 +1929,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
definitions are listed on separate lines, except when prefaced by the words ''one of''. An
optional symbol is indicated by the subscript ''opt'', so that
- { expressionopt }
+ { expressionopt }
+
indicates an optional expression enclosed in braces.
When syntactic categories are referred to in the main text, they are not italicized and @@ -2421,11 +2519,13 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 EXAMPLE Given the following two file scope declarations:
int f(int (*)(), double (*)[3]);
- int f(int (*)(char *), double (*)[]);
+ int f(int (*)(char *), double (*)[]);
+
The resulting composite type for the function is:
- int f(int (*)(char *), double (*)[3]);+ int f(int (*)(char *), double (*)[3]); +
46) Two types need not be identical to be compatible.
@@ -2757,7 +2857,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
character-constant
string-literal
punctuator
- each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
+ each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
+
Constraints
Each preprocessing token that is converted to a token shall have the lexical form of a @@ -2826,7 +2927,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 default inline struct _Imaginary do int switch double long typedef - else register union + else register union +
The above tokens (case sensitive) are reserved (in translation phases 7 and 8) for use as @@ -2861,7 +2963,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z digit: one of - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 +
An identifier is a sequence of nondigit characters (including the underscore _, the @@ -2882,7 +2985,7 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 -
As discussed in 5.2.4.1, an implementation may limit the number of significant initial characters in an identifier; the limit for an external name (an identifier that has external @@ -2907,7 +3010,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 The identifier __func__ shall be implicitly declared by the translator as if, immediately following the opening brace of each function definition, the declaration
- static const char __func__[] = "function-name";+ static const char __func__[] = "function-name"; + appeared, where function-name is the name of the lexically-enclosing function.61)
This name is encoded as if the implicit declaration had been written in the source @@ -2921,10 +3025,12 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 { printf("%s\n", __func__); /* ... */ - } + } + Each time the function is called, it will print to the standard output stream:
- myfunc+ myfunc +
Forward references: function definitions (6.9.1). @@ -2947,7 +3053,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 \U hex-quad hex-quad hex-quad: hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit - hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit + hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit +
A universal character name shall not specify a character whose short identifier is less than @@ -2985,7 +3092,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 integer-constant floating-constant enumeration-constant - character-constant + character-constant +
Each constant shall have a type and the value of a constant shall be in the range of @@ -3032,7 +3140,8 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007 long-suffix: one of l L long-long-suffix: one of - ll LL + ll LL +
An integer constant begins with a digit, but has no period or exponent part. It may have a @@ -3054,41 +3163,65 @@ WG14/N1256 Committee Draft -- Septermber 7, 2007
| Suffix | Decimal Constant | Octal or Hexadecimal Constant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| none - | int + |
If an integer constant cannot be represented by any type in its list, it may have an @@ -3138,7 +3271,8 @@ unsigned long long int hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit floating-suffix: one of - f l F L + f l F L +
A floating constant has a significand part that may be followed by an exponent part and a @@ -3193,7 +3327,8 @@ unsigned long long int
enumeration-constant:
- identifier
+ identifier
+
An identifier declared as an enumeration constant has type int. @@ -3228,7 +3363,8 @@ unsigned long long int \ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit hexadecimal-escape-sequence: \x hexadecimal-digit - hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit + hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit +
An integer character constant is a sequence of one or more multibyte characters enclosed @@ -3247,7 +3383,8 @@ unsigned long long int question mark ? \? backslash \ \\ octal character \octal digits - hexadecimal character \x hexadecimal digits + hexadecimal character \x hexadecimal digits + The double-quote " and question-mark ? are representable either by themselves or by the escape sequences \" and \?, respectively, but the single-quote ' and the backslash \ shall be represented, respectively, by the escape sequences \' and \\. @@ -3344,7 +3481,8 @@ unsigned long long int s-char: any member of the source character set except the double-quote ", backslash \, or new-line character - escape-sequence + escape-sequence +
A character string literal is a sequence of zero or more multibyte characters enclosed in @@ -3383,7 +3521,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE This pair of adjacent character string literals
- "\x12" "3"+ "\x12" "3" + produces a single character string literal containing the two characters whose values are '\x12' and '3', because escape sequences are converted into single members of the execution character set just prior to adjacent string literal concatenation. @@ -3407,7 +3546,8 @@ unsigned long long int ? : ; ... = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= , # ## - <: :> <% %> %: %:%: + <: :> <% %> %: %:%: +
A punctuator is a symbol that has independent syntactic and semantic significance. @@ -3419,10 +3559,12 @@ unsigned long long int
In all aspects of the language, the six tokens67)
- <: :> <% %> %: %:%:+ <: :> <% %> %: %:%: + behave, respectively, the same as the six tokens
- [ ] { } # ##
+ [ ] { } # ##
+
except for their spelling.68)
Forward references: expressions (6.5), declarations (6.7), preprocessing directives (6.10), statements (6.8). @@ -3452,7 +3594,8 @@ unsigned long long int q-char-sequence q-char q-char: any member of the source character set except - the new-line character and " + the new-line character and " +
The sequences in both forms of header names are mapped in an implementation-defined @@ -3473,13 +3616,15 @@ unsigned long long int
0x3<1/a.h>1e2
#include <1/a.h>
- #define const.member@$
+ #define const.member@$
+
forms the following sequence of preprocessing tokens (with each individual preprocessing token delimited
by a { on the left and a } on the right).
{0x3}{<}{1}{/}{a}{.}{h}{>}{1e2}
{#}{include} {<1/a.h>}
- {#}{define} {const}{.}{member}{@}{$}
+ {#}{define} {const}{.}{member}{@}{$}
+
Forward references: source file inclusion (6.10.2). @@ -3502,7 +3647,8 @@ unsigned long long int pp-number E sign pp-number p sign pp-number P sign - pp-number . + pp-number . +
A preprocessing number begins with a digit optionally preceded by a period (.) and may @@ -3544,7 +3690,8 @@ unsigned long long int glue(/,/) k(); // syntax error, not comment /*//*/ l(); // equivalent to l(); m = n//**/o - + p; // equivalent to m = n + p; + + p; // equivalent to m = n + p; + @@ -3625,11 +3772,13 @@ unsigned long long int
i = ++i + 1;
- a[i++] = i;
+ a[i++] = i;
+
while allowing
i = i + 1;
- a[i] = i;
+ a[i] = i;
+
74) The syntax specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same
@@ -3663,7 +3812,8 @@ unsigned long long int
identifier
constant
string-literal
- ( expression )
+ ( expression )
+
Semantics
An identifier is a primary expression, provided it has been declared as designating an @@ -3698,7 +3848,8 @@ unsigned long long int postfix-expression ++ postfix-expression -- ( type-name ) { initializer-list } - ( type-name ) { initializer-list , } + ( type-name ) { initializer-list , } + @@ -3707,7 +3858,8 @@ unsigned long long int
argument-expression-list:
assignment-expression
- argument-expression-list , assignment-expression
+ argument-expression-list , assignment-expression
+
EXAMPLE Consider the array object defined by the declaration
- int x[3][5];+ int x[3][5]; + Here x is a 3 x 5 array of ints; more precisely, x is an array of three element objects, each of which is an array of five ints. In the expression x[i], which is equivalent to (*((x)+(i))), x is first converted to a pointer to the initial array of five ints. Then i is adjusted according to the type of x, which conceptually @@ -3818,7 +3971,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE In the function call
- (*pf[f1()]) (f2(), f3() + f4())+ (*pf[f1()]) (f2(), f3() + f4()) + the functions f1, f2, f3, and f4 may be called in any order. All side effects have to be completed before the function pointed to by pf[f1()] is called. @@ -3874,7 +4028,8 @@ unsigned long long int struct s { int i; const int ci; }; struct s s; const struct s cs; - volatile struct s vs; + volatile struct s vs; + the various members have the types:
s.i int
@@ -3882,7 +4037,8 @@ unsigned long long int
cs.i const int
cs.ci const int
vs.i volatile int
- vs.ci volatile const int
+ vs.ci volatile const int
+
@@ -3909,7 +4065,8 @@ unsigned long long int
/* ... */
if (u.n.alltypes == 1)
if (sin(u.nf.doublenode) == 0.0)
- /* ... */
+ /* ... */
+
The following is not a valid fragment (because the union type is not visible within function f):
struct t1 { int m; };
@@ -3928,7 +4085,8 @@ unsigned long long int
} u;
/* ... */
return f(&u.s1, &u.s2);
- }
+ }
+
Forward references: address and indirection operators (6.5.3.2), structure and union specifiers (6.7.2.1). @@ -4002,7 +4160,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 1 The file scope definition
- int *p = (int []){2, 4};
+ int *p = (int []){2, 4};
+
initializes p to point to the first element of an array of two ints, the first having the value two and the
second, four. The expressions in this compound literal are required to be constant. The unnamed object
has static storage duration.
@@ -4016,7 +4175,8 @@ unsigned long long int
/*...*/
p = (int [2]){*p};
/*...*/
- }
+ }
+
p is assigned the address of the first element of an array of two ints, the first having the value previously
pointed to by p and the second, zero. The expressions in this compound literal need not be constant. The
unnamed object has automatic storage duration.
@@ -4026,16 +4186,19 @@ unsigned long long int
created using compound literals can be passed to functions without depending on member order:
drawline((struct point){.x=1, .y=1},
- (struct point){.x=3, .y=4});
+ (struct point){.x=3, .y=4});
+
Or, if drawline instead expected pointers to struct point:
drawline(&(struct point){.x=1, .y=1},
- &(struct point){.x=3, .y=4});
+ &(struct point){.x=3, .y=4});
+
EXAMPLE 4 A read-only compound literal can be specified through constructions like:
- (const float []){1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6}
+ (const float []){1e0, 1e1, 1e2, 1e3, 1e4, 1e5, 1e6}
+
@@ -4046,7 +4209,8 @@ unsigned long long int
"/tmp/fileXXXXXX"
(char []){"/tmp/fileXXXXXX"}
- (const char []){"/tmp/fileXXXXXX"}
+ (const char []){"/tmp/fileXXXXXX"}
+
The first always has static storage duration and has type array of char, but need not be modifiable; the last
two have automatic storage duration when they occur within the body of a function, and the first of these
two is modifiable.
@@ -4055,7 +4219,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 6 Like string literals, const-qualified compound literals can be placed into read-only memory
and can even be shared. For example,
- (const char []){"abc"} == "abc"
+ (const char []){"abc"} == "abc"
+
might yield 1 if the literals' storage is shared.
@@ -4065,7 +4230,8 @@ unsigned long long int
struct int_list { int car; struct int_list *cdr; };
struct int_list endless_zeros = {0, &endless_zeros};
- eval(endless_zeros);
+ eval(endless_zeros);
+
EXAMPLE 8 Each compound literal creates only a single object in a given scope: @@ -4079,7 +4245,8 @@ unsigned long long int q = p, p = &((struct s){ j++ }); if (j < 2) goto again; return p == q && q->i == 1; - } + } + The function f() always returns the value 1.
Note that if an iteration statement were used instead of an explicit goto and a labeled statement, the @@ -4111,7 +4278,8 @@ unsigned long long int sizeof unary-expression sizeof ( type-name ) unary-operator: one of - & * + - ~ ! + & * + - ~ ! +
extern void *alloc(size_t);
- double *dp = alloc(sizeof *dp);
+ double *dp = alloc(sizeof *dp);
+
The implementation of the alloc function should ensure that its return value is aligned suitably for
conversion to a pointer to double.
EXAMPLE 2 Another use of the sizeof operator is to compute the number of elements in an array:
- sizeof array / sizeof array[0]+ sizeof array / sizeof array[0] +
EXAMPLE 3 In this example, the size of a variable length array is computed and returned from a @@ -4241,7 +4411,8 @@ unsigned long long int { char b[n+3]; // variable length array return sizeof b; // execution time sizeof - } + } + @@ -4252,7 +4423,8 @@ unsigned long long int size_t size; size = fsize3(10); // fsize3 returns 13 return 0; - } + } +
Forward references: common definitions <stddef.h> (7.17), declarations (6.7), structure and union specifiers (6.7.2.1), type names (6.7.6), array declarators (6.7.5.2). @@ -4268,7 +4440,8 @@ unsigned long long int
cast-expression:
unary-expression
- ( type-name ) cast-expression
+ ( type-name ) cast-expression
+
Unless the type name specifies a void type, the type name shall specify qualified or @@ -4306,7 +4479,8 @@ unsigned long long int cast-expression multiplicative-expression * cast-expression multiplicative-expression / cast-expression - multiplicative-expression % cast-expression + multiplicative-expression % cast-expression +
Each of the operands shall have arithmetic type. The operands of the % operator shall @@ -4336,7 +4510,8 @@ unsigned long long int additive-expression: multiplicative-expression additive-expression + multiplicative-expression - additive-expression - multiplicative-expression + additive-expression - multiplicative-expression +
For addition, either both operands shall have arithmetic type, or one operand shall be a @@ -4410,7 +4585,8 @@ unsigned long long int p += 1; // p == &a[1] (*p)[2] = 99; // a[1][2] == 99 n = p - a; // n == 1 - } + } + If array a in the above example were declared to be an array of known constant size, and pointer p were declared to be a pointer to an array of the same known constant size (pointing to a), the results would be the same. @@ -4436,7 +4612,8 @@ unsigned long long int shift-expression: additive-expression shift-expression << additive-expression - shift-expression >> additive-expression + shift-expression >> additive-expression +
Each of the operands shall have integer type. @@ -4471,7 +4648,8 @@ unsigned long long int relational-expression < shift-expression relational-expression > shift-expression relational-expression <= shift-expression - relational-expression >= shift-expression + relational-expression >= shift-expression +
One of the following shall hold: @@ -4520,7 +4698,8 @@ unsigned long long int equality-expression: relational-expression equality-expression == relational-expression - equality-expression != relational-expression + equality-expression != relational-expression +
One of the following shall hold: @@ -4579,7 +4758,8 @@ unsigned long long int
AND-expression:
equality-expression
- AND-expression & equality-expression
+ AND-expression & equality-expression
+
Each of the operands shall have integer type. @@ -4602,7 +4782,8 @@ unsigned long long int
exclusive-OR-expression:
AND-expression
- exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression
+ exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression
+
Each of the operands shall have integer type. @@ -4620,7 +4801,8 @@ unsigned long long int
inclusive-OR-expression:
exclusive-OR-expression
- inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression
+ inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression
+
Each of the operands shall have integer type. @@ -4639,7 +4821,8 @@ unsigned long long int
logical-AND-expression:
inclusive-OR-expression
- logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression
+ logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression
+
Each of the operands shall have scalar type. @@ -4658,7 +4841,8 @@ unsigned long long int
logical-OR-expression:
logical-AND-expression
- logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression
+ logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression
+
Each of the operands shall have scalar type. @@ -4678,7 +4862,8 @@ unsigned long long int
conditional-expression:
logical-OR-expression
- logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression
+ logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression
+
The first operand shall have scalar type. @@ -4729,7 +4914,8 @@ unsigned long long int const int *c_ip; volatile int *v_ip; int *ip; - const char *c_cp; + const char *c_cp; + the third column in the following table is the common type that is the result of a conditional expression in which the first two columns are the second and third operands (in either order):
@@ -4738,7 +4924,8 @@ unsigned long long intc_ip v_ip const volatile int * vp c_cp const void * ip c_ip const int * - vp ip void * + vp ip void * +
An assignment operator shall have a modifiable lvalue as its left operand. @@ -4806,7 +4994,8 @@ unsigned long long int char c; /* ... */ if ((c = f()) == -1) - /* ... */ + /* ... */ + the int value returned by the function may be truncated when stored in the char, and then converted back to int width prior to the comparison. In an implementation in which ''plain'' char has the same range of values as unsigned char (and char is narrower than int), the result of the conversion cannot be @@ -4823,7 +5012,8 @@ unsigned long long int char c; int i; long l; - l = (c = i); + l = (c = i); + the value of i is converted to the type of the assignment expression c = i, that is, char type. The value of the expression enclosed in parentheses is then converted to the type of the outer assignment expression, that is, long int type. @@ -4836,7 +5026,8 @@ unsigned long long int const char c = 'A'; cpp = &p; // constraint violation *cpp = &c; // valid - *p = 0; // valid + *p = 0; // valid + The first assignment is unsafe because it would allow the following valid code to attempt to change the value of the const object c. @@ -4869,7 +5060,8 @@ unsigned long long int
expression:
assignment-expression
- expression , assignment-expression
+ expression , assignment-expression
+
The left operand of a comma operator is evaluated as a void expression; there is a @@ -4882,7 +5074,8 @@ unsigned long long int of initializers). On the other hand, it can be used within a parenthesized expression or within the second expression of a conditional operator in such contexts. In the function call
- f(a, (t=3, t+2), c)+ f(a, (t=3, t+2), c) + the function has three arguments, the second of which has the value 5.
Forward references: initialization (6.7.8). @@ -4901,7 +5094,8 @@ unsigned long long int
constant-expression:
- conditional-expression
+ conditional-expression
+
A constant expression can be evaluated during translation rather than runtime, and @@ -4978,7 +5172,8 @@ unsigned long long int
100) Thus, in the following initialization,
- static int i = 2 || 1 / 0;
+ static int i = 2 || 1 / 0;
+
the expression is a valid integer constant expression with value one.
@@ -4998,7 +5193,8 @@ unsigned long long int
init-declarator-list , init-declarator
init-declarator:
declarator
- declarator = initializer
+ declarator = initializer
+
A declaration shall declare at least a declarator (other than the parameters of a function or @@ -5049,7 +5245,8 @@ unsigned long long int extern static auto - register + register +
At most, one storage-class specifier may be given in the declaration specifiers in a @@ -5106,7 +5303,8 @@ unsigned long long int _Complex struct-or-union-specifier * enum-specifier - typedef-name + typedef-name +
At least one type specifier shall be given in the declaration specifiers in each declaration, @@ -5187,7 +5385,8 @@ unsigned long long int struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator struct-declarator: declarator - declaratoropt : constant-expression + declaratoropt : constant-expression +
A structure or union shall not contain a member with incomplete or function type (hence, @@ -5276,15 +5475,18 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE After the declaration:
- struct s { int n; double d[]; };
+ struct s { int n; double d[]; };
+
the structure struct s has a flexible array member d. A typical way to use this is:
int m = /* some value */;
- struct s *p = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + sizeof (double [m]));
+ struct s *p = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + sizeof (double [m]));
+
and assuming that the call to malloc succeeds, the object pointed to by p behaves, for most purposes, as if
p had been declared as:
- struct { int n; double d[m]; } *p;
+ struct { int n; double d[m]; } *p;
+
(there are circumstances in which this equivalence is broken; in particular, the offsets of member d might
not be the same).
@@ -5294,21 +5496,25 @@ unsigned long long int struct s t1 = { 0 }; // valid struct s t2 = { 1, { 4.2 }}; // invalid t1.n = 4; // valid - t1.d[0] = 4.2; // might be undefined behavior + t1.d[0] = 4.2; // might be undefined behavior + The initialization of t2 is invalid (and violates a constraint) because struct s is treated as if it did not contain member d. The assignment to t1.d[0] is probably undefined behavior, but it is possible that
- sizeof (struct s) >= offsetof(struct s, d) + sizeof (double)+ sizeof (struct s) >= offsetof(struct s, d) + sizeof (double) + in which case the assignment would be legitimate. Nevertheless, it cannot appear in strictly conforming code.
After the further declaration:
- struct ss { int n; };
+ struct ss { int n; };
+
the expressions:
sizeof (struct s) >= sizeof (struct ss)
- sizeof (struct s) >= offsetof(struct s, d)
+ sizeof (struct s) >= offsetof(struct s, d)
+
are always equal to 1.
If sizeof (double) is 8, then after the following code is executed: @@ -5316,20 +5522,24 @@ unsigned long long int struct s *s1; struct s *s2; s1 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 64); - s2 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 46); + s2 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 46); + and assuming that the calls to malloc succeed, the objects pointed to by s1 and s2 behave, for most purposes, as if the identifiers had been declared as:
struct { int n; double d[8]; } *s1;
- struct { int n; double d[5]; } *s2;
+ struct { int n; double d[5]; } *s2;
+
Following the further successful assignments:
s1 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 10);
- s2 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 6);
+ s2 = malloc(sizeof (struct s) + 6);
+
they then behave as if the declarations were:
- struct { int n; double d[1]; } *s1, *s2;
+ struct { int n; double d[1]; } *s1, *s2;
+
and:
@@ -5337,10 +5547,12 @@ unsigned long long intdp = &(s1->d[0]); // valid *dp = 42; // valid dp = &(s2->d[0]); // valid - *dp = 42; // undefined behavior + *dp = 42; // undefined behavior + The assignment:
- *s1 = *s2;+ *s1 = *s2; + only copies the member n; if any of the array elements are within the first sizeof (struct s) bytes of the structure, they might be copied or simply overwritten with indeterminate values. @@ -5374,7 +5586,8 @@ unsigned long long int enumerator-list , enumerator enumerator: enumeration-constant - enumeration-constant = constant-expression + enumeration-constant = constant-expression +
The expression that defines the value of an enumeration constant shall be an integer @@ -5408,7 +5621,8 @@ unsigned long long int col = claret; cp = &col; if (*cp != burgundy) - /* ... */ + /* ... */ + makes hue the tag of an enumeration, and then declares col as an object that has that type and cp as a pointer to an object that has that type. The enumerated values are in the set { 0, 1, 20, 21 }. @@ -5432,7 +5646,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A type specifier of the form
- enum identifier+ enum identifier + without an enumerator list shall only appear after the type it specifies is complete.
@@ -5446,13 +5661,16 @@ unsigned long long int
A type specifier of the form
- struct-or-union identifieropt { struct-declaration-list }
+ struct-or-union identifieropt { struct-declaration-list }
+
or
- enum identifier { enumerator-list }
+ enum identifier { enumerator-list }
+
or
- enum identifier { enumerator-list , }
+ enum identifier { enumerator-list , }
+
declares a structure, union, or enumerated type. The list defines the structure content,
@@ -5461,22 +5679,26 @@ unsigned long long int
A declaration of the form
- struct-or-union identifier ;+ struct-or-union identifier ; + specifies a structure or union type and declares the identifier as a tag of that type.113)
If a type specifier of the form
- struct-or-union identifier+ struct-or-union identifier + occurs other than as part of one of the above forms, and no other declaration of the identifier as a tag is visible, then it declares an incomplete structure or union type, and declares the identifier as the tag of that type.113)
If a type specifier of the form
- struct-or-union identifier+ struct-or-union identifier + or
- enum identifier+ enum identifier + occurs other than as part of one of the above forms, and a declaration of the identifier as a tag is visible, then it specifies the same type as that other declaration, and does not redeclare the tag. @@ -5486,11 +5708,13 @@ unsigned long long int struct tnode { int count; struct tnode *left, *right; - }; + }; + specifies a structure that contains an integer and two pointers to objects of the same type. Once this declaration has been given, the declaration
- struct tnode s, *sp;+ struct tnode s, *sp; + declares s to be an object of the given type and sp to be a pointer to an object of the given type. With these declarations, the expression sp->left refers to the left struct tnode pointer of the object to which sp points; the expression s.right->count designates the count member of the right struct @@ -5508,19 +5732,22 @@ unsigned long long int int count; TNODE *left, *right; }; - TNODE s, *sp; + TNODE s, *sp; +
EXAMPLE 2 To illustrate the use of prior declaration of a tag to specify a pair of mutually referential structures, the declarations
struct s1 { struct s2 *s2p; /* ... */ }; // D1
- struct s2 { struct s1 *s1p; /* ... */ }; // D2
+ struct s2 { struct s1 *s1p; /* ... */ }; // D2
+
specify a pair of structures that contain pointers to each other. Note, however, that if s2 were already
declared as a tag in an enclosing scope, the declaration D1 would refer to it, not to the tag s2 declared in
D2. To eliminate this context sensitivity, the declaration
- struct s2;+ struct s2; + may be inserted ahead of D1. This declares a new tag s2 in the inner scope; the declaration D2 then completes the specification of the new type. @@ -5548,7 +5775,8 @@ unsigned long long int type-qualifier: const restrict - volatile + volatile +
Types other than pointer types derived from object or incomplete types shall not be @@ -5598,7 +5826,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 1 An object declared
- extern const volatile int real_time_clock;+ extern const volatile int real_time_clock; + may be modifiable by hardware, but cannot be assigned to, incremented, or decremented. @@ -5620,7 +5849,8 @@ unsigned long long int pi = &ncs.mem; // valid pi = &cs.mem; // violates type constraints for = pci = &cs.mem; // valid - pi = a[0]; // invalid: a[0] has type ''const int *'' + pi = a[0]; // invalid: a[0] has type ''const int *'' +
int * restrict a;
int * restrict b;
- extern int c[];
+ extern int c[];
+
assert that if an object is accessed using one of a, b, or c, and that object is modified anywhere in the
program, then it is never accessed using either of the other two.
@@ -5691,7 +5922,8 @@ unsigned long long int
{
while (n-- > 0)
*p++ = *q++;
- }
+ }
+
assert that, during each execution of the function, if an object is accessed through one of the pointer
parameters, then it is not also accessed through the other.
@@ -5706,7 +5938,8 @@ unsigned long long int extern int d[100]; f(50, d + 50, d); // valid f(50, d + 1, d); // undefined behavior - } + } +
EXAMPLE 3 The function parameter declarations @@ -5716,7 +5949,8 @@ unsigned long long int int i; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) p[i] = q[i] + r[i]; - } + } + illustrate how an unmodified object can be aliased through two restricted pointers. In particular, if a and b are disjoint arrays, a call of the form h(100, a, b, b) has defined behavior, because array b is not modified within function h. @@ -5738,7 +5972,8 @@ unsigned long long int p1 = q2; // undefined behavior p2 = q2; // undefined behavior } - } + } + The one exception allows the value of a restricted pointer to be carried out of the block in which it (or, more precisely, the ordinary identifier used to designate it) is declared when that block finishes execution. For example, this permits new_vector to return a vector. @@ -5750,7 +5985,8 @@ unsigned long long int t.n = n; t.v = malloc(n * sizeof (float)); return t; - } + } +
function-specifier:
- inline
+ inline
+
Function specifiers shall be used only in the declaration of an identifier for a function. @@ -5814,8 +6051,9 @@ unsigned long long int { /* A translator may perform inline substitutions */ return is_fahr ? cels(temp) : fahr(temp); - } - Note that the definition of fahr is an external definition because fahr is also declared with extern, but + } + + Note that the definition of fahr is an external definition because fahr is also declared with extern, but the definition of cels is an inline definition. Because cels has external linkage and is referenced, an external definition has to appear in another translation unit (see 6.9); the inline definition and the external definition are distinct and either may be used for the call. @@ -5874,7 +6112,8 @@ unsigned long long int declaration-specifiers abstract-declaratoropt identifier-list: identifier - identifier-list , identifier + identifier-list , identifier +
Each declarator declares one identifier, and asserts that when an operand of the same @@ -5890,23 +6129,26 @@ unsigned long long int
In the following subclauses, consider a declaration
- T D1+ T D1 + where T contains the declaration specifiers that specify a type T (such as int) and D1 is a declarator that contains an identifier ident. The type specified for the identifier ident in the various forms of declarator is described inductively using this notation.
If, in the declaration ''T D1'', D1 has the form
- identifier+ identifier + then the type specified for ident is T .
If, in the declaration ''T D1'', D1 has the form
- ( D )+ ( D ) + then ident has the type specified by the declaration ''T D''. Thus, a declarator in parentheses is identical to the unparenthesized declarator, but the binding of complicated declarators may be altered by parentheses. -
As discussed in 5.2.4.1, an implementation may limit the number of pointer, array, and function declarators that modify an arithmetic, structure, union, or incomplete type, either @@ -5918,7 +6160,8 @@ unsigned long long int
If, in the declaration ''T D1'', D1 has the form
- * type-qualifier-listopt D+ * type-qualifier-listopt D + and the type specified for ident in the declaration ''T D'' is ''derived-declarator-type-list T '', then the type specified for ident is ''derived-declarator-type-list type-qualifier-list pointer to T ''. For each type qualifier in the list, ident is a so-qualified pointer. @@ -5931,7 +6174,8 @@ unsigned long long int
const int *ptr_to_constant;
- int *const constant_ptr;
+ int *const constant_ptr;
+
The contents of any object pointed to by ptr_to_constant shall not be modified through that pointer,
but ptr_to_constant itself may be changed to point to another object. Similarly, the contents of the
int pointed to by constant_ptr may be modified, but constant_ptr itself shall always point to the
@@ -5941,7 +6185,8 @@ unsigned long long int
type ''pointer to int''.
typedef int *int_ptr;
- const int_ptr constant_ptr;
+ const int_ptr constant_ptr;
+
declares constant_ptr as an object that has type ''const-qualified pointer to int''.
@@ -5966,7 +6211,8 @@ unsigned long long int
D[ type-qualifier-listopt assignment-expressionopt ]
D[ static type-qualifier-listopt assignment-expression ]
D[ type-qualifier-list static assignment-expression ]
- D[ type-qualifier-listopt * ]
+ D[ type-qualifier-listopt * ]
+
and the type specified for ident in the declaration ''T D'' is ''derived-declarator-type-list
T '', then the type specified for ident is ''derived-declarator-type-list array of T ''.123)
(See 6.7.5.3 for the meaning of the optional type qualifiers and the keyword static.)
@@ -5996,14 +6242,16 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 1
- float fa[11], *afp[17];+ float fa[11], *afp[17]; + declares an array of float numbers and an array of pointers to float numbers.
EXAMPLE 2 Note the distinction between the declarations
extern int *x;
- extern int y[];
+ extern int y[];
+
The first declares x to be a pointer to int; the second declares y to be an array of int of unspecified size
(an incomplete type), the storage for which is defined elsewhere.
@@ -6021,7 +6269,8 @@ unsigned long long int
p = a; // invalid: not compatible because 4 != 6
r = c; // compatible, but defined behavior only if
// n == 6 and m == n+1
- }
+ }
+
@@ -6052,7 +6301,8 @@ unsigned long long int
int (*s)[m]; // valid: auto pointer to VLA
extern int (*r)[m]; // invalid: r has linkage and points to VLA
static int (*q)[m] = &B; // valid: q is a static block pointer to VLA
- }
+ }
+
Forward references: function declarators (6.7.5.3), function definitions (6.9.1), initialization (6.7.8). @@ -6080,11 +6330,13 @@ unsigned long long int
If, in the declaration ''T D1'', D1 has the form
- D( parameter-type-list )+ D( parameter-type-list ) + or
- D( identifier-listopt )+ D( identifier-listopt ) + and the type specified for ident in the declaration ''T D'' is ''derived-declarator-type-list T '', then the type specified for ident is ''derived-declarator-type-list function returning T ''. @@ -6146,7 +6398,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 1 The declaration
- int f(void), *fip(), (*pfi)();+ int f(void), *fip(), (*pfi)(); + declares a function f with no parameters returning an int, a function fip with no parameter specification returning a pointer to an int, and a pointer pfi to a function with no parameter specification returning an int. It is especially useful to compare the last two. The binding of *fip() is *(fip()), so that the @@ -6163,7 +6416,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 2 The declaration
- int (*apfi[3])(int *x, int *y);+ int (*apfi[3])(int *x, int *y); + declares an array apfi of three pointers to functions returning int. Each of these functions has two parameters that are pointers to int. The identifiers x and y are declared for descriptive purposes only and go out of scope at the end of the declaration of apfi. @@ -6171,7 +6425,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 3 The declaration
- int (*fpfi(int (*)(long), int))(int, ...);+ int (*fpfi(int (*)(long), int))(int, ...); + declares a function fpfi that returns a pointer to a function returning an int. The function fpfi has two parameters: a pointer to a function returning an int (with one parameter of type long int), and an int. The pointer returned by fpfi points to a function that has one int parameter and accepts zero or more @@ -6195,7 +6450,8 @@ unsigned long long int for (int j = 0, k = n*m+300; j < k; j++) // a is a pointer to a VLA with n*m+300 elements a[i][j] += x; - } + } +
EXAMPLE 5 The following are all compatible function prototype declarators. @@ -6203,13 +6459,15 @@ unsigned long long int double maximum(int n, int m, double a[n][m]); double maximum(int n, int m, double a[*][*]); double maximum(int n, int m, double a[ ][*]); - double maximum(int n, int m, double a[ ][m]); + double maximum(int n, int m, double a[ ][m]); + as are:
void f(double (* restrict a)[5]);
void f(double a[restrict][5]);
void f(double a[restrict 3][5]);
- void f(double a[restrict static 3][5]);
+ void f(double a[restrict static 3][5]);
+
(Note that the last declaration also specifies that the argument corresponding to a in any call to f must be a
non-null pointer to the first of at least three arrays of 5 doubles, which the others do not.)
@@ -6243,7 +6501,8 @@ unsigned long long int
direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ type-qualifier-list static
assignment-expression ]
direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ * ]
- direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )
+ direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )
+
In several contexts, it is necessary to specify a type. This is accomplished using a type @@ -6259,7 +6518,8 @@ unsigned long long int (e) int (*)[*] (f) int *() (g) int (*)(void) - (h) int (*const [])(unsigned int, ...) + (h) int (*const [])(unsigned int, ...) + name respectively the types (a) int, (b) pointer to int, (c) array of three pointers to int, (d) pointer to an array of three ints, (e) pointer to a variable length array of an unspecified number of ints, (f) function with no parameter specification returning a pointer to int, (g) pointer to function with no parameters @@ -6282,7 +6542,8 @@ unsigned long long int
typedef-name:
- identifier
+ identifier
+
If a typedef name specifies a variably modified type then it shall have block scope. @@ -6296,7 +6557,8 @@ unsigned long long int synonym for the type so specified. That is, in the following declarations:
typedef T type_ident;
- type_ident D;
+ type_ident D;
+
type_ident is defined as a typedef name with the type specified by the declaration
specifiers in T (known as T ), and the identifier in D has the type ''derived-declarator-
type-list T '' where the derived-declarator-type-list is specified by the declarators of D. A
@@ -6306,13 +6568,15 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 1 After
typedef int MILES, KLICKSP();
- typedef struct { double hi, lo; } range;
+ typedef struct { double hi, lo; } range;
+
the constructions
MILES distance;
extern KLICKSP *metricp;
range x;
- range z, *zp;
+ range z, *zp;
+
are all valid declarations. The type of distance is int, that of metricp is ''pointer to function with no
parameter specification returning int'', and that of x and z is the specified structure; zp is a pointer to
such a structure. The object distance has a type compatible with any other int object.
@@ -6321,7 +6585,8 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE 2 After the declarations
typedef struct s1 { int x; } t1, *tp1;
- typedef struct s2 { int x; } t2, *tp2;
+ typedef struct s2 { int x; } t2, *tp2;
+
type t1 and the type pointed to by tp1 are compatible. Type t1 is also compatible with type struct
s1, but not compatible with the types struct s2, t2, the type pointed to by tp2, or int.
@@ -6334,7 +6599,8 @@ unsigned long long int
unsigned t:4;
const t:5;
plain r:5;
- };
+ };
+
declare a typedef name t with type signed int, a typedef name plain with type int, and a structure
with three bit-field members, one named t that contains values in the range [0, 15], an unnamed const-
qualified bit-field which (if it could be accessed) would contain values in either the range [-15, +15] or
@@ -6345,7 +6611,8 @@ unsigned long long int
in an inner scope by
t f(t (t));
- long t;
+ long t;
+
then a function f is declared with type ''function returning signed int with one unnamed parameter
with type pointer to function returning signed int with one unnamed parameter with type signed
int'', and an identifier t with type long int.
@@ -6358,7 +6625,8 @@ unsigned long long int
typedef void fv(int), (*pfv)(int);
void (*signal(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
fv *signal(int, fv *);
- pfv signal(int, pfv);
+ pfv signal(int, pfv);
+
EXAMPLE 5 If a typedef name denotes a variable length array type, the length of the array is fixed at the @@ -6373,7 +6641,8 @@ unsigned long long int int b[n]; // a and b are different sizes for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) a[i-1] = b[i]; - } + } +
No initializer shall attempt to provide a value for an object not contained within the entity @@ -6410,14 +6680,16 @@ unsigned long long int
If a designator has the form
- [ constant-expression ]+ [ constant-expression ] + then the current object (defined below) shall have array type and the expression shall be an integer constant expression. If the array is of unknown size, any nonnegative value is valid.
If a designator has the form
- . identifier+ . identifier + then the current object (defined below) shall have structure or union type and the identifier shall be the name of a member of that type. @@ -6514,13 +6786,15 @@ unsigned long long int EXAMPLE 1 Provided that <complex.h> has been #included, the declarations
int i = 3.5;
- double complex c = 5 + 3 * I;
+ double complex c = 5 + 3 * I;
+
define and initialize i with the value 3 and c with the value 5.0 + i3.0.
EXAMPLE 2 The declaration
- int x[] = { 1, 3, 5 };
+ int x[] = { 1, 3, 5 };
+
defines and initializes x as a one-dimensional array object that has three elements, as no size was specified
and there are three initializers.
@@ -6531,7 +6805,8 @@ unsigned long long int
{ 1, 3, 5 },
{ 2, 4, 6 },
{ 3, 5, 7 },
- };
+ };
+
is a definition with a fully bracketed initialization: 1, 3, and 5 initialize the first row of y (the array object
y[0]), namely y[0][0], y[0][1], and y[0][2]. Likewise the next two lines initialize y[1] and
y[2]. The initializer ends early, so y[3] is initialized with zeros. Precisely the same effect could have
@@ -6539,7 +6814,8 @@ unsigned long long int
int y[4][3] = {
1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 7
- };
+ };
+
The initializer for y[0] does not begin with a left brace, so three items from the list are used. Likewise the
next three are taken successively for y[1] and y[2].
@@ -6548,13 +6824,15 @@ unsigned long long int
int z[4][3] = {
{ 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 }
- };
+ };
+
initializes the first column of z as specified and initializes the rest with zeros.
EXAMPLE 5 The declaration
- struct { int a[3], b; } w[] = { { 1 }, 2 };
+ struct { int a[3], b; } w[] = { { 1 }, 2 };
+
is a definition with an inconsistently bracketed initialization. It defines an array with two element
structures: w[0].a[0] is 1 and w[1].a[0] is 2; all the other elements are zero.
@@ -6569,7 +6847,8 @@ unsigned long long int
{ 1 },
{ 2, 3 },
{ 4, 5, 6 }
- };
+ };
+
contains an incompletely but consistently bracketed initialization. It defines a three-dimensional array
object: q[0][0][0] is 1, q[1][0][0] is 2, q[1][0][1] is 3, and 4, 5, and 6 initialize
q[2][0][0], q[2][0][1], and q[2][1][0], respectively; all the rest are zero. The initializer for
@@ -6583,7 +6862,8 @@ unsigned long long int
1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0,
4, 5, 6
- };
+ };
+
or by:
short q[4][3][2] = {
@@ -6597,7 +6877,8 @@ unsigned long long int
{ 4, 5 },
{ 6 },
}
- };
+ };
+
in a fully bracketed form.
Note that the fully bracketed and minimally bracketed forms of initialization are, in general, less likely to @@ -6607,27 +6888,33 @@ unsigned long long int EXAMPLE 7 One form of initialization that completes array types involves typedef names. Given the declaration
- typedef int A[]; // OK - declared with block scope+ typedef int A[]; // OK - declared with block scope + the declaration
- A a = { 1, 2 }, b = { 3, 4, 5 };
+ A a = { 1, 2 }, b = { 3, 4, 5 };
+
is identical to
- int a[] = { 1, 2 }, b[] = { 3, 4, 5 };
+ int a[] = { 1, 2 }, b[] = { 3, 4, 5 };
+
due to the rules for incomplete types.
EXAMPLE 8 The declaration
- char s[] = "abc", t[3] = "abc";+ char s[] = "abc", t[3] = "abc"; + defines ''plain'' char array objects s and t whose elements are initialized with character string literals. This declaration is identical to
char s[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c', '\0' },
- t[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
+ t[] = { 'a', 'b', 'c' };
+
The contents of the arrays are modifiable. On the other hand, the declaration
- char *p = "abc";+ char *p = "abc"; + defines p with type ''pointer to char'' and initializes it to point to an object with type ''array of char'' with length 4 whose elements are initialized with a character string literal. If an attempt is made to use p to modify the contents of the array, the behavior is undefined. @@ -6640,19 +6927,22 @@ unsigned long long int const char *nm[] = { [member_two] = "member two", [member_one] = "member one", - }; + }; +
EXAMPLE 10 Structure members can be initialized to nonzero values without depending on their order:
- div_t answer = { .quot = 2, .rem = -1 };
+ div_t answer = { .quot = 2, .rem = -1 };
+
EXAMPLE 11 Designators can be used to provide explicit initialization when unadorned initializer lists might be misunderstood:
struct { int a[3], b; } w[] =
- { [0].a = {1}, [1].a[0] = 2 };
+ { [0].a = {1}, [1].a[0] = 2 };
+
EXAMPLE 12 Space can be ''allocated'' from both ends of an array by using a single designator: @@ -6660,14 +6950,16 @@ unsigned long long int
int a[MAX] = {
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, [MAX-5] = 8, 6, 4, 2, 0
- };
+ };
+
In the above, if MAX is greater than ten, there will be some zero-valued elements in the middle; if it is less
than ten, some of the values provided by the first five initializers will be overridden by the second five.
EXAMPLE 13 Any member of a union can be initialized:
- union { /* ... */ } u = { .any_member = 42 };
+ union { /* ... */ } u = { .any_member = 42 };
+
Forward references: common definitions <stddef.h> (7.17). @@ -6699,7 +6991,8 @@ unsigned long long int expression-statement selection-statement iteration-statement - jump-statement + jump-statement +
A statement specifies an action to be performed. Except as indicated, statements are @@ -6728,7 +7021,8 @@ unsigned long long int labeled-statement: identifier : statement case constant-expression : statement - default : statement + default : statement +
A case or default label shall appear only in a switch statement. Further @@ -6754,7 +7048,8 @@ unsigned long long int block-item-list block-item block-item: declaration - statement + statement +
A compound statement is a block. @@ -6764,7 +7059,8 @@ unsigned long long int
expression-statement:
- expressionopt ;
+ expressionopt ;
+
The expression in an expression statement is evaluated as a void expression for its side @@ -6778,7 +7074,8 @@ unsigned long long int
int p(int);
/* ... */
- (void)p(0);
+ (void)p(0);
+
@@ -6789,7 +7086,8 @@ unsigned long long int
char *s;
/* ... */
while (*s++ != '\0')
- ;
+ ;
+
a null statement is used to supply an empty loop body to the iteration statement.
@@ -6806,7 +7104,8 @@ unsigned long long int } /* ... */ end_loop1: ; - } + } +
Forward references: iteration statements (6.8.5). @@ -6821,7 +7120,8 @@ unsigned long long int selection-statement: if ( expression ) statement if ( expression ) statement else statement - switch ( expression ) statement + switch ( expression ) statement +
A selection statement selects among a set of statements depending on the value of a @@ -6875,7 +7175,7 @@ unsigned long long int a default label, control jumps to the labeled statement. If no converted case constant expression matches and there is no default label, no part of the switch body is executed. -
As discussed in 5.2.4.1, the implementation may limit the number of case values in a switch statement. @@ -6896,7 +7196,8 @@ unsigned long long int /* falls through into default code */ default: printf("%d\n", i); - } + } + the object whose identifier is i exists with automatic storage duration (within the block) but is never initialized, and thus if the controlling expression has a nonzero value, the call to the printf function will access an indeterminate value. Similarly, the call to the function f cannot be reached. @@ -6915,7 +7216,8 @@ unsigned long long int while ( expression ) statement do statement while ( expression ) ; for ( expressionopt ; expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement - for ( declaration expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement + for ( declaration expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement +
The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall have scalar type. @@ -6956,7 +7258,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The statement
- for ( clause-1 ; expression-2 ; expression-3 ) statement+ for ( clause-1 ; expression-2 ; expression-3 ) statement + behaves as follows: The expression expression-2 is the controlling expression that is evaluated before each execution of the loop body. The expression expression-3 is evaluated as a void expression after each execution of the loop body. If clause-1 is a @@ -6983,7 +7286,8 @@ unsigned long long int goto identifier ; continue ; break ; - return expressionopt ; + return expressionopt ; +
A jump statement causes an unconditional jump to another place. @@ -7027,7 +7331,8 @@ unsigned long long int } // handle other operations /* ... */ - } + } +
@@ -7045,7 +7350,8 @@ unsigned long long int lab4: a[j] = 6.6; } - goto lab4; // invalid: going INTO scope of VLA. + goto lab4; // invalid: going INTO scope of VLA. +
The storage-class specifiers auto and register shall not appear in the declaration @@ -7187,7 +7496,8 @@ unsigned long long int declaration-specifiers declarator declaration-listopt compound-statement declaration-list: declaration - declaration-list declaration + declaration-list declaration +
The identifier declared in a function definition (which is the name of the function) shall @@ -7248,11 +7558,13 @@ unsigned long long int extern int max(int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; - } + } + extern is the storage-class specifier and int is the type specifier; max(int a, int b) is the function declarator; and
- { return a > b ? a : b; }
+ { return a > b ? a : b; }
+
is the function body. The following similar definition uses the identifier-list form for the parameter
declarations:
@@ -7265,7 +7577,8 @@ unsigned long long int
int a, b;
{
return a > b ? a : b;
- }
+ }
+
Here int a, b; is the declaration list for the parameters. The difference between these two definitions is
that the first form acts as a prototype declaration that forces conversion of the arguments of subsequent calls
to the function, whereas the second form does not.
@@ -7275,21 +7588,24 @@ unsigned long long int
int f(void);
/* ... */
- g(f);
+ g(f);
+
Then the definition of g might read
void g(int (*funcp)(void))
{
/* ... */
(*funcp)(); /* or funcp(); ... */
- }
+ }
+
or, equivalently,
void g(int func(void))
{
/* ... */
func(); /* or (*func)(); ... */
- }
+ }
+
142) See ''future language directions'' (6.11.7). @@ -7345,12 +7662,14 @@ unsigned long long int extern int i2; // refers to previous, whose linkage is internal extern int i3; // refers to previous, whose linkage is external extern int i4; // refers to previous, whose linkage is external - extern int i5; // refers to previous, whose linkage is internal + extern int i5; // refers to previous, whose linkage is internal +
EXAMPLE 2 If at the end of the translation unit containing
- int i[];+ int i[]; + the array i still has incomplete type, the implicit initializer causes it to have one element, which is set to zero on program startup. @@ -7410,7 +7729,8 @@ unsigned long long int preprocessing-token pp-tokens preprocessing-token new-line: - the new-line character + the new-line character +
A preprocessing directive consists of a sequence of preprocessing tokens that satisfies the @@ -7449,7 +7769,8 @@ unsigned long long int EXAMPLE In:
#define EMPTY
- EMPTY # include <file.h>
+ EMPTY # include <file.h>
+
the sequence of preprocessing tokens on the second line is not a preprocessing directive, because it does not
begin with a # at the start of translation phase 4, even though it will do so after the macro EMPTY has been
replaced.
@@ -7474,10 +7795,12 @@ unsigned long long int
- defined identifier+ defined identifier + or
- defined ( identifier )+ defined ( identifier ) + which evaluate to 1 if the identifier is currently defined as a macro name (that is, if it is predefined or if it has been the subject of a #define preprocessing directive without an intervening #undef directive with the same subject identifier), 0 if it is not. @@ -7490,7 +7813,8 @@ unsigned long long int Preprocessing directives of the forms
# if constant-expression new-line groupopt
- # elif constant-expression new-line groupopt
+ # elif constant-expression new-line groupopt
+
check whether the controlling constant expression evaluates to nonzero.
Prior to evaluation, macro invocations in the list of preprocessing tokens that will become @@ -7519,7 +7843,8 @@ unsigned long long int
# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt
- # ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
+ # ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
+
check whether the identifier is or is not currently defined as a macro name. Their
conditions are equivalent to #if defined identifier and #if !defined identifier
respectively.
@@ -7547,7 +7872,8 @@ unsigned long long int
evaluate to the same value in these two contexts.
#if 'z' - 'a' == 25
- if ('z' - 'a' == 25)
+ if ('z' - 'a' == 25)
+
147) As indicated by the syntax, a preprocessing token shall not follow a #else or #endif directive @@ -7564,7 +7890,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # include <h-char-sequence> new-line+ # include <h-char-sequence> new-line + searches a sequence of implementation-defined places for a header identified uniquely by the specified sequence between the < and > delimiters, and causes the replacement of that directive by the entire contents of the header. How the places are specified or the header @@ -7576,19 +7903,22 @@ unsigned long long int
- # include "q-char-sequence" new-line+ # include "q-char-sequence" new-line + causes the replacement of that directive by the entire contents of the source file identified by the specified sequence between the " delimiters. The named source file is searched for in an implementation-defined manner. If this search is not supported, or if the search fails, the directive is reprocessed as if it read
- # include <h-char-sequence> new-line+ # include <h-char-sequence> new-line + with the identical contained sequence (including > characters, if any) from the original directive.
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # include pp-tokens new-line+ # include pp-tokens new-line + (that does not match one of the two previous forms) is permitted. The preprocessing tokens after include in the directive are processed just as in normal text. (Each identifier currently defined as a macro name is replaced by its replacement list of @@ -7610,7 +7940,8 @@ unsigned long long int EXAMPLE 1 The most common uses of #include preprocessing directives are as in the following:
#include <stdio.h>
- #include "myprog.h"
+ #include "myprog.h"
+
EXAMPLE 2 This illustrates macro-replaced #include directives: @@ -7627,7 +7958,8 @@ unsigned long long int #else #define INCFILE "versN.h" #endif - #include INCFILE + #include INCFILE +
Forward references: macro replacement (6.10.3). @@ -7679,7 +8011,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # define identifier replacement-list new-line+ # define identifier replacement-list new-line + defines an object-like macro that causes each subsequent instance of the macro name149) to be replaced by the replacement list of preprocessing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive. The replacement list is then rescanned for more macro names @@ -7689,7 +8022,8 @@ unsigned long long int
# define identifier lparen identifier-listopt ) replacement-list new-line
# define identifier lparen ... ) replacement-list new-line
- # define identifier lparen identifier-list , ... ) replacement-list new-line
+ # define identifier lparen identifier-list , ... ) replacement-list new-line
+
defines a function-like macro with parameters, whose use is similar syntactically to a
function call. The parameters are specified by the optional list of identifiers, whose scope
extends from their declaration in the identifier list until the new-line character that
@@ -7795,14 +8129,16 @@ unsigned long long int
#define in_between(a) mkstr(a)
#define join(c, d) in_between(c hash_hash d)
char p[] = join(x, y); // equivalent to
- // char p[] = "x ## y";
+ // char p[] = "x ## y";
+
The expansion produces, at various stages:
join(x, y)
in_between(x hash_hash y)
in_between(x ## y)
mkstr(x ## y)
- "x ## y"
+ "x ## y"
+
In other words, expanding hash_hash produces a new token, consisting of two adjacent sharp signs, but
this new token is not the ## operator.
@@ -7840,14 +8176,16 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # undef identifier new-line+ # undef identifier new-line + causes the specified identifier no longer to be defined as a macro name. It is ignored if the specified identifier is not currently defined as a macro name.
EXAMPLE 1 The simplest use of this facility is to define a ''manifest constant'', as in
#define TABSIZE 100
- int table[TABSIZE];
+ int table[TABSIZE];
+
EXAMPLE 2 The following defines a function-like macro whose value is the maximum of its arguments. @@ -7856,7 +8194,8 @@ unsigned long long int arguments a second time (including side effects) and generating more code than a function if invoked several times. It also cannot have its address taken, as it has none.
- #define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))+ #define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b)) + The parentheses ensure that the arguments and the resulting expression are bound properly.
@@ -7880,13 +8219,15 @@ unsigned long long int g(x+(3,4)-w) | h 5) & m (f)^m(m); p() i[q()] = { q(1), r(2,3), r(4,), r(,5), r(,) }; - char c[2][6] = { str(hello), str() }; + char c[2][6] = { str(hello), str() }; + results in
f(2 * (y+1)) + f(2 * (f(2 * (z[0])))) % f(2 * (0)) + t(1);
f(2 * (2+(3,4)-0,1)) | f(2 * (~ 5)) & f(2 * (0,1))^m(0,1);
int i[] = { 1, 23, 4, 5, };
- char c[2][6] = { "hello", "" };
+ char c[2][6] = { "hello", "" };
+
EXAMPLE 4 To illustrate the rules for creating character string literals and concatenating tokens, the @@ -7906,7 +8247,8 @@ unsigned long long int == 0) str(: @\n), s); #include xstr(INCFILE(2).h) glue(HIGH, LOW); - xglue(HIGH, LOW) + xglue(HIGH, LOW) + results in
@@ -7916,7 +8258,8 @@ unsigned long long ints); #include "vers2.h" (after macro replacement, before file access) "hello"; - "hello" ", world" + "hello" ", world" + or, after concatenation of the character string literals,
printf("x1= %d, x2= %s", x1, x2);
@@ -7925,7 +8268,8 @@ unsigned long long int
s);
#include "vers2.h" (after macro replacement, before file access)
"hello";
- "hello, world"
+ "hello, world"
+
Space around the # and ## tokens in the macro definition is optional.
@@ -7933,11 +8277,13 @@ unsigned long long int
#define t(x,y,z) x ## y ## z
int j[] = { t(1,2,3), t(,4,5), t(6,,7), t(8,9,),
- t(10,,), t(,11,), t(,,12), t(,,) };
+ t(10,,), t(,11,), t(,,12), t(,,) };
+
results in
int j[] = { 123, 45, 67, 89,
- 10, 11, 12, };
+ 10, 11, 12, };
+
EXAMPLE 6 To demonstrate the redefinition rules, the following sequence is valid. @@ -7947,13 +8293,15 @@ unsigned long long int #define FUNC_LIKE(a) ( a ) #define FUNC_LIKE( a )( /* note the white space */ \ a /* other stuff on this line - */ ) + */ ) + But the following redefinitions are invalid:
#define OBJ_LIKE (0) // different token sequence
#define OBJ_LIKE (1 - 1) // different white space
#define FUNC_LIKE(b) ( a ) // different parameter usage
- #define FUNC_LIKE(b) ( b ) // different parameter spelling
+ #define FUNC_LIKE(b) ( b ) // different parameter spelling
+
EXAMPLE 7 Finally, to show the variable argument list macro facilities: @@ -7966,14 +8314,16 @@ unsigned long long int debug("Flag"); debug("X = %d\n", x); showlist(The first, second, and third items.); - report(x>y, "x is %d but y is %d", x, y); + report(x>y, "x is %d but y is %d", x, y); + results in
fprintf(stderr, "Flag" );
fprintf(stderr, "X = %d\n", x );
puts( "The first, second, and third items." );
((x>y)?puts("x>y"):
- printf("x is %d but y is %d", x, y));
+ printf("x is %d but y is %d", x, y));
+
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # line digit-sequence new-line+ # line digit-sequence new-line + causes the implementation to behave as if the following sequence of source lines begins with a source line that has a line number as specified by the digit sequence (interpreted as a decimal integer). The digit sequence shall not specify zero, nor a number greater than @@ -7996,13 +8347,15 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # line digit-sequence "s-char-sequenceopt" new-line+ # line digit-sequence "s-char-sequenceopt" new-line + sets the presumed line number similarly and changes the presumed name of the source file to be the contents of the character string literal.
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # line pp-tokens new-line+ # line pp-tokens new-line + (that does not match one of the two previous forms) is permitted. The preprocessing tokens after line on the directive are processed just as in normal text (each identifier currently defined as a macro name is replaced by its replacement list of preprocessing @@ -8015,7 +8368,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # error pp-tokensopt new-line+ # error pp-tokensopt new-line + causes the implementation to produce a diagnostic message that includes the specified sequence of preprocessing tokens. @@ -8024,7 +8378,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # pragma pp-tokensopt new-line+ # pragma pp-tokensopt new-line + where the preprocessing token STDC does not immediately follow pragma in the directive (prior to any macro replacement)152) causes the implementation to behave in an implementation-defined manner. The behavior might cause translation to fail or cause the @@ -8040,7 +8395,8 @@ unsigned long long int #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS on-off-switch #pragma STDC CX_LIMITED_RANGE on-off-switch on-off-switch: one of - ON OFF DEFAULT + ON OFF DEFAULT +
Forward references: the FP_CONTRACT pragma (7.12.2), the FENV_ACCESS pragma (7.6.1), the CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma (7.3.4). @@ -8064,7 +8420,8 @@ unsigned long long int
A preprocessing directive of the form
- # new-line+ # new-line + has no effect.
A unary operator expression of the form:
- _Pragma ( string-literal )+ _Pragma ( string-literal ) + is processed as follows: The string literal is destringized by deleting the L prefix, if present, deleting the leading and trailing double-quotes, replacing each escape sequence \" by a double-quote, and replacing each escape sequence \\ by a single backslash. The @@ -8151,18 +8509,21 @@ unsigned long long int
EXAMPLE A directive of the form:
- #pragma listing on "..\listing.dir"+ #pragma listing on "..\listing.dir" + can also be expressed as:
- _Pragma ( "listing on \"..\\listing.dir\"" )+ _Pragma ( "listing on \"..\\listing.dir\"" ) + The latter form is processed in the same way whether it appears literally as shown, or results from macro replacement, as in:
#define LISTING(x) PRAGMA(listing on #x)
#define PRAGMA(x) _Pragma(#x)
- LISTING ( ..\listing.dir )
+ LISTING ( ..\listing.dir )
+
#include <stdlib.h>
#undef atoi
const char *str;
/* ... */
- i = atoi(str);
+ i = atoi(str);
+
or
#include <stdlib.h>
const char *str;
/* ... */
- i = (atoi)(str);
+ i = (atoi)(str);
+
extern int atoi(const char *);
const char *str;
/* ... */
- i = atoi(str);
+ i = atoi(str);
+
- #define abs(x) _BUILTIN_abs(x)+ #define abs(x) _BUILTIN_abs(x) + for a compiler whose code generator will accept it. In this manner, a user desiring to guarantee that a given library function such as abs will be a genuine function may write
- #undef abs+ #undef abs + whether the implementation's header provides a macro implementation of abs or a built-in implementation. The prototype for the function, which precedes and is hidden by any macro definition, is thereby revealed also. @@ -8447,12 +8815,14 @@ unsigned long long int
The header <assert.h> defines the assert macro and refers to another macro,
- NDEBUG+ NDEBUG + which is not defined by <assert.h>. If NDEBUG is defined as a macro name at the point in the source file where <assert.h> is included, the assert macro is defined simply as
- #define assert(ignore) ((void)0)+ #define assert(ignore) ((void)0) + The assert macro is redefined according to the current state of NDEBUG each time that <assert.h> is included.
@@ -8467,7 +8837,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <assert.h>
- void assert(scalar expression);
+ void assert(scalar expression);
+
The assert macro puts diagnostic tests into programs; it expands to a void expression. @@ -8506,26 +8877,31 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- complex+ complex + expands to _Complex; the macro
- _Complex_I+ _Complex_I + expands to a constant expression of type const float _Complex, with the value of the imaginary unit.167)
The macros
- imaginary+ imaginary + and
- _Imaginary_I+ _Imaginary_I + are defined if and only if the implementation supports imaginary types;168) if defined, they expand to _Imaginary and a constant expression of type const float _Imaginary with the value of the imaginary unit.
The macro
- I+ I + expands to either _Imaginary_I or _Complex_I. If _Imaginary_I is not defined, I shall expand to _Complex_I.
@@ -8574,7 +8950,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <complex.h>
- #pragma STDC CX_LIMITED_RANGE on-off-switch
+ #pragma STDC CX_LIMITED_RANGE on-off-switch
+
The usual mathematical formulas for complex multiply, divide, and absolute value are @@ -8614,7 +8991,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex cacos(double complex z); float complex cacosf(float complex z); - long double complex cacosl(long double complex z); + long double complex cacosl(long double complex z); +
The cacos functions compute the complex arc cosine of z, with branch cuts outside the @@ -8632,7 +9010,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex casin(double complex z); float complex casinf(float complex z); - long double complex casinl(long double complex z); + long double complex casinl(long double complex z); +
The casin functions compute the complex arc sine of z, with branch cuts outside the @@ -8651,7 +9030,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex catan(double complex z); float complex catanf(float complex z); - long double complex catanl(long double complex z); + long double complex catanl(long double complex z); +
The catan functions compute the complex arc tangent of z, with branch cuts outside the @@ -8669,7 +9049,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex ccos(double complex z); float complex ccosf(float complex z); - long double complex ccosl(long double complex z); + long double complex ccosl(long double complex z); +
The ccos functions compute the complex cosine of z. @@ -8684,7 +9065,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex csin(double complex z); float complex csinf(float complex z); - long double complex csinl(long double complex z); + long double complex csinl(long double complex z); +
The csin functions compute the complex sine of z. @@ -8700,7 +9082,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex ctan(double complex z); float complex ctanf(float complex z); - long double complex ctanl(long double complex z); + long double complex ctanl(long double complex z); +
The ctan functions compute the complex tangent of z. @@ -8717,7 +9100,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex cacosh(double complex z); float complex cacoshf(float complex z); - long double complex cacoshl(long double complex z); + long double complex cacoshl(long double complex z); +
The cacosh functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic cosine of z, with a branch @@ -8735,7 +9119,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex casinh(double complex z); float complex casinhf(float complex z); - long double complex casinhl(long double complex z); + long double complex casinhl(long double complex z); +
The casinh functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic sine of z, with branch cuts @@ -8754,7 +9139,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex catanh(double complex z); float complex catanhf(float complex z); - long double complex catanhl(long double complex z); + long double complex catanhl(long double complex z); +
The catanh functions compute the complex arc hyperbolic tangent of z, with branch @@ -8772,7 +9158,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex ccosh(double complex z); float complex ccoshf(float complex z); - long double complex ccoshl(long double complex z); + long double complex ccoshl(long double complex z); +
The ccosh functions compute the complex hyperbolic cosine of z. @@ -8788,7 +9175,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex csinh(double complex z); float complex csinhf(float complex z); - long double complex csinhl(long double complex z); + long double complex csinhl(long double complex z); +
The csinh functions compute the complex hyperbolic sine of z. @@ -8803,7 +9191,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex ctanh(double complex z); float complex ctanhf(float complex z); - long double complex ctanhl(long double complex z); + long double complex ctanhl(long double complex z); +
The ctanh functions compute the complex hyperbolic tangent of z. @@ -8820,7 +9209,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex cexp(double complex z); float complex cexpf(float complex z); - long double complex cexpl(long double complex z); + long double complex cexpl(long double complex z); +
The cexp functions compute the complex base-e exponential of z. @@ -8836,7 +9226,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex clog(double complex z); float complex clogf(float complex z); - long double complex clogl(long double complex z); + long double complex clogl(long double complex z); +
The clog functions compute the complex natural (base-e) logarithm of z, with a branch @@ -8856,7 +9247,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double cabs(double complex z); float cabsf(float complex z); - long double cabsl(long double complex z); + long double cabsl(long double complex z); +
The cabs functions compute the complex absolute value (also called norm, modulus, or @@ -8873,7 +9265,8 @@ unsigned long long int double complex cpow(double complex x, double complex y); float complex cpowf(float complex x, float complex y); long double complex cpowl(long double complex x, - long double complex y); + long double complex y); +
The cpow functions compute the complex power function xy , with a branch cut for the @@ -8890,7 +9283,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex csqrt(double complex z); float complex csqrtf(float complex z); - long double complex csqrtl(long double complex z); + long double complex csqrtl(long double complex z); +
The csqrt functions compute the complex square root of z, with a branch cut along the @@ -8909,7 +9303,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double carg(double complex z); float cargf(float complex z); - long double cargl(long double complex z); + long double cargl(long double complex z); +
The carg functions compute the argument (also called phase angle) of z, with a branch @@ -8926,7 +9321,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double cimag(double complex z); float cimagf(float complex z); - long double cimagl(long double complex z); + long double cimagl(long double complex z); +
The cimag functions compute the imaginary part of z.170) @@ -8945,7 +9341,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex conj(double complex z); float complex conjf(float complex z); - long double complex conjl(long double complex z); + long double complex conjl(long double complex z); +
The conj functions compute the complex conjugate of z, by reversing the sign of its @@ -8961,7 +9358,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double complex cproj(double complex z); float complex cprojf(float complex z); - long double complex cprojl(long double complex z); + long double complex cprojl(long double complex z); +
The cproj functions compute a projection of z onto the Riemann sphere: z projects to @@ -8969,7 +9367,8 @@ unsigned long long int project to positive infinity on the real axis. If z has an infinite part, then cproj(z) is equivalent to
- INFINITY + I * copysign(0.0, cimag(z))+ INFINITY + I * copysign(0.0, cimag(z)) +
The cproj functions return the value of the projection onto the Riemann sphere. @@ -8986,7 +9385,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <complex.h> double creal(double complex z); float crealf(float complex z); - long double creall(long double complex z); + long double creall(long double complex z); +
The creal functions compute the real part of z.171) @@ -9037,7 +9437,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isalnum(int c);
+ int isalnum(int c);
+
The isalnum function tests for any character for which isalpha or isdigit is true. @@ -9047,7 +9448,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isalpha(int c);
+ int isalpha(int c);
+
The isalpha function tests for any character for which isupper or islower is true, @@ -9069,7 +9471,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isblank(int c);
+ int isblank(int c);
+
The isblank function tests for any character that is a standard blank character or is one @@ -9083,7 +9486,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int iscntrl(int c);
+ int iscntrl(int c);
+
The iscntrl function tests for any control character. @@ -9093,7 +9497,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isdigit(int c);
+ int isdigit(int c);
+
The isdigit function tests for any decimal-digit character (as defined in 5.2.1). @@ -9103,7 +9508,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isgraph(int c);
+ int isgraph(int c);
+
@@ -9118,7 +9524,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int islower(int c);
+ int islower(int c);
+
The islower function tests for any character that is a lowercase letter or is one of a @@ -9131,7 +9538,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isprint(int c);
+ int isprint(int c);
+
The isprint function tests for any printing character including space (' '). @@ -9141,7 +9549,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int ispunct(int c);
+ int ispunct(int c);
+
The ispunct function tests for any printing character that is one of a locale-specific set @@ -9154,7 +9563,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isspace(int c);
+ int isspace(int c);
+
The isspace function tests for any character that is a standard white-space character or @@ -9169,7 +9579,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isupper(int c);
+ int isupper(int c);
+
The isupper function tests for any character that is an uppercase letter or is one of a @@ -9182,7 +9593,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int isxdigit(int c);
+ int isxdigit(int c);
+
The isxdigit function tests for any hexadecimal-digit character (as defined in 6.4.4.1). @@ -9194,7 +9606,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int tolower(int c);
+ int tolower(int c);
+
The tolower function converts an uppercase letter to a corresponding lowercase letter. @@ -9211,7 +9624,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <ctype.h>
- int toupper(int c);
+ int toupper(int c);
+
The toupper function converts a lowercase letter to a corresponding uppercase letter. @@ -9232,11 +9646,13 @@ unsigned long long int
EDOM
EILSEQ
- ERANGE
+ ERANGE
+
which expand to integer constant expressions with type int, distinct positive values, and
which are suitable for use in #if preprocessing directives; and
- errno+ errno + which expands to a modifiable lvalue175) that has type int, the value of which is set to a positive error number by several library functions. It is unspecified whether errno is a macro or an identifier declared with external linkage. If a macro definition is suppressed @@ -9293,12 +9709,14 @@ unsigned long long int
The type
- fenv_t+ fenv_t + represents the entire floating-point environment.
The type
- fexcept_t+ fexcept_t + represents the floating-point status flags collectively, including any status the implementation associates with the flags. @@ -9313,7 +9731,8 @@ unsigned long long int FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW - FE_UNDERFLOW + FE_UNDERFLOW + is defined if and only if the implementation supports the floating-point exception by means of the functions in 7.6.2.181) Additional implementation-defined floating-point exceptions, with macro definitions beginning with FE_ and an uppercase letter, may also @@ -9324,7 +9743,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- FE_ALL_EXCEPT+ FE_ALL_EXCEPT + is simply the bitwise OR of all floating-point exception macros defined by the implementation. If no such macros are defined, FE_ALL_EXCEPT shall be defined as 0.
@@ -9333,7 +9753,8 @@ unsigned long long int FE_DOWNWARD FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO - FE_UPWARD + FE_UPWARD + is defined if and only if the implementation supports getting and setting the represented rounding direction by means of the fegetround and fesetround functions. Additional implementation-defined rounding directions, with macro definitions beginning @@ -9347,7 +9768,8 @@ unsigned long long int
- FE_DFL_ENV+ FE_DFL_ENV + represents the default floating-point environment -- the one installed at program startup -- and has type ''pointer to const-qualified fenv_t''. It can be used as an argument to <fenv.h> functions that manage the floating-point environment. @@ -9382,7 +9804,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS on-off-switch
+ #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS on-off-switch
+
The FENV_ACCESS pragma provides a means to inform the implementation when a @@ -9422,7 +9845,8 @@ unsigned long long int g(x + 1); h(x + 1); /* ... */ - } + } + If the function g might depend on status flags set as a side effect of the first x + 1, or if the second x + 1 might depend on control modes set as a side effect of the call to function g, then the program shall contain an appropriately placed invocation of #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON.185) @@ -9460,7 +9884,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int feclearexcept(int excepts);
+ int feclearexcept(int excepts);
+
The feclearexcept function attempts to clear the supported floating-point exceptions @@ -9479,7 +9904,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t *flagp,
- int excepts);
+ int excepts);
+
The fegetexceptflag function attempts to store an implementation-defined @@ -9495,7 +9921,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int feraiseexcept(int excepts);
+ int feraiseexcept(int excepts);
+
The feraiseexcept function attempts to raise the supported floating-point exceptions @@ -9525,7 +9952,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t *flagp,
- int excepts);
+ int excepts);
+
The fesetexceptflag function attempts to set the floating-point status flags @@ -9545,7 +9973,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int fetestexcept(int excepts);
+ int fetestexcept(int excepts);
+
The fetestexcept function determines which of a specified subset of the floating- @@ -9575,7 +10004,8 @@ unsigned long long int if (set_excepts & FE_INVALID) f(); if (set_excepts & FE_OVERFLOW) g(); /* ... */ - } + } +
#include <fenv.h>
- int fegetround(void);
+ int fegetround(void);
+
The fegetround function gets the current rounding direction. @@ -9607,7 +10038,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int fesetround(int round);
+ int fesetround(int round);
+
The fesetround function establishes the rounding direction represented by its @@ -9635,7 +10067,8 @@ unsigned long long int /* ... */ fesetround(save_round); /* ... */ - } + } +
#include <fenv.h>
- int fegetenv(fenv_t *envp);
+ int fegetenv(fenv_t *envp);
+
The fegetenv function attempts to store the current floating-point environment in the @@ -9663,7 +10097,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int feholdexcept(fenv_t *envp);
+ int feholdexcept(fenv_t *envp);
+
The feholdexcept function saves the current floating-point environment in the object @@ -9688,7 +10123,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int fesetenv(const fenv_t *envp);
+ int fesetenv(const fenv_t *envp);
+
The fesetenv function attempts to establish the floating-point environment represented @@ -9706,7 +10142,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <fenv.h>
- int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *envp);
+ int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *envp);
+
The feupdateenv function attempts to save the currently raised floating-point @@ -9742,7 +10179,8 @@ unsigned long long int if (feupdateenv(&save_env)) return /* indication of an environmental problem */; return result; - } + } +
@@ -9761,7 +10199,8 @@ unsigned long long int It declares functions for manipulating greatest-width integers and converting numeric character strings to greatest-width integers, and it declares the type
- imaxdiv_t+ imaxdiv_t + which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the imaxdiv function. For each type declared in <stdint.h>, it defines corresponding macros for conversion specifiers for use with the formatted input/output functions.190) @@ -9787,7 +10226,8 @@ unsigned long long int The fprintf macros for signed integers are:
PRIdN PRIdLEASTN PRIdFASTN PRIdMAX PRIdPTR
- PRIiN PRIiLEASTN PRIiFASTN PRIiMAX PRIiPTR
+ PRIiN PRIiLEASTN PRIiFASTN PRIiMAX PRIiPTR
+
@@ -9800,18 +10240,21 @@ unsigned long long int
PRIoN PRIoLEASTN PRIoFASTN PRIoMAX PRIoPTR
PRIuN PRIuLEASTN PRIuFASTN PRIuMAX PRIuPTR
PRIxN PRIxLEASTN PRIxFASTN PRIxMAX PRIxPTR
- PRIXN PRIXLEASTN PRIXFASTN PRIXMAX PRIXPTR
+ PRIXN PRIXLEASTN PRIXFASTN PRIXMAX PRIXPTR
+
The fscanf macros for signed integers are:
SCNdN SCNdLEASTN SCNdFASTN SCNdMAX SCNdPTR
- SCNiN SCNiLEASTN SCNiFASTN SCNiMAX SCNiPTR
+ SCNiN SCNiLEASTN SCNiFASTN SCNiMAX SCNiPTR
+
The fscanf macros for unsigned integers are:
SCNoN SCNoLEASTN SCNoFASTN SCNoMAX SCNoPTR
SCNuN SCNuLEASTN SCNuFASTN SCNuMAX SCNuPTR
- SCNxN SCNxLEASTN SCNxFASTN SCNxMAX SCNxPTR
+ SCNxN SCNxLEASTN SCNxFASTN SCNxMAX SCNxPTR
+
For each type that the implementation provides in <stdint.h>, the corresponding
fprintf macros shall be defined and the corresponding fscanf macros shall be
defined unless the implementation does not have a suitable fscanf length modifier for
@@ -9827,7 +10270,8 @@ unsigned long long int
wprintf(L"The largest integer value is %020"
PRIxMAX "\n", i);
return 0;
- }
+ }
+
#include <inttypes.h>
- intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+ intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+
The imaxabs function computes the absolute value of an integer j. If the result cannot @@ -9868,7 +10313,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <inttypes.h>
- imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
+ imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
+
The imaxdiv function computes numer / denom and numer % denom in a single @@ -9888,7 +10334,8 @@ unsigned long long int intmax_t strtoimax(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, int base); uintmax_t strtoumax(const char * restrict nptr, - char ** restrict endptr, int base); + char ** restrict endptr, int base); +
The strtoimax and strtoumax functions are equivalent to the strtol, strtoll, @@ -9914,7 +10361,8 @@ unsigned long long int intmax_t wcstoimax(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base); uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, - wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base); + wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base); +
The wcstoimax and wcstoumax functions are equivalent to the wcstol, wcstoll, @@ -9947,7 +10395,8 @@ unsigned long long int or || or_eq |= xor ^ - xor_eq ^= + xor_eq ^= +
@@ -9964,7 +10413,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The type is
- struct lconv+ struct lconv + which contains members related to the formatting of numeric values. The structure shall contain at least the following members, in any order. The semantics of the members and their normal ranges are explained in 7.11.2.1. In the "C" locale, the members shall have @@ -9995,7 +10445,8 @@ unsigned long long int char int_p_sep_by_space; // CHAR_MAX char int_n_sep_by_space; // CHAR_MAX char int_p_sign_posn; // CHAR_MAX - char int_n_sign_posn; // CHAR_MAX + char int_n_sign_posn; // CHAR_MAX + The macros defined are NULL (described in 7.17); and
LC_ALL
@@ -10003,7 +10454,8 @@ unsigned long long int
LC_CTYPE
LC_MONETARY
LC_NUMERIC
- LC_TIME
+ LC_TIME
+
which expand to integer constant expressions with distinct values, suitable for use as the
first argument to the setlocale function.194) Additional macro definitions, beginning
with the characters LC_ and an uppercase letter,195) may also be specified by the
@@ -10022,7 +10474,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <locale.h>
- char *setlocale(int category, const char *locale);
+ char *setlocale(int category, const char *locale);
+
The setlocale function selects the appropriate portion of the program's locale as @@ -10046,7 +10499,8 @@ unsigned long long int
At program startup, the equivalent of
- setlocale(LC_ALL, "C");+ setlocale(LC_ALL, "C"); + is executed.
The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the setlocale function. @@ -10085,7 +10539,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <locale.h>
- struct lconv *localeconv(void);
+ struct lconv *localeconv(void);
+
The localeconv function sets the components of an object with type struct lconv @@ -10308,7 +10763,8 @@ unsigned long long int 1 +$1.25 +$ 1.25 + $1.25 2 $1.25+ $ 1.25+ $1.25 + 3 +$1.25 +$ 1.25 + $1.25 - 4 $+1.25 $+ 1.25 $ +1.25 + 4 $+1.25 $+ 1.25 $ +1.25 +
float_t
- double_t
+ double_t
+
are floating types at least as wide as float and double, respectively, and such that
double_t is at least as wide as float_t. If FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 0,
float_t and double_t are float and double, respectively; if
@@ -10333,17 +10790,20 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- HUGE_VAL+ HUGE_VAL + expands to a positive double constant expression, not necessarily representable as a float. The macros
HUGE_VALF
- HUGE_VALL
+ HUGE_VALL
+
are respectively float and long double analogs of HUGE_VAL.200)
The macro
- INFINITY+ INFINITY + expands to a constant expression of type float representing positive or unsigned infinity, if available; else to a positive constant of type float that overflows at @@ -10354,7 +10814,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- NAN+ NAN + is defined if and only if the implementation supports quiet NaNs for the float type. It expands to a constant expression of type float representing a quiet NaN.
@@ -10364,7 +10825,8 @@ unsigned long long int FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL - FP_ZERO + FP_ZERO + represent the mutually exclusive kinds of floating-point values. They expand to integer constant expressions with distinct values. Additional implementation-defined floating- point classifications, with macro definitions beginning with FP_ and an uppercase letter, @@ -10372,20 +10834,23 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- FP_FAST_FMA+ FP_FAST_FMA + is optionally defined. If defined, it indicates that the fma function generally executes about as fast as, or faster than, a multiply and an add of double operands.202) The macros
FP_FAST_FMAF
- FP_FAST_FMAL
+ FP_FAST_FMAL
+
are, respectively, float and long double analogs of FP_FAST_FMA. If defined,
these macros expand to the integer constant 1.
The macros
FP_ILOGB0
- FP_ILOGBNAN
+ FP_ILOGBNAN
+
expand to integer constant expressions whose values are returned by ilogb(x) if x is
zero or NaN, respectively. The value of FP_ILOGB0 shall be either INT_MIN or
-INT_MAX. The value of FP_ILOGBNAN shall be either INT_MAX or INT_MIN.
@@ -10396,10 +10861,12 @@ unsigned long long int
The macros
MATH_ERRNO
- MATH_ERREXCEPT
+ MATH_ERREXCEPT
+
expand to the integer constants 1 and 2, respectively; the macro
- math_errhandling+ math_errhandling + expands to an expression that has type int and the value MATH_ERRNO, MATH_ERREXCEPT, or the bitwise OR of both. The value of math_errhandling is constant for the duration of the program. It is unspecified whether @@ -10485,7 +10952,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- #pragma STDC FP_CONTRACT on-off-switch
+ #pragma STDC FP_CONTRACT on-off-switch
+
The FP_CONTRACT pragma can be used to allow (if the state is ''on'') or disallow (if the @@ -10516,7 +10984,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int fpclassify(real-floating x);
+ int fpclassify(real-floating x);
+
The fpclassify macro classifies its argument value as NaN, infinite, normal, @@ -10533,7 +11002,8 @@ unsigned long long int #define fpclassify(x) \ ((sizeof (x) == sizeof (float)) ? __fpclassifyf(x) : \ (sizeof (x) == sizeof (double)) ? __fpclassifyd(x) : \ - __fpclassifyl(x)) + __fpclassifyl(x)) +
#include <math.h>
- int isfinite(real-floating x);
+ int isfinite(real-floating x);
+
The isfinite macro determines whether its argument has a finite value (zero, @@ -10569,7 +11040,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isinf(real-floating x);
+ int isinf(real-floating x);
+
The isinf macro determines whether its argument value is an infinity (positive or @@ -10585,7 +11057,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isnan(real-floating x);
+ int isnan(real-floating x);
+
The isnan macro determines whether its argument value is a NaN. First, an argument @@ -10605,7 +11078,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isnormal(real-floating x);
+ int isnormal(real-floating x);
+
@@ -10627,7 +11101,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int signbit(real-floating x);
+ int signbit(real-floating x);
+
The signbit macro determines whether the sign of its argument value is negative.207) @@ -10650,7 +11125,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double acos(double x); float acosf(float x); - long double acosl(long double x); + long double acosl(long double x); +
The acos functions compute the principal value of the arc cosine of x. A domain error @@ -10671,7 +11147,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double asin(double x); float asinf(float x); - long double asinl(long double x); + long double asinl(long double x); +
The asin functions compute the principal value of the arc sine of x. A domain error @@ -10687,7 +11164,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double atan(double x); float atanf(float x); - long double atanl(long double x); + long double atanl(long double x); +
The atan functions compute the principal value of the arc tangent of x. @@ -10702,7 +11180,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double atan2(double y, double x); float atan2f(float y, float x); - long double atan2l(long double y, long double x); + long double atan2l(long double y, long double x); +
The atan2 functions compute the value of the arc tangent of y/x, using the signs of both @@ -10720,7 +11199,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double cos(double x); float cosf(float x); - long double cosl(long double x); + long double cosl(long double x); +
The cos functions compute the cosine of x (measured in radians). @@ -10735,7 +11215,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double sin(double x); float sinf(float x); - long double sinl(long double x); + long double sinl(long double x); +
The sin functions compute the sine of x (measured in radians). @@ -10750,7 +11231,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double tan(double x); float tanf(float x); - long double tanl(long double x); + long double tanl(long double x); +
The tan functions return the tangent of x (measured in radians). @@ -10768,7 +11250,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double acosh(double x); float acoshf(float x); - long double acoshl(long double x); + long double acoshl(long double x); +
The acosh functions compute the (nonnegative) arc hyperbolic cosine of x. A domain @@ -10784,7 +11267,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double asinh(double x); float asinhf(float x); - long double asinhl(long double x); + long double asinhl(long double x); +
The asinh functions compute the arc hyperbolic sine of x. @@ -10799,7 +11283,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double atanh(double x); float atanhf(float x); - long double atanhl(long double x); + long double atanhl(long double x); +
The atanh functions compute the arc hyperbolic tangent of x. A domain error occurs @@ -10817,7 +11302,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double cosh(double x); float coshf(float x); - long double coshl(long double x); + long double coshl(long double x); +
The cosh functions compute the hyperbolic cosine of x. A range error occurs if the @@ -10833,7 +11319,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double sinh(double x); float sinhf(float x); - long double sinhl(long double x); + long double sinhl(long double x); +
The sinh functions compute the hyperbolic sine of x. A range error occurs if the @@ -10849,7 +11336,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double tanh(double x); float tanhf(float x); - long double tanhl(long double x); + long double tanhl(long double x); +
The tanh functions compute the hyperbolic tangent of x. @@ -10867,7 +11355,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double exp(double x); float expf(float x); - long double expl(long double x); + long double expl(long double x); +
The exp functions compute the base-e exponential of x. A range error occurs if the @@ -10883,7 +11372,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double exp2(double x); float exp2f(float x); - long double exp2l(long double x); + long double exp2l(long double x); +
The exp2 functions compute the base-2 exponential of x. A range error occurs if the @@ -10900,7 +11390,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double expm1(double x); float expm1f(float x); - long double expm1l(long double x); + long double expm1l(long double x); +
The expm1 functions compute the base-e exponential of the argument, minus 1. A range @@ -10920,7 +11411,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double frexp(double value, int *exp); float frexpf(float value, int *exp); - long double frexpl(long double value, int *exp); + long double frexpl(long double value, int *exp); +
The frexp functions break a floating-point number into a normalized fraction and an @@ -10938,7 +11430,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> int ilogb(double x); int ilogbf(float x); - int ilogbl(long double x); + int ilogbl(long double x); +
The ilogb functions extract the exponent of x as a signed int value. If x is zero they @@ -10964,7 +11457,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double ldexp(double x, int exp); float ldexpf(float x, int exp); - long double ldexpl(long double x, int exp); + long double ldexpl(long double x, int exp); +
The ldexp functions multiply a floating-point number by an integral power of 2. A @@ -10980,7 +11474,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double log(double x); float logf(float x); - long double logl(long double x); + long double logl(long double x); +
The log functions compute the base-e (natural) logarithm of x. A domain error occurs if @@ -10997,7 +11492,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double log10(double x); float log10f(float x); - long double log10l(long double x); + long double log10l(long double x); +
The log10 functions compute the base-10 (common) logarithm of x. A domain error @@ -11013,7 +11509,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double log1p(double x); float log1pf(float x); - long double log1pl(long double x); + long double log1pl(long double x); +
The log1p functions compute the base-e (natural) logarithm of 1 plus the argument.209) @@ -11034,7 +11531,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double log2(double x); float log2f(float x); - long double log2l(long double x); + long double log2l(long double x); +
The log2 functions compute the base-2 logarithm of x. A domain error occurs if the @@ -11055,14 +11553,16 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double logb(double x); float logbf(float x); - long double logbl(long double x); + long double logbl(long double x); +
The logb functions extract the exponent of x, as a signed integer value in floating-point format. If x is subnormal it is treated as though it were normalized; thus, for positive finite x,
- 1 <= x FLT_RADIX-logb(x) < FLT_RADIX+ 1 <= x FLT_RADIX-logb(x) < FLT_RADIX + A domain error or range error may occur if the argument is zero.
@@ -11075,7 +11575,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double modf(double value, double *iptr); float modff(float value, float *iptr); - long double modfl(long double value, long double *iptr); + long double modfl(long double value, long double *iptr); +
The modf functions break the argument value into integral and fractional parts, each of @@ -11096,7 +11597,8 @@ unsigned long long int long double scalbnl(long double x, int n); double scalbln(double x, long int n); float scalblnf(float x, long int n); - long double scalblnl(long double x, long int n); + long double scalblnl(long double x, long int n); +
The scalbn and scalbln functions compute x FLT_RADIXn efficiently, not @@ -11114,7 +11616,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double cbrt(double x); float cbrtf(float x); - long double cbrtl(long double x); + long double cbrtl(long double x); +
The cbrt functions compute the real cube root of x. @@ -11129,7 +11632,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double fabs(double x); float fabsf(float x); - long double fabsl(long double x); + long double fabsl(long double x); +
The fabs functions compute the absolute value of a floating-point number x. @@ -11145,7 +11649,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double hypot(double x, double y); float hypotf(float x, float y); - long double hypotl(long double x, long double y); + long double hypotl(long double x, long double y); +
The hypot functions compute the square root of the sum of the squares of x and y, @@ -11162,7 +11667,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double pow(double x, double y); float powf(float x, float y); - long double powl(long double x, long double y); + long double powl(long double x, long double y); +
The pow functions compute x raised to the power y. A domain error occurs if x is finite @@ -11181,7 +11687,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double sqrt(double x); float sqrtf(float x); - long double sqrtl(long double x); + long double sqrtl(long double x); +
The sqrt functions compute the nonnegative square root of x. A domain error occurs if @@ -11199,7 +11706,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double erf(double x); float erff(float x); - long double erfl(long double x); + long double erfl(long double x); +
The erf functions compute the error function of x. @@ -11209,7 +11717,8 @@ unsigned long long int
2 x
erf x = --- (integral) e-t2 dt .
- (sqrt)(pi) 0
+ (sqrt)(pi) 0
+
The erfc functions compute the complementary error function of x. A range error @@ -11229,7 +11739,8 @@ unsigned long long int
2 (inf)
erfc x = 1 - erf x = --- (integral) e-t2 dt .
- (sqrt)(pi) x
+ (sqrt)(pi) x
+
The lgamma functions compute the natural logarithm of the absolute value of gamma of @@ -11256,7 +11768,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double tgamma(double x); float tgammaf(float x); - long double tgammal(long double x); + long double tgammal(long double x); +
The tgamma functions compute the gamma function of x. A domain error or range error @@ -11275,7 +11788,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double ceil(double x); float ceilf(float x); - long double ceill(long double x); + long double ceill(long double x); +
The ceil functions compute the smallest integer value not less than x. @@ -11291,7 +11805,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double floor(double x); float floorf(float x); - long double floorl(long double x); + long double floorl(long double x); +
The floor functions compute the largest integer value not greater than x. @@ -11306,7 +11821,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double nearbyint(double x); float nearbyintf(float x); - long double nearbyintl(long double x); + long double nearbyintl(long double x); +
The nearbyint functions round their argument to an integer value in floating-point @@ -11323,7 +11839,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double rint(double x); float rintf(float x); - long double rintl(long double x); + long double rintl(long double x); +
The rint functions differ from the nearbyint functions (7.12.9.3) only in that the @@ -11344,7 +11861,8 @@ unsigned long long int long int lrintl(long double x); long long int llrint(double x); long long int llrintf(float x); - long long int llrintl(long double x); + long long int llrintl(long double x); +
The lrint and llrint functions round their argument to the nearest integer value, @@ -11362,7 +11880,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double round(double x); float roundf(float x); - long double roundl(long double x); + long double roundl(long double x); +
The round functions round their argument to the nearest integer value in floating-point @@ -11383,7 +11902,8 @@ unsigned long long int long int lroundl(long double x); long long int llround(double x); long long int llroundf(float x); - long long int llroundl(long double x); + long long int llroundl(long double x); +
The lround and llround functions round their argument to the nearest integer value, @@ -11401,7 +11921,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double trunc(double x); float truncf(float x); - long double truncl(long double x); + long double truncl(long double x); +
The trunc functions round their argument to the integer value, in floating format, @@ -11420,7 +11941,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double fmod(double x, double y); float fmodf(float x, float y); - long double fmodl(long double x, long double y); + long double fmodl(long double x, long double y); +
The fmod functions compute the floating-point remainder of x/y. @@ -11438,7 +11960,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double remainder(double x, double y); float remainderf(float x, float y); - long double remainderl(long double x, long double y); + long double remainderl(long double x, long double y); +
The remainder functions compute the remainder x REM y required by IEC 60559.210) @@ -11467,7 +11990,8 @@ unsigned long long int double remquo(double x, double y, int *quo); float remquof(float x, float y, int *quo); long double remquol(long double x, long double y, - int *quo); + int *quo); +
The remquo functions compute the same remainder as the remainder functions. In @@ -11489,7 +12013,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double copysign(double x, double y); float copysignf(float x, float y); - long double copysignl(long double x, long double y); + long double copysignl(long double x, long double y); +
The copysign functions produce a value with the magnitude of x and the sign of y. @@ -11508,7 +12033,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double nan(const char *tagp); float nanf(const char *tagp); - long double nanl(const char *tagp); + long double nanl(const char *tagp); +
The call nan("n-char-sequence") is equivalent to strtod("NAN(n-char- @@ -11530,7 +12056,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double nextafter(double x, double y); float nextafterf(float x, float y); - long double nextafterl(long double x, long double y); + long double nextafterl(long double x, long double y); +
The nextafter functions determine the next representable value, in the type of the @@ -11558,7 +12085,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double nexttoward(double x, long double y); float nexttowardf(float x, long double y); - long double nexttowardl(long double x, long double y); + long double nexttowardl(long double x, long double y); +
The nexttoward functions are equivalent to the nextafter functions except that the @@ -11579,14 +12107,16 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double fdim(double x, double y); float fdimf(float x, float y); - long double fdiml(long double x, long double y); + long double fdiml(long double x, long double y); +
The fdim functions determine the positive difference between their arguments:
{x - y if x > y
{
- {+0 if x <= y
+ {+0 if x <= y
+
A range error may occur.
@@ -11599,7 +12129,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double fmax(double x, double y); float fmaxf(float x, float y); - long double fmaxl(long double x, long double y); + long double fmaxl(long double x, long double y); + @@ -11623,7 +12154,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <math.h> double fmin(double x, double y); float fminf(float x, float y); - long double fminl(long double x, long double y); + long double fminl(long double x, long double y); +
The fmin functions determine the minimum numeric value of their arguments.214) @@ -11645,7 +12177,8 @@ unsigned long long int double fma(double x, double y, double z); float fmaf(float x, float y, float z); long double fmal(long double x, long double y, - long double z); + long double z); +
The fma functions compute (x y) + z, rounded as one ternary operation: they compute @@ -11684,7 +12217,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int isgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The isgreater macro determines whether its first argument is greater than its second @@ -11700,7 +12234,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isgreaterequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int isgreaterequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The isgreaterequal macro determines whether its first argument is greater than or @@ -11720,7 +12255,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isless(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int isless(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The isless macro determines whether its first argument is less than its second @@ -11736,7 +12272,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int islessequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int islessequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The islessequal macro determines whether its first argument is less than or equal to @@ -11752,7 +12289,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int islessgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int islessgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The islessgreater macro determines whether its first argument is less than or @@ -11770,7 +12308,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <math.h>
- int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+ int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
+
The isunordered macro determines whether its arguments are unordered. @@ -11786,7 +12325,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The type declared is
- jmp_buf+ jmp_buf + which is an array type suitable for holding the information needed to restore a calling environment. The environment of a call to the setjmp macro consists of information sufficient for a call to the longjmp function to return execution to the correct block and @@ -11810,7 +12350,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <setjmp.h>
- int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
+ int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
+
The setjmp macro saves its calling environment in its jmp_buf argument for later use @@ -11820,7 +12361,7 @@ unsigned long long int If the return is from a direct invocation, the setjmp macro returns the value zero. If the return is from a call to the longjmp function, the setjmp macro returns a nonzero value. -
An invocation of the setjmp macro shall appear only in one of the following contexts:
#include <setjmp.h>
- void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+ void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+
The longjmp function restores the environment saved by the most recent invocation of @@ -11897,7 +12439,8 @@ unsigned long long int { int b[n]; // b may remain allocated longjmp(buf, 2); // might cause memory loss - } + } +
217) For example, by executing a return statement or because another longjmp call has caused a @@ -11913,7 +12456,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The type defined is
- sig_atomic_t+ sig_atomic_t + which is the (possibly volatile-qualified) integer type of an object that can be accessed as an atomic entity, even in the presence of asynchronous interrupts.
@@ -11921,7 +12465,8 @@ unsigned long long int
SIG_DFL
SIG_ERR
- SIG_IGN
+ SIG_IGN
+
which expand to constant expressions with distinct values that have type compatible with
the second argument to, and the return value of, the signal function, and whose values
compare unequal to the address of any declarable function; and the following, which
@@ -11935,7 +12480,8 @@ unsigned long long int
SIGILL detection of an invalid function image, such as an invalid instruction
SIGINT receipt of an interactive attention signal
SIGSEGV an invalid access to storage
- SIGTERM a termination request sent to the program
+ SIGTERM a termination request sent to the program
+
An implementation need not generate any of these signals, except as a result of explicit
calls to the raise function. Additional signals and pointers to undeclarable functions,
with macro definitions beginning, respectively, with the letters SIG and an uppercase
@@ -11961,7 +12507,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <signal.h>
- void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
+ void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
+
The signal function chooses one of three ways in which receipt of the signal number @@ -11996,14 +12543,16 @@ unsigned long long int
At program startup, the equivalent of
- signal(sig, SIG_IGN);+ signal(sig, SIG_IGN); + may be executed for some signals selected in an implementation-defined manner; the equivalent of
- signal(sig, SIG_DFL);+ signal(sig, SIG_DFL); + is executed for all other signals defined by the implementation.
The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the signal function. @@ -12026,7 +12575,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <signal.h>
- int raise(int sig);
+ int raise(int sig);
+
The raise function carries out the actions described in 7.14.1.1 for the signal sig. If a @@ -12050,7 +12600,8 @@ unsigned long long int
The type declared is
- va_list+ va_list + which is an object type suitable for holding information needed by the macros va_start, va_arg, va_end, and va_copy. If access to the varying arguments is desired, the called function shall declare an object (generally referred to as ap in this @@ -12079,7 +12630,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdarg.h>
- type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
+ type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
+
The va_arg macro expands to an expression that has the specified type and the value of @@ -12110,7 +12662,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdarg.h>
- void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);
+ void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);
+
The va_copy macro initializes dest as a copy of src, as if the va_start macro had @@ -12127,7 +12680,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdarg.h>
- void va_end(va_list ap);
+ void va_end(va_list ap);
+
The va_end macro facilitates a normal return from the function whose variable @@ -12147,7 +12701,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdarg.h>
- void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+ void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+
The va_start macro shall be invoked before any access to the unnamed arguments. @@ -12184,10 +12739,12 @@ unsigned long long int array[ptr_no++] = va_arg(ap, char *); va_end(ap); f2(n_ptrs, array); - } + } + Each call to f1 is required to have visible the definition of the function or a declaration such as
- void f1(int, ...);+ void f1(int, ...); +
EXAMPLE 2 The function f3 is similar, but saves the status of the variable argument list after the @@ -12219,7 +12776,8 @@ unsigned long long int array[ptr_no++] = va_arg(ap_save, char *); va_end(ap_save); f4(n_ptrs, array); - } + } +
@@ -12227,19 +12785,23 @@ unsigned long long int
The macro
- bool+ bool + expands to _Bool.
The remaining three macros are suitable for use in #if preprocessing directives. They are
- true+ true + which expands to the integer constant 1,
- false+ false + which expands to the integer constant 0, and
- __bool_true_false_are_defined+ __bool_true_false_are_defined + which expands to the integer constant 1.
Notwithstanding the provisions of 7.1.3, a program may undefine and perhaps then @@ -12261,13 +12823,16 @@ unsigned long long int
The types are
- ptrdiff_t+ ptrdiff_t + which is the signed integer type of the result of subtracting two pointers;
- size_t+ size_t + which is the unsigned integer type of the result of the sizeof operator; and
- wchar_t+ wchar_t + which is an integer type whose range of values can represent distinct codes for all members of the largest extended character set specified among the supported locales; the null character shall have the code value zero. Each member of the basic character set @@ -12277,19 +12842,22 @@ unsigned long long int
The macros are
- NULL+ NULL + which expands to an implementation-defined null pointer constant; and
- offsetof(type, member-designator)+ offsetof(type, member-designator) + which expands to an integer constant expression that has type size_t, the value of which is the offset in bytes, to the structure member (designated by member-designator), from the beginning of its structure (designated by type). The type and member designator shall be such that given
- static type t;+ static type t; + then the expression &(t.member-designator) evaluates to an address constant. (If the specified member is a bit-field, the behavior is undefined.) -
The types used for size_t and ptrdiff_t should not have an integer conversion rank greater than that of signed long int unless the implementation supports objects @@ -12372,7 +12940,8 @@ unsigned long long int int_least8_t uint_least8_t int_least16_t uint_least16_t int_least32_t uint_least32_t - int_least64_t uint_least64_t + int_least64_t uint_least64_t + All other types of this form are optional.
- intptr_t+ intptr_t + The following type designates an unsigned integer type with the property that any valid pointer to void can be converted to this type, then converted back to pointer to void, and the result will compare equal to the original pointer:
- uintptr_t+ uintptr_t + These types are optional.
- intmax_t+ intmax_t + The following type designates an unsigned integer type capable of representing any value of any unsigned integer type:
- uintmax_t+ uintmax_t + These types are required.
- INTN_MIN exactly -(2N-1)+ INTN_MIN exactly -(2N-1) +
- INTN_MAX exactly 2N-1 - 1+ INTN_MAX exactly 2N-1 - 1 +
- UINTN_MAX exactly 2N - 1+ UINTN_MAX exactly 2N - 1 +
- INT_LEASTN_MIN -(2N-1 - 1)+ INT_LEASTN_MIN -(2N-1 - 1) +
- INT_LEASTN_MAX 2N-1 - 1+ INT_LEASTN_MAX 2N-1 - 1 +
- UINT_LEASTN_MAX 2N - 1+ UINT_LEASTN_MAX 2N - 1 +
- INT_FASTN_MIN -(2N-1 - 1)+ INT_FASTN_MIN -(2N-1 - 1) +
- INT_FASTN_MAX 2N-1 - 1+ INT_FASTN_MAX 2N-1 - 1 +
- UINT_FASTN_MAX 2N - 1+ UINT_FASTN_MAX 2N - 1 +
- INTPTR_MIN -(215 - 1)+ INTPTR_MIN -(215 - 1) +
- INTPTR_MAX 215 - 1+ INTPTR_MAX 215 - 1 +
- UINTPTR_MAX 216 - 1+ UINTPTR_MAX 216 - 1 +
- INTMAX_MIN -(263 - 1)+ INTMAX_MIN -(263 - 1) +
- INTMAX_MAX 263 - 1+ INTMAX_MAX 263 - 1 +
- UINTMAX_MAX 264 - 1+ UINTMAX_MAX 264 - 1 +
- INTMAX_C(value)+ INTMAX_C(value) + The following macro expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified by its argument and the type uintmax_t:
- UINTMAX_C(value)+ UINTMAX_C(value) +
The types declared are size_t (described in 7.17);
- FILE+ FILE + which is an object type capable of recording all the information needed to control a stream, including its file position indicator, a pointer to its associated buffer (if any), an error indicator that records whether a read/write error has occurred, and an end-of-file indicator that records whether the end of the file has been reached; and
- fpos_t+ fpos_t + which is an object type other than an array type capable of recording all the information needed to specify uniquely every position within a file.
@@ -12655,47 +13248,56 @@ unsigned long long int
_IOFBF
_IOLBF
- _IONBF
+ _IONBF
+
which expand to integer constant expressions with distinct values, suitable for use as the
third argument to the setvbuf function;
- BUFSIZ+ BUFSIZ + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the size of the buffer used by the setbuf function;
- EOF+ EOF + which expands to an integer constant expression, with type int and a negative value, that is returned by several functions to indicate end-of-file, that is, no more input from a stream;
- FOPEN_MAX+ FOPEN_MAX + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the minimum number of files that the implementation guarantees can be open simultaneously;
- FILENAME_MAX+ FILENAME_MAX + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the size needed for an array of char large enough to hold the longest file name string that the implementation guarantees can be opened;231)
- L_tmpnam+ L_tmpnam + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the size needed for an array of char large enough to hold a temporary file name string generated by the tmpnam function;
SEEK_CUR
SEEK_END
- SEEK_SET
+ SEEK_SET
+
which expand to integer constant expressions with distinct values, suitable for use as the
third argument to the fseek function;
- TMP_MAX+ TMP_MAX + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the maximum number of unique file names that can be generated by the tmpnam function;
stderr
stdin
- stdout
+ stdout
+
which are expressions of type ''pointer to FILE'' that point to the FILE objects
associated, respectively, with the standard error, input, and output streams.
@@ -12790,7 +13392,7 @@ unsigned long long int value of this mbstate_t object as part of the value of the fpos_t object. A later successful call to fsetpos using the same stored fpos_t value restores the value of the associated mbstate_t object as well as the position within the controlled stream. -
An implementation shall support text files with lines containing at least 254 characters, including the terminating new-line character. The value of the macro BUFSIZ shall be at @@ -12906,7 +13508,7 @@ unsigned long long int multibyte character. The wide character input/output functions and the byte input/output functions store the value of the macro EILSEQ in errno if and only if an encoding error occurs. -
The value of FOPEN_MAX shall be at least eight, including the three standard text streams. @@ -12929,7 +13531,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- int remove(const char *filename);
+ int remove(const char *filename);
+
The remove function causes the file whose name is the string pointed to by filename @@ -12945,7 +13548,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- int rename(const char *old, const char *new);
+ int rename(const char *old, const char *new);
+
The rename function causes the file whose name is the string pointed to by old to be @@ -12968,14 +13572,15 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- FILE *tmpfile(void);
+ FILE *tmpfile(void);
+
The tmpfile function creates a temporary binary file that is different from any other existing file and that will automatically be removed when it is closed or at program termination. If the program terminates abnormally, whether an open temporary file is removed is implementation-defined. The file is opened for update with "wb+" mode. -
It should be possible to open at least TMP_MAX temporary files during the lifetime of the program (this limit may be shared with tmpnam) and there should be no limit on the @@ -12992,7 +13597,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- char *tmpnam(char *s);
+ char *tmpnam(char *s);
+
The tmpnam function generates a string that is a valid file name and that is not the same @@ -13014,7 +13620,7 @@ unsigned long long int function may modify the same object). If the argument is not a null pointer, it is assumed to point to an array of at least L_tmpnam chars; the tmpnam function writes its result in that array and returns the argument as its value. -
The value of the macro TMP_MAX shall be at least 25. @@ -13032,7 +13638,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- int fclose(FILE *stream);
+ int fclose(FILE *stream);
+
A successful call to the fclose function causes the stream pointed to by stream to be @@ -13052,7 +13659,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
- int fflush(FILE *stream);
+ int fflush(FILE *stream);
+
If stream points to an output stream or an update stream in which the most recent @@ -13074,7 +13682,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *fopen(const char * restrict filename,
- const char * restrict mode);
+ const char * restrict mode);
+
The fopen function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by filename, @@ -13139,7 +13748,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <stdio.h> FILE *freopen(const char * restrict filename, const char * restrict mode, - FILE * restrict stream); + FILE * restrict stream); +
The freopen function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to by filename @@ -13172,7 +13782,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
void setbuf(FILE * restrict stream,
- char * restrict buf);
+ char * restrict buf);
+
Except that it returns no value, the setbuf function is equivalent to the setvbuf @@ -13190,7 +13801,8 @@ unsigned long long int #include <stdio.h> int setvbuf(FILE * restrict stream, char * restrict buf, - int mode, size_t size); + int mode, size_t size); + @@ -13233,7 +13845,8 @@ unsigned long long int
#include <stdio.h>
int fprintf(FILE * restrict stream,
- const char * restrict format, ...);
+ const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The fprintf function writes output to the stream pointed to by stream, under control @@ -13481,7 +14094,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value is correctly rounded to a hexadecimal floating number with the given precision. -
For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2 and the result is not exactly representable in the given precision, the result should be one of the two adjacent numbers @@ -13500,7 +14113,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The fprintf function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if an output or encoding error occurred. -
The number of characters that can be produced by any single conversion shall be at least 4095. @@ -13515,7 +14128,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi int day, hour, min; fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", weekday, month, day, hour, min); - fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); + fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); +
EXAMPLE 2 In this example, multibyte characters do not have a state-dependent encoding, and the @@ -13529,7 +14143,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
Given the following wide string with length seven,
- static wchar_t wstr[] = L" X Yabc Z W";+ static wchar_t wstr[] = L" X Yabc Z W"; + the seven calls
fprintf(stdout, "|1234567890123|\n");
@@ -13538,7 +14153,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
fprintf(stdout, "|%13.10ls|\n", wstr);
fprintf(stdout, "|%13.11ls|\n", wstr);
fprintf(stdout, "|%13.15ls|\n", &wstr[2]);
- fprintf(stdout, "|%13lc|\n", (wint_t) wstr[5]);
+ fprintf(stdout, "|%13lc|\n", (wint_t) wstr[5]);
+
will print the following seven lines:
|1234567890123|
@@ -13547,7 +14163,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
| X Yabc Z|
| X Yabc Z W|
| abc Z W|
- | Z|
+ | Z|
+
Forward references: conversion state (7.24.6), the wcrtomb function (7.24.6.3.3). @@ -13585,7 +14202,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int fscanf(FILE * restrict stream,
- const char * restrict format, ...);
+ const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The fscanf function reads input from the stream pointed to by stream, under control @@ -13796,10 +14414,12 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> /* ... */ int n, i; float x; char name[50]; - n = fscanf(stdin, "%d%f%s", &i, &x, name); + n = fscanf(stdin, "%d%f%s", &i, &x, name); + with the input line:
- 25 54.32E-1 thompson+ 25 54.32E-1 thompson + will assign to n the value 3, to i the value 25, to x the value 5.432, and to name the sequence thompson\0. @@ -13809,14 +14429,16 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> /* ... */ int i; float x; char name[50]; - fscanf(stdin, "%2d%f%*d %[0123456789]", &i, &x, name); + fscanf(stdin, "%2d%f%*d %[0123456789]", &i, &x, name); + with input:
- 56789 0123 56a72+ 56789 0123 56a72 + will assign to i the value 56 and to x the value 789.0, will skip 0123, and will assign to name the sequence 56\0. The next character read from the input stream will be a. @@ -13830,7 +14452,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi do { count = fscanf(stdin, "%f%20s of %20s", &quant, units, item); fscanf(stdin,"%*[^\n]"); - } while (!feof(stdin) && !ferror(stdin)); + } while (!feof(stdin) && !ferror(stdin)); + If the stdin stream contains the following lines:
2 quarts of oil
@@ -13838,7 +14461,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
lots of luck
10.0LBS of
dirt
- 100ergs of energy
+ 100ergs of energy
+
the execution of the above example will be analogous to the following assignments:
quant = 2; strcpy(units, "quarts"); strcpy(item, "oil");
@@ -13849,7 +14473,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
quant = 10.0; strcpy(units, "LBS"); strcpy(item, "dirt");
count = 3;
count = 0; // "100e" fails to match "%f"
- count = EOF;
+ count = EOF;
+
EXAMPLE 4 In: @@ -13857,7 +14482,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> /* ... */ int d1, d2, n1, n2, i; - i = sscanf("123", "%d%n%n%d", &d1, &n1, &n2, &d2); + i = sscanf("123", "%d%n%n%d", &d1, &n1, &n2, &d2); + the value 123 is assigned to d1 and the value 3 to n1. Because %n can never get an input failure the value of 3 is also assigned to n2. The value of d2 is not affected. The value 1 is assigned to i. @@ -13874,10 +14500,12 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> /* ... */ char str[50]; - fscanf(stdin, "a%s", str); + fscanf(stdin, "a%s", str); + with the input line:
- a(uparrow) X Y(downarrow) bc+ a(uparrow) X Y(downarrow) bc + str will contain (uparrow) X Y(downarrow)\0 assuming that none of the bytes of the shift sequences (or of the multibyte characters, in the more general case) appears to be a single-byte white-space character.
@@ -13887,7 +14515,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stddef.h> /* ... */ wchar_t wstr[50]; - fscanf(stdin, "a%ls", wstr); + fscanf(stdin, "a%ls", wstr); + with the same input line, wstr will contain the two wide characters that correspond to X and Y and a terminating null wide character.
@@ -13897,7 +14526,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stddef.h> /* ... */ wchar_t wstr[50]; - fscanf(stdin, "a(uparrow) X(downarrow)%ls", wstr); + fscanf(stdin, "a(uparrow) X(downarrow)%ls", wstr); + with the same input line will return zero due to a matching failure against the (downarrow) sequence in the format string.
@@ -13908,7 +14538,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stddef.h> /* ... */ wchar_t wstr[50]; - fscanf(stdin, "a(uparrow) Y(downarrow)%ls", wstr); + fscanf(stdin, "a(uparrow) Y(downarrow)%ls", wstr); + with the same input line, zero will again be returned, but stdin will be left with a partially consumed multibyte character. @@ -13935,7 +14566,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int printf(const char * restrict format, ...);
+ int printf(const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The printf function is equivalent to fprintf with the argument stdout interposed @@ -13950,7 +14582,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int scanf(const char * restrict format, ...);
+ int scanf(const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The scanf function is equivalent to fscanf with the argument stdin interposed @@ -13968,7 +14601,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int snprintf(char * restrict s, size_t n,
- const char * restrict format, ...);
+ const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The snprintf function is equivalent to fprintf, except that the output is written into @@ -13991,7 +14625,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int sprintf(char * restrict s,
- const char * restrict format, ...);
+ const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The sprintf function is equivalent to fprintf, except that the output is written into @@ -14009,7 +14644,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int sscanf(const char * restrict s,
- const char * restrict format, ...);
+ const char * restrict format, ...);
+
The sscanf function is equivalent to fscanf, except that input is obtained from a @@ -14032,7 +14668,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> int vfprintf(FILE * restrict stream, const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vfprintf function is equivalent to fprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -14057,7 +14694,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi // print out remainder of message vfprintf(stderr, format, args); va_end(args); - } + } + @@ -14077,7 +14715,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> int vfscanf(FILE * restrict stream, const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vfscanf function is equivalent to fscanf, with the variable argument list @@ -14098,7 +14737,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdarg.h> #include <stdio.h> int vprintf(const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vprintf function is equivalent to printf, with the variable argument list @@ -14118,7 +14758,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdarg.h> #include <stdio.h> int vscanf(const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vscanf function is equivalent to scanf, with the variable argument list replaced @@ -14140,7 +14781,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> int vsnprintf(char * restrict s, size_t n, const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vsnprintf function is equivalent to snprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -14164,7 +14806,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> int vsprintf(char * restrict s, const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vsprintf function is equivalent to sprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -14185,7 +14828,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> int vsscanf(const char * restrict s, const char * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vsscanf function is equivalent to sscanf, with the variable argument list @@ -14207,7 +14851,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int fgetc(FILE *stream);
+ int fgetc(FILE *stream);
+
If the end-of-file indicator for the input stream pointed to by stream is not set and a @@ -14232,7 +14877,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
char *fgets(char * restrict s, int n,
- FILE * restrict stream);
+ FILE * restrict stream);
+
The fgets function reads at most one less than the number of characters specified by n @@ -14256,7 +14902,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int fputc(int c, FILE *stream);
+ int fputc(int c, FILE *stream);
+
The fputc function writes the character specified by c (converted to an unsigned @@ -14275,7 +14922,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int fputs(const char * restrict s,
- FILE * restrict stream);
+ FILE * restrict stream);
+
The fputs function writes the string pointed to by s to the stream pointed to by @@ -14290,7 +14938,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int getc(FILE *stream);
+ int getc(FILE *stream);
+
The getc function is equivalent to fgetc, except that if it is implemented as a macro, it @@ -14309,7 +14958,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int getchar(void);
+ int getchar(void);
+
The getchar function is equivalent to getc with the argument stdin. @@ -14325,7 +14975,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- char *gets(char *s);
+ char *gets(char *s);
+
The gets function reads characters from the input stream pointed to by stdin, into the @@ -14346,7 +14997,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int putc(int c, FILE *stream);
+ int putc(int c, FILE *stream);
+
The putc function is equivalent to fputc, except that if it is implemented as a macro, it @@ -14362,7 +15014,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int putchar(int c);
+ int putchar(int c);
+
The putchar function is equivalent to putc with the second argument stdout. @@ -14376,7 +15029,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int puts(const char *s);
+ int puts(const char *s);
+
The puts function writes the string pointed to by s to the stream pointed to by stdout, @@ -14393,7 +15047,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream);
+ int ungetc(int c, FILE *stream);
+
The ungetc function pushes the character specified by c (converted to an unsigned @@ -14442,7 +15097,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> size_t fread(void * restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, - FILE * restrict stream); + FILE * restrict stream); +
The fread function reads, into the array pointed to by ptr, up to nmemb elements @@ -14466,7 +15122,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> size_t fwrite(const void * restrict ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, - FILE * restrict stream); + FILE * restrict stream); +
The fwrite function writes, from the array pointed to by ptr, up to nmemb elements @@ -14491,7 +15148,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
int fgetpos(FILE * restrict stream,
- fpos_t * restrict pos);
+ fpos_t * restrict pos);
+
The fgetpos function stores the current values of the parse state (if any) and file @@ -14509,7 +15167,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int fseek(FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence);
+ int fseek(FILE *stream, long int offset, int whence);
+
The fseek function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream. @@ -14540,7 +15199,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
+ int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
+
The fsetpos function sets the mbstate_t object (if any) and file position indicator @@ -14563,7 +15223,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- long int ftell(FILE *stream);
+ long int ftell(FILE *stream);
+
The ftell function obtains the current value of the file position indicator for the stream @@ -14585,13 +15246,15 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- void rewind(FILE *stream);
+ void rewind(FILE *stream);
+
The rewind function sets the file position indicator for the stream pointed to by stream to the beginning of the file. It is equivalent to
- (void)fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET)+ (void)fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET) + except that the error indicator for the stream is also cleared.
@@ -14604,7 +15267,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- void clearerr(FILE *stream);
+ void clearerr(FILE *stream);
+
The clearerr function clears the end-of-file and error indicators for the stream pointed @@ -14619,7 +15283,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int feof(FILE *stream);
+ int feof(FILE *stream);
+
The feof function tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by stream. @@ -14633,7 +15298,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- int ferror(FILE *stream);
+ int ferror(FILE *stream);
+
The ferror function tests the error indicator for the stream pointed to by stream. @@ -14647,7 +15313,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
- void perror(const char *s);
+ void perror(const char *s);
+
The perror function maps the error number in the integer expression errno to an @@ -14669,30 +15336,37 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The types declared are size_t and wchar_t (both described in 7.17),
- div_t+ div_t + which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the div function,
- ldiv_t+ ldiv_t + which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the ldiv function, and
- lldiv_t+ lldiv_t + which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the lldiv function.
The macros defined are NULL (described in 7.17);
- EXIT_FAILURE+ EXIT_FAILURE + and
- EXIT_SUCCESS+ EXIT_SUCCESS + which expand to integer constant expressions that can be used as the argument to the exit function to return unsuccessful or successful termination status, respectively, to the host environment;
- RAND_MAX+ RAND_MAX + which expands to an integer constant expression that is the maximum value returned by the rand function; and
- MB_CUR_MAX+ MB_CUR_MAX + which expands to a positive integer expression with type size_t that is the maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character for the extended character set specified by the current locale (category LC_CTYPE), which is never greater than MB_LEN_MAX. @@ -14717,13 +15391,15 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- double atof(const char *nptr);
+ double atof(const char *nptr);
+
The atof function converts the initial portion of the string pointed to by nptr to double representation. Except for the behavior on error, it is equivalent to
- strtod(nptr, (char **)NULL)+ strtod(nptr, (char **)NULL) +
The atof function returns the converted value. @@ -14736,7 +15412,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> int atoi(const char *nptr); long int atol(const char *nptr); - long long int atoll(const char *nptr); + long long int atoll(const char *nptr); +
The atoi, atol, and atoll functions convert the initial portion of the string pointed @@ -14745,7 +15422,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
atoi: (int)strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
atol: strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
- atoll: strtoll(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
+ atoll: strtoll(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
+
The atoi, atol, and atoll functions return the converted value. @@ -14763,7 +15441,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi float strtof(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr); long double strtold(const char * restrict nptr, - char ** restrict endptr); + char ** restrict endptr); +
The strtod, strtof, and strtold functions convert the initial portion of the string @@ -14789,7 +15468,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi digit nondigit n-char-sequence digit - n-char-sequence nondigit + n-char-sequence nondigit + The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input string, starting with the first non-white-space character, that is of the expected form. The subject @@ -14821,7 +15501,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form, no conversion is performed; the value of nptr is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer. -
If the subject sequence has the hexadecimal form, FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, and the result is not exactly representable, the result should be one of the two numbers in the @@ -14883,7 +15563,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi unsigned long long int strtoull( const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, - int base); + int base); +
The strtol, strtoll, strtoul, and strtoull functions convert the initial @@ -14945,7 +15626,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- int rand(void);
+ int rand(void);
+
The rand function computes a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range 0 to @@ -14955,7 +15637,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The rand function returns a pseudo-random integer. -
The value of the RAND_MAX macro shall be at least 32767. @@ -14964,7 +15646,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void srand(unsigned int seed);
+ void srand(unsigned int seed);
+
The srand function uses the argument as a seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random @@ -14990,7 +15673,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi void srand(unsigned int seed) { next = seed; - } + } +
#include <stdlib.h>
- void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+ void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
+
The calloc function allocates space for an array of nmemb objects, each of whose size @@ -15031,7 +15716,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void free(void *ptr);
+ void free(void *ptr);
+
The free function causes the space pointed to by ptr to be deallocated, that is, made @@ -15051,7 +15737,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void *malloc(size_t size);
+ void *malloc(size_t size);
+
The malloc function allocates space for an object whose size is specified by size and @@ -15065,7 +15752,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
+ void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
+
The realloc function deallocates the old object pointed to by ptr and returns a @@ -15093,7 +15781,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void abort(void);
+ void abort(void);
+
The abort function causes abnormal program termination to occur, unless the signal @@ -15111,12 +15800,13 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- int atexit(void (*func)(void));
+ int atexit(void (*func)(void));
+
The atexit function registers the function pointed to by func, to be called without arguments at normal program termination. -
The implementation shall support the registration of at least 32 functions.
#include <stdlib.h>
- void exit(int status);
+ void exit(int status);
+
The exit function causes normal program termination to occur. If more than one call to @@ -15164,7 +15855,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- void _Exit(int status);
+ void _Exit(int status);
+
The _Exit function causes normal program termination to occur and control to be @@ -15187,7 +15879,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- char *getenv(const char *name);
+ char *getenv(const char *name);
+
The getenv function searches an environment list, provided by the host environment, @@ -15207,7 +15900,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- int system(const char *string);
+ int system(const char *string);
+
If string is a null pointer, the system function determines whether the host @@ -15256,7 +15950,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
((char *)p - (char *)base) % size == 0
(char *)p >= (char *)base
- (char *)p < (char *)base + nmemb * size
+ (char *)p < (char *)base + nmemb * size
+
The bsearch function searches an array of nmemb objects, the initial element of which @@ -15298,7 +15994,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
void qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
- int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+ int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));
+
The qsort function sorts an array of nmemb objects, the initial element of which is @@ -15329,7 +16026,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> int abs(int j); long int labs(long int j); - long long int llabs(long long int j); + long long int llabs(long long int j); +
The abs, labs, and llabs functions compute the absolute value of an integer j. If the @@ -15349,7 +16047,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> div_t div(int numer, int denom); ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom); - lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom); + lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom); +
The div, ldiv, and lldiv, functions compute numer / denom and numer % @@ -15388,7 +16087,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- int mblen(const char *s, size_t n);
+ int mblen(const char *s, size_t n);
+
If s is not a null pointer, the mblen function determines the number of bytes contained @@ -15396,7 +16096,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi mbtowc function is not affected, it is equivalent to
- mbtowc((wchar_t *)0, s, n);+ mbtowc((wchar_t *)0, s, n); + The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the mblen function.
@@ -15420,7 +16121,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> int mbtowc(wchar_t * restrict pwc, const char * restrict s, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
If s is not a null pointer, the mbtowc function inspects at most n bytes beginning with @@ -15449,7 +16151,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdlib.h>
- int wctomb(char *s, wchar_t wc);
+ int wctomb(char *s, wchar_t wc);
+
The wctomb function determines the number of bytes needed to represent the multibyte @@ -15484,7 +16187,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t * restrict pwcs, const char * restrict s, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The mbstowcs function converts a sequence of multibyte characters that begins in the @@ -15519,7 +16223,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdlib.h> size_t wcstombs(char * restrict s, const wchar_t * restrict pwcs, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The wcstombs function converts a sequence of wide characters from the array pointed @@ -15575,7 +16280,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <string.h> void *memcpy(void * restrict s1, const void * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The memcpy function copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the @@ -15595,7 +16301,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- void *memmove(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
+ void *memmove(void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
+
The memmove function copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the @@ -15613,7 +16320,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
char *strcpy(char * restrict s1,
- const char * restrict s2);
+ const char * restrict s2);
+
The strcpy function copies the string pointed to by s2 (including the terminating null @@ -15630,7 +16338,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <string.h> char *strncpy(char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The strncpy function copies not more than n characters (characters that follow a null @@ -15658,7 +16367,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
char *strcat(char * restrict s1,
- const char * restrict s2);
+ const char * restrict s2);
+
The strcat function appends a copy of the string pointed to by s2 (including the @@ -15676,7 +16386,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <string.h> char *strncat(char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The strncat function appends not more than n characters (a null character and @@ -15708,7 +16419,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
+ int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
+
The memcmp function compares the first n characters of the object pointed to by s1 to @@ -15730,7 +16442,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strcmp function compares the string pointed to by s1 to the string pointed to by @@ -15748,7 +16461,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- int strcoll(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ int strcoll(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strcoll function compares the string pointed to by s1 to the string pointed to by @@ -15764,7 +16478,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
+ int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
+
The strncmp function compares not more than n characters (characters that follow a @@ -15783,7 +16498,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <string.h> size_t strxfrm(char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The strxfrm function transforms the string pointed to by s2 and places the resulting @@ -15804,7 +16520,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi EXAMPLE The value of the following expression is the size of the array needed to hold the transformation of the string pointed to by s.
- 1 + strxfrm(NULL, s, 0)+ 1 + strxfrm(NULL, s, 0) +
#include <string.h>
- void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);
+ void *memchr(const void *s, int c, size_t n);
+
The memchr function locates the first occurrence of c (converted to an unsigned @@ -15830,7 +16548,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- char *strchr(const char *s, int c);
+ char *strchr(const char *s, int c);
+
The strchr function locates the first occurrence of c (converted to a char) in the @@ -15847,7 +16566,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- size_t strcspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ size_t strcspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strcspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string @@ -15862,7 +16582,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ char *strpbrk(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strpbrk function locates the first occurrence in the string pointed to by s1 of any @@ -15877,7 +16598,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);
+ char *strrchr(const char *s, int c);
+
The strrchr function locates the last occurrence of c (converted to a char) in the @@ -15894,7 +16616,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- size_t strspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ size_t strspn(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the string @@ -15908,7 +16631,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+ char *strstr(const char *s1, const char *s2);
+
The strstr function locates the first occurrence in the string pointed to by s1 of the @@ -15925,7 +16649,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
char *strtok(char * restrict s1,
- const char * restrict s2);
+ const char * restrict s2);
+
A sequence of calls to the strtok function breaks the string pointed to by s1 into a @@ -15964,7 +16689,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi t = strtok(str, "?"); // t points to the token "a" t = strtok(NULL, ","); // t points to the token "??b" t = strtok(NULL, "#,"); // t points to the token "c" - t = strtok(NULL, "?"); // t is a null pointer + t = strtok(NULL, "?"); // t is a null pointer +
#include <string.h>
- void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);
+ void *memset(void *s, int c, size_t n);
+
The memset function copies the value of c (converted to an unsigned char) into @@ -15989,7 +16716,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- char *strerror(int errnum);
+ char *strerror(int errnum);
+
The strerror function maps the number in errnum to a message string. Typically, @@ -16008,7 +16736,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <string.h>
- size_t strlen(const char *s);
+ size_t strlen(const char *s);
+
The strlen function computes the length of the string pointed to by s. @@ -16070,7 +16799,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi log clog log pow cpow pow sqrt csqrt sqrt - fabs cabs fabs + fabs cabs fabs + If at least one argument for a generic parameter is complex, then use of the macro invokes a complex function; otherwise, use of the macro invokes a real function.
@@ -16087,7 +16817,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi exp2 ilogb lround tgamma expm1 ldexp nearbyint trunc fdim lgamma nextafter - floor llrint nexttoward + floor llrint nexttoward + If all arguments for generic parameters are real, then use of the macro invokes a real function; otherwise, use of the macro results in undefined behavior.
@@ -16097,7 +16828,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
carg conj creal
- cimag cproj
+ cimag cproj
+
Use of the macro with any real or complex argument invokes a complex function.
EXAMPLE With the declarations @@ -16109,7 +16841,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi long double ld; float complex fc; double complex dc; - long double complex ldc; + long double complex ldc; + functions invoked by use of type-generic macros are shown in the following table:
@@ -16135,7 +16868,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
cimag(ld) cimagl(ld)
fabs(fc) cabsf(fc)
carg(dc) carg(dc), the function
- cproj(ldc) cprojl(ldc)
+ cproj(ldc) cprojl(ldc)
+
272) Like other function-like macros in Standard libraries, each type-generic macro can be suppressed to @@ -16158,19 +16892,23 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The macros defined are NULL (described in 7.17); and
- CLOCKS_PER_SEC+ CLOCKS_PER_SEC + which expands to an expression with type clock_t (described below) that is the number per second of the value returned by the clock function.
The types declared are size_t (described in 7.17);
- clock_t+ clock_t + and
- time_t+ time_t + which are arithmetic types capable of representing times; and
- struct tm+ struct tm + which holds the components of a calendar time, called the broken-down time.
The range and precision of times representable in clock_t and time_t are @@ -16186,7 +16924,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi int tm_year; // years since 1900 int tm_wday; // days since Sunday -- [0, 6] int tm_yday; // days since January 1 -- [0, 365] - int tm_isdst; // Daylight Saving Time flag + int tm_isdst; // Daylight Saving Time flag + @@ -16205,7 +16944,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- clock_t clock(void);
+ clock_t clock(void);
+
The clock function determines the processor time used. @@ -16228,7 +16968,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
+ double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
+
The difftime function computes the difference between two calendar times: time1 - @@ -16247,7 +16988,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- time_t mktime(struct tm *timeptr);
+ time_t mktime(struct tm *timeptr);
+
The mktime function converts the broken-down time, expressed as local time, in the @@ -16274,7 +17016,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "-unknown-" }; struct tm time_str; - /* ... */ + /* ... */ + @@ -16290,7 +17033,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi time_str.tm_isdst = -1; if (mktime(&time_str) == (time_t)(-1)) time_str.tm_wday = 7; - printf("%s\n", wday[time_str.tm_wday]); + printf("%s\n", wday[time_str.tm_wday]); +
#include <time.h>
- time_t time(time_t *timer);
+ time_t time(time_t *timer);
+
The time function determines the current calendar time. The encoding of the value is @@ -16330,14 +17075,16 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- char *asctime(const struct tm *timeptr);
+ char *asctime(const struct tm *timeptr);
+
The asctime function converts the broken-down time in the structure pointed to by timeptr into a string in the form
- Sun Sep 16 01:03:52 1973\n\0+ Sun Sep 16 01:03:52 1973\n\0 + using the equivalent of the following algorithm.
char *asctime(const struct tm *timeptr) @@ -16368,13 +17115,15 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h> - char *ctime(const time_t *timer);+ char *ctime(const time_t *timer); +
The ctime function converts the calendar time pointed to by timer to local time in the form of a string. It is equivalent to
- asctime(localtime(timer))+ asctime(localtime(timer)) +
The ctime function returns the pointer returned by the asctime function with that @@ -16387,7 +17136,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timer);
+ struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timer);
+
The gmtime function converts the calendar time pointed to by timer into a broken- @@ -16402,7 +17152,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <time.h>
- struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer);
+ struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timer);
+
The localtime function converts the calendar time pointed to by timer into a @@ -16420,7 +17171,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi size_t strftime(char * restrict s, size_t maxsize, const char * restrict format, - const struct tm * restrict timeptr); + const struct tm * restrict timeptr); +
The strftime function places characters into the array pointed to by s as controlled by @@ -16579,24 +17331,28 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The types declared are wchar_t and size_t (both described in 7.17);
- mbstate_t+ mbstate_t + which is an object type other than an array type that can hold the conversion state information necessary to convert between sequences of multibyte characters and wide characters;
- wint_t+ wint_t + which is an integer type unchanged by default argument promotions that can hold any value corresponding to members of the extended character set, as well as at least one value that does not correspond to any member of the extended character set (see WEOF below);278) and
- struct tm+ struct tm + which is declared as an incomplete structure type (the contents are described in 7.23.1).
The macros defined are NULL (described in 7.17); WCHAR_MIN and WCHAR_MAX (described in 7.18.3); and
- WEOF+ WEOF + which expands to a constant expression of type wint_t whose value does not correspond to any member of the extended character set.279) It is accepted (and returned) by several functions in this subclause to indicate end-of-file, that is, no more input from a @@ -16645,7 +17401,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> #include <wchar.h> int fwprintf(FILE * restrict stream, - const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); + const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); +
The fwprintf function writes output to the stream pointed to by stream, under @@ -16884,7 +17641,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value is correctly rounded to a hexadecimal floating number with the given precision. -
For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2 and the result is not exactly representable in the given precision, the result should be one of the two adjacent numbers @@ -16905,7 +17662,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi value if an output or encoding error occurred. -
The number of wide characters that can be produced by any single conversion shall be at least 4095. @@ -16921,7 +17678,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi int day, hour, min; fwprintf(stdout, L"%ls, %ls %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", weekday, month, day, hour, min); - fwprintf(stdout, L"pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); + fwprintf(stdout, L"pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); +
Forward references: the btowc function (7.24.6.1.1), the mbrtowc function (7.24.6.3.2). @@ -16957,7 +17715,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> #include <wchar.h> int fwscanf(FILE * restrict stream, - const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); + const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); +
The fwscanf function reads input from the stream pointed to by stream, under @@ -17169,10 +17928,12 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> /* ... */ int n, i; float x; wchar_t name[50]; - n = fwscanf(stdin, L"%d%f%ls", &i, &x, name); + n = fwscanf(stdin, L"%d%f%ls", &i, &x, name); + with the input line:
- 25 54.32E-1 thompson+ 25 54.32E-1 thompson + will assign to n the value 3, to i the value 25, to x the value 5.432, and to name the sequence thompson\0. @@ -17183,10 +17944,12 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> /* ... */ int i; float x; double y; - fwscanf(stdin, L"%2d%f%*d %lf", &i, &x, &y); + fwscanf(stdin, L"%2d%f%*d %lf", &i, &x, &y); + with input:
- 56789 0123 56a72+ 56789 0123 56a72 + will assign to i the value 56 and to x the value 789.0, will skip past 0123, and will assign to y the value 56.0. The next wide character read from the input stream will be a. @@ -17212,7 +17975,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> int swprintf(wchar_t * restrict s, size_t n, - const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); + const wchar_t * restrict format, ...); +
The swprintf function is equivalent to fwprintf, except that the argument s @@ -17231,7 +17995,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
int swscanf(const wchar_t * restrict s,
- const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+ const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+
The swscanf function is equivalent to fwscanf, except that the argument s specifies a @@ -17255,7 +18020,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> int vfwprintf(FILE * restrict stream, const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vfwprintf function is equivalent to fwprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -17282,7 +18048,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi // print out remainder of message vfwprintf(stderr, format, args); va_end(args); - } + } + @@ -17303,7 +18070,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> int vfwscanf(FILE * restrict stream, const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vfwscanf function is equivalent to fwscanf, with the variable argument list @@ -17326,7 +18094,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi int vswprintf(wchar_t * restrict s, size_t n, const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vswprintf function is equivalent to swprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -17348,7 +18117,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> int vswscanf(const wchar_t * restrict s, const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vswscanf function is equivalent to swscanf, with the variable argument list @@ -17369,7 +18139,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdarg.h> #include <wchar.h> int vwprintf(const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vwprintf function is equivalent to wprintf, with the variable argument list @@ -17389,7 +18160,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdarg.h> #include <wchar.h> int vwscanf(const wchar_t * restrict format, - va_list arg); + va_list arg); +
The vwscanf function is equivalent to wscanf, with the variable argument list @@ -17408,7 +18180,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- int wprintf(const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+ int wprintf(const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+
The wprintf function is equivalent to fwprintf with the argument stdout @@ -17423,7 +18196,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- int wscanf(const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+ int wscanf(const wchar_t * restrict format, ...);
+
The wscanf function is equivalent to fwscanf with the argument stdin interposed @@ -17444,7 +18218,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t fgetwc(FILE *stream);
+ wint_t fgetwc(FILE *stream);
+
If the end-of-file indicator for the input stream pointed to by stream is not set and a @@ -17472,7 +18247,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *fgetws(wchar_t * restrict s, - int n, FILE * restrict stream); + int n, FILE * restrict stream); +
The fgetws function reads at most one less than the number of wide characters @@ -17496,7 +18272,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE *stream);
+ wint_t fputwc(wchar_t c, FILE *stream);
+
The fputwc function writes the wide character specified by c to the output stream @@ -17517,7 +18294,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <stdio.h> #include <wchar.h> int fputws(const wchar_t * restrict s, - FILE * restrict stream); + FILE * restrict stream); +
The fputws function writes the wide string pointed to by s to the stream pointed to by @@ -17534,7 +18312,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- int fwide(FILE *stream, int mode);
+ int fwide(FILE *stream, int mode);
+
The fwide function determines the orientation of the stream pointed to by stream. If @@ -17557,7 +18336,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t getwc(FILE *stream);
+ wint_t getwc(FILE *stream);
+
The getwc function is equivalent to fgetwc, except that if it is implemented as a @@ -17573,7 +18353,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t getwchar(void);
+ wint_t getwchar(void);
+
@@ -17593,7 +18374,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE *stream);
+ wint_t putwc(wchar_t c, FILE *stream);
+
The putwc function is equivalent to fputwc, except that if it is implemented as a @@ -17608,7 +18390,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
+ wint_t putwchar(wchar_t c);
+
The putwchar function is equivalent to putwc with the second argument stdout. @@ -17622,7 +18405,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE *stream);
+ wint_t ungetwc(wint_t c, FILE *stream);
+
The ungetwc function pushes the wide character specified by c back onto the input @@ -17681,7 +18465,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi float wcstof(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t ** restrict endptr); long double wcstold(const wchar_t * restrict nptr, - wchar_t ** restrict endptr); + wchar_t ** restrict endptr); +
The wcstod, wcstof, and wcstold functions convert the initial portion of the wide @@ -17710,7 +18495,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi digit nondigit n-wchar-sequence digit - n-wchar-sequence nondigit + n-wchar-sequence nondigit + The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input wide string, starting with the first non-white-space wide character, that is of the expected form. @@ -17744,7 +18530,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form, no conversion is performed; the value of nptr is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer. -
If the subject sequence has the hexadecimal form, FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, and the result is not exactly representable, the result should be one of the two numbers in the @@ -17813,7 +18599,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi unsigned long long int wcstoull( const wchar_t * restrict nptr, wchar_t ** restrict endptr, - int base); + int base); +
The wcstol, wcstoll, wcstoul, and wcstoull functions convert the initial @@ -17875,7 +18662,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
wchar_t *wcscpy(wchar_t * restrict s1,
- const wchar_t * restrict s2);
+ const wchar_t * restrict s2);
+
The wcscpy function copies the wide string pointed to by s2 (including the terminating @@ -17892,7 +18680,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *wcsncpy(wchar_t * restrict s1, const wchar_t * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The wcsncpy function copies not more than n wide characters (those that follow a null @@ -17918,7 +18707,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *wmemcpy(wchar_t * restrict s1, const wchar_t * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The wmemcpy function copies n wide characters from the object pointed to by s2 to the @@ -17938,7 +18728,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
wchar_t *wmemmove(wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2,
- size_t n);
+ size_t n);
+
The wmemmove function copies n wide characters from the object pointed to by s2 to @@ -17958,7 +18749,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
wchar_t *wcscat(wchar_t * restrict s1,
- const wchar_t * restrict s2);
+ const wchar_t * restrict s2);
+
The wcscat function appends a copy of the wide string pointed to by s2 (including the @@ -17975,7 +18767,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *wcsncat(wchar_t * restrict s1, const wchar_t * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The wcsncat function appends not more than n wide characters (a null wide character @@ -18004,7 +18797,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- int wcscmp(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ int wcscmp(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcscmp function compares the wide string pointed to by s1 to the wide string @@ -18020,7 +18814,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- int wcscoll(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ int wcscoll(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcscoll function compares the wide string pointed to by s1 to the wide string @@ -18042,7 +18837,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
int wcsncmp(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2,
- size_t n);
+ size_t n);
+
The wcsncmp function compares not more than n wide characters (those that follow a @@ -18061,7 +18857,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> size_t wcsxfrm(wchar_t * restrict s1, const wchar_t * restrict s2, - size_t n); + size_t n); +
The wcsxfrm function transforms the wide string pointed to by s2 and places the @@ -18081,7 +18878,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi transformation of the wide string pointed to by s:
- 1 + wcsxfrm(NULL, s, 0)+ 1 + wcsxfrm(NULL, s, 0) +
#include <wchar.h>
int wmemcmp(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2,
- size_t n);
+ size_t n);
+
The wmemcmp function compares the first n wide characters of the object pointed to by @@ -18108,7 +18907,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wchar_t *wcschr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c);
+ wchar_t *wcschr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c);
+
The wcschr function locates the first occurrence of c in the wide string pointed to by s. @@ -18123,7 +18923,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ size_t wcscspn(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcscspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the wide @@ -18139,7 +18940,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wchar_t *wcspbrk(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ wchar_t *wcspbrk(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcspbrk function locates the first occurrence in the wide string pointed to by s1 of @@ -18154,7 +18956,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wchar_t *wcsrchr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c);
+ wchar_t *wcsrchr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c);
+
The wcsrchr function locates the last occurrence of c in the wide string pointed to by @@ -18169,7 +18972,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ size_t wcsspn(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcsspn function computes the length of the maximum initial segment of the wide @@ -18185,7 +18989,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wchar_t *wcsstr(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+ wchar_t *wcsstr(const wchar_t *s1, const wchar_t *s2);
+
The wcsstr function locates the first occurrence in the wide string pointed to by s1 of @@ -18204,7 +19009,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> wchar_t *wcstok(wchar_t * restrict s1, const wchar_t * restrict s2, - wchar_t ** restrict ptr); + wchar_t ** restrict ptr); +
A sequence of calls to the wcstok function breaks the wide string pointed to by s1 into @@ -18251,7 +19057,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi t = wcstok(NULL, L",", &ptr1); // t points to the token L"??b" t = wcstok(str2, L" \t", &ptr2); // t is a null pointer t = wcstok(NULL, L"#,", &ptr1); // t points to the token L"c" - t = wcstok(NULL, L"?", &ptr1); // t is a null pointer + t = wcstok(NULL, L"?", &ptr1); // t is a null pointer +
#include <wchar.h>
wchar_t *wmemchr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c,
- size_t n);
+ size_t n);
+
The wmemchr function locates the first occurrence of c in the initial n wide characters of @@ -18278,7 +19086,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- size_t wcslen(const wchar_t *s);
+ size_t wcslen(const wchar_t *s);
+
The wcslen function computes the length of the wide string pointed to by s. @@ -18292,7 +19101,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- wchar_t *wmemset(wchar_t *s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+ wchar_t *wmemset(wchar_t *s, wchar_t c, size_t n);
+
The wmemset function copies the value of c into each of the first n wide characters of @@ -18312,7 +19122,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi size_t wcsftime(wchar_t * restrict s, size_t maxsize, const wchar_t * restrict format, - const struct tm * restrict timeptr); + const struct tm * restrict timeptr); +
The wcsftime function is equivalent to the strftime function, except that: @@ -18378,7 +19189,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- wint_t btowc(int c);
+ wint_t btowc(int c);
+
The btowc function determines whether c constitutes a valid single-byte character in the @@ -18395,7 +19207,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
- int wctob(wint_t c);
+ int wctob(wint_t c);
+
The wctob function determines whether c corresponds to a member of the extended @@ -18414,7 +19227,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wchar.h>
- int mbsinit(const mbstate_t *ps);
+ int mbsinit(const mbstate_t *ps);
+
If ps is not a null pointer, the mbsinit function determines whether the pointed-to @@ -18445,12 +19259,14 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> size_t mbrlen(const char * restrict s, size_t n, - mbstate_t * restrict ps); + mbstate_t * restrict ps); +
The mbrlen function is equivalent to the call:
- mbrtowc(NULL, s, n, ps != NULL ? ps : &internal)+ mbrtowc(NULL, s, n, ps != NULL ? ps : &internal) + where internal is the mbstate_t object for the mbrlen function, except that the expression designated by ps is evaluated only once.
If s is a null pointer, the mbrtowc function is equivalent to the call:
- mbrtowc(NULL, "", 1, ps)+ mbrtowc(NULL, "", 1, ps) + In this case, the values of the parameters pwc and n are ignored.
If s is not a null pointer, the mbrtowc function inspects at most n bytes beginning with @@ -18515,12 +19333,14 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi #include <wchar.h> size_t wcrtomb(char * restrict s, wchar_t wc, - mbstate_t * restrict ps); + mbstate_t * restrict ps); +
If s is a null pointer, the wcrtomb function is equivalent to the call
- wcrtomb(buf, L'\0', ps)+ wcrtomb(buf, L'\0', ps) + where buf is an internal buffer.
If s is not a null pointer, the wcrtomb function determines the number of bytes needed @@ -18560,7 +19380,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi size_t mbsrtowcs(wchar_t * restrict dst, const char ** restrict src, size_t len, - mbstate_t * restrict ps); + mbstate_t * restrict ps); +
The mbsrtowcs function converts a sequence of multibyte characters that begins in the @@ -18603,7 +19424,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi size_t wcsrtombs(char * restrict dst, const wchar_t ** restrict src, size_t len, - mbstate_t * restrict ps); + mbstate_t * restrict ps); +
The wcsrtombs function converts a sequence of wide characters from the array @@ -18648,14 +19470,17 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The types declared are
- wint_t+ wint_t + described in 7.24.1;
- wctrans_t+ wctrans_t + which is a scalar type that can hold values which represent locale-specific character mappings; and
- wctype_t+ wctype_t + which is a scalar type that can hold values which represent locale-specific character classifications.
@@ -18719,7 +19544,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
+ int iswalnum(wint_t wc);
+
The iswalnum function tests for any wide character for which iswalpha or @@ -18730,7 +19556,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
+ int iswalpha(wint_t wc);
+
The iswalpha function tests for any wide character for which iswupper or @@ -18750,7 +19577,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswblank(wint_t wc);
+ int iswblank(wint_t wc);
+
The iswblank function tests for any wide character that is a standard blank wide @@ -18764,7 +19592,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
+ int iswcntrl(wint_t wc);
+
The iswcntrl function tests for any control wide character. @@ -18774,7 +19603,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
+ int iswdigit(wint_t wc);
+
The iswdigit function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a decimal-digit @@ -18785,7 +19615,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
+ int iswgraph(wint_t wc);
+
@@ -18807,7 +19638,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswlower(wint_t wc);
+ int iswlower(wint_t wc);
+
The iswlower function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a lowercase @@ -18819,7 +19651,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswprint(wint_t wc);
+ int iswprint(wint_t wc);
+
The iswprint function tests for any printing wide character. @@ -18829,7 +19662,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
+ int iswpunct(wint_t wc);
+
The iswpunct function tests for any printing wide character that is one of a locale- @@ -18841,7 +19675,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswspace(wint_t wc);
+ int iswspace(wint_t wc);
+
@@ -18857,7 +19692,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswupper(wint_t wc);
+ int iswupper(wint_t wc);
+
The iswupper function tests for any wide character that corresponds to an uppercase @@ -18869,7 +19705,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
+ int iswxdigit(wint_t wc);
+
The iswxdigit function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a @@ -18886,7 +19723,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
+ int iswctype(wint_t wc, wctype_t desc);
+
The iswctype function determines whether the wide character wc has the property @@ -18908,7 +19746,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi iswctype(wc, wctype("punct")) // iswpunct(wc) iswctype(wc, wctype("space")) // iswspace(wc) iswctype(wc, wctype("upper")) // iswupper(wc) - iswctype(wc, wctype("xdigit")) // iswxdigit(wc) + iswctype(wc, wctype("xdigit")) // iswxdigit(wc) +
The iswctype function returns nonzero (true) if and only if the value of the wide @@ -18920,7 +19759,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- wctype_t wctype(const char *property);
+ wctype_t wctype(const char *property);
+
The wctype function constructs a value with type wctype_t that describes a class of @@ -18946,7 +19786,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
+ wint_t towlower(wint_t wc);
+
The towlower function converts an uppercase letter to a corresponding lowercase letter. @@ -18963,7 +19804,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
+ wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
+
The towupper function converts a lowercase letter to a corresponding uppercase letter. @@ -18987,7 +19829,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
+ wint_t towctrans(wint_t wc, wctrans_t desc);
+
The towctrans function maps the wide character wc using the mapping described by @@ -18998,7 +19841,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi mapping function (7.25.3.1) in the comment that follows the expression:
towctrans(wc, wctrans("tolower")) // towlower(wc)
- towctrans(wc, wctrans("toupper")) // towupper(wc)
+ towctrans(wc, wctrans("toupper")) // towupper(wc)
+
The towctrans function returns the mapped value of wc using the mapping described @@ -19009,7 +19853,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#include <wctype.h>
- wctrans_t wctrans(const char *property);
+ wctrans_t wctrans(const char *property);
+
The wctrans function constructs a value with type wctrans_t that describes a @@ -19035,7 +19880,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
cerf cexpm1 clog2
cerfc clog10 clgamma
- cexp2 clog1p ctgamma
+ cexp2 clog1p ctgamma
+
and the same names suffixed with f or l may be added to the declarations in the
<complex.h> header.
@@ -19116,7 +19962,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
(informative)
- Language syntax summary
+ Language syntax summary
+
NOTE The notation is described in 6.1.
@@ -19129,7 +19976,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
identifier
constant
string-literal
- punctuator
+ punctuator
+
(6.4) preprocessing-token:
header-name
@@ -19138,7 +19986,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
character-constant
string-literal
punctuator
- each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
+ each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
+
identifier-nondigit
identifier identifier-nondigit
- identifier digit
+ identifier digit
+
(6.4.2.1) identifier-nondigit:
nondigit
universal-character-name
- other implementation-defined characters
+ other implementation-defined characters
+
(6.4.2.1) nondigit: one of
_ a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
- N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
+ N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
+
(6.4.2.1) digit: one of
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 +
\u hex-quad
- \U hex-quad hex-quad
+ \U hex-quad hex-quad
+
(6.4.3) hex-quad:
hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
- hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
+ hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
+
decimal-constant integer-suffixopt
octal-constant integer-suffixopt
- hexadecimal-constant integer-suffixopt
+ hexadecimal-constant integer-suffixopt
+
(6.4.4.1) decimal-constant:
nonzero-digit
- decimal-constant digit
+ decimal-constant digit
+
(6.4.4.1) octal-constant:
0
- octal-constant octal-digit
+ octal-constant octal-digit
+
(6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-constant:
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit
- hexadecimal-constant hexadecimal-digit
+ hexadecimal-constant hexadecimal-digit
+
(6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-prefix: one of
- 0x 0X+ 0x 0X + (6.4.4.1) nonzero-digit: one of
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + (6.4.4.1) octal-digit: one of
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + (6.4.4.1) hexadecimal-digit: one of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a b c d e f
- A B C D E F
+ A B C D E F
+
(6.4.4.1) integer-suffix:
unsigned-suffix long-suffixopt
unsigned-suffix long-long-suffix
long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt
- long-long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt
+ long-long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt
+
(6.4.4.1) unsigned-suffix: one of
- u U+ u U + (6.4.4.1) long-suffix: one of
- l L+ l L + (6.4.4.1) long-long-suffix: one of
- ll LL+ ll LL + (6.4.4.2) floating-constant:
decimal-floating-constant
- hexadecimal-floating-constant
+ hexadecimal-floating-constant
+
(6.4.4.2) decimal-floating-constant:
fractional-constant exponent-partopt floating-suffixopt
- digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixopt
+ digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixopt
+
(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-floating-constant:
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant
binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence
- binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt
+ binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt
+
(6.4.4.2) fractional-constant:
digit-sequenceopt . digit-sequence
- digit-sequence .
+ digit-sequence .
+
(6.4.4.2) exponent-part:
e signopt digit-sequence
- E signopt digit-sequence
+ E signopt digit-sequence
+
(6.4.4.2) sign: one of
- + -+ + - + (6.4.4.2) digit-sequence:
digit
- digit-sequence digit
+ digit-sequence digit
+
(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-fractional-constant:
hexadecimal-digit-sequenceopt .
hexadecimal-digit-sequence
- hexadecimal-digit-sequence .
+ hexadecimal-digit-sequence .
+
(6.4.4.2) binary-exponent-part:
p signopt digit-sequence
- P signopt digit-sequence
+ P signopt digit-sequence
+
(6.4.4.2) hexadecimal-digit-sequence:
hexadecimal-digit
- hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+ hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+
(6.4.4.2) floating-suffix: one of
- f l F L+ f l F L + (6.4.4.3) enumeration-constant:
- identifier+ identifier + (6.4.4.4) character-constant:
' c-char-sequence '
- L' c-char-sequence '
+ L' c-char-sequence '
+
(6.4.4.4) c-char-sequence:
c-char
- c-char-sequence c-char
+ c-char-sequence c-char
+
(6.4.4.4) c-char:
any member of the source character set except
the single-quote ', backslash \, or new-line character
- escape-sequence
+ escape-sequence
+
(6.4.4.4) escape-sequence:
simple-escape-sequence
octal-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence
- universal-character-name
+ universal-character-name
+
(6.4.4.4) simple-escape-sequence: one of
\' \" \? \\
- \a \b \f \n \r \t \v
+ \a \b \f \n \r \t \v
+
(6.4.4.4) octal-escape-sequence:
\ octal-digit
\ octal-digit octal-digit
- \ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit
+ \ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit
+
(6.4.4.4) hexadecimal-escape-sequence:
\x hexadecimal-digit
- hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+ hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit
+
" s-char-sequenceopt "
- L" s-char-sequenceopt "
+ L" s-char-sequenceopt "
+
(6.4.5) s-char-sequence:
s-char
- s-char-sequence s-char
+ s-char-sequence s-char
+
(6.4.5) s-char:
any member of the source character set except
the double-quote ", backslash \, or new-line character
- escape-sequence
+ escape-sequence
+
< h-char-sequence >
- " q-char-sequence "
+ " q-char-sequence "
+
(6.4.7) h-char-sequence:
h-char
- h-char-sequence h-char
+ h-char-sequence h-char
+
(6.4.7) h-char:
any member of the source character set except
- the new-line character and >
+ the new-line character and >
+
(6.4.7) q-char-sequence:
q-char
- q-char-sequence q-char
+ q-char-sequence q-char
+
(6.4.7) q-char:
any member of the source character set except
- the new-line character and "
+ the new-line character and "
+
primary-expression
@@ -19405,11 +20304,13 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
postfix-expression ++
postfix-expression --
( type-name ) { initializer-list }
- ( type-name ) { initializer-list , }
+ ( type-name ) { initializer-list , }
+
(6.5.2) argument-expression-list:
assignment-expression
- argument-expression-list , assignment-expression
+ argument-expression-list , assignment-expression
+
(6.5.3) unary-expression:
postfix-expression
@@ -19417,101 +20318,123 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
-- unary-expression
unary-operator cast-expression
sizeof unary-expression
- sizeof ( type-name )
+ sizeof ( type-name )
+
(6.5.3) unary-operator: one of
- & * + - ~ !+ & * + - ~ ! + (6.5.4) cast-expression:
unary-expression
- ( type-name ) cast-expression
+ ( type-name ) cast-expression
+
(6.5.5) multiplicative-expression:
cast-expression
multiplicative-expression * cast-expression
multiplicative-expression / cast-expression
- multiplicative-expression % cast-expression
+ multiplicative-expression % cast-expression
+
(6.5.6) additive-expression:
multiplicative-expression
additive-expression + multiplicative-expression
- additive-expression - multiplicative-expression
+ additive-expression - multiplicative-expression
+
(6.5.7) shift-expression:
additive-expression
shift-expression << additive-expression
- shift-expression >> additive-expression
+ shift-expression >> additive-expression
+
(6.5.8) relational-expression:
shift-expression
relational-expression < shift-expression
relational-expression > shift-expression
relational-expression <= shift-expression
- relational-expression >= shift-expression
+ relational-expression >= shift-expression
+
(6.5.9) equality-expression:
relational-expression
equality-expression == relational-expression
- equality-expression != relational-expression
+ equality-expression != relational-expression
+
(6.5.10) AND-expression:
equality-expression
- AND-expression & equality-expression
+ AND-expression & equality-expression
+
(6.5.11) exclusive-OR-expression:
AND-expression
- exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression
+ exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression
+
(6.5.12) inclusive-OR-expression:
exclusive-OR-expression
- inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression
+ inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression
+
(6.5.13) logical-AND-expression:
inclusive-OR-expression
- logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression
+ logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression
+
(6.5.14) logical-OR-expression:
logical-AND-expression
- logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression
+ logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression
+
(6.5.15) conditional-expression:
logical-OR-expression
- logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression
+ logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression
+
(6.5.16) assignment-expression:
conditional-expression
- unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression
+ unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression
+
(6.5.16) assignment-operator: one of
- = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=+ = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= + (6.5.17) expression:
assignment-expression
- expression , assignment-expression
+ expression , assignment-expression
+
(6.6) constant-expression:
- conditional-expression+ conditional-expression +
- declaration-specifiers init-declarator-listopt ;+ declaration-specifiers init-declarator-listopt ; + (6.7) declaration-specifiers:
storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
type-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
type-qualifier declaration-specifiersopt
- function-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
+ function-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
+
(6.7) init-declarator-list:
init-declarator
- init-declarator-list , init-declarator
+ init-declarator-list , init-declarator
+
(6.7) init-declarator:
declarator
- declarator = initializer
+ declarator = initializer
+
(6.7.1) storage-class-specifier:
@@ -19519,7 +20442,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
extern
static
auto
- register
+ register
+
(6.7.2) type-specifier:
void
@@ -19535,59 +20459,73 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
_Complex
struct-or-union-specifier *
enum-specifier
- typedef-name
+ typedef-name
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-or-union-specifier:
struct-or-union identifieropt { struct-declaration-list }
- struct-or-union identifier
+ struct-or-union identifier
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-or-union:
struct
- union
+ union
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-declaration-list:
struct-declaration
- struct-declaration-list struct-declaration
+ struct-declaration-list struct-declaration
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-declaration:
- specifier-qualifier-list struct-declarator-list ;+ specifier-qualifier-list struct-declarator-list ; + (6.7.2.1) specifier-qualifier-list:
type-specifier specifier-qualifier-listopt
- type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-listopt
+ type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-listopt
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-declarator-list:
struct-declarator
- struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator
+ struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator
+
(6.7.2.1) struct-declarator:
declarator
- declaratoropt : constant-expression
+ declaratoropt : constant-expression
+
(6.7.2.2) enum-specifier:
enum identifieropt { enumerator-list }
enum identifieropt { enumerator-list , }
- enum identifier
+ enum identifier
+
(6.7.2.2) enumerator-list:
enumerator
- enumerator-list , enumerator
+ enumerator-list , enumerator
+
(6.7.2.2) enumerator:
enumeration-constant
- enumeration-constant = constant-expression
+ enumeration-constant = constant-expression
+
(6.7.3) type-qualifier:
const
restrict
- volatile
+ volatile
+
(6.7.4) function-specifier:
- inline+ inline + (6.7.5) declarator:
- pointeropt direct-declarator+ pointeropt direct-declarator + (6.7.5) direct-declarator:
identifier
@@ -19597,39 +20535,48 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
direct-declarator [ type-qualifier-list static assignment-expression ]
direct-declarator [ type-qualifier-listopt * ]
direct-declarator ( parameter-type-list )
- direct-declarator ( identifier-listopt )
+ direct-declarator ( identifier-listopt )
+
(6.7.5) pointer:
* type-qualifier-listopt
- * type-qualifier-listopt pointer
+ * type-qualifier-listopt pointer
+
(6.7.5) type-qualifier-list:
type-qualifier
- type-qualifier-list type-qualifier
+ type-qualifier-list type-qualifier
+
(6.7.5) parameter-type-list:
parameter-list
- parameter-list , ...
+ parameter-list , ...
+
(6.7.5) parameter-list:
parameter-declaration
- parameter-list , parameter-declaration
+ parameter-list , parameter-declaration
+
(6.7.5) parameter-declaration:
declaration-specifiers declarator
- declaration-specifiers abstract-declaratoropt
+ declaration-specifiers abstract-declaratoropt
+
(6.7.5) identifier-list:
identifier
- identifier-list , identifier
+ identifier-list , identifier
+
(6.7.6) type-name:
- specifier-qualifier-list abstract-declaratoropt+ specifier-qualifier-list abstract-declaratoropt + (6.7.6) abstract-declarator:
pointer
- pointeropt direct-abstract-declarator
+ pointeropt direct-abstract-declarator
+
(6.7.6) direct-abstract-declarator:
( abstract-declarator )
@@ -19640,31 +20587,38 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ type-qualifier-list static
assignment-expression ]
direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ * ]
- direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )
+ direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )
+
(6.7.7) typedef-name:
- identifier+ identifier + (6.7.8) initializer:
assignment-expression
{ initializer-list }
- { initializer-list , }
+ { initializer-list , }
+
(6.7.8) initializer-list:
designationopt initializer
- initializer-list , designationopt initializer
+ initializer-list , designationopt initializer
+
(6.7.8) designation:
- designator-list =+ designator-list = + (6.7.8) designator-list:
designator
- designator-list designator
+ designator-list designator
+
(6.7.8) designator:
[ constant-expression ]
- . identifier
+ . identifier
+
identifier : statement
case constant-expression : statement
- default : statement
+ default : statement
+
(6.8.2) compound-statement:
- { block-item-listopt }
+ { block-item-listopt }
+
(6.8.2) block-item-list:
block-item
- block-item-list block-item
+ block-item-list block-item
+
(6.8.2) block-item:
declaration
- statement
+ statement
+
(6.8.3) expression-statement:
- expressionopt ;+ expressionopt ; + (6.8.4) selection-statement:
if ( expression ) statement
if ( expression ) statement else statement
- switch ( expression ) statement
+ switch ( expression ) statement
+
(6.8.5) iteration-statement:
while ( expression ) statement
do statement while ( expression ) ;
for ( expressionopt ; expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement
- for ( declaration expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement
+ for ( declaration expressionopt ; expressionopt ) statement
+
(6.8.6) jump-statement:
goto identifier ;
continue ;
break ;
- return expressionopt ;
+ return expressionopt ;
+
external-declaration
- translation-unit external-declaration
+ translation-unit external-declaration
+
(6.9) external-declaration:
function-definition
- declaration
+ declaration
+
(6.9.1) function-definition:
- declaration-specifiers declarator declaration-listopt compound-statement+ declaration-specifiers declarator declaration-listopt compound-statement + (6.9.1) declaration-list:
declaration
- declaration-list declaration
+ declaration-list declaration
+
- groupopt+ groupopt + (6.10) group:
group-part
- group group-part
+ group group-part
+
(6.10) group-part:
if-section
control-line
text-line
- # non-directive
+ # non-directive
+
(6.10) if-section:
- if-group elif-groupsopt else-groupopt endif-line+ if-group elif-groupsopt else-groupopt endif-line + (6.10) if-group:
# if constant-expression new-line groupopt
# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt
- # ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
+ # ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
+
(6.10) elif-groups:
elif-group
- elif-groups elif-group
+ elif-groups elif-group
+
(6.10) elif-group:
- # elif constant-expression new-line groupopt+ # elif constant-expression new-line groupopt + (6.10) else-group:
- # else new-line groupopt+ # else new-line groupopt + (6.10) endif-line:
- # endif new-line+ # endif new-line + (6.10) control-line:
# include pp-tokens new-line
@@ -19779,38 +20755,47 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
# line pp-tokens new-line
# error pp-tokensopt new-line
# pragma pp-tokensopt new-line
- # new-line
+ # new-line
+
(6.10) text-line:
- pp-tokensopt new-line+ pp-tokensopt new-line + (6.10) non-directive:
- pp-tokens new-line+ pp-tokens new-line + (6.10) lparen:
- a ( character not immediately preceded by white-space+ a ( character not immediately preceded by white-space + (6.10) replacement-list:
- pp-tokensopt+ pp-tokensopt + (6.10) pp-tokens:
preprocessing-token
- pp-tokens preprocessing-token
+ pp-tokens preprocessing-token
+
(6.10) new-line:
- the new-line character+ the new-line character +
(informative)
- Library summary
+ Library summary
+
NDEBUG
- void assert(scalar expression);
+ void assert(scalar expression);
+
@@ -19902,11 +20888,13 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
int isupper(int c);
int isxdigit(int c);
int tolower(int c);
- int toupper(int c);
+ int toupper(int c);
+
- EDOM EILSEQ ERANGE errno+ EDOM EILSEQ ERANGE errno +
@@ -19942,7 +20931,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
FLT_DIG LDBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN
DBL_DIG FLT_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MIN
LDBL_DIG DBL_MAX_10_EXP
- FLT_MIN_EXP LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
+ FLT_MIN_EXP LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
+
and bitor not_eq xor
and_eq compl or xor_eq
- bitand not or_eq
+ bitand not or_eq
+
@@ -19982,14 +20974,16 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
SCHAR_MIN MB_LEN_MAX INT_MAX LLONG_MIN
SCHAR_MAX SHRT_MIN UINT_MAX LLONG_MAX
UCHAR_MAX SHRT_MAX LONG_MIN ULLONG_MAX
- CHAR_MIN USHRT_MAX LONG_MAX
+ CHAR_MIN USHRT_MAX LONG_MAX
+
struct lconv LC_ALL LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC
NULL LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_TIME
char *setlocale(int category, const char *locale);
- struct lconv *localeconv(void);
+ struct lconv *localeconv(void);
+
jmp_buf
int setjmp(jmp_buf env);
- void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+ void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
+
@@ -20204,7 +21200,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
SIG_DFL SIGABRT SIGINT
SIG_ERR SIGFPE SIGSEGV
void (*signal(int sig, void (*func)(int)))(int);
- int raise(int sig);
+ int raise(int sig);
+
@@ -20212,7 +21209,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
type va_arg(va_list ap, type);
void va_copy(va_list dest, va_list src);
void va_end(va_list ap);
- void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+ void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
+
ptrdiff_t size_t wchar_t NULL
- offsetof(type, member-designator)
+ offsetof(type, member-designator)
+
@@ -20241,7 +21241,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
uintmax_t INTMAX_MIN UINTN_C(value)
INTN_MIN INTMAX_MAX INTMAX_C(value)
INTN_MAX UINTMAX_MAX UINTMAX_C(value)
- UINTN_MAX PTRDIFF_MIN
+ UINTN_MAX PTRDIFF_MIN
+
@@ -20433,7 +21437,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
tanh floor logb cimag
exp fma lrint conj
log fmax lround cproj
- pow fmin nearbyint creal
+ pow fmin nearbyint creal
+
(informative)
- Sequence points
+ Sequence points
+
The following are the sequence points described in 5.1.2.3:
(normative)
- Universal character names for identifiers
+ Universal character names for identifiers
+
This clause lists the hexadecimal code values that are valid in universal character names
in identifiers.
@@ -20623,65 +21633,80 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi sets. Latin: 00AA, 00BA, 00C0-00D6, 00D8-00F6, 00F8-01F5, 01FA-0217,
- 0250-02A8, 1E00-1E9B, 1EA0-1EF9, 207F+ 0250-02A8, 1E00-1E9B, 1EA0-1EF9, 207F + Greek: 0386, 0388-038A, 038C, 038E-03A1, 03A3-03CE, 03D0-03D6,
03DA, 03DC, 03DE, 03E0, 03E2-03F3, 1F00-1F15, 1F18-1F1D,
1F20-1F45, 1F48-1F4D, 1F50-1F57, 1F59, 1F5B, 1F5D,
1F5F-1F7D, 1F80-1FB4, 1FB6-1FBC, 1FC2-1FC4, 1FC6-1FCC,
- 1FD0-1FD3, 1FD6-1FDB, 1FE0-1FEC, 1FF2-1FF4, 1FF6-1FFC
+ 1FD0-1FD3, 1FD6-1FDB, 1FE0-1FEC, 1FF2-1FF4, 1FF6-1FFC
+
Cyrillic: 0401-040C, 040E-044F, 0451-045C, 045E-0481, 0490-04C4,
- 04C7-04C8, 04CB-04CC, 04D0-04EB, 04EE-04F5, 04F8-04F9+ 04C7-04C8, 04CB-04CC, 04D0-04EB, 04EE-04F5, 04F8-04F9 + Armenian: 0531-0556, 0561-0587 Hebrew: 05B0-05B9, 05BB-05BD, 05BF, 05C1-05C2, 05D0-05EA,
- 05F0-05F2+ 05F0-05F2 + Arabic: 0621-063A, 0640-0652, 0670-06B7, 06BA-06BE, 06C0-06CE,
- 06D0-06DC, 06E5-06E8, 06EA-06ED+ 06D0-06DC, 06E5-06E8, 06EA-06ED + Devanagari: 0901-0903, 0905-0939, 093E-094D, 0950-0952, 0958-0963 Bengali: 0981-0983, 0985-098C, 098F-0990, 0993-09A8, 09AA-09B0,
09B2, 09B6-09B9, 09BE-09C4, 09C7-09C8, 09CB-09CD,
- 09DC-09DD, 09DF-09E3, 09F0-09F1
+ 09DC-09DD, 09DF-09E3, 09F0-09F1
+
Gurmukhi: 0A02, 0A05-0A0A, 0A0F-0A10, 0A13-0A28, 0A2A-0A30,
0A32-0A33, 0A35-0A36, 0A38-0A39, 0A3E-0A42, 0A47-0A48,
- 0A4B-0A4D, 0A59-0A5C, 0A5E, 0A74
+ 0A4B-0A4D, 0A59-0A5C, 0A5E, 0A74
+
Gujarati: 0A81-0A83, 0A85-0A8B, 0A8D, 0A8F-0A91, 0A93-0AA8,
0AAA-0AB0, 0AB2-0AB3, 0AB5-0AB9, 0ABD-0AC5,
- 0AC7-0AC9, 0ACB-0ACD, 0AD0, 0AE0
+ 0AC7-0AC9, 0ACB-0ACD, 0AD0, 0AE0
+
Oriya: 0B01-0B03, 0B05-0B0C, 0B0F-0B10, 0B13-0B28, 0B2A-0B30,
0B32-0B33, 0B36-0B39, 0B3E-0B43, 0B47-0B48, 0B4B-0B4D,
- 0B5C-0B5D, 0B5F-0B61
+ 0B5C-0B5D, 0B5F-0B61
+
Tamil: 0B82-0B83, 0B85-0B8A, 0B8E-0B90, 0B92-0B95, 0B99-0B9A,
0B9C, 0B9E-0B9F, 0BA3-0BA4, 0BA8-0BAA, 0BAE-0BB5,
- 0BB7-0BB9, 0BBE-0BC2, 0BC6-0BC8, 0BCA-0BCD
+ 0BB7-0BB9, 0BBE-0BC2, 0BC6-0BC8, 0BCA-0BCD
+
Telugu: 0C01-0C03, 0C05-0C0C, 0C0E-0C10, 0C12-0C28, 0C2A-0C33,
- 0C35-0C39, 0C3E-0C44, 0C46-0C48, 0C4A-0C4D, 0C60-0C61+ 0C35-0C39, 0C3E-0C44, 0C46-0C48, 0C4A-0C4D, 0C60-0C61 + Kannada: 0C82-0C83, 0C85-0C8C, 0C8E-0C90, 0C92-0CA8, 0CAA-0CB3,
0CB5-0CB9, 0CBE-0CC4, 0CC6-0CC8, 0CCA-0CCD, 0CDE,
- 0CE0-0CE1
+ 0CE0-0CE1
+
Malayalam: 0D02-0D03, 0D05-0D0C, 0D0E-0D10, 0D12-0D28, 0D2A-0D39,
- 0D3E-0D43, 0D46-0D48, 0D4A-0D4D, 0D60-0D61+ 0D3E-0D43, 0D46-0D48, 0D4A-0D4D, 0D60-0D61 + Thai: 0E01-0E3A, 0E40-0E5B Lao: 0E81-0E82, 0E84, 0E87-0E88, 0E8A, 0E8D, 0E94-0E97,
0E99-0E9F, 0EA1-0EA3, 0EA5, 0EA7, 0EAA-0EAB,
0EAD-0EAE, 0EB0-0EB9, 0EBB-0EBD, 0EC0-0EC4, 0EC6,
- 0EC8-0ECD, 0EDC-0EDD
+ 0EC8-0ECD, 0EDC-0EDD
+
Tibetan: 0F00, 0F18-0F19, 0F35, 0F37, 0F39, 0F3E-0F47, 0F49-0F69,
0F71-0F84, 0F86-0F8B, 0F90-0F95, 0F97, 0F99-0FAD,
- 0FB1-0FB7, 0FB9
+ 0FB1-0FB7, 0FB9
+
Georgian: 10A0-10C5, 10D0-10F6
Hiragana: 3041-3093, 309B-309C
Katakana: 30A1-30F6, 30FB-30FC
@@ -20691,19 +21716,22 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
Digits: 0660-0669, 06F0-06F9, 0966-096F, 09E6-09EF, 0A66-0A6F,
0AE6-0AEF, 0B66-0B6F, 0BE7-0BEF, 0C66-0C6F, 0CE6-0CEF,
- 0D66-0D6F, 0E50-0E59, 0ED0-0ED9, 0F20-0F33
+ 0D66-0D6F, 0E50-0E59, 0ED0-0ED9, 0F20-0F33
+
Special characters: 00B5, 00B7, 02B0-02B8, 02BB, 02BD-02C1, 02D0-02D1,
02E0-02E4, 037A, 0559, 093D, 0B3D, 1FBE, 203F-2040, 2102,
2107, 210A-2113, 2115, 2118-211D, 2124, 2126, 2128, 212A-2131,
- 2133-2138, 2160-2182, 3005-3007, 3021-3029
+ 2133-2138, 2160-2182, 3005-3007, 3021-3029
+
(informative)
- Implementation limits
+
#define FLT_EVAL_METHOD
- #define FLT_ROUNDS
+ #define FLT_ROUNDS
+
The values given in the following list shall be replaced by implementation-defined
constant expressions that are greater or equal in magnitude (absolute value) to those
shown, with the same sign:
@@ -20765,14 +21795,16 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#define LDBL_MAX_10_EXP +37
#define LDBL_MAX_EXP
#define LDBL_MIN_10_EXP -37
- #define LDBL_MIN_EXP
+ #define LDBL_MIN_EXP
+
The values given in the following list shall be replaced by implementation-defined
constant expressions with values that are greater than or equal to those shown:
#define DBL_MAX 1E+37
#define FLT_MAX 1E+37
- #define LDBL_MAX 1E+37
+ #define LDBL_MAX 1E+37
+
The values given in the following list shall be replaced by implementation-defined
constant expressions with (positive) values that are less than or equal to those shown:
@@ -20782,12 +21814,14 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
#define FLT_EPSILON 1E-5
#define FLT_MIN 1E-37
#define LDBL_EPSILON 1E-9
- #define LDBL_MIN 1E-37
+ #define LDBL_MIN 1E-37
+
(normative)
- IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic
+ IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic
+
@@ -20814,7 +21848,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The long double type should match an IEC 60559 extended format. @@ -20969,7 +22003,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi A contracted expression treats infinities, NaNs, signed zeros, subnormals, and the rounding directions in a manner consistent with the basic arithmetic operations covered by IEC 60559. -
A contracted expression should raise floating-point exceptions in a manner generally consistent with the basic arithmetic operations. A contracted expression should deliver @@ -21008,7 +22042,7 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The implementation should produce a diagnostic message for each translation-time @@ -21058,7 +22092,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi float y = 0.0/0.0; // raises an exception double z = 0.0/0.0; // raises an exception /* ... */ - } + } + For the static initialization, the division is done at translation time, raising no (execution-time) floating- point exceptions. On the other hand, for the three automatic initializations the invalid division occurs at @@ -21074,7 +22109,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi efficiency of translation-time evaluation through static initialization, such as
- const static double one_third = 1.0/3.0;+ const static double one_third = 1.0/3.0; +
- double_t x = 1.1e75;+ double_t x = 1.1e75; + could be done at translation time, regardless of the expression evaluation method. @@ -21158,7 +22196,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi /* ... */ for (i = 0; i < n; i++) x + 1; /* ... */ - } + } + x + 1 might raise floating-point exceptions, so cannot be removed. And since the loop body might not execute (maybe 0 >= n), x + 1 cannot be moved out of the loop. (Of course these optimizations are valid if the implementation can rule out the nettlesome @@ -21171,7 +22210,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi the preceding loop could be treated as
- if (0 < n) x + 1;+ if (0 < n) x + 1; +
@@ -21180,45 +22220,56 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi constants generally do not yield numerically equivalent expressions, if the constants are exact then such transformations can be made on IEC 60559 machines - and others that round perfectly. + and others that round perfectly. + 1 * x and x / 1 -> x The expressions 1 * x, x / 1, and x are equivalent
- (on IEC 60559 machines, among others).317)+ (on IEC 60559 machines, among others).317) + x / x -> 1.0 The expressions x / x and 1.0 are not equivalent if x
- can be zero, infinite, or NaN.+ can be zero, infinite, or NaN. + x - y <-> x + (-y) The expressions x - y, x + (-y), and (-y) + x
- are equivalent (on IEC 60559 machines, among others).+ are equivalent (on IEC 60559 machines, among others). + x - y <-> -(y - x) The expressions x - y and -(y - x) are not
equivalent because 1 - 1 is +0 but -(1 - 1) is -0 (in the
- default rounding direction).318)
+ default rounding direction).318)
+
x - x -> 0.0 The expressions x - x and 0.0 are not equivalent if
- x is a NaN or infinite.+ x is a NaN or infinite. + 0 * x -> 0.0 The expressions 0 * x and 0.0 are not equivalent if
- x is a NaN, infinite, or -0.+ x is a NaN, infinite, or -0. + x + 0->x The expressions x + 0 and x are not equivalent if x is
-0, because (-0) + (+0) yields +0 (in the default
- rounding direction), not -0.
+ rounding direction), not -0.
+
x - 0->x (+0) - (+0) yields -0 when rounding is downward
(toward -(inf)), but +0 otherwise, and (-0) - (+0) always
yields -0; so, if the state of the FENV_ACCESS pragma
is ''off'', promising default rounding, then the
- implementation can replace x - 0 by x, even if x
+ implementation can replace x - 0 by x, even if x
+
- might be zero.+ might be zero. + -x <-> 0 - x The expressions -x and 0 - x are not equivalent if x
is +0, because -(+0) yields -0, but 0 - (+0) yields +0
- (unless rounding is downward).
+ (unless rounding is downward).
+
317) Strict support for signaling NaNs -- not required by this specification -- would invalidate these and
@@ -21228,11 +22279,13 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
Examples include:
- 1/(1/ (+-) (inf)) is (+-) (inf)
+ 1/(1/ (+-) (inf)) is (+-) (inf)
+
and
- conj(csqrt(z)) is csqrt(conj(z)),
+ conj(csqrt(z)) is csqrt(conj(z)),
+
for complex z.
@@ -21248,7 +22301,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
which would be desirable if extra code were required to
cause the ''invalid'' floating-point exception for
unordered cases, could be performed provided the state
- of the FENV_ACCESS pragma is ''off''.
+ of the FENV_ACCESS pragma is ''off''.
+
The sense of relational operators shall be maintained. This includes handling unordered
cases as expressed by the source code.
@@ -21258,21 +22312,24 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi if (a < b) f(); else - g(); + g(); + is not equivalent to
// calls f and raises ''invalid'' if a and b are unordered
if (a >= b)
g();
else
- f();
+ f();
+
nor to
// calls f without raising ''invalid'' if a and b are unordered
if (isgreaterequal(a,b))
g();
else
- f();
+ f();
+
nor, unless the state of the FENV_ACCESS pragma is ''off'', to
@@ -21280,13 +22337,15 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
if (isless(a,b))
f();
else
- g();
+ g();
+
but is equivalent to
if (!(a < b))
g();
else
- f();
+ f();
+
If a function with one or more NaN arguments returns a NaN result, the result should be the same as one of the NaN arguments (after possible type conversion), except perhaps @@ -21535,7 +22594,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi { *exp = (value == 0) ? 0 : (int)(1 + logb(value)); return scalbn(value, -(*exp)); - } + } +
@@ -21615,7 +22675,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi return copysign( isinf(value) ? 0.0 : value - (*iptr), value); - } + } +
@@ -21741,7 +22802,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi result = rint(x); // or nearbyint instead of rint fesetround(save_round); return result; - } + } +
@@ -21801,7 +22863,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi } feupdateenv(&save_env); return result; - } + } + The round functions may, but are not required to, raise the ''inexact'' floating-point exception for non-integer numeric arguments, as this implementation does. @@ -21844,7 +22907,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi result = remainder(fabs(x), (y = fabs(y))); if (signbit(result)) result += y; return copysign(result, x); - } + } +
@@ -21894,7 +22958,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi The body of the fmax function might be323)
{ return (isgreaterequal(x, y) ||
- isnan(y)) ? x : y; }
+ isnan(y)) ? x : y; }
+
323) Ideally, fmax would be sensitive to the sign of zero, for example fmax(-0.0, +0.0) would
@@ -21927,7 +22992,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
Annex G
(informative)
- IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic
+ IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic
+
G.1 Introduction
@@ -22021,31 +23087,39 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi If the operands are not both complex, then the result and floating-point exception behavior of the * operator is defined by the usual mathematical formula:
- * u iv u + iv+ * u iv u + iv +
- x xu i(xv) (xu) + i(xv)+ x xu i(xv) (xu) + i(xv) +
- iy i(yu) -yv (-yv) + i(yu)+ iy i(yu) -yv (-yv) + i(yu) +
- x + iy (xu) + i(yu) (-yv) + i(xv)+ x + iy (xu) + i(yu) (-yv) + i(xv) + If the second operand is not complex, then the result and floating-point exception behavior of the / operator is defined by the usual mathematical formula:
- / u iv+ / u iv +
- x x/u i(-x/v)+ x x/u i(-x/v) +
- iy i(y/u) y/v+ iy i(y/u) y/v +
- x + iy (x/u) + i(y/u) (y/v) + i(-x/v)+ x + iy (x/u) + i(y/u) (y/v) + i(-x/v) + The * and / operators satisfy the following infinity properties for all real, imaginary, and complex operands:325)
- + or - u iv u + iv+ + or - u iv u + iv +
- x x(+-)u x (+-) iv (x (+-) u) (+-) iv+ x x(+-)u x (+-) iv (x (+-) u) (+-) iv +
- iy (+-)u + iy i(y (+-) v) (+-)u + i(y (+-) v)+ iy (+-)u + iy i(y (+-) v) (+-)u + i(y (+-) v) +
- x + iy (x (+-) u) + iy x + i(y (+-) v) (x (+-) u) + i(y (+-) v)+ x + iy (x (+-) u) + iy x + i(y (+-) v) (x (+-) u) + i(y (+-) v) +
The macros
- imaginary+ imaginary + and
- _Imaginary_I+ _Imaginary_I + are defined, respectively, as _Imaginary and a constant expression of type const float _Imaginary with the value of the imaginary unit. The macro
- I+ I + is defined to be _Imaginary_I (not _Complex_I as stated in 7.3). Notwithstanding the provisions of 7.1.3, a program may undefine and then perhaps redefine the macro imaginary. @@ -22243,7 +23326,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
cabs(x + iy) = hypot(x, y)
- carg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x)
+ carg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x)
+
Each of the functions casin, catan, ccos, csin, and ctan is specified implicitly by
a formula in terms of other complex functions (whose special cases are specified below):
@@ -22252,7 +23336,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi catan(z) = -i catanh(iz) ccos(z) = ccosh(iz) csin(z) = -i csinh(iz) - ctan(z) = -i ctanh(iz) + ctan(z) = -i ctanh(iz) + For the other functions, the following subclauses specify behavior for special cases, including treatment of the ''invalid'' and ''divide-by-zero'' floating-point exceptions. For families of functions, the specifications apply to all of the functions even though only the @@ -22540,12 +23625,14 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi asin(iy) = i asinh(y) atan(iy) = i atanh(y) asinh(iy) = i asin(y) - atanh(iy) = i atan(y) + atanh(iy) = i atan(y) +
(informative)
- Language independent arithmetic
+ Language independent arithmetic
+
@@ -22577,7 +23664,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi The parameters for the integer data types can be accessed by the following: maxint INT_MAX, LONG_MAX, LLONG_MAX, UINT_MAX, ULONG_MAX,
- ULLONG_MAX+ ULLONG_MAX + minint INT_MIN, LONG_MIN, LLONG_MIN
The parameter ''bounded'' is always true, and is not provided. The parameter ''minint'' @@ -22638,7 +23726,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi exponentF 1.f+logbf(x), 1.0+logb(x), 1.L+logbl(x) scaleF scalbnf(x, n), scalbn(x, n), scalbnl(x, n),
- scalblnf(x, li), scalbln(x, li), scalblnl(x, li)+ scalblnf(x, li), scalbln(x, li), scalblnl(x, li) + intpartF modff(x, &y), modf(x, &y), modfl(x, &y) fractpartF modff(x, &y), modf(x, &y), modfl(x, &y) eqF x == y @@ -22669,11 +23758,13 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi cvtI' -> I (int)i, (long int)i, (long long int)i,
(unsigned int)i, (unsigned long int)i,
- (unsigned long long int)i
+ (unsigned long long int)i
+
cvtF -> I (int)x, (long int)x, (long long int)x,
(unsigned int)x, (unsigned long int)x,
- (unsigned long long int)x
+ (unsigned long long int)x
+
cvtI -> F (float)i, (double)i, (long double)i
cvtF' -> F (float)x, (double)x, (long double)x
@@ -22774,7 +23865,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
(informative)
- Common warnings
+ Common warnings
+
An implementation may generate warnings in many situations, none of which are
specified as part of this International Standard. The following are a few of the more
common situations.
@@ -22818,7 +23910,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
(informative)
- Portability issues
+ Portability issues
+
This annex collects some information about portability that appears in this International
Standard.
@@ -23770,7 +24863,8 @@ If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specifi
The asm keyword may be used to insert assembly language directly into the translator
output (6.8). The most common implementation is via a statement of the form:
- asm ( character-string-literal );+ asm ( character-string-literal ); +