</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h1>Programming languages -- C</h1>
<pre>
<!--page 3 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="Contents" href="#Contents">Contents</a></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Foreword">Foreword</a>
<!--page 13 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="Foreword" href="#Foreword">Foreword</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International
are also for information only.
<!--page 17 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="Introduction" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features may be
<!--page 18 -->
<!--page 19 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h1>Programming languages -- C</h1>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="1" href="#1">1. Scope</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This International Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of
data-processing systems. It is intended for use by implementors and programmers.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="2" href="#2">2. Normative references</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
designated IEC 559:1989).
<!--page 21 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="3" href="#3">3. Terms, definitions, and symbols</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. Other
Standard are to be interpreted according to ISO/IEC 2382-1. Mathematical symbols not
defined in this International Standard are to be interpreted according to ISO 31-11.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.1" href="#3.1">3.1</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> access</b><br>
NOTE 3 Expressions that are not evaluated do not access objects.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.2" href="#3.2">3.2</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> alignment</b><br>
requirement that objects of a particular type be located on storage boundaries with
addresses that are particular multiples of a byte address
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.3" href="#3.3">3.3</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> argument</b><br>
expression, or a sequence of preprocessing tokens in the comma-separated list bounded
by the parentheses in a function-like macro invocation
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.4" href="#3.4">3.4</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> behavior</b><br>
external appearance or action
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.4.1" href="#3.4.1">3.4.1</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> implementation-defined behavior</b><br>
when a signed integer is shifted right.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.4.2" href="#3.4.2">3.4.2</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> locale-specific behavior</b><br>
characters other than the 26 lowercase Latin letters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.4.3" href="#3.4.3">3.4.3</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> undefined behavior</b><br>
EXAMPLE An example of undefined behavior is the behavior on integer overflow.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.4.4" href="#3.4.4">3.4.4</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> unspecified behavior</b><br>
evaluated.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.5" href="#3.5">3.5</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> bit</b><br>
NOTE It need not be possible to express the address of each individual bit of an object.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.6" href="#3.6">3.6</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> byte</b><br>
bit.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.7" href="#3.7">3.7</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> character</b><br>
<abstract> member of a set of elements used for the organization, control, or
representation of data
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.7.1" href="#3.7.1">3.7.1</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> character</b><br>
<C> bit representation that fits in a byte
<!--page 23 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.7.2" href="#3.7.2">3.7.2</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> multibyte character</b><br>
NOTE The extended character set is a superset of the basic character set.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.7.3" href="#3.7.3">3.7.3</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> wide character</b><br>
bit representation that fits in an object of type wchar_t, capable of representing any
character in the current locale
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.8" href="#3.8">3.8</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> constraint</b><br>
restriction, either syntactic or semantic, by which the exposition of language elements is
to be interpreted
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.9" href="#3.9">3.9</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> correctly rounded result</b><br>
representation in the result format that is nearest in value, subject to the current rounding
mode, to what the result would be given unlimited range and precision
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.10" href="#3.10">3.10</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> diagnostic message</b><br>
message belonging to an implementation-defined subset of the implementation's message
output
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.11" href="#3.11">3.11</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> forward reference</b><br>
reference to a later subclause of this International Standard that contains additional
information relevant to this subclause
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.12" href="#3.12">3.12</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> implementation</b><br>
control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of
functions in, a particular execution environment
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.13" href="#3.13">3.13</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> implementation limit</b><br>
restriction imposed upon programs by the implementation
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.14" href="#3.14">3.14</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> memory location</b><br>
modified, but b and a, for example, can be.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.15" href="#3.15">3.15</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> object</b><br>
NOTE When referenced, an object may be interpreted as having a particular type; see <a href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1</a>.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.16" href="#3.16">3.16</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> parameter</b><br>
entry to the function, or an identifier from the comma-separated list bounded by the
parentheses immediately following the macro name in a function-like macro definition
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.17" href="#3.17">3.17</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> recommended practice</b><br>
specification that is strongly recommended as being in keeping with the intent of the
standard, but that may be impractical for some implementations
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.18" href="#3.18">3.18</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> runtime-constraint</b><br>
constraints for a library function are not violated by the program; see <a href="#K.3.1.4">K.3.1.4</a>.
<!--page 25 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.19" href="#3.19">3.19</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> value</b><br>
precise meaning of the contents of an object when interpreted as having a specific type
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.19.1" href="#3.19.1">3.19.1</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> implementation-defined value</b><br>
unspecified value where each implementation documents how the choice is made
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.19.2" href="#3.19.2">3.19.2</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> indeterminate value</b><br>
either an unspecified value or a trap representation
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.19.3" href="#3.19.3">3.19.3</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> unspecified value</b><br>
NOTE An unspecified value cannot be a trap representation.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.19.4" href="#3.19.4">3.19.4</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> trap representation</b><br>
an object representation that need not represent a value of the object type
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="3.19.5" href="#3.19.5">3.19.5</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> perform a trap</b><br>
representation might perform a trap but is not required to (see <a href="#6.2.6.1">6.2.6.1</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.20" href="#3.20">3.20</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> [^ x^]</b><br>
EXAMPLE [^2.4^] is 3, [^-2.4^] is -2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="3.21" href="#3.21">3.21</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<b> [_ x_]</b><br>
<!--page 26 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="4" href="#4">4. Conformance</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In this International Standard, ''shall'' is to be interpreted as a requirement on an
implementation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="5" href="#5">5. Environment</a></h2>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An implementation translates C source files and executes C programs in two data-
<p><b> Forward references</b>: In this clause, only a few of many possible forward references
have been noted.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="5.1" href="#5.1">5.1 Conceptual models</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.1.1" href="#5.1.1">5.1.1 Translation environment</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.1.1" href="#5.1.1.1">5.1.1.1 Program structure</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A C program need not all be translated at the same time. The text of the program is kept
<p><b> Forward references</b>: linkages of identifiers (<a href="#6.2.2">6.2.2</a>), external definitions (<a href="#6.9">6.9</a>),
preprocessing directives (<a href="#6.10">6.10</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.1.2" href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2 Translation phases</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The precedence among the syntax rules of translation is specified by the following
character.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.1.3" href="#5.1.1.3">5.1.1.3 Diagnostics</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A conforming implementation shall produce at least one diagnostic message (identified in
valid program is still correctly translated. It may also successfully translate an invalid program.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.1.2" href="#5.1.2">5.1.2 Execution environments</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Two execution environments are defined: freestanding and hosted. In both cases,
environment.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: storage durations of objects (<a href="#6.2.4">6.2.4</a>), initialization (<a href="#6.7.9">6.7.9</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.1" href="#5.1.2.1">5.1.2.1 Freestanding environment</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In a freestanding environment (in which C program execution may take place without any
The effect of program termination in a freestanding environment is implementation-
defined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.2" href="#5.1.2.2">5.1.2.2 Hosted environment</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A hosted environment need not be provided, but shall conform to the following
<!--page 31 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.2.1" href="#5.1.2.2.1">5.1.2.2.1 Program startup</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The function called at program startup is named main. The implementation declares no
char ** argv, and so on.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.2.2" href="#5.1.2.2.2">5.1.2.2.2 Program execution</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In a hosted environment, a program may use all the functions, macros, type definitions,
<!--page 32 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.2.3" href="#5.1.2.2.3">5.1.2.2.3 Program termination</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If the return type of the main function is a type compatible with int, a return from the
will have ended in the former case, even where they would not have in the latter.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.3" href="#5.1.2.3">5.1.2.3 Program execution</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The semantic descriptions in this International Standard describe the behavior of an
cannot interleave, but can be executed in any order.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.1.2.4" href="#5.1.2.4">5.1.2.4 Multi-threaded executions and data races</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Under a hosted implementation, a program can have more than one thread of execution
release/consume in place of release/acquire.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="5.2" href="#5.2">5.2 Environmental considerations</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.2.1" href="#5.2.1">5.2.1 Character sets</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Two sets of characters and their associated collating sequences shall be defined: the set in
<p><b> Forward references</b>: universal character names (<a href="#6.4.3">6.4.3</a>), character constants (<a href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4</a>),
preprocessing directives (<a href="#6.10">6.10</a>), string literals (<a href="#6.4.5">6.4.5</a>), comments (<a href="#6.4.9">6.4.9</a>), string (<a href="#7.1.1">7.1.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.1.1" href="#5.2.1.1">5.2.1.1 Trigraph sequences</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Before any other processing takes place, each occurrence of one of the following
described in ISO/IEC 646, which is a subset of the seven-bit US ASCII code set.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.1.2" href="#5.2.1.2">5.2.1.2 Multibyte characters</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The source character set may contain multibyte characters, used to represent members of
of a sequence of valid multibyte characters.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.2.2" href="#5.2.2">5.2.2 Character display semantics</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The active position is that location on a display device where the next character output by
International Standard.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the isprint function (<a href="#7.4.1.8">7.4.1.8</a>), the fputc function (<a href="#7.21.7.3">7.21.7.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.2.3" href="#5.2.3">5.2.3 Signals and interrupts</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Functions shall be implemented such that they may be interrupted at any time by a signal,
image (the instructions that compose the executable representation of a function) on a
per-invocation basis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="5.2.4" href="#5.2.4">5.2.4 Environmental limits</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Both the translation and execution environments constrain the implementation of
environmental limits on a conforming implementation; the library-related limits are
discussed in clause 7.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.4.1" href="#5.2.4.1">5.2.4.1 Translation limits</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The implementation shall be able to translate and execute at least one program that
<p><small><a name="note19" href="#note19">19)</a> See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.3">6.11.3</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.4.2" href="#5.2.4.2">5.2.4.2 Numerical limits</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An implementation is required to document all the limits specified in this subclause,
specified in <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a>.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: integer types <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a> (<a href="#7.20">7.20</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.4.2.1" href="#5.2.4.2.1">5.2.4.2.1 Sizes of integer types <limits.h></a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The values given below shall be replaced by constant expressions suitable for use in #if
<p><small><a name="note20" href="#note20">20)</a> See <a href="#6.2.5">6.2.5</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="5.2.4.2.2" href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2 Characteristics of floating types <float.h></a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The characteristics of floating types are defined in terms of a model that describes a
limits are one less than shown here.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="6" href="#6">6. Language</a></h2>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.1" href="#6.1">6.1 Notation</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In the syntax notation used in this clause, syntactic categories (nonterminals) are
<p><!--para 3 -->
A summary of the language syntax is given in <a href="#A">annex A</a>.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.2" href="#6.2">6.2 Concepts</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.1" href="#6.2.1">6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An identifier can denote an object; a function; a tag or a member of a structure, union, or
(<a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>), identifiers (<a href="#6.4.2">6.4.2</a>), macro replacement (<a href="#6.10.3">6.10.3</a>), name spaces of identifiers (<a href="#6.2.3">6.2.3</a>),
source file inclusion (<a href="#6.10.2">6.10.2</a>), statements (<a href="#6.8">6.8</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.2" href="#6.2.2">6.2.2 Linkages of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An identifier declared in different scopes or in the same scope more than once can be
<p><small><a name="note31" href="#note31">31)</a> As specified in <a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>, the later declaration might hide the prior declaration.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.3" href="#6.2.3">6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If more than one declaration of a particular identifier is visible at any point in a
<p><small><a name="note32" href="#note32">32)</a> There is only one name space for tags even though three are possible.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.4" href="#6.2.4">6.2.4 Storage durations of objects</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An object has a storage duration that determines its lifetime. There are four storage
<p><small><a name="note36" href="#note36">36)</a> The address of such an object is taken implicitly when an array member is accessed.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.5" href="#6.2.5">6.2.5 Types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The meaning of a value stored in an object or returned by a function is determined by the
arguments to functions, return values from functions, and members of unions.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.6" href="#6.2.6">6.2.6 Representations of types</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.2.6.1" href="#6.2.6.1">6.2.6.1 General</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The representations of all types are unspecified except as stated in this subclause.
on values of type T may distinguish between them.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.2.6.2" href="#6.2.6.2">6.2.6.2 Integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
For unsigned integer types other than unsigned char, the bits of the object
bits.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.7" href="#6.2.7">6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Two types have compatible type if their types are the same. Additional rules for
<p><small><a name="note56" href="#note56">56)</a> As specified in <a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>, the later declaration might hide the prior declaration.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.2.8" href="#6.2.8">6.2.8 Alignment of objects</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Complete object types have alignment requirements which place restrictions on the
alignment has been applied.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.3" href="#6.3">6.3 Conversions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Several operators convert operand values from one type to another automatically. This
representation.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: cast operators (<a href="#6.5.4">6.5.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.3.1" href="#6.3.1">6.3.1 Arithmetic operands</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.1" href="#6.3.1.1">6.3.1.1 Boolean, characters, and integers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Every integer type has an integer conversion rank defined as follows:
shift operators, as specified by their respective subclauses.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.2" href="#6.3.1.2">6.3.1.2 Boolean type</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When any scalar value is converted to _Bool, the result is 0 if the value compares equal
<p><small><a name="note59" href="#note59">59)</a> NaNs do not compare equal to 0 and thus convert to 1.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.3" href="#6.3.1.3">6.3.1.3 Signed and unsigned integers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value with integer type is converted to another integer type other than _Bool, if
<p><small><a name="note60" href="#note60">60)</a> The rules describe arithmetic on the mathematical value, not the value of a given type of expression.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.4" href="#6.3.1.4">6.3.1.4 Real floating and integer</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a finite value of real floating type is converted to an integer type other than _Bool,
range of portable real floating values is (-1, Utype_MAX+1).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.5" href="#6.3.1.5">6.3.1.5 Real floating types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value of real floating type is converted to a real floating type, if the value being
conversions (<a href="#6.3.1.8">6.3.1.8</a>, <a href="#6.8.6.4">6.8.6.4</a>) may be represented in greater precision and range than that
required by the new type.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.6" href="#6.3.1.6">6.3.1.6 Complex types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value of complex type is converted to another complex type, both the real and
imaginary parts follow the conversion rules for the corresponding real types.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.7" href="#6.3.1.7">6.3.1.7 Real and complex</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value of real type is converted to a complex type, the real part of the complex
complex value is discarded and the value of the real part is converted according to the
conversion rules for the corresponding real type.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.1.8" href="#6.3.1.8">6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Many operators that expect operands of arithmetic type cause conversions and yield result
<p><small><a name="note63" href="#note63">63)</a> The cast and assignment operators are still required to remove extra range and precision.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.3.2" href="#6.3.2">6.3.2 Other operands</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.2.1" href="#6.3.2.1">6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An lvalue is an expression (with an object type other than void) that potentially
designator and violates the constraint in <a href="#6.5.3.4">6.5.3.4</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.2.2" href="#6.3.2.2">6.3.2.2 void</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The (nonexistent) value of a void expression (an expression that has type void) shall not
expression, its value or designator is discarded. (A void expression is evaluated for its
side effects.)
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.3.2.3" href="#6.3.2.3">6.3.2.3 Pointers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A pointer to void may be converted to or from a pointer to any object type. A pointer to
correctly aligned for a pointer to type C.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.4" href="#6.4">6.4 Lexical elements</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
occur in source files.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.1" href="#6.4.1">6.4.1 Keywords</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note70" href="#note70">70)</a> One possible specification for imaginary types appears in <a href="#G">annex G</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.2" href="#6.4.2">6.4.2 Identifiers</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.2.1" href="#6.4.2.1">6.4.2.1 General</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Extended characters may produce a long external identifier.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.2.2" href="#6.4.2.2">6.4.2.2 Predefined identifiers</a></h5>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
identifier is explicitly declared using the name __func__, the behavior is undefined.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.3" href="#6.4.3">6.4.3 Universal character names</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note74" href="#note74">74)</a> Short identifiers for characters were first specified in ISO/IEC 10646-1/AMD9:1997.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.4" href="#6.4.4">6.4.4 Constants</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
Each constant has a type, determined by its form and value, as detailed later.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.4.1" href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1 Integer constants</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
its list and has no extended integer type, then the integer constant has no type.
<!--page 83 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.4.2" href="#6.4.4.2">6.4.4.2 Floating constants</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
floating constants (see <a href="#7.22.1.3">7.22.1.3</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.4.3" href="#6.4.4.3">6.4.4.3 Enumeration constants</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An identifier declared as an enumeration constant has type int.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: enumeration specifiers (<a href="#6.7.2.2">6.7.2.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.4.4.4" href="#6.4.4.4">6.4.4.4 Character constants</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the result is not a token and a diagnostic is required. See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.4">6.11.4</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.5" href="#6.4.5">6.4.5 String literals</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
\0 escape sequence.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.6" href="#6.4.6">6.4.6 Punctuators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
interchanged.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.7" href="#6.4.7">6.4.7 Header names</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note82" href="#note82">82)</a> For an example of a header name preprocessing token used in a #pragma directive, see <a href="#6.10.9">6.10.9</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.8" href="#6.4.8">6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 93 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.4.9" href="#6.4.9">6.4.9 Comments</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Except within a character constant, a string literal, or a comment, the characters /*
<p><small><a name="note83" href="#note83">83)</a> Thus, /* ... */ comments do not nest.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.5" href="#6.5">6.5 Expressions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies computation of a
documented.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.1" href="#6.5.1">6.5.1 Primary expressions</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note91" href="#note91">91)</a> Thus, an undeclared identifier is a violation of the syntax.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.1.1" href="#6.5.1.1">6.5.1.1 Generic selection</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.2" href="#6.5.2">6.5.2 Postfix operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
argument-expression-list , assignment-expression
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.2.1" href="#6.5.2.1">6.5.2.1 Array subscripting</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: additive operators (<a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>), address and indirection operators
(<a href="#6.5.3.2">6.5.3.2</a>), array declarators (<a href="#6.7.6.2">6.7.6.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.2.2" href="#6.5.2.2">6.5.2.2 Function calls</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note94" href="#note94">94)</a> In other words, function executions do not ''interleave'' with each other.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.2.3" href="#6.5.2.3">6.5.2.3 Structure and union members</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
can be safely accessed using a non-atomic object which is assigned to or from the atomic object.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.2.4" href="#6.5.2.4">6.5.2.4 Postfix increment and decrement operators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
with result being the result of the operation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.2.5" href="#6.5.2.5">6.5.2.5 Compound literals</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the same or overlapping representations.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.3" href="#6.5.3">6.5.3 Unary operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
& * + - ~ !
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.3.1" href="#6.5.3.1">6.5.3.1 Prefix increment and decrement operators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
operand is decremented.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: additive operators (<a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>), compound assignment (<a href="#6.5.16.2">6.5.16.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.3.2" href="#6.5.3.2">6.5.3.2 Address and indirection operators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
end of its lifetime.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.3.3" href="#6.5.3.3">6.5.3.3 Unary arithmetic operators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 108 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.3.4" href="#6.5.3.4">6.5.3.4 The sizeof and alignof operators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
size of the adjusted (pointer) type (see <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.4" href="#6.5.4">6.5.4 Cast operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
unqualified version of the type.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.5" href="#6.5.5">6.5.5 Multiplicative operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note105" href="#note105">105)</a> This is often called ''truncation toward zero''.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.6" href="#6.5.6">6.5.6 Additive operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
element'' requirements.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.7" href="#6.5.7">6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
part of the quotient of E1 / 2E2 . If E1 has a signed type and a negative value, the
resulting value is implementation-defined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.8" href="#6.5.8">6.5.8 Relational operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
means (a<b)<c; in other words, ''if a is less than b, compare 1 to c; otherwise, compare 0 to c''.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.9" href="#6.5.9">6.5.9 Equality operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
behavior.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.10" href="#6.5.10">6.5.10 Bitwise AND operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 116 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.11" href="#6.5.11">6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive OR operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
in the result is set if and only if exactly one of the corresponding bits in the converted
operands is set).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.12" href="#6.5.12">6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive OR operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
operands is set).
<!--page 117 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.13" href="#6.5.13">6.5.13 Logical AND operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the first and second operands. If the first operand compares equal to 0, the second
operand is not evaluated.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.14" href="#6.5.14">6.5.14 Logical OR operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
not evaluated.
<!--page 118 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.15" href="#6.5.15">6.5.15 Conditional operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note110" href="#note110">110)</a> A conditional expression does not yield an lvalue.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.16" href="#6.5.16">6.5.16 Assignment operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
when the object has volatile-qualified type.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.16.1" href="#6.5.16.1">6.5.16.1 Simple assignment</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
not volatile from the type int volatile * const).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.5.16.2" href="#6.5.16.2">6.5.16.2 Compound assignment</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
with result being the result of the operation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.5.17" href="#6.5.17">6.5.17 Comma operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note114" href="#note114">114)</a> A comma operator does not yield an lvalue.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.6" href="#6.6">6.6 Constant expressions</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the expression is a valid integer constant expression with value one.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.7" href="#6.7">6.7 Declarations</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note119" href="#note119">119)</a> Function definitions have a different syntax, described in <a href="#6.9.1">6.9.1</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.1" href="#6.7.1">6.7.1 Storage-class specifiers</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
register is sizeof.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.2" href="#6.7.2">6.7.2 Type specifiers</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: atomic type specifiers (<a href="#6.7.2.4">6.7.2.4</a>), enumeration specifiers (<a href="#6.7.2.2">6.7.2.2</a>),
structure and union specifiers (<a href="#6.7.2.1">6.7.2.1</a>), tags (<a href="#6.7.2.3">6.7.2.3</a>), type definitions (<a href="#6.7.8">6.7.8</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.2.1" href="#6.7.2.1">6.7.2.1 Structure and union specifiers</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
layouts.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.2.2" href="#6.7.2.2">6.7.2.2 Enumeration specifiers</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
been seen.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.2.3" href="#6.7.2.3">6.7.2.3 Tags</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note131" href="#note131">131)</a> A similar construction with enum does not exist.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.2.4" href="#6.7.2.4">6.7.2.4 Atomic type specifiers</a></h5>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
interpreted as a type specifier (with a type name), not as a type qualifier.
<!--page 138 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.3" href="#6.7.3">6.7.3 Type qualifiers</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note136" href="#note136">136)</a> Both of these can occur through the use of typedefs.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.3.1" href="#6.7.3.1">6.7.3.1 Formal definition of restrict</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Let D be a declaration of an ordinary identifier that provides a means of designating an
expressions *p and p[1] are not.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.4" href="#6.7.4">6.7.4 Function specifiers</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
duration are also distinct in each of the definitions.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.5" href="#6.7.5">6.7.5 Alignment specifier</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
declaration.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.6" href="#6.7.6">6.7.6 Declarators</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
directly or via one or more typedefs.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: array declarators (<a href="#6.7.6.2">6.7.6.2</a>), type definitions (<a href="#6.7.8">6.7.8</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.6.1" href="#6.7.6.1">6.7.6.1 Pointer declarators</a></h5>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
declares constant_ptr as an object that has type ''const-qualified pointer to int''.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.6.2" href="#6.7.6.2">6.7.6.2 Array declarators</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note143" href="#note143">143)</a> Thus, * can be used only in function declarations that are not definitions (see <a href="#6.7.6.3">6.7.6.3</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.7.6.3" href="#6.7.6.3">6.7.6.3 Function declarators (including prototypes)</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note146" href="#note146">146)</a> If both function types are ''old style'', parameter types are not compared.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.7" href="#6.7.7">6.7.7 Type names</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
parameter specification'', rather than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.8" href="#6.7.8">6.7.8 Type definitions</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.9" href="#6.7.9">6.7.9 Initialization</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note152" href="#note152">152)</a> In particular, the evaluation order need not be the same as the order of subobject initialization.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.7.10" href="#6.7.10">6.7.10 Static assertions</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: diagnostics (<a href="#7.2">7.2</a>).
<!--page 163 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.8" href="#6.8">6.8 Statements and blocks</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: expression and null statements (<a href="#6.8.3">6.8.3</a>), selection statements
(<a href="#6.8.4">6.8.4</a>), iteration statements (<a href="#6.8.5">6.8.5</a>), the return statement (<a href="#6.8.6.4">6.8.6.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.1" href="#6.8.1">6.8.1 Labeled statements</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
them.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the goto statement (<a href="#6.8.6.1">6.8.6.1</a>), the switch statement (<a href="#6.8.4.2">6.8.4.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.2" href="#6.8.2">6.8.2 Compound statement</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
A compound statement is a block.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.3" href="#6.8.3">6.8.3 Expression and null statements</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note153" href="#note153">153)</a> Such as assignments, and function calls which have side effects.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.4" href="#6.8.4">6.8.4 Selection statements</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
enclosing block. Each associated substatement is also a block whose scope is a strict
subset of the scope of the selection statement.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.4.1" href="#6.8.4.1">6.8.4.1 The if statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An else is associated with the lexically nearest preceding if that is allowed by the
syntax.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.4.2" href="#6.8.4.2">6.8.4.2 The switch statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
default label associated with the switch that is in the block containing the declaration.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.5" href="#6.8.5">6.8.5 Iteration statements</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
termination cannot be proven.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.5.1" href="#6.8.5.1">6.8.5.1 The while statement</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The evaluation of the controlling expression takes place before each execution of the loop
body.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.5.2" href="#6.8.5.2">6.8.5.2 The do statement</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The evaluation of the controlling expression takes place after each execution of the loop
body.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.5.3" href="#6.8.5.3">6.8.5.3 The for statement</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The statement
specifies an operation (such as incrementing) that is performed after each iteration.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.8.6" href="#6.8.6">6.8.6 Jump statements</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
A jump statement causes an unconditional jump to another place.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.6.1" href="#6.8.6.1">6.8.6.1 The goto statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.6.2" href="#6.8.6.2">6.8.6.2 The continue statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note159" href="#note159">159)</a> Following the contin: label is a null statement.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.6.3" href="#6.8.6.3">6.8.6.3 The break statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 171 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.8.6.4" href="#6.8.6.4">6.8.6.4 The return statement</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
or precision than implied by the type; a cast may be used to remove this extra range and precision.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.9" href="#6.9">6.9 External definitions</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
external definition for it.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.9.1" href="#6.9.1">6.9.1 Function definitions</a></h4>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note164" href="#note164">164)</a> A parameter identifier cannot be redeclared in the function body except in an enclosed block.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.9.2" href="#6.9.2">6.9.2 External object definitions</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
zero on program startup.
<!--page 177 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.10" href="#6.10">6.10 Preprocessing directives</a></h3>
<p><b>Syntax</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
# character string literal creation operator in <a href="#6.10.3.2">6.10.3.2</a>, for example).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.1" href="#6.10.1">6.10.1 Conditional inclusion</a></h4>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
including within a preprocessing directive.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.2" href="#6.10.2">6.10.2 Source file inclusion</a></h4>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
phases in <a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>); thus, an expansion that results in two string literals is an invalid directive.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.3" href="#6.10.3">6.10.3 Macro replacement</a></h4>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note172" href="#note172">172)</a> Despite the name, a non-directive is a preprocessing directive.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.3.1" href="#6.10.3.1">6.10.3.1 Argument substitution</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
After the arguments for the invocation of a function-like macro have been identified,
were a parameter, and the variable arguments shall form the preprocessing tokens used to
replace it.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.3.2" href="#6.10.3.2">6.10.3.2 The # operator</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
## operators is unspecified.
<!--page 186 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.3.3" href="#6.10.3.3">6.10.3.3 The ## operator</a></h5>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
exist only within translation phase 4.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.3.4" href="#6.10.3.4">6.10.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
After all parameters in the replacement list have been substituted and # and ##
as a preprocessing directive even if it resembles one, but all pragma unary operator
expressions within it are then processed as specified in <a href="#6.10.9">6.10.9</a> below.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.3.5" href="#6.10.3.5">6.10.3.5 Scope of macro definitions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A macro definition lasts (independent of block structure) until a corresponding #undef
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.4" href="#6.10.4">6.10.4 Line control</a></h4>
<p><b>Constraints</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
previous forms and is then processed as appropriate.
<!--page 191 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.5" href="#6.10.5">6.10.5 Error directive</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
causes the implementation to produce a diagnostic message that includes the specified
sequence of preprocessing tokens.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.6" href="#6.10.6">6.10.6 Pragma directive</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note175" href="#note175">175)</a> See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.8">6.11.8</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.7" href="#6.10.7">6.10.7 Null directive</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
has no effect.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.8" href="#6.10.8">6.10.8 Predefined macro names</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The values of the predefined macros listed in the following subclauses<sup><a href="#note176"><b>176)</b></a></sup> (except for
<p><small><a name="note176" href="#note176">176)</a> See ''future language directions'' (<a href="#6.11.9">6.11.9</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.8.1" href="#6.10.8.1">6.10.8.1 Mandatory macros</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following macro names shall be defined by the implementation:
Standard.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.8.2" href="#6.10.8.2">6.10.8.2 Environment macros</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following macro names are conditionally defined by the implementation:
<!--page 194 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="6.10.8.3" href="#6.10.8.3">6.10.8.3 Conditional feature macros</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following macro names are conditionally defined by the implementation:
each revision of this International Standard.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.10.9" href="#6.10.9">6.10.9 Pragma operator</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
LISTING ( ..\listing.dir )
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="6.11" href="#6.11">6.11 Future language directions</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.1" href="#6.11.1">6.11.1 Floating types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Future standardization may include additional floating-point types, including those with
greater range, precision, or both than long double.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.2" href="#6.11.2">6.11.2 Linkages of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Declaring an identifier with internal linkage at file scope without the static storage-
class specifier is an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.3" href="#6.11.3">6.11.3 External names</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Restriction of the significance of an external name to fewer than 255 characters
(considering each universal character name or extended source character as a single
character) is an obsolescent feature that is a concession to existing implementations.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.4" href="#6.11.4">6.11.4 Character escape sequences</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Lowercase letters as escape sequences are reserved for future standardization. Other
characters may be used in extensions.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.5" href="#6.11.5">6.11.5 Storage-class specifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The placement of a storage-class specifier other than at the beginning of the declaration
specifiers in a declaration is an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.6" href="#6.11.6">6.11.6 Function declarators</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The use of function declarators with empty parentheses (not prototype-format parameter
type declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.7" href="#6.11.7">6.11.7 Function definitions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The use of function definitions with separate parameter identifier and declaration lists
(not prototype-format parameter type and identifier declarators) is an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.8" href="#6.11.8">6.11.8 Pragma directives</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Pragmas whose first preprocessing token is STDC are reserved for future standardization.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="6.11.9" href="#6.11.9">6.11.9 Predefined macro names</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macro names beginning with __STDC_ are reserved for future standardization.
<!--page 197 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="7" href="#7">7. Library</a></h2>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.1" href="#7.1">7.1 Introduction</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.1.1" href="#7.1.1">7.1.1 Definitions of terms</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A string is a contiguous sequence of characters terminated by and including the first null
implementation's choice.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.1.2" href="#7.1.2">7.1.2 Standard headers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each library function is declared, with a type that includes a prototype, in a header,<sup><a href="#note182"><b>182)</b></a></sup>
implementations need not support; see <a href="#6.10.8.3">6.10.8.3</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.1.3" href="#7.1.3">7.1.3 Reserved identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each header declares or defines all identifiers listed in its associated subclause, and
va_copy, and va_end.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.1.4" href="#7.1.4">7.1.4 Use of library functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each of the following statements applies unless explicitly stated otherwise in the detailed
<p><small><a name="note190" href="#note190">190)</a> This allows implementations to parallelize operations if there are no visible side effects.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.2" href="#7.2">7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.2"><assert.h></a> defines the assert and static_assert macros and
</pre>
expands to _Static_assert.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.2.1" href="#7.2.1">7.2.1 Program diagnostics</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.2.1.1" href="#7.2.1.1">7.2.1.1 The assert macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Assertion failed: expression, function abc, file xyz, line nnn.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.3" href="#7.3">7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.1" href="#7.3.1">7.3.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> defines macros and declares functions that support complex
<p><small><a name="note194" href="#note194">194)</a> A specification for imaginary types is in informative <a href="#G">annex G</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.2" href="#7.3.2">7.3.2 Conventions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Values are interpreted as radians, not degrees. An implementation may set errno but is
not required to.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.3" href="#7.3.3">7.3.3 Branch cuts</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Some of the functions below have branch cuts, across which the function is
the finite endpoint of the cut along the negative real axis approaches the cut from above,
so the cut maps to the positive imaginary axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.4" href="#7.3.4">7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma</a></h4>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
where the programmer can determine they are safe.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.5" href="#7.3.5">7.3.5 Trigonometric functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.1" href="#7.3.5.1">7.3.5.1 The cacos functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [0, pi ] along the
real axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.2" href="#7.3.5.2">7.3.5.2 The casin functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 208 -->
along the real axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.3" href="#7.3.5.3">7.3.5.3 The catan functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
mathematically unbounded along the imaginary axis and in the interval [-pi /2, +pi /2]
along the real axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.4" href="#7.3.5.4">7.3.5.4 The ccos functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The ccos functions return the complex cosine value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.5" href="#7.3.5.5">7.3.5.5 The csin functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The csin functions return the complex sine value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.5.6" href="#7.3.5.6">7.3.5.6 The ctan functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The ctan functions return the complex tangent value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.6" href="#7.3.6">7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.1" href="#7.3.6.1">7.3.6.1 The cacosh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
half-strip of nonnegative values along the real axis and in the interval [-ipi , +ipi ] along the
imaginary axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.2" href="#7.3.6.2">7.3.6.2 The casinh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
strip mathematically unbounded along the real axis and in the interval [-ipi /2, +ipi /2]
along the imaginary axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.3" href="#7.3.6.3">7.3.6.3 The catanh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
strip mathematically unbounded along the real axis and in the interval [-ipi /2, +ipi /2]
along the imaginary axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.4" href="#7.3.6.4">7.3.6.4 The ccosh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The ccosh functions return the complex hyperbolic cosine value.
<!--page 211 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.5" href="#7.3.6.5">7.3.6.5 The csinh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The csinh functions return the complex hyperbolic sine value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.6.6" href="#7.3.6.6">7.3.6.6 The ctanh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The ctanh functions return the complex hyperbolic tangent value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.7" href="#7.3.7">7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.7.1" href="#7.3.7.1">7.3.7.1 The cexp functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cexp functions return the complex base-e exponential value.
<!--page 212 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.7.2" href="#7.3.7.2">7.3.7.2 The clog functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
mathematically unbounded along the real axis and in the interval [-ipi , +ipi ] along the
imaginary axis.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.8" href="#7.3.8">7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.8.1" href="#7.3.8.1">7.3.8.1 The cabs functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cabs functions return the complex absolute value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.8.2" href="#7.3.8.2">7.3.8.2 The cpow functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cpow functions return the complex power function value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.8.3" href="#7.3.8.3">7.3.8.3 The csqrt functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The csqrt functions return the complex square root value, in the range of the right half-
plane (including the imaginary axis).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.3.9" href="#7.3.9">7.3.9 Manipulation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.1" href="#7.3.9.1">7.3.9.1 The carg functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The carg functions return the value of the argument in the interval [-pi , +pi ].
<!--page 214 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.2" href="#7.3.9.2">7.3.9.2 The cimag functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note196" href="#note196">196)</a> For a variable z of complex type, z == creal(z) + cimag(z)*I.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.3" href="#7.3.9.3">7.3.9.3 The CMPLX macros</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 215 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.4" href="#7.3.9.4">7.3.9.4 The conj functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The conj functions return the complex conjugate value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.5" href="#7.3.9.5">7.3.9.5 The cproj functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cproj functions return the value of the projection onto the Riemann sphere.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.3.9.6" href="#7.3.9.6">7.3.9.6 The creal functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note197" href="#note197">197)</a> For a variable z of complex type, z == creal(z) + cimag(z)*I.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.4" href="#7.4">7.4 Character handling <ctype.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.4"><ctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for classifying and mapping
values lie from 0 (NUL) through 0x1F (US), and the character 0x7F (DEL).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.4.1" href="#7.4.1">7.4.1 Character classification functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions in this subclause return nonzero (true) if and only if the value of the
argument c conforms to that in the description of the function.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.1" href="#7.4.1.1">7.4.1.1 The isalnum function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The isalnum function tests for any character for which isalpha or isdigit is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.2" href="#7.4.1.2">7.4.1.2 The isalpha function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
characters; all four combinations are possible.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.3" href="#7.4.1.3">7.4.1.3 The isblank function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
space (' '), and horizontal tab ('\t'). In the "C" locale, isblank returns true only
for the standard blank characters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.4" href="#7.4.1.4">7.4.1.4 The iscntrl function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The iscntrl function tests for any control character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.5" href="#7.4.1.5">7.4.1.5 The isdigit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The isdigit function tests for any decimal-digit character (as defined in <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.6" href="#7.4.1.6">7.4.1.6 The isgraph function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The isgraph function tests for any printing character except space (' ').
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.7" href="#7.4.1.7">7.4.1.7 The islower function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
isspace is true. In the "C" locale, islower returns true only for the lowercase
letters (as defined in <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.8" href="#7.4.1.8">7.4.1.8 The isprint function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The isprint function tests for any printing character including space (' ').
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.9" href="#7.4.1.9">7.4.1.9 The ispunct function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
locale, ispunct returns true for every printing character for which neither isspace
nor isalnum is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.10" href="#7.4.1.10">7.4.1.10 The isspace function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
('\n'), carriage return ('\r'), horizontal tab ('\t'), and vertical tab ('\v'). In the
"C" locale, isspace returns true only for the standard white-space characters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.11" href="#7.4.1.11">7.4.1.11 The isupper function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
isspace is true. In the "C" locale, isupper returns true only for the uppercase
letters (as defined in <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.1.12" href="#7.4.1.12">7.4.1.12 The isxdigit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The isxdigit function tests for any hexadecimal-digit character (as defined in <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.4.2" href="#7.4.2">7.4.2 Character case mapping functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.2.1" href="#7.4.2.1">7.4.2.1 The tolower function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
for any given locale); otherwise, the argument is returned unchanged.
<!--page 221 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.4.2.2" href="#7.4.2.2">7.4.2.2 The toupper function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
for any given locale); otherwise, the argument is returned unchanged.
<!--page 222 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.5" href="#7.5">7.5 Errors <errno.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.5"><errno.h></a> defines several macros, all relating to the reporting of error
<p><small><a name="note203" href="#note203">203)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.3">7.30.3</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.6" href="#7.6">7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> defines several macros, and declares types and functions that
FLT_ROUNDS, they are not required to do so.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.6.1" href="#7.6.1">7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma</a></h4>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
''off'', just one evaluation of x + 1 would suffice.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.6.2" href="#7.6.2">7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following functions provide access to the floating-point status flags.<sup><a href="#note212"><b>212)</b></a></sup> The int
content of flags.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.2.1" href="#7.6.2.1">7.6.2.1 The feclearexcept function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 227 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.2.2" href="#7.6.2.2">7.6.2.2 The fegetexceptflag function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fegetexceptflag function returns zero if the representation was successfully
stored. Otherwise, it returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.2.3" href="#7.6.2.3">7.6.2.3 The feraiseexcept function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
in <a href="#F.8.6">F.8.6</a> is in the same spirit.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.2.4" href="#7.6.2.4">7.6.2.4 The fesetexceptflag function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
all the specified flags were successfully set to the appropriate state. Otherwise, it returns
a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.2.5" href="#7.6.2.5">7.6.2.5 The fetestexcept function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note214" href="#note214">214)</a> This mechanism allows testing several floating-point exceptions with just one function call.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.6.3" href="#7.6.3">7.6.3 Rounding</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fegetround and fesetround functions provide control of rounding direction
modes.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.3.1" href="#7.6.3.1">7.6.3.1 The fegetround function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
representing the current rounding direction or a negative value if there is no such
rounding direction macro or the current rounding direction is not determinable.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.3.2" href="#7.6.3.2">7.6.3.2 The fesetround function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.6.4" href="#7.6.4">7.6.4 Environment</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions in this section manage the floating-point environment -- status flags and
control modes -- as one entity.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.4.1" href="#7.6.4.1">7.6.4.1 The fegetenv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fegetenv function returns zero if the environment was successfully stored.
Otherwise, it returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.4.2" href="#7.6.4.2">7.6.4.2 The feholdexcept function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
function to write routines that hide spurious floating-point exceptions from their callers.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.4.3" href="#7.6.4.3">7.6.4.3 The fesetenv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fesetenv function returns zero if the environment was successfully established.
Otherwise, it returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.6.4.4" href="#7.6.4.4">7.6.4.4 The feupdateenv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.7" href="#7.7">7.7 Characteristics of floating types <float.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.7"><float.h></a> defines several macros that expand to various limits and
in <a href="#5.2.4.2.2">5.2.4.2.2</a>.
<!--page 234 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.8" href="#7.8">7.8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.8"><inttypes.h></a> includes the header <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a> and extends it with
<p><small><a name="note216" href="#note216">216)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.4">7.30.4</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.8.1" href="#7.8.1">7.8.1 Macros for format specifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each of the following object-like macros expands to a character string literal containing a *
same.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.8.2" href="#7.8.2">7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.8.2.1" href="#7.8.2.1">7.8.2.1 The imaxabs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note218" href="#note218">218)</a> The absolute value of the most negative number cannot be represented in two's complement.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.8.2.2" href="#7.8.2.2">7.8.2.2 The imaxdiv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
quot (the quotient) and rem (the remainder), each of which has type intmax_t. If
either part of the result cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.8.2.3" href="#7.8.2.3">7.8.2.3 The strtoimax and strtoumax functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
(<a href="#7.22.1.4">7.22.1.4</a>).
<!--page 237 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.8.2.4" href="#7.8.2.4">7.8.2.4 The wcstoimax and wcstoumax functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
(<a href="#7.28.4.1.2">7.28.4.1.2</a>).
<!--page 238 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.9" href="#7.9">7.9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.9"><iso646.h></a> defines the following eleven macros (on the left) that expand
xor_eq ^=
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.10" href="#7.10">7.10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.10"><limits.h></a> defines several macros that expand to various limits and
in <a href="#5.2.4.2.1">5.2.4.2.1</a>.
<!--page 240 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.11" href="#7.11">7.11 Localization <locale.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.11"><locale.h></a> declares two functions, one type, and defines several macros.
<p><small><a name="note220" href="#note220">220)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.5">7.30.5</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.11.1" href="#7.11.1">7.11.1 Locale control</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.11.1.1" href="#7.11.1.1">7.11.1.1 The setlocale function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
locale when category has the value LC_ALL.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.11.2" href="#7.11.2">7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.11.2.1" href="#7.11.2.1">7.11.2.1 The localeconv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
4 $+1.25 $+ <a href="#1.25">1.25</a> $ +1.25
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.12" href="#7.12">7.12 Mathematics <math.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> declares two types and many mathematical functions and defines
substantially slower.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.1" href="#7.12.1">7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior of each of the functions in <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> is specified for all representable
<p><small><a name="note230" href="#note230">230)</a> Math errors are being indicated by the floating-point exception flags rather than by errno.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.2" href="#7.12.2">7.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma</a></h4>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
context, the behavior is undefined. The default state (''on'' or ''off'') for the pragma is
implementation-defined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.3" href="#7.12.3">7.12.3 Classification macros</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In the synopses in this subclause, real-floating indicates that the argument shall be an
expression of real floating type.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.1" href="#7.12.3.1">7.12.3.1 The fpclassify macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
become subnormal when converted to double, and zero when converted to float.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.2" href="#7.12.3.2">7.12.3.2 The isfinite macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The isfinite macro returns a nonzero value if and only if its argument has a finite
value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.3" href="#7.12.3.3">7.12.3.3 The isinf macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The isinf macro returns a nonzero value if and only if its argument has an infinite
value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.4" href="#7.12.3.4">7.12.3.4 The isnan macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
NaNs in the evaluation type but not in the semantic type.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.5" href="#7.12.3.5">7.12.3.5 The isnormal macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The isnormal macro returns a nonzero value if and only if its argument has a normal
value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.3.6" href="#7.12.3.6">7.12.3.6 The signbit macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
unsigned, it is treated as positive.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.4" href="#7.12.4">7.12.4 Trigonometric functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.1" href="#7.12.4.1">7.12.4.1 The acos functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The acos functions return arccos x in the interval [0, pi ] radians.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.2" href="#7.12.4.2">7.12.4.2 The asin functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The asin functions return arcsin x in the interval [-pi /2, +pi /2] radians.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.3" href="#7.12.4.3">7.12.4.3 The atan functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The atan functions return arctan x in the interval [-pi /2, +pi /2] radians.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.4" href="#7.12.4.4">7.12.4.4 The atan2 functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The atan2 functions return arctan y/x in the interval [-pi , +pi ] radians.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.5" href="#7.12.4.5">7.12.4.5 The cos functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cos functions return cos x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.6" href="#7.12.4.6">7.12.4.6 The sin functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The sin functions return sin x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.4.7" href="#7.12.4.7">7.12.4.7 The tan functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The tan functions return tan x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.5" href="#7.12.5">7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.1" href="#7.12.5.1">7.12.5.1 The acosh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The acosh functions return arcosh x in the interval [0, +(inf)].
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.2" href="#7.12.5.2">7.12.5.2 The asinh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The asinh functions return arsinh x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.3" href="#7.12.5.3">7.12.5.3 The atanh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The atanh functions return artanh x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.4" href="#7.12.5.4">7.12.5.4 The cosh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cosh functions return cosh x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.5" href="#7.12.5.5">7.12.5.5 The sinh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The sinh functions return sinh x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.5.6" href="#7.12.5.6">7.12.5.6 The tanh functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The tanh functions return tanh x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.6" href="#7.12.6">7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.1" href="#7.12.6.1">7.12.6.1 The exp functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The exp functions return ex .
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.2" href="#7.12.6.2">7.12.6.2 The exp2 functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The exp2 functions return 2x .
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.3" href="#7.12.6.3">7.12.6.3 The expm1 functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note234" href="#note234">234)</a> For small magnitude x, expm1(x) is expected to be more accurate than exp(x) - 1.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.4" href="#7.12.6.4">7.12.6.4 The frexp functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 261 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.5" href="#7.12.6.5">7.12.6.5 The ilogb functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The ilogb functions return the exponent of x as a signed int value.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the logb functions (<a href="#7.12.6.11">7.12.6.11</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.6" href="#7.12.6.6">7.12.6.6 The ldexp functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The ldexp functions return x x 2exp .
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.7" href="#7.12.6.7">7.12.6.7 The log functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The log functions return loge x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.8" href="#7.12.6.8">7.12.6.8 The log10 functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The log10 functions return log10 x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.9" href="#7.12.6.9">7.12.6.9 The log1p functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note235" href="#note235">235)</a> For small magnitude x, log1p(x) is expected to be more accurate than log(1 + x).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.10" href="#7.12.6.10">7.12.6.10 The log2 functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The log2 functions return log2 x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.11" href="#7.12.6.11">7.12.6.11 The logb functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The logb functions return the signed exponent of x.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.12" href="#7.12.6.12">7.12.6.12 The modf functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The modf functions return the signed fractional part of value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.6.13" href="#7.12.6.13">7.12.6.13 The scalbn and scalbln functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The scalbn and scalbln functions return x x FLT_RADIXn .
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.7" href="#7.12.7">7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.7.1" href="#7.12.7.1">7.12.7.1 The cbrt functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cbrt functions return x1/3 .
<!--page 265 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.7.2" href="#7.12.7.2">7.12.7.2 The fabs functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The fabs functions return | x |.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.7.3" href="#7.12.7.3">7.12.7.3 The hypot functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
-----
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.7.4" href="#7.12.7.4">7.12.7.4 The pow functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The pow functions return xy .
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.7.5" href="#7.12.7.5">7.12.7.5 The sqrt functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
-
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.8" href="#7.12.8">7.12.8 Error and gamma functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.8.1" href="#7.12.8.1">7.12.8.1 The erf functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.8.2" href="#7.12.8.2">7.12.8.2 The erfc functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.8.3" href="#7.12.8.3">7.12.8.3 The lgamma functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The lgamma functions return loge | (Gamma)(x) |.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.8.4" href="#7.12.8.4">7.12.8.4 The tgamma functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The tgamma functions return (Gamma)(x).
<!--page 268 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.9" href="#7.12.9">7.12.9 Nearest integer functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.1" href="#7.12.9.1">7.12.9.1 The ceil functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The ceil functions return [^x^], expressed as a floating-point number.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.2" href="#7.12.9.2">7.12.9.2 The floor functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The floor functions return [_x_], expressed as a floating-point number.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.3" href="#7.12.9.3">7.12.9.3 The nearbyint functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The nearbyint functions return the rounded integer value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.4" href="#7.12.9.4">7.12.9.4 The rint functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The rint functions return the rounded integer value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.5" href="#7.12.9.5">7.12.9.5 The lrint and llrint functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The lrint and llrint functions return the rounded integer value.
<!--page 270 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.6" href="#7.12.9.6">7.12.9.6 The round functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The round functions return the rounded integer value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.7" href="#7.12.9.7">7.12.9.7 The lround and llround functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The lround and llround functions return the rounded integer value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.9.8" href="#7.12.9.8">7.12.9.8 The trunc functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The trunc functions return the truncated integer value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.10" href="#7.12.10">7.12.10 Remainder functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.10.1" href="#7.12.10.1">7.12.10.1 The fmod functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
whether a domain error occurs or the fmod functions return zero is implementation-
defined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.10.2" href="#7.12.10.2">7.12.10.2 The remainder functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
all implementations.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.10.3" href="#7.12.10.3">7.12.10.3 The remquo functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
pointed to by quo is unspecified and whether a domain error occurs or the functions
return zero is implementation defined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.11" href="#7.12.11">7.12.11 Manipulation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.11.1" href="#7.12.11.1">7.12.11.1 The copysign functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The copysign functions return a value with the magnitude of x and the sign of y.
<!--page 273 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.11.2" href="#7.12.11.2">7.12.11.2 The nan functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If the implementation does not support quiet NaNs, the functions return zero.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the strtod, strtof, and strtold functions (<a href="#7.22.1.3">7.22.1.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.11.3" href="#7.12.11.3">7.12.11.3 The nextafter functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
function.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.11.4" href="#7.12.11.4">7.12.11.4 The nexttoward functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
range or precision in a floating second argument.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.12" href="#7.12.12">7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.12.1" href="#7.12.12.1">7.12.12.1 The fdim functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The fdim functions return the positive difference value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.12.2" href="#7.12.12.2">7.12.12.2 The fmax functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
fmax functions choose the numeric value. See <a href="#F.10.9.2">F.10.9.2</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.12.3" href="#7.12.12.3">7.12.12.3 The fmin functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note240" href="#note240">240)</a> The fmin functions are analogous to the fmax functions in their treatment of NaNs.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.13" href="#7.12.13">7.12.13 Floating multiply-add</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.13.1" href="#7.12.13.1">7.12.13.1 The fma functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 276 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.12.14" href="#7.12.14">7.12.14 Comparison macros</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The relational and equality operators support the usual mathematical relationships
type is unspecified.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.1" href="#7.12.14.1">7.12.14.1 The isgreater macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The isgreater macro returns the value of (x) > (y).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.2" href="#7.12.14.2">7.12.14.2 The isgreaterequal macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The isgreaterequal macro returns the value of (x) >= (y).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.3" href="#7.12.14.3">7.12.14.3 The isless macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The isless macro returns the value of (x) < (y).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.4" href="#7.12.14.4">7.12.14.4 The islessequal macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The islessequal macro returns the value of (x) <= (y).
<!--page 278 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.5" href="#7.12.14.5">7.12.14.5 The islessgreater macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The islessgreater macro returns the value of (x) < (y) || (x) > (y).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.12.14.6" href="#7.12.14.6">7.12.14.6 The isunordered macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The isunordered macro returns 1 if its arguments are unordered and 0 otherwise.
<!--page 279 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.13" href="#7.13">7.13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.13"><setjmp.h></a> defines the macro setjmp, and declares one function and
a program.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.13.1" href="#7.13.1">7.13.1 Save calling environment</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.13.1.1" href="#7.13.1.1">7.13.1.1 The setjmp macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 5 -->
If the invocation appears in any other context, the behavior is undefined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.13.2" href="#7.13.2">7.13.2 Restore calling environment</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.13.2.1" href="#7.13.2.1">7.13.2.1 The longjmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note246" href="#note246">246)</a> This includes, but is not limited to, the floating-point status flags and the state of open files.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.14" href="#7.14">7.14 Signal handling <signal.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.14"><signal.h></a> declares a type and two functions and defines several macros,
and termination.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.14.1" href="#7.14.1">7.14.1 Specify signal handling</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.14.1.1" href="#7.14.1.1">7.14.1.1 The signal function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note249" href="#note249">249)</a> If any signal is generated by an asynchronous signal handler, the behavior is undefined.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.14.2" href="#7.14.2">7.14.2 Send signal</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.14.2.1" href="#7.14.2.1">7.14.2.1 The raise function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The raise function returns zero if successful, nonzero if unsuccessful.
<!--page 285 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.15" href="#7.15">7.15 Alignment <stdalign.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.15"><stdalign.h></a> defines two macros.
which expands to the integer constant 1.
<!--page 286 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.16" href="#7.16">7.16 Variable arguments <stdarg.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.16"><stdarg.h></a> declares a type and defines four macros, for advancing
case the original function may make further use of the original list after the other function returns.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.16.1" href="#7.16.1">7.16.1 Variable argument list access macros</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The va_start and va_arg macros described in this subclause shall be implemented
shall be matched by a corresponding invocation of the va_end macro in the same
function.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.16.1.1" href="#7.16.1.1">7.16.1.1 The va_arg macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value of the argument after that specified by parmN . Successive invocations return the
values of the remaining arguments in succession.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.16.1.2" href="#7.16.1.2">7.16.1.2 The va_copy macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The va_copy macro returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.16.1.3" href="#7.16.1.3">7.16.1.3 The va_end macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The va_end macro returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.16.1.4" href="#7.16.1.4">7.16.1.4 The va_start macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.17" href="#7.17">7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.1" href="#7.17.1">7.17.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.17"><stdatomic.h></a> defines several macros and declares several types and
operations to volatile objects.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.2" href="#7.17.2">7.17.2 Initialization</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.2.1" href="#7.17.2.1">7.17.2.1 The ATOMIC_VAR_INIT macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.2.2" href="#7.17.2.2">7.17.2.2 The atomic_init generic function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.3" href="#7.17.3">7.17.3 Order and consistency</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The enumerated type memory_order specifies the detailed regular (non-atomic)
<p><small><a name="note251" href="#note251">251)</a> Among other implications, atomic variables shall not decay.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.3.1" href="#7.17.3.1">7.17.3.1 The kill_dependency macro</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The kill_dependency macro returns the value of y.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.4" href="#7.17.4">7.17.4 Fences</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This subclause introduces synchronization primitives called fences. Fences can have
sequenced before B and reads the value written by A or a value written by any side effect
in the release sequence headed by A.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.4.1" href="#7.17.4.1">7.17.4.1 The atomic_thread_fence function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The atomic_thread_fence function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.4.2" href="#7.17.4.2">7.17.4.2 The atomic_signal_fence function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 5 -->
The atomic_signal_fence function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.5" href="#7.17.5">7.17.5 Lock-free property</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The atomic lock-free macros indicate the lock-free property of integer and address atomic
process more than once and memory shared between two processes.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.5.1" href="#7.17.5.1">7.17.5.1 The atomic_is_lock_free generic function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 297 -->
inferred from the result of a lock-free query on another object.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.6" href="#7.17.6">7.17.6 Atomic integer and address types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
For each line in the following table, the atomic type name is declared as the
to port existing code.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.7" href="#7.17.7">7.17.7 Operations on atomic types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
There are only a few kinds of operations on atomic types, though there are many
instances of those kinds. This subclause specifies each general kind.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.7.1" href="#7.17.7.1">7.17.7.1 The atomic_store generic functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The atomic_store generic functions return no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.7.2" href="#7.17.7.2">7.17.7.2 The atomic_load generic functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Atomically returns the value pointed to by object.
<!--page 300 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.7.3" href="#7.17.7.3">7.17.7.3 The atomic_exchange generic functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
Atomically returns the value pointed to by object immediately before the effects.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.7.4" href="#7.17.7.4">7.17.7.4 The atomic_compare_exchange generic functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 7 -->
The result of the comparison.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.7.5" href="#7.17.7.5">7.17.7.5 The atomic_fetch and modify generic functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following operations perform arithmetic and bitwise computations. All of these
atomic_fetch and modify generic functions is the previous value of the atomic object.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.17.8" href="#7.17.8">7.17.8 Atomic flag type and operations</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The atomic_flag type provides the classic test-and-set functionality. It has two
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.8.1" href="#7.17.8.1">7.17.8.1 The atomic_flag_test_and_set functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
Atomically, the value of the object immediately before the effects.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.17.8.2" href="#7.17.8.2">7.17.8.2 The atomic_flag_clear functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The atomic_flag_clear functions return no value.
<!--page 304 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.18" href="#7.18">7.18 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.18"><stdbool.h></a> defines four macros.
<p><small><a name="note252" href="#note252">252)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.7">7.30.7</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.19" href="#7.19">7.19 Common definitions <stddef.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.19"><stddef.h></a> defines the following macros and declares the following types.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: localization (<a href="#7.11">7.11</a>).
<!--page 307 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.20" href="#7.20">7.20 Integer types <stdint.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a> declares sets of integer types having specified widths, and
<p><small><a name="note254" href="#note254">254)</a> Some of these types may denote implementation-defined extended integer types.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.20.1" href="#7.20.1">7.20.1 Integer types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When typedef names differing only in the absence or presence of the initial u are defined,
<!--page 308 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.1.1" href="#7.20.1.1">7.20.1.1 Exact-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The typedef name intN_t designates a signed integer type with width N , no padding
widths of 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits, no padding bits, and (for the signed types) that have a
two's complement representation, it shall define the corresponding typedef names.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.1.2" href="#7.20.1.2">7.20.1.2 Minimum-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The typedef name int_leastN_t designates a signed integer type with a width of at
</pre>
All other types of this form are optional.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.1.3" href="#7.20.1.3">7.20.1.3 Fastest minimum-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each of the following types designates an integer type that is usually fastest<sup><a href="#note255"><b>255)</b></a></sup> to operate
signedness and width requirements.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.1.4" href="#7.20.1.4">7.20.1.4 Integer types capable of holding object pointers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following type designates a signed integer type with the property that any valid
</pre>
These types are optional.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.1.5" href="#7.20.1.5">7.20.1.5 Greatest-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following type designates a signed integer type capable of representing any value of
</pre>
These types are required.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.20.2" href="#7.20.2">7.20.2 Limits of specified-width integer types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following object-like macros specify the minimum and maximum limits of the types *
except where stated to be exactly the given value.
<!--page 310 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.2.1" href="#7.20.2.1">7.20.2.1 Limits of exact-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
UINTN_MAX exactly 2 N - 1
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.2.2" href="#7.20.2.2">7.20.2.2 Limits of minimum-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
UINT_LEASTN_MAX 2N - 1
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.2.3" href="#7.20.2.3">7.20.2.3 Limits of fastest minimum-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
UINT_FASTN_MAX 2N - 1
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.2.4" href="#7.20.2.4">7.20.2.4 Limits of integer types capable of holding object pointers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 311 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.2.5" href="#7.20.2.5">7.20.2.5 Limits of greatest-width integer types</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
UINTMAX_MAX 264 - 1
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.20.3" href="#7.20.3">7.20.3 Limits of other integer types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following object-like macros specify the minimum and maximum limits of integer *
character set.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.20.4" href="#7.20.4">7.20.4 Macros for integer constants</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following function-like macros expand to integer constants suitable for initializing *
the same type as would an expression of the corresponding type converted according to
the integer promotions. The value of the expression shall be that of the argument.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.4.1" href="#7.20.4.1">7.20.4.1 Macros for minimum-width integer constants</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The macro INTN_C(value) shall expand to an integer constant expression
<!--page 313 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.20.4.2" href="#7.20.4.2">7.20.4.2 Macros for greatest-width integer constants</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following macro expands to an integer constant expression having the value specified
UINTMAX_C(value)
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.21" href="#7.21">7.21 Input/output <stdio.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.1" href="#7.21.1">7.21.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.21"><stdio.h></a> defines several macros, and declares three types and many
all possible strings of length FILENAME_MAX cannot be expected to be opened successfully.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.2" href="#7.21.2">7.21.2 Streams</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Input and output, whether to or from physical devices such as terminals and tape drives,
<p><small><a name="note260" href="#note260">260)</a> The three predefined streams stdin, stdout, and stderr are unoriented at program startup.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.3" href="#7.21.3">7.21.3 Files</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical device) by opening
with state-dependent encoding that does not assuredly end in the initial shift state.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.4" href="#7.21.4">7.21.4 Operations on files</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.4.1" href="#7.21.4.1">7.21.4.1 The remove function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The remove function returns zero if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.4.2" href="#7.21.4.2">7.21.4.2 The rename function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
or that it is necessary to copy its contents to effectuate its renaming.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.4.3" href="#7.21.4.3">7.21.4.3 The tmpfile function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
cannot be created, the tmpfile function returns a null pointer.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the fopen function (<a href="#7.21.5.3">7.21.5.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.4.4" href="#7.21.4.4">7.21.4.4 The tmpnam function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
is ended, and before program termination.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.5" href="#7.21.5">7.21.5 File access functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.1" href="#7.21.5.1">7.21.5.1 The fclose function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
errors were detected.
<!--page 323 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.2" href="#7.21.5.2">7.21.5.2 The fflush function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
error occurs, otherwise it returns zero.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the fopen function (<a href="#7.21.5.3">7.21.5.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.3" href="#7.21.5.3">7.21.5.3 The fopen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
conform to the properties in <a href="#7.21.2">7.21.2</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.4" href="#7.21.5.4">7.21.5.4 The freopen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returned by the fopen function may be assigned.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.5" href="#7.21.5.5">7.21.5.5 The setbuf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The setbuf function returns no value.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the setvbuf function (<a href="#7.21.5.6">7.21.5.6</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.5.6" href="#7.21.5.6">7.21.5.6 The setvbuf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
before a buffer that has automatic storage duration is deallocated upon block exit.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.6" href="#7.21.6">7.21.6 Formatted input/output functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The formatted input/output functions shall behave as if there is a sequence point after the
<p><small><a name="note267" href="#note267">267)</a> The fprintf functions perform writes to memory for the %n specifier.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.1" href="#7.21.6.1">7.21.6.1 The fprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the case of fixed-point conversion by the source value as well.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.2" href="#7.21.6.2">7.21.6.2 The fscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note280" href="#note280">280)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.9">7.30.9</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.3" href="#7.21.6.3">7.21.6.3 The printf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The printf function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value if
an output or encoding error occurred.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.4" href="#7.21.6.4">7.21.6.4 The scanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero, in
the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.5" href="#7.21.6.5">7.21.6.5 The snprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value if an encoding error occurred. Thus, the null-terminated output has been
completely written if and only if the returned value is nonnegative and less than n.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.6" href="#7.21.6.6">7.21.6.6 The sprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
counting the terminating null character, or a negative value if an encoding error occurred.
<!--page 344 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.7" href="#7.21.6.7">7.21.6.7 The sscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.8" href="#7.21.6.8">7.21.6.8 The vfprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
vsscanf invoke the va_arg macro, the value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.9" href="#7.21.6.9">7.21.6.9 The vfscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.10" href="#7.21.6.10">7.21.6.10 The vprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The vprintf function returns the number of characters transmitted, or a negative value
if an output or encoding error occurred.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.11" href="#7.21.6.11">7.21.6.11 The vscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.12" href="#7.21.6.12">7.21.6.12 The vsnprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value if an encoding error occurred. Thus, the null-terminated output has been
completely written if and only if the returned value is nonnegative and less than n.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.13" href="#7.21.6.13">7.21.6.13 The vsprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The vsprintf function returns the number of characters written in the array, not
counting the terminating null character, or a negative value if an encoding error occurred.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.6.14" href="#7.21.6.14">7.21.6.14 The vsscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.7" href="#7.21.7">7.21.7 Character input/output functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.1" href="#7.21.7.1">7.21.7.1 The fgetc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note282" href="#note282">282)</a> An end-of-file and a read error can be distinguished by use of the feof and ferror functions.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.2" href="#7.21.7.2">7.21.7.2 The fgets function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 349 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.3" href="#7.21.7.3">7.21.7.3 The fputc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fputc function returns the character written. If a write error occurs, the error
indicator for the stream is set and fputc returns EOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.4" href="#7.21.7.4">7.21.7.4 The fputs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fputs function returns EOF if a write error occurs; otherwise it returns a
nonnegative value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.5" href="#7.21.7.5">7.21.7.5 The getc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
getc returns EOF. If a read error occurs, the error indicator for the stream is set and
getc returns EOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.6" href="#7.21.7.6">7.21.7.6 The getchar function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
getchar returns EOF. If a read error occurs, the error indicator for the stream is set and
getchar returns EOF. *
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.7" href="#7.21.7.7">7.21.7.7 The putc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The putc function returns the character written. If a write error occurs, the error
indicator for the stream is set and putc returns EOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.8" href="#7.21.7.8">7.21.7.8 The putchar function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The putchar function returns the character written. If a write error occurs, the error
indicator for the stream is set and putchar returns EOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.9" href="#7.21.7.9">7.21.7.9 The puts function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The puts function returns EOF if a write error occurs; otherwise it returns a nonnegative
value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.7.10" href="#7.21.7.10">7.21.7.10 The ungetc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note283" href="#note283">283)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.9">7.30.9</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.8" href="#7.21.8">7.21.8 Direct input/output functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.8.1" href="#7.21.8.1">7.21.8.1 The fread function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 353 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.8.2" href="#7.21.8.2">7.21.8.2 The fwrite function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
less than nmemb only if a write error is encountered. If size or nmemb is zero,
fwrite returns zero and the state of the stream remains unchanged.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.9" href="#7.21.9">7.21.9 File positioning functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.9.1" href="#7.21.9.1">7.21.9.1 The fgetpos function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the fsetpos function (<a href="#7.21.9.3">7.21.9.3</a>).
<!--page 354 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.9.2" href="#7.21.9.2">7.21.9.2 The fseek function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fseek function returns nonzero only for a request that cannot be satisfied.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the ftell function (<a href="#7.21.9.4">7.21.9.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.9.3" href="#7.21.9.3">7.21.9.3 The fsetpos function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If successful, the fsetpos function returns zero; on failure, the fsetpos function
returns nonzero and stores an implementation-defined positive value in errno.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.9.4" href="#7.21.9.4">7.21.9.4 The ftell function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
for the stream. On failure, the ftell function returns -1L and stores an
implementation-defined positive value in errno.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.9.5" href="#7.21.9.5">7.21.9.5 The rewind function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The rewind function returns no value.
<!--page 356 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.21.10" href="#7.21.10">7.21.10 Error-handling functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.10.1" href="#7.21.10.1">7.21.10.1 The clearerr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The clearerr function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.10.2" href="#7.21.10.2">7.21.10.2 The feof function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The feof function returns nonzero if and only if the end-of-file indicator is set for
stream.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.10.3" href="#7.21.10.3">7.21.10.3 The ferror function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
stream.
<!--page 357 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.21.10.4" href="#7.21.10.4">7.21.10.4 The perror function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the strerror function (<a href="#7.23.6.2">7.23.6.2</a>).
<!--page 358 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.22" href="#7.22">7.22 General utilities <stdlib.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.22"><stdlib.h></a> declares five types and several functions of general utility, and
<p><small><a name="note284" href="#note284">284)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.10">7.30.10</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.1" href="#7.22.1">7.22.1 Numeric conversion functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions atof, atoi, atol, and atoll need not affect the value of the integer
expression errno on an error. If the value of the result cannot be represented, the
behavior is undefined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.1.1" href="#7.22.1.1">7.22.1.1 The atof function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The atof function returns the converted value.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the strtod, strtof, and strtold functions (<a href="#7.22.1.3">7.22.1.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.1.2" href="#7.22.1.2">7.22.1.2 The atoi, atol, and atoll functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
(<a href="#7.22.1.4">7.22.1.4</a>).
<!--page 360 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.1.3" href="#7.22.1.3">7.22.1.3 The strtod, strtof, and strtold functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
to the same internal floating value, but if not will round to adjacent values.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.1.4" href="#7.22.1.4">7.22.1.4 The strtol, strtoll, strtoul, and strtoull functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
and sign of the value, if any), and the value of the macro ERANGE is stored in errno.
<!--page 364 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.2" href="#7.22.2">7.22.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.2.1" href="#7.22.2.1">7.22.2.1 The rand function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
particular requirements should use a generator that is known to be sufficient for their needs.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.2.2" href="#7.22.2.2">7.22.2.2 The srand function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.3" href="#7.22.3">7.22.3 Memory management functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The order and contiguity of storage allocated by successive calls to the
is returned, or the behavior is as if the size were some nonzero value, except that the
returned pointer shall not be used to access an object.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.3.1" href="#7.22.3.1">7.22.3.1 The aligned_alloc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
space.
<!--page 366 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.3.2" href="#7.22.3.2">7.22.3.2 The calloc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
constant.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.3.3" href="#7.22.3.3">7.22.3.3 The free function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The free function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.3.4" href="#7.22.3.4">7.22.3.4 The malloc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The malloc function returns either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.3.5" href="#7.22.3.5">7.22.3.5 The realloc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value as a pointer to the old object), or a null pointer if the new object could not be
allocated.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.4" href="#7.22.4">7.22.4 Communication with the environment</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.1" href="#7.22.4.1">7.22.4.1 The abort function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The abort function does not return to its caller.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.2" href="#7.22.4.2">7.22.4.2 The atexit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
applications may need to call both registration functions with the same argument.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.3" href="#7.22.4.3">7.22.4.3 The at_quick_exit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
applications may need to call both registration functions with the same argument.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.4" href="#7.22.4.4">7.22.4.4 The exit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
other registered functions.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.5" href="#7.22.4.5">7.22.4.5 The _Exit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The _Exit function cannot return to its caller.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.6" href="#7.22.4.6">7.22.4.6 The getenv function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note293" href="#note293">293)</a> Many implementations provide non-standard functions that modify the environment list.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.7" href="#7.22.4.7">7.22.4.7 The quick_exit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
other registered functions.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.4.8" href="#7.22.4.8">7.22.4.8 The system function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
command processor is available. If the argument is not a null pointer, and the system
function does return, it returns an implementation-defined value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.5" href="#7.22.5">7.22.5 Searching and sorting utilities</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
These utilities make use of a comparison function to search or sort arrays of unspecified
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.5.1" href="#7.22.5.1">7.22.5.1 The bsearch function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note296" href="#note296">296)</a> In practice, the entire array is sorted according to the comparison function.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.5.2" href="#7.22.5.2">7.22.5.2 The qsort function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 5 -->
The qsort function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.6" href="#7.22.6">7.22.6 Integer arithmetic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.6.1" href="#7.22.6.1">7.22.6.1 The abs, labs and llabs functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note297" href="#note297">297)</a> The absolute value of the most negative number cannot be represented in two's complement.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.6.2" href="#7.22.6.2">7.22.6.2 The div, ldiv, and lldiv functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
each of which has the same type as the arguments numer and denom. If either part of
the result cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.7" href="#7.22.7">7.22.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior of the multibyte character functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category
character codes, but are grouped with an adjacent multibyte character.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.7.1" href="#7.22.7.1">7.22.7.1 The mblen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
multibyte character).
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the mbtowc function (<a href="#7.22.7.2">7.22.7.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.7.2" href="#7.22.7.2">7.22.7.2 The mbtowc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
macro.
<!--page 376 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.7.3" href="#7.22.7.3">7.22.7.3 The wctomb function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 5 -->
In no case will the value returned be greater than the value of the MB_CUR_MAX macro.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.22.8" href="#7.22.8">7.22.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior of the multibyte string functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category of
the current locale.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.8.1" href="#7.22.8.1">7.22.8.1 The mbstowcs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note299" href="#note299">299)</a> The array will not be null-terminated if the value returned is n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.22.8.2" href="#7.22.8.2">7.22.8.2 The wcstombs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 378 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.23" href="#7.23">7.23 String handling <string.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.1" href="#7.23.1">7.23.1 String function conventions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.23"><string.h></a> declares one type and several functions, and defines one
<p><small><a name="note300" href="#note300">300)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.11">7.30.11</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.2" href="#7.23.2">7.23.2 Copying functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.2.1" href="#7.23.2.1">7.23.2.1 The memcpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 379 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.2.2" href="#7.23.2.2">7.23.2.2 The memmove function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The memmove function returns the value of s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.2.3" href="#7.23.2.3">7.23.2.3 The strcpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The strcpy function returns the value of s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.2.4" href="#7.23.2.4">7.23.2.4 The strncpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
not be null-terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.3" href="#7.23.3">7.23.3 Concatenation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.3.1" href="#7.23.3.1">7.23.3.1 The strcat function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The strcat function returns the value of s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.3.2" href="#7.23.3.2">7.23.3.2 The strncat function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
strlen(s1)+n+1.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.4" href="#7.23.4">7.23.4 Comparison functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The sign of a nonzero value returned by the comparison functions memcmp, strcmp,
pair of characters (both interpreted as unsigned char) that differ in the objects being
compared.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.4.1" href="#7.23.4.1">7.23.4.1 The memcmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
comparison.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.4.2" href="#7.23.4.2">7.23.4.2 The strcmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 382 -->
pointed to by s2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.4.3" href="#7.23.4.3">7.23.4.3 The strcoll function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
accordingly as the string pointed to by s1 is greater than, equal to, or less than the string
pointed to by s2 when both are interpreted as appropriate to the current locale.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.4.4" href="#7.23.4.4">7.23.4.4 The strncmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
accordingly as the possibly null-terminated array pointed to by s1 is greater than, equal
to, or less than the possibly null-terminated array pointed to by s2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.4.5" href="#7.23.4.5">7.23.4.5 The strxfrm function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.5" href="#7.23.5">7.23.5 Search functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.1" href="#7.23.5.1">7.23.5.1 The memchr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The memchr function returns a pointer to the located character, or a null pointer if the
character does not occur in the object.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.2" href="#7.23.5.2">7.23.5.2 The strchr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The strchr function returns a pointer to the located character, or a null pointer if the
character does not occur in the string.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.3" href="#7.23.5.3">7.23.5.3 The strcspn function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The strcspn function returns the length of the segment.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.4" href="#7.23.5.4">7.23.5.4 The strpbrk function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The strpbrk function returns a pointer to the character, or a null pointer if no character
from s2 occurs in s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.5" href="#7.23.5.5">7.23.5.5 The strrchr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The strrchr function returns a pointer to the character, or a null pointer if c does not
occur in the string.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.6" href="#7.23.5.6">7.23.5.6 The strspn function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The strspn function returns the length of the segment.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.7" href="#7.23.5.7">7.23.5.7 The strstr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The strstr function returns a pointer to the located string, or a null pointer if the string
is not found. If s2 points to a string with zero length, the function returns s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.5.8" href="#7.23.5.8">7.23.5.8 The strtok function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.23.6" href="#7.23.6">7.23.6 Miscellaneous functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.6.1" href="#7.23.6.1">7.23.6.1 The memset function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The memset function returns the value of s.
<!--page 387 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.6.2" href="#7.23.6.2">7.23.6.2 The strerror function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
specific. The array pointed to shall not be modified by the program, but may be
overwritten by a subsequent call to the strerror function.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.23.6.3" href="#7.23.6.3">7.23.6.3 The strlen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
character.
<!--page 388 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.24" href="#7.24">7.24 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.24"><tgmath.h></a> includes the headers <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> and <a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> and
the behavior is undefined.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.25" href="#7.25">7.25 Threads <threads.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.1" href="#7.25.1">7.25.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.25"><threads.h></a> defines macros, and declares types, enumeration constants,
was unable to allocate memory.
<!--page 393 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.2" href="#7.25.2">7.25.2 Initialization functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.2.1" href="#7.25.2.1">7.25.2.1 The call_once function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The call_once function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.3" href="#7.25.3">7.25.3 Condition variable functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.1" href="#7.25.3.1">7.25.3.1 The cnd_broadcast function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cnd_broadcast function returns thrd_success on success, or thrd_error
if the request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.2" href="#7.25.3.2">7.25.3.2 The cnd_destroy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The cnd_destroy function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.3" href="#7.25.3.3">7.25.3.3 The cnd_init function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
memory could be allocated for the newly created condition, or thrd_error if the
request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.4" href="#7.25.3.4">7.25.3.4 The cnd_signal function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cnd_signal function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if
the request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.5" href="#7.25.3.5">7.25.3.5 The cnd_timedwait function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
thrd_timeout if the time specified in the call was reached without acquiring the
requested resource, or thrd_error if the request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.3.6" href="#7.25.3.6">7.25.3.6 The cnd_wait function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cnd_wait function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if the
request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.4" href="#7.25.4">7.25.4 Mutex functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.1" href="#7.25.4.1">7.25.4.1 The mtx_destroy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The mtx_destroy function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.2" href="#7.25.4.2">7.25.4.2 The mtx_init function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The mtx_init function returns thrd_success on success, or thrd_error if the
request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.3" href="#7.25.4.3">7.25.4.3 The mtx_lock function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
honored.
<!--page 397 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.4" href="#7.25.4.4">7.25.4.4 The mtx_timedlock function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
reached without acquiring the requested resource, or thrd_error if the request could
not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.5" href="#7.25.4.5">7.25.4.5 The mtx_trylock function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the resource requested is already in use, or thrd_error if the request could not be
honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.4.6" href="#7.25.4.6">7.25.4.6 The mtx_unlock function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The mtx_unlock function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if
the request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.5" href="#7.25.5">7.25.5 Thread functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.1" href="#7.25.5.1">7.25.5.1 The thrd_create function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
no memory could be allocated for the thread requested, or thrd_error if the request
could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.2" href="#7.25.5.2">7.25.5.2 The thrd_current function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The thrd_current function returns the identifier of the thread that called it.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.3" href="#7.25.5.3">7.25.5.3 The thrd_detach function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The thrd_detach function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if
the request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.4" href="#7.25.5.4">7.25.5.4 The thrd_equal function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The thrd_equal function returns zero if the thread thr0 and the thread thr1 refer to
different threads. Otherwise the thrd_equal function returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.5" href="#7.25.5.5">7.25.5.5 The thrd_exit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The thrd_exit function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.6" href="#7.25.5.6">7.25.5.6 The thrd_join function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The thrd_join function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if the
request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.7" href="#7.25.5.7">7.25.5.7 The thrd_sleep function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The thrd_sleep function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.5.8" href="#7.25.5.8">7.25.5.8 The thrd_yield function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The thrd_yield function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.6" href="#7.25.6">7.25.6 Thread-specific storage functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.6.1" href="#7.25.6.1">7.25.6.1 The tss_create function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
thrd_success; otherwise, thrd_error is returned and the thread-specific storage
pointed to by key is set to an undefined value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.6.2" href="#7.25.6.2">7.25.6.2 The tss_delete function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The tss_delete function returns no value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.6.3" href="#7.25.6.3">7.25.6.3 The tss_get function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The tss_get function returns the value for the current thread if successful, or zero if
unsuccessful.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.6.4" href="#7.25.6.4">7.25.6.4 The tss_set function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The tss_set function returns thrd_success on success or thrd_error if the
request could not be honored.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.25.7" href="#7.25.7">7.25.7 Time functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.25.7.1" href="#7.25.7.1">7.25.7.1 The xtime_get function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
xtime object is system dependent.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.26" href="#7.26">7.26 Date and time <time.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.26.1" href="#7.26.1">7.26.1 Components of time</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.26"><time.h></a> defines two macros, and declares several types and functions for
<p><small><a name="note307" href="#note307">307)</a> The range [0, 60] for tm_sec allows for a positive leap second.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.26.2" href="#7.26.2">7.26.2 Time manipulation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.2.1" href="#7.26.2.1">7.26.2.1 The clock function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the program and its return value subtracted from the value returned by subsequent calls.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.2.2" href="#7.26.2.2">7.26.2.2 The difftime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 405 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.2.3" href="#7.26.2.3">7.26.2.3 The mktime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
causes it to attempt to determine whether Daylight Saving Time is in effect for the specified time.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.2.4" href="#7.26.2.4">7.26.2.4 The time function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
available. If timer is not a null pointer, the return value is also assigned to the object it
points to.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.26.3" href="#7.26.3">7.26.3 Time conversion functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Except for the strftime function, these functions each return a pointer to one of two
previous call to any of them and the functions are not required to avoid data races. The
implementation shall behave as if no other library functions call these functions.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.3.1" href="#7.26.3.1">7.26.3.1 The asctime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note310" href="#note310">310)</a> See <a href="#7.26.1">7.26.1</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.3.2" href="#7.26.3.2">7.26.3.2 The ctime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
broken-down time as argument.
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the localtime function (<a href="#7.26.3.4">7.26.3.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.3.3" href="#7.26.3.3">7.26.3.3 The gmtime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The gmtime function returns a pointer to the broken-down time, or a null pointer if the
specified time cannot be converted to UTC.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.3.4" href="#7.26.3.4">7.26.3.4 The localtime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The localtime function returns a pointer to the broken-down time, or a null pointer if
the specified time cannot be converted to local time.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.26.3.5" href="#7.26.3.5">7.26.3.5 The strftime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
zero is returned and the contents of the array are indeterminate.
<!--page 413 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.27" href="#7.27">7.27 Unicode utilities <uchar.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.27"><uchar.h></a> declares types and functions for manipulating Unicode
which is an unsigned integer type used for 32-bit characters and is the same type as
uint_least32_t (also described in <a href="#7.20.1.2">7.20.1.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.27.1" href="#7.27.1">7.27.1 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
These functions have a parameter, ps, of type pointer to mbstate_t that points to an
to avoid data races in this case. The implementation behaves as if no library function
calls these functions with a null pointer for ps.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.27.1.1" href="#7.27.1.1">7.27.1.1 The mbrtoc16 function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
sequence of redundant shift sequences (for implementations with state-dependent encodings).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.27.1.2" href="#7.27.1.2">7.27.1.2 The c16rtomb function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the function stores the value of the macro EILSEQ in errno and returns
(size_t)(-1); the conversion state is unspecified.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.27.1.3" href="#7.27.1.3">7.27.1.3 The mbrtoc32 function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
sequence of redundant shift sequences (for implementations with state-dependent encodings).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.27.1.4" href="#7.27.1.4">7.27.1.4 The c32rtomb function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 417 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.28" href="#7.28">7.28 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.1" href="#7.28.1">7.28.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.28"><wchar.h></a> defines four macros, and declares four data types, one tag, and
<p><small><a name="note315" href="#note315">315)</a> The value of the macro WEOF may differ from that of EOF and need not be negative.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.2" href="#7.28.2">7.28.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The formatted wide character input/output functions shall behave as if there is a sequence
<p><small><a name="note316" href="#note316">316)</a> The fwprintf functions perform writes to memory for the %n specifier.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.1" href="#7.28.2.1">7.28.2.1 The fwprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the case of fixed-point conversion by the source value as well.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.2" href="#7.28.2.2">7.28.2.2 The fwscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note326" href="#note326">326)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.12">7.30.12</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.3" href="#7.28.2.3">7.28.2.3 The swprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
counting the terminating null wide character, or a negative value if an encoding error
occurred or if n or more wide characters were requested to be written.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.4" href="#7.28.2.4">7.28.2.4 The swscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
<!--page 432 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.5" href="#7.28.2.5">7.28.2.5 The vfwprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
invoke the va_arg macro, the value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.6" href="#7.28.2.6">7.28.2.6 The vfwscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.7" href="#7.28.2.7">7.28.2.7 The vswprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
occurred or if n or more wide characters were requested to be generated.
<!--page 434 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.8" href="#7.28.2.8">7.28.2.8 The vswscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.9" href="#7.28.2.9">7.28.2.9 The vwprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value if an output or encoding error occurred.
<!--page 435 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.10" href="#7.28.2.10">7.28.2.10 The vwscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.11" href="#7.28.2.11">7.28.2.11 The wprintf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wprintf function returns the number of wide characters transmitted, or a negative
value if an output or encoding error occurred.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.2.12" href="#7.28.2.12">7.28.2.12 The wscanf function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even
zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.3" href="#7.28.3">7.28.3 Wide character input/output functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.1" href="#7.28.3.1">7.28.3.1 The fgetwc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Also, errno will be set to EILSEQ by input/output functions only if an encoding error occurs.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.2" href="#7.28.3.2">7.28.3.2 The fgetws function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
null pointer is returned. If a read or encoding error occurs during the operation, the array
contents are indeterminate and a null pointer is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.3" href="#7.28.3.3">7.28.3.3 The fputwc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
error indicator for the stream is set and fputwc returns WEOF. If an encoding error
occurs, the value of the macro EILSEQ is stored in errno and fputwc returns WEOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.4" href="#7.28.3.4">7.28.3.4 The fputws function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
returns a nonnegative value.
<!--page 438 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.5" href="#7.28.3.5">7.28.3.5 The fwide function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note329" href="#note329">329)</a> If the orientation of the stream has already been determined, fwide does not change it.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.6" href="#7.28.3.6">7.28.3.6 The getwc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The getwc function returns the next wide character from the input stream pointed to by
stream, or WEOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.7" href="#7.28.3.7">7.28.3.7 The getwchar function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The getwchar function returns the next wide character from the input stream pointed to
by stdin, or WEOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.8" href="#7.28.3.8">7.28.3.8 The putwc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The putwc function returns the wide character written, or WEOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.9" href="#7.28.3.9">7.28.3.9 The putwchar function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The putwchar function returns the character written, or WEOF.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.3.10" href="#7.28.3.10">7.28.3.10 The ungetwc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The ungetwc function returns the wide character pushed back, or WEOF if the operation
fails.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.4" href="#7.28.4">7.28.4 General wide string utilities</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.28"><wchar.h></a> declares a number of functions useful for wide string
zero wide characters.
<!--page 441 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.1" href="#7.28.4.1">7.28.4.1 Wide string numeric conversion functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.1.1" href="#7.28.4.1.1">7.28.4.1.1 The wcstod, wcstof, and wcstold functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
to the same internal floating value, but if not will round to adjacent values.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.1.2" href="#7.28.4.1.2">7.28.4.1.2 The wcstol, wcstoll, wcstoul, and wcstoull functions</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
LLONG_MAX, ULONG_MAX, or ULLONG_MAX is returned (according to the return type
sign of the value, if any), and the value of the macro ERANGE is stored in errno.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.2" href="#7.28.4.2">7.28.4.2 Wide string copying functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.2.1" href="#7.28.4.2.1">7.28.4.2.1 The wcscpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcscpy function returns the value of s1.
<!--page 446 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.2.2" href="#7.28.4.2.2">7.28.4.2.2 The wcsncpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
result will not be null-terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.2.3" href="#7.28.4.2.3">7.28.4.2.3 The wmemcpy function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<!--page 447 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.2.4" href="#7.28.4.2.4">7.28.4.2.4 The wmemmove function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The wmemmove function returns the value of s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.3" href="#7.28.4.3">7.28.4.3 Wide string concatenation functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.3.1" href="#7.28.4.3.1">7.28.4.3.1 The wcscat function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The wcscat function returns the value of s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.3.2" href="#7.28.4.3.2">7.28.4.3.2 The wcsncat function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wcslen(s1)+n+1.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4" href="#7.28.4.4">7.28.4.4 Wide string comparison functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the functions described in this subclause order two
wide characters the same way as two integers of the underlying integer type designated
by wchar_t.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4.1" href="#7.28.4.4.1">7.28.4.4.1 The wcscmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
accordingly as the wide string pointed to by s1 is greater than, equal to, or less than the
wide string pointed to by s2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4.2" href="#7.28.4.4.2">7.28.4.4.2 The wcscoll function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wide string pointed to by s2 when both are interpreted as appropriate to the current
locale.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4.3" href="#7.28.4.4.3">7.28.4.4.3 The wcsncmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
accordingly as the possibly null-terminated array pointed to by s1 is greater than, equal
to, or less than the possibly null-terminated array pointed to by s2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4.4" href="#7.28.4.4.4">7.28.4.4.4 The wcsxfrm function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.4.5" href="#7.28.4.4.5">7.28.4.4.5 The wmemcmp function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
accordingly as the object pointed to by s1 is greater than, equal to, or less than the object
pointed to by s2.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5" href="#7.28.4.5">7.28.4.5 Wide string search functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.1" href="#7.28.4.5.1">7.28.4.5.1 The wcschr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcschr function returns a pointer to the located wide character, or a null pointer if
the wide character does not occur in the wide string.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.2" href="#7.28.4.5.2">7.28.4.5.2 The wcscspn function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The wcscspn function returns the length of the segment.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.3" href="#7.28.4.5.3">7.28.4.5.3 The wcspbrk function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcspbrk function returns a pointer to the wide character in s1, or a null pointer if
no wide character from s2 occurs in s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.4" href="#7.28.4.5.4">7.28.4.5.4 The wcsrchr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcsrchr function returns a pointer to the wide character, or a null pointer if c does
not occur in the wide string.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.5" href="#7.28.4.5.5">7.28.4.5.5 The wcsspn function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcsspn function returns the length of the segment.
<!--page 452 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.6" href="#7.28.4.5.6">7.28.4.5.6 The wcsstr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wide string is not found. If s2 points to a wide string with zero length, the function
returns s1.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.7" href="#7.28.4.5.7">7.28.4.5.7 The wcstok function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.5.8" href="#7.28.4.5.8">7.28.4.5.8 The wmemchr function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the wide character does not occur in the object.
<!--page 454 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.6" href="#7.28.4.6">7.28.4.6 Miscellaneous functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.6.1" href="#7.28.4.6.1">7.28.4.6.1 The wcslen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wcslen function returns the number of wide characters that precede the terminating
null wide character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.4.6.2" href="#7.28.4.6.2">7.28.4.6.2 The wmemset function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 3 -->
The wmemset function returns the value of s.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.5" href="#7.28.5">7.28.5 Wide character time conversion functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.5.1" href="#7.28.5.1">7.28.5.1 The wcsftime function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wide character. Otherwise, zero is returned and the contents of the array are
indeterminate.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.28.6" href="#7.28.6">7.28.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.28"><wchar.h></a> declares an extended set of functions useful for conversion
character string.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.1" href="#7.28.6.1">7.28.6.1 Single-byte/wide character conversion functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.1.1" href="#7.28.6.1.1">7.28.6.1.1 The btowc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
does not constitute a valid single-byte character in the initial shift state. Otherwise, it
returns the wide character representation of that character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.1.2" href="#7.28.6.1.2">7.28.6.1.2 The wctob function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
length one in the initial shift state. Otherwise, it returns the single-byte representation of
that character as an unsigned char converted to an int.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.2" href="#7.28.6.2">7.28.6.2 Conversion state functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.2.1" href="#7.28.6.2.1">7.28.6.2.1 The mbsinit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The mbsinit function returns nonzero if ps is a null pointer or if the referenced object
describes an initial conversion state; otherwise, it returns zero.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.3" href="#7.28.6.3">7.28.6.3 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
These functions differ from the corresponding multibyte character functions of <a href="#7.22.7">7.22.7</a>
Also unlike their corresponding functions, the return value does not represent whether the
encoding is state-dependent.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.3.1" href="#7.28.6.3.1">7.28.6.3.1 The mbrlen function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the mbrtowc function (<a href="#7.28.6.3.2">7.28.6.3.2</a>).
<!--page 458 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.3.2" href="#7.28.6.3.2">7.28.6.3.2 The mbrtowc function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
sequence of redundant shift sequences (for implementations with state-dependent encodings).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.3.3" href="#7.28.6.3.3">7.28.6.3.3 The wcrtomb function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
the function stores the value of the macro EILSEQ in errno and returns
(size_t)(-1); the conversion state is unspecified.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.4" href="#7.28.6.4">7.28.6.4 Restartable multibyte/wide string conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
These functions differ from the corresponding multibyte string functions of <a href="#7.22.8">7.22.8</a>
to reflect the amount of the source processed by that invocation.
<!--page 460 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.4.1" href="#7.28.6.4.1">7.28.6.4.1 The mbsrtowcs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note337" href="#note337">337)</a> Thus, the value of len is ignored if dst is a null pointer.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.28.6.4.2" href="#7.28.6.4.2">7.28.6.4.2 The wcsrtombs function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
include those necessary to reach the initial shift state immediately before the null byte.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.29" href="#7.29">7.29 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h></a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.29.1" href="#7.29.1">7.29.1 Introduction</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.29"><wctype.h></a> defines one macro, and declares three data types and many
<p><small><a name="note339" href="#note339">339)</a> See ''future library directions'' (<a href="#7.30.13">7.30.13</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.29.2" href="#7.29.2">7.29.2 Wide character classification utilities</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.29"><wctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for classifying wide
term control wide character refers to a member of a locale-specific set of wide characters
that are not printing wide characters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1" href="#7.29.2.1">7.29.2.1 Wide character classification functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions in this subclause return nonzero (true) if and only if the value of the
&& iswspace(wc) is true, but not both.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.1" href="#7.29.2.1.1">7.29.2.1.1 The iswalnum function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The iswalnum function tests for any wide character for which iswalpha or
iswdigit is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.2" href="#7.29.2.1.2">7.29.2.1.2 The iswalpha function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wide characters; all four combinations are possible.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.3" href="#7.29.2.1.3">7.29.2.1.3 The iswblank function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
characters are the following: space (L' '), and horizontal tab (L'\t'). In the "C"
locale, iswblank returns true only for the standard blank characters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.4" href="#7.29.2.1.4">7.29.2.1.4 The iswcntrl function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The iswcntrl function tests for any control wide character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.5" href="#7.29.2.1.5">7.29.2.1.5 The iswdigit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The iswdigit function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a decimal-digit
character (as defined in <a href="#5.2.1">5.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.6" href="#7.29.2.1.6">7.29.2.1.6 The iswgraph function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
characters other than ' '.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.7" href="#7.29.2.1.7">7.29.2.1.7 The iswlower function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
letter or is one of a locale-specific set of wide characters for which none of iswcntrl,
iswdigit, iswpunct, or iswspace is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.8" href="#7.29.2.1.8">7.29.2.1.8 The iswprint function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><!--para 2 -->
The iswprint function tests for any printing wide character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.9" href="#7.29.2.1.9">7.29.2.1.9 The iswpunct function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
specific set of punctuation wide characters for which neither iswspace nor iswalnum
is true.<sup><a href="#note342"><b>342)</b></a></sup>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.10" href="#7.29.2.1.10">7.29.2.1.10 The iswspace function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
set of white-space wide characters for which none of iswalnum, iswgraph, or
iswpunct is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.11" href="#7.29.2.1.11">7.29.2.1.11 The iswupper function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
letter or is one of a locale-specific set of wide characters for which none of iswcntrl,
iswdigit, iswpunct, or iswspace is true.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.1.12" href="#7.29.2.1.12">7.29.2.1.12 The iswxdigit function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The iswxdigit function tests for any wide character that corresponds to a
hexadecimal-digit character (as defined in <a href="#6.4.4.1">6.4.4.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.2" href="#7.29.2.2">7.29.2.2 Extensible wide character classification functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions wctype and iswctype provide extensible wide character classification
as well as testing equivalent to that performed by the functions described in the previous
subclause (<a href="#7.29.2.1">7.29.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.2.1" href="#7.29.2.2.1">7.29.2.2.1 The iswctype function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
function returns zero (false).
<p><b> Forward references</b>: the wctype function (<a href="#7.29.2.2.2">7.29.2.2.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.2.2.2" href="#7.29.2.2.2">7.29.2.2.2 The wctype function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
as the second argument to the iswctype function; otherwise, it returns zero.
<!--page 468 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.29.3" href="#7.29.3">7.29.3 Wide character case mapping utilities</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.29"><wctype.h></a> declares several functions useful for mapping wide characters.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.1" href="#7.29.3.1">7.29.3.1 Wide character case mapping functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.1.1" href="#7.29.3.1.1">7.29.3.1.1 The towlower function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
characters (always the same one for any given locale); otherwise, the argument is
returned unchanged.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.1.2" href="#7.29.3.1.2">7.29.3.1.2 The towupper function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
characters (always the same one for any given locale); otherwise, the argument is
returned unchanged.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.2" href="#7.29.3.2">7.29.3.2 Extensible wide character case mapping functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions wctrans and towctrans provide extensible wide character mapping as
previous subclause (<a href="#7.29.3.1">7.29.3.1</a>).
<!--page 469 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.2.1" href="#7.29.3.2.1">7.29.3.2.1 The towctrans function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The towctrans function returns the mapped value of wc using the mapping described
by desc. If desc is zero, the towctrans function returns the value of wc.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="7.29.3.2.2" href="#7.29.3.2.2">7.29.3.2.2 The wctrans function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
as the second argument to the towctrans function; otherwise, it returns zero.
<!--page 470 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="7.30" href="#7.30">7.30 Future library directions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following names are grouped under individual headers for convenience. All external
names described below are reserved no matter what headers are included by the program.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.1" href="#7.30.1">7.30.1 Complex arithmetic <complex.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The function names
and the same names suffixed with f or l may be added to the declarations in the
<a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.2" href="#7.30.2">7.30.2 Character handling <ctype.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Function names that begin with either is or to, and a lowercase letter may be added to
the declarations in the <a href="#7.4"><ctype.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.3" href="#7.30.3">7.30.3 Errors <errno.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macros that begin with E and a digit or E and an uppercase letter may be added to the
declarations in the <a href="#7.5"><errno.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.4" href="#7.30.4">7.30.4 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macro names beginning with PRI or SCN followed by any lowercase letter or X may be
added to the macros defined in the <a href="#7.8"><inttypes.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.5" href="#7.30.5">7.30.5 Localization <locale.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macros that begin with LC_ and an uppercase letter may be added to the definitions in
the <a href="#7.11"><locale.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.6" href="#7.30.6">7.30.6 Signal handling <signal.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macros that begin with either SIG and an uppercase letter or SIG_ and an uppercase
letter may be added to the definitions in the <a href="#7.14"><signal.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.7" href="#7.30.7">7.30.7 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The ability to undefine and perhaps then redefine the macros bool, true, and false is
an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.8" href="#7.30.8">7.30.8 Integer types <stdint.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Typedef names beginning with int or uint and ending with _t may be added to the
<a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a> header.
<!--page 471 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.9" href="#7.30.9">7.30.9 Input/output <stdio.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Lowercase letters may be added to the conversion specifiers and length modifiers in
The use of ungetc on a binary stream where the file position indicator is zero prior to *
the call is an obsolescent feature.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.10" href="#7.30.10">7.30.10 General utilities <stdlib.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Function names that begin with str and a lowercase letter may be added to the
declarations in the <a href="#7.22"><stdlib.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.11" href="#7.30.11">7.30.11 String handling <string.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Function names that begin with str, mem, or wcs and a lowercase letter may be added
to the declarations in the <a href="#7.23"><string.h></a> header.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.12" href="#7.30.12">7.30.12 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Function names that begin with wcs and a lowercase letter may be added to the
Lowercase letters may be added to the conversion specifiers and length modifiers in
fwprintf and fwscanf. Other characters may be used in extensions.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="7.30.13" href="#7.30.13">7.30.13 Wide character classification and mapping utilities</a></h4>
<a href="#7.29"><wctype.h></a>
<p><!--para 1 -->
declarations in the <a href="#7.29"><wctype.h></a> header.
<!--page 472 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="A" href="#A">Annex A</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
NOTE The notation is described in <a href="#6.1">6.1</a>.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="A.1" href="#A.1">A.1 Lexical grammar</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.1" href="#A.1.1">A.1.1 Lexical elements</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4">6.4</a>) token:
<pre>
each non-white-space character that cannot be one of the above
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.2" href="#A.1.2">A.1.2 Keywords</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.1">6.4.1</a>) keyword: one of
<pre>
for typedef
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.3" href="#A.1.3">A.1.3 Identifiers</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.2.1">6.4.2.1</a>) identifier:
<pre>
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.4" href="#A.1.4">A.1.4 Universal character names</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.3">6.4.3</a>) universal-character-name:
<pre>
hexadecimal-digit hexadecimal-digit
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.5" href="#A.1.5">A.1.5 Constants</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.4">6.4.4</a>) constant:
<pre>
hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.6" href="#A.1.6">A.1.6 String literals</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.5">6.4.5</a>) string-literal:
<pre>
escape-sequence
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.7" href="#A.1.7">A.1.7 Punctuators</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.6">6.4.6</a>) punctuator: one of
<!--page 478 -->
<: :> <% %> %: %:%:
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.8" href="#A.1.8">A.1.8 Header names</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.7">6.4.7</a>) header-name:
<pre>
the new-line character and "
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.1.9" href="#A.1.9">A.1.9 Preprocessing numbers</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.4.8">6.4.8</a>) pp-number:
<!--page 479 -->
pp-number .
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="A.2" href="#A.2">A.2 Phrase structure grammar</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.2.1" href="#A.2.1">A.2.1 Expressions</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.5.1">6.5.1</a>) primary-expression:
<pre>
conditional-expression
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.2.2" href="#A.2.2">A.2.2 Declarations</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.7">6.7</a>) declaration:
<pre>
_Static_assert ( constant-expression , string-literal ) ;
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.2.3" href="#A.2.3">A.2.3 Statements</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.8">6.8</a>) statement:
<pre>
return expression<sub>opt</sub> ;
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="A.2.4" href="#A.2.4">A.2.4 External definitions</a></h4>
(<a href="#6.9">6.9</a>) translation-unit:
<pre>
declaration-list declaration
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="A.3" href="#A.3">A.3 Preprocessing directives</a></h3>
(<a href="#6.10">6.10</a>) preprocessing-file:
<pre>
the new-line character
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="B" href="#B">Annex B</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
Library summary
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.1" href="#B.1">B.1 Diagnostics <assert.h></a></h3>
<pre>
NDEBUG
void assert(scalar expression);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.2" href="#B.2">B.2 Complex <complex.h></a></h3>
<!--page 490 -->
<!--page 491 -->
long double creall(long double complex z);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.3" href="#B.3">B.3 Character handling <ctype.h></a></h3>
<pre>
int isalnum(int c);
int toupper(int c);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.4" href="#B.4">B.4 Errors <errno.h></a></h3>
<pre>
EDOM EILSEQ ERANGE errno
errno_t
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.5" href="#B.5">B.5 Floating-point environment <fenv.h></a></h3>
<!--page 492 -->
<pre>
int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *envp);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.6" href="#B.6">B.6 Characteristics of floating types <float.h></a></h3>
<pre>
FLT_ROUNDS DBL_DIG FLT_MAX
FLT_DIG LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.7" href="#B.7">B.7 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h></a></h3>
<!--page 493 -->
<pre>
wchar_t ** restrict endptr, int base);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.8" href="#B.8">B.8 Alternative spellings <iso646.h></a></h3>
<pre>
and bitor not_eq xor
bitand not or_eq
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.9" href="#B.9">B.9 Sizes of integer types <limits.h></a></h3>
<pre>
CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX INT_MIN ULONG_MAX
CHAR_MIN USHRT_MAX LONG_MAX
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.10" href="#B.10">B.10 Localization <locale.h></a></h3>
<pre>
struct lconv LC_ALL LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC
struct lconv *localeconv(void);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.11" href="#B.11">B.11 Mathematics <math.h></a></h3>
<!--page 494 -->
<!--page 495 -->
int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.12" href="#B.12">B.12 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h></a></h3>
<pre>
jmp_buf
_Noreturn void longjmp(jmp_buf env, int val);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.13" href="#B.13">B.13 Signal handling <signal.h></a></h3>
<!--page 499 -->
<pre>
int raise(int sig);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.14" href="#B.14">B.14 Alignment <stdalign.h></a></h3>
<pre>
alignas
__alignas_is_defined
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.15" href="#B.15">B.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h></a></h3>
<pre>
va_list
void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.16" href="#B.16">B.16 Atomics <stdatomic.h></a></h3>
<!--page 500 -->
<!--page 501 -->
volatile atomic_flag *object, memory_order order);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.17" href="#B.17">B.17 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h></a></h3>
<pre>
bool
__bool_true_false_are_defined
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.18" href="#B.18">B.18 Common definitions <stddef.h></a></h3>
<pre>
ptrdiff_t max_align_t NULL
rsize_t
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.19" href="#B.19">B.19 Integer types <stdint.h></a></h3>
<!--page 502 -->
<pre>
RSIZE_MAX
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.20" href="#B.20">B.20 Input/output <stdio.h></a></h3>
<!--page 503 -->
<!--page 504 -->
char *gets_s(char *s, rsize_t n);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.21" href="#B.21">B.21 General utilities <stdlib.h></a></h3>
<!--page 506 -->
<!--page 507 -->
const wchar_t * restrict src, rsize_t len);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.22" href="#B.22">B.22 String handling <string.h></a></h3>
<!--page 508 -->
<!--page 509 -->
size_t strnlen_s(const char *s, size_t maxsize);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.23" href="#B.23">B.23 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></a></h3>
<pre>
acos sqrt fmod nextafter
pow fmin nearbyint creal
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.24" href="#B.24">B.24 Threads <threads.h></a></h3>
<!--page 510 -->
<pre>
int xtime_get(xtime *xt, int base);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.25" href="#B.25">B.25 Date and time <time.h></a></h3>
<!--page 511 -->
<pre>
struct tm * restrict result);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.26" href="#B.26">B.26 Unicode utilities <uchar.h></a></h3>
<pre>
mbstate_t size_t char16_t char32_t
mbstate_t * restrict ps);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.27" href="#B.27">B.27 Extended multibyte/wide character utilities <wchar.h></a></h3>
<!--page 512 -->
<!--page 513 -->
mbstate_t * restrict ps);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="B.28" href="#B.28">B.28 Wide character classification and mapping utilities <wctype.h></a></h3>
<!--page 517 -->
<pre>
wctrans_t wctrans(const char *property);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="C" href="#C">Annex C</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
<!--page 518 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="D" href="#D">Annex D</a></h2>
<pre>
(normative)
This clause lists the hexadecimal code values that are valid in universal character names
in identifiers.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="D.1" href="#D.1">D.1 Ranges of characters allowed</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
00A8, 00AA, 00AD, 00AF, 00B2-00B5, 00B7-00BA, 00BC-00BE, 00C0-00D6,
60000-6FFFD, 70000-7FFFD, 80000-8FFFD, 90000-9FFFD, A0000-AFFFD,
B0000-BFFFD, C0000-CFFFD, D0000-DFFFD, E0000-EFFFD
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="D.2" href="#D.2">D.2 Ranges of characters disallowed initially</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
0300-036F, 1DC0-1DFF, 20D0-20FF, FE20-FE2F
<!--page 519 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="E" href="#E">Annex E</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
#define LDBL_MIN 1E-37
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="F" href="#F">Annex F</a></h2>
<pre>
(normative)
IEC 60559 floating-point arithmetic
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.1" href="#F.1">F.1 Introduction</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This annex specifies C language support for the IEC 60559 floating-point standard. The
specifications.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.2" href="#F.2">F.2 Types</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The C floating types match the IEC 60559 formats as follows:
all double values.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.2.1" href="#F.2.1">F.2.1 Infinities, signed zeros, and NaNs</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This specification does not define the behavior of signaling NaNs.<sup><a href="#note346"><b>346)</b></a></sup> It generally uses
sufficient for closure of the arithmetic.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.3" href="#F.3">F.3 Operators and functions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
C operators and functions provide IEC 60559 required and recommended facilities as
macros defined in <a href="#7.12.3">7.12.3</a> do not distinguish signaling from quiet NaNs).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.4" href="#F.4">F.4 Floating to integer conversion</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If the integer type is _Bool, <a href="#6.3.1.2">6.3.1.2</a> applies and no floating-point exceptions are raised
<a href="#7.12"><math.h></a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.5" href="#F.5">F.5 Binary-decimal conversion</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Conversion from the widest supported IEC 60559 format to decimal with
DBL_DIG are 18 and 15, respectively, for these formats.)
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.6" href="#F.6">F.6 The return statement</a></h3>
If the return expression is evaluated in a floating-point format different from the return
type, the expression is converted as if by assignment<sup><a href="#note349"><b>349)</b></a></sup> to the return type of the function
<p><small><a name="note349" href="#note349">349)</a> Assignment removes any extra range and precision.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.7" href="#F.7">F.7 Contracted expressions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A contracted expression is correctly rounded (once) and treats infinities, NaNs, signed
A contracted expression should raise floating-point exceptions in a manner generally
consistent with the basic arithmetic operations. *
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.8" href="#F.8">F.8 Floating-point environment</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The floating-point environment defined in <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> includes the IEC 60559 floating-
<p><small><a name="note350" href="#note350">350)</a> This specification does not require dynamic rounding precision nor trap enablement modes.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.1" href="#F.8.1">F.8.1 Environment management</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
IEC 60559 requires that floating-point operations implicitly raise floating-point exception
which allows certain optimizations (see <a href="#F.9">F.9</a>).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.2" href="#F.8.2">F.8.2 Translation</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
During translation the IEC 60559 default modes are in effect:
strtod, provide execution-time conversion of numeric strings.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.3" href="#F.8.3">F.8.3 Execution</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
At program startup the floating-point environment is initialized as prescribed by
<li> Trapping or stopping (if supported) is disabled on all floating-point exceptions.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.4" href="#F.8.4">F.8.4 Constant expressions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An arithmetic constant expression of floating type, other than one in an initializer for an
</pre>
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.5" href="#F.8.5">F.8.5 Initialization</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
All computation for automatic initialization is done (as if) at execution time; thus, it is
could be done at translation time, regardless of the expression evaluation method.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.8.6" href="#F.8.6">F.8.6 Changing the environment</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Operations defined in <a href="#6.5">6.5</a> and functions and macros defined for the standard libraries
''inexact'', or ''underflow'' and ''inexact''), then ''overflow'' or ''underflow'' is raised
before ''inexact''.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.9" href="#F.9">F.9 Optimization</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This section identifies code transformations that might subvert IEC 60559-specified
behavior, and others that do not.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.9.1" href="#F.9.1">F.9.1 Global transformations</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Floating-point arithmetic operations and external function calls may entail side effects
if (0 < n) x + 1;
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.9.2" href="#F.9.2">F.9.2 Expression transformations</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
x/2 <-> x x 0.5 Although similar transformations involving inexact constants
for complex z.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.9.3" href="#F.9.3">F.9.3 Relational operators</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
x != x -> false The expression x != x is true if x is a NaN.
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.9.4" href="#F.9.4">F.9.4 Constant arithmetic</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The implementation shall honor floating-point exceptions raised by execution-time
<p><small><a name="note357" href="#note357">357)</a> 0 - 0 yields -0 instead of +0 just when the rounding direction is downward.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="F.10" href="#F.10">F.10 Mathematics <math.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This subclause contains specifications of <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> facilities that are particularly suited
avoiding them would be too costly.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.1" href="#F.10.1">F.10.1 Trigonometric functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.1" href="#F.10.1.1">F.10.1.1 The acos functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
| x | > 1.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.2" href="#F.10.1.2">F.10.1.2 The asin functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 533 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.3" href="#F.10.1.3">F.10.1.3 The atan functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> atan((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)pi /2.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.4" href="#F.10.1.4">F.10.1.4 The atan2 functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
the ''divide-by-zero'' floating-point exception.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.5" href="#F.10.1.5">F.10.1.5 The cos functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cos((+-)(inf)) returns a NaN and raises the ''invalid'' floating-point exception.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.6" href="#F.10.1.6">F.10.1.6 The sin functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> sin((+-)(inf)) returns a NaN and raises the ''invalid'' floating-point exception.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.1.7" href="#F.10.1.7">F.10.1.7 The tan functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 534 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.2" href="#F.10.2">F.10.2 Hyperbolic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.1" href="#F.10.2.1">F.10.2.1 The acosh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> acosh(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.2" href="#F.10.2.2">F.10.2.2 The asinh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> asinh((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.3" href="#F.10.2.3">F.10.2.3 The atanh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
| x | > 1.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.4" href="#F.10.2.4">F.10.2.4 The cosh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cosh((+-)(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.5" href="#F.10.2.5">F.10.2.5 The sinh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> sinh((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.2.6" href="#F.10.2.6">F.10.2.6 The tanh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> tanh((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)1.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.3" href="#F.10.3">F.10.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.1" href="#F.10.3.1">F.10.3.1 The exp functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 535 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.2" href="#F.10.3.2">F.10.3.2 The exp2 functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> exp2(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.3" href="#F.10.3.3">F.10.3.3 The expm1 functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> expm1(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.4" href="#F.10.3.4">F.10.3.4 The frexp functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.5" href="#F.10.3.5">F.10.3.5 The ilogb functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When the correct result is representable in the range of the return type, the returned value
unspecified and the ''invalid'' floating-point exception is raised.
<!--page 536 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.6" href="#F.10.3.6">F.10.3.6 The ldexp functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
On a binary system, ldexp(x, exp) is equivalent to scalbn(x, exp).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.7" href="#F.10.3.7">F.10.3.7 The log functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> log(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.8" href="#F.10.3.8">F.10.3.8 The log10 functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> log10(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.9" href="#F.10.3.9">F.10.3.9 The log1p functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> log1p(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.10" href="#F.10.3.10">F.10.3.10 The log2 functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> log2(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.11" href="#F.10.3.11">F.10.3.11 The logb functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
The returned value is exact and is independent of the current rounding direction mode.
<!--page 537 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.12" href="#F.10.3.12">F.10.3.12 The modf functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.3.13" href="#F.10.3.13">F.10.3.13 The scalbn and scalbln functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
independent of the current rounding direction mode.
<!--page 538 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.4" href="#F.10.4">F.10.4 Power and absolute value functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.4.1" href="#F.10.4.1">F.10.4.1 The cbrt functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cbrt((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.4.2" href="#F.10.4.2">F.10.4.2 The fabs functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<p><!--para 2 -->
The returned value is exact and is independent of the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.4.3" href="#F.10.4.3">F.10.4.3 The hypot functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> hypot((+-)(inf), y) returns +(inf), even if y is a NaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.4.4" href="#F.10.4.4">F.10.4.4 The pow functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> pow(+(inf), y) returns +(inf) for y > 0.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.4.5" href="#F.10.4.5">F.10.4.5 The sqrt functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
sqrt is fully specified as a basic arithmetic operation in IEC 60559. The returned value
is dependent on the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.5" href="#F.10.5">F.10.5 Error and gamma functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.5.1" href="#F.10.5.1">F.10.5.1 The erf functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> erf((+-)(inf)) returns (+-)1.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.5.2" href="#F.10.5.2">F.10.5.2 The erfc functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> erfc(+(inf)) returns +0.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.5.3" href="#F.10.5.3">F.10.5.3 The lgamma functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> lgamma(+(inf)) returns +(inf).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.5.4" href="#F.10.5.4">F.10.5.4 The tgamma functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 540 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.6" href="#F.10.6">F.10.6 Nearest integer functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.1" href="#F.10.6.1">F.10.6.1 The ceil functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
The ceil functions may, but are not required to, raise the ''inexact'' floating-point
exception for finite non-integer arguments, as this implementation does.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.2" href="#F.10.6.2">F.10.6.2 The floor functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
not required to, raise the ''inexact'' floating-point exception for finite non-integer
arguments, as that implementation does.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.3" href="#F.10.6.3">F.10.6.3 The nearbyint functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The nearbyint functions use IEC 60559 rounding according to the current rounding
<!--page 541 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.4" href="#F.10.6.4">F.10.6.4 The rint functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The rint functions differ from the nearbyint functions only in that they do raise the
''inexact'' floating-point exception if the result differs in value from the argument.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.5" href="#F.10.6.5">F.10.6.5 The lrint and llrint functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The lrint and llrint functions provide floating-to-integer conversion as prescribed
exception and the result differs from the argument, they raise the ''inexact'' floating-point
exception.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.6" href="#F.10.6.6">F.10.6.6 The round functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
exception for finite non-integer numeric arguments, as this implementation does.
<!--page 542 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.7" href="#F.10.6.7">F.10.6.7 The lround and llround functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The lround and llround functions differ from the lrint and llrint functions
round halfway cases away from zero and need not raise the ''inexact'' floating-point
exception for non-integer arguments that round to within the range of the return type.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.6.8" href="#F.10.6.8">F.10.6.8 The trunc functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The trunc functions use IEC 60559 rounding toward zero (regardless of the current
functions may, but are not required to, raise the ''inexact'' floating-point exception for
finite non-integer arguments.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.7" href="#F.10.7">F.10.7 Remainder functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.7.1" href="#F.10.7.1">F.10.7.1 The fmod functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
}
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.7.2" href="#F.10.7.2">F.10.7.2 The remainder functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The remainder functions are fully specified as a basic arithmetic operation in
When subnormal results are supported, the returned value is exact and is independent of
the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.7.3" href="#F.10.7.3">F.10.7.3 The remquo functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The remquo functions follow the specifications for the remainder functions. They
When subnormal results are supported, the returned value is exact and is independent of
the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.8" href="#F.10.8">F.10.8 Manipulation functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.8.1" href="#F.10.8.1">F.10.8.1 The copysign functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
copysign is specified in the Appendix to IEC 60559.
<p><!--para 2 -->
The returned value is exact and is independent of the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.8.2" href="#F.10.8.2">F.10.8.2 The nan functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
All IEC 60559 implementations support quiet NaNs, in all floating formats.
<p><!--para 2 -->
The returned value is exact and is independent of the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.8.3" href="#F.10.8.3">F.10.8.3 The nextafter functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
Even though underflow or overflow can occur, the returned value is independent of the
current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.8.4" href="#F.10.8.4">F.10.8.4 The nexttoward functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
No additional requirements beyond those on nextafter.
current rounding direction mode.
<!--page 544 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.9" href="#F.10.9">F.10.9 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.9.1" href="#F.10.9.1">F.10.9.1 The fdim functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
No additional requirements.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.9.2" href="#F.10.9.2">F.10.9.2 The fmax functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If just one argument is a NaN, the fmax functions return the other argument (if both
return +0; however, implementation in software might be impractical.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.9.3" href="#F.10.9.3">F.10.9.3 The fmin functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fmin functions are analogous to the fmax functions (see <a href="#F.10.9.2">F.10.9.2</a>).
<p><!--para 2 -->
The returned value is exact and is independent of the current rounding direction mode.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.10" href="#F.10.10">F.10.10 Floating multiply-add</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="F.10.10.1" href="#F.10.10.1">F.10.10.1 The fma functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 545 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="F.10.11" href="#F.10.11">F.10.11 Comparison macros</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Relational operators and their corresponding comparison macros (<a href="#7.12.14">7.12.14</a>) produce
operands of relational operators to their semantic types.
<!--page 546 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="G" href="#G">Annex G</a></h2>
<pre>
(normative)
IEC 60559-compatible complex arithmetic
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.1" href="#G.1">G.1 Introduction</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This annex supplements <a href="#F">annex F</a> to specify complex arithmetic for compatibility with
to these specifications.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.2" href="#G.2">G.2 Types</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
There is a new keyword _Imaginary, which is used to specify imaginary types. It is
<p><!--para 5 -->
The imaginary type domain comprises the imaginary types.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.3" href="#G.3">G.3 Conventions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A complex or imaginary value with at least one infinite part is regarded as an infinity
<!--page 547 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.4" href="#G.4">G.4 Conversions</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.4.1" href="#G.4.1">G.4.1 Imaginary types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Conversions among imaginary types follow rules analogous to those for real floating
types.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.4.2" href="#G.4.2">G.4.2 Real and imaginary</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value of imaginary type is converted to a real type other than _Bool,<sup><a href="#note363"><b>363)</b></a></sup> the
<p><small><a name="note363" href="#note363">363)</a> See <a href="#6.3.1.2">6.3.1.2</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.4.3" href="#G.4.3">G.4.3 Imaginary and complex</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
When a value of imaginary type is converted to a complex type, the real part of the
complex value is discarded and the value of the imaginary part is converted according to
the conversion rules for the corresponding real types.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.5" href="#G.5">G.5 Binary operators</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following subclauses supplement <a href="#6.5">6.5</a> in order to specify the type of the result for an
<!--page 548 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.5.1" href="#G.5.1">G.5.1 Multiplicative operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
(at least where the state for CX_LIMITED_RANGE is ''off'').
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.5.2" href="#G.5.2">G.5.2 Additive operators</a></h4>
<p><b>Semantics</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
x + iy (x (+-) u) + iy x + i(y (+-) v) (x (+-) u) + i(y (+-) v)
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.6" href="#G.6">G.6 Complex arithmetic <complex.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The macros
other part is a NaN.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.6.1" href="#G.6.1">G.6.1 Trigonometric functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.1.1" href="#G.6.1.1">G.6.1.1 The cacos functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cacos(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.6.2" href="#G.6.2">G.6.2 Hyperbolic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.1" href="#G.6.2.1">G.6.2.1 The cacosh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cacosh(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.2" href="#G.6.2.2">G.6.2.2 The casinh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> casinh(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.3" href="#G.6.2.3">G.6.2.3 The catanh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> catanh(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.4" href="#G.6.2.4">G.6.2.4 The ccosh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> ccosh(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.5" href="#G.6.2.5">G.6.2.5 The csinh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> csinh(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.2.6" href="#G.6.2.6">G.6.2.6 The ctanh functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 557 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.6.3" href="#G.6.3">G.6.3 Exponential and logarithmic functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.3.1" href="#G.6.3.1">G.6.3.1 The cexp functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> cexp(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.3.2" href="#G.6.3.2">G.6.3.2 The clog functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> clog(NaN + iNaN) returns NaN + iNaN.
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="G.6.4" href="#G.6.4">G.6.4 Power and absolute-value functions</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.4.1" href="#G.6.4.1">G.6.4.1 The cpow functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The cpow functions raise floating-point exceptions if appropriate for the calculation of
implementations that treat special cases more carefully.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="G.6.4.2" href="#G.6.4.2">G.6.4.2 The csqrt functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 559 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="G.7" href="#G.7">G.7 Type-generic math <tgmath.h></a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Type-generic macros that accept complex arguments also accept imaginary arguments. If
atanh(iy) = i atan(y)
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="H" href="#H">Annex H</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
Language independent arithmetic
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="H.1" href="#H.1">H.1 Introduction</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This annex documents the extent to which the C language supports the ISO/IEC 10967-1
standard for language-independent arithmetic (LIA-1). LIA-1 is more general than
IEC 60559 (<a href="#F">annex F</a>) in that it covers integer and diverse floating-point arithmetics.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="H.2" href="#H.2">H.2 Types</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The relevant C arithmetic types meet the requirements of LIA-1 types if an
implementation adds notification of exceptional arithmetic operations and meets the 1
unit in the last place (ULP) accuracy requirement (LIA-1 subclause <a href="#5.2.8">5.2.8</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="H.2.1" href="#H.2.1">H.2.1 Boolean type</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The LIA-1 data type Boolean is implemented by the C data type bool with values of
true and false, all from <a href="#7.18"><stdbool.h></a>.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="H.2.2" href="#H.2.2">H.2.2 Integer types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The signed C integer types int, long int, long long int, and the corresponding
is always 0 for the unsigned types, and is not provided for those types.
<!--page 561 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.2.2.1" href="#H.2.2.1">H.2.2.1 Integer operations</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The integer operations on integer types are the following:
geqI x >= y
where x and y are expressions of the same integer type.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="H.2.3" href="#H.2.3">H.2.3 Floating-point types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The C floating-point types float, double, and long double are compatible with
operations (see <a href="#F">annex F</a>) along with IEC 60559 status flags and traps has LIA-1
conformant types.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.2.3.1" href="#H.2.3.1">H.2.3.1 Floating-point parameters</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The parameters for a floating point data type can be accessed by the following:
epsilon FLT_EPSILON, DBL_EPSILON, LDBL_EPSILON
rnd_style FLT_ROUNDS
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.2.3.2" href="#H.2.3.2">H.2.3.2 Floating-point operations</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The floating-point operations on floating-point types are the following:
where x and y are expressions of the same floating point type, n is of type int, and li
is of type long int.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.2.3.3" href="#H.2.3.3">H.2.3.3 Rounding styles</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The C Standard requires all floating types to use the same radix and rounding style, so
provided that an implementation extends FLT_ROUNDS to cover the rounding style used
in all relevant LIA-1 operations, not just addition as in C.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="H.2.4" href="#H.2.4">H.2.4 Type conversions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The LIA-1 type conversions are the following type casts:
implementation uses round-to-nearest.
<!--page 564 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="H.3" href="#H.3">H.3 Notification</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Notification is the process by which a user or program is informed that an exceptional
allows an implementation to cause a notification to occur when any arithmetic operation
returns an exceptional value as defined in LIA-1 clause 5.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="H.3.1" href="#H.3.1">H.3.1 Notification alternatives</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
LIA-1 requires at least the following two alternatives for handling of notifications:
math library function calls. User-provided signal handlers for SIGFPE allow for trap-
and-resume behavior with the same constraint.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.3.1.1" href="#H.3.1.1">H.3.1.1 Indicators</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
C's <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> status flags are compatible with the LIA-1 indicators.
This documentation makes that distinction because <a href="#7.6"><fenv.h></a> covers only the floating-
point indicators.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="H.3.1.2" href="#H.3.1.2">H.3.1.2 Traps</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
C is compatible with LIA-1's trap requirements for arithmetic operations, but not for
it) or trap-and-resume, at the programmer's option.
<!--page 566 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="I" href="#I">Annex I</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
<!--page 568 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="J" href="#J">Annex J</a></h2>
<pre>
(informative)
This annex collects some information about portability that appears in this International
Standard.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="J.1" href="#J.1">J.1 Unspecified behavior</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following are unspecified:
<a href="#G.6.2.4">G.6.2.4</a>, <a href="#G.6.2.5">G.6.2.5</a>, <a href="#G.6.2.6">G.6.2.6</a>, <a href="#G.6.3.1">G.6.3.1</a>, <a href="#G.6.4.2">G.6.4.2</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="J.2" href="#J.2">J.2 Undefined behavior</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior is undefined in the following circumstances:
(<a href="#7.29.3.2.1">7.29.3.2.1</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="J.3" href="#J.3">J.3 Implementation-defined behavior</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A conforming implementation is required to document its choice of behavior in each of
the areas listed in this subclause. The following are implementation-defined:
<!--page 585 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.1" href="#J.3.1">J.3.1 Translation</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
retained or replaced by one space character in translation phase 3 (<a href="#5.1.1.2">5.1.1.2</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.2" href="#J.3.2">J.3.2 Environment</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> The manner of execution of the string by the system function (<a href="#7.22.4.8">7.22.4.8</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.3" href="#J.3.3">J.3.3 Identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 586 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.4" href="#J.3.4">J.3.4 Characters</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 587 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.5" href="#J.3.5">J.3.5 Integers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> The results of some bitwise operations on signed integers (<a href="#6.5">6.5</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.6" href="#J.3.6">J.3.6 Floating point</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 588 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.7" href="#J.3.7">J.3.7 Arrays and pointers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
(<a href="#6.5.6">6.5.6</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.8" href="#J.3.8">J.3.8 Hints</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
effective (<a href="#6.7.4">6.7.4</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.9" href="#J.3.9">J.3.9 Structures, unions, enumerations, and bit-fields</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> The integer type compatible with each enumerated type (<a href="#6.7.2.2">6.7.2.2</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.10" href="#J.3.10">J.3.10 Qualifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> What constitutes an access to an object that has volatile-qualified type (<a href="#6.7.3">6.7.3</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.11" href="#J.3.11">J.3.11 Preprocessing directives</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
time of translation are not available (<a href="#6.10.8.1">6.10.8.1</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.12" href="#J.3.12">J.3.12 Library functions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<!--page 592 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.3.13" href="#J.3.13">J.3.13 Architecture</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<ul>
<li> The value of the result of the sizeof and alignof operators (<a href="#6.5.3.4">6.5.3.4</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="J.4" href="#J.4">J.4 Locale-specific behavior</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following characteristics of a hosted environment are locale-specific and are required
<li> Character classifications that are supported by the iswctype function (<a href="#7.29.1">7.29.1</a>).
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="J.5" href="#J.5">J.5 Common extensions</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The following extensions are widely used in many systems, but are not portable to all
extensions are new keywords, extra library functions declared in standard headers, or
predefined macros with names that do not begin with an underscore.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.1" href="#J.5.1">J.5.1 Environment arguments</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
In a hosted environment, the main function receives a third argument, char *envp[],
that provides information about the environment for this execution of the program
(<a href="#5.1.2.2.1">5.1.2.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.2" href="#J.5.2">J.5.2 Specialized identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Characters other than the underscore _, letters, and digits, that are not part of the basic
source character set (such as the dollar sign $, or characters in national character sets)
may appear in an identifier (<a href="#6.4.2">6.4.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.3" href="#J.5.3">J.5.3 Lengths and cases of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
All characters in identifiers (with or without external linkage) are significant (<a href="#6.4.2">6.4.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.4" href="#J.5.4">J.5.4 Scopes of identifiers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A function identifier, or the identifier of an object the declaration of which contains the
keyword extern, has file scope (<a href="#6.2.1">6.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.5" href="#J.5.5">J.5.5 Writable string literals</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
String literals are modifiable (in which case, identical string literals should denote distinct
objects) (<a href="#6.4.5">6.4.5</a>).
<!--page 594 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.6" href="#J.5.6">J.5.6 Other arithmetic types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Additional arithmetic types, such as __int128 or double double, and their
more range or precision than long double, may be used for evaluating expressions of
other floating types, and may be used to define float_t or double_t.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.7" href="#J.5.7">J.5.7 Function pointer casts</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A pointer to an object or to void may be cast to a pointer to a function, allowing data to
A pointer to a function may be cast to a pointer to an object or to void, allowing a
function to be inspected or modified (for example, by a debugger) (<a href="#6.5.4">6.5.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.8" href="#J.5.8">J.5.8 Extended bit-field types</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A bit-field may be declared with a type other than _Bool, unsigned int, or
signed int, with an appropriate maximum width (<a href="#6.7.2.1">6.7.2.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.9" href="#J.5.9">J.5.9 The fortran keyword</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The fortran function specifier may be used in a function declaration to indicate that
calls suitable for FORTRAN should be generated, or that a different representation for the
external name is to be generated (<a href="#6.7.4">6.7.4</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.10" href="#J.5.10">J.5.10 The asm keyword</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The asm keyword may be used to insert assembly language directly into the translator
asm ( character-string-literal );
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.11" href="#J.5.11">J.5.11 Multiple external definitions</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
There may be more than one external definition for the identifier of an object, with or
without the explicit use of the keyword extern; if the definitions disagree, or more than
one is initialized, the behavior is undefined (<a href="#6.9.2">6.9.2</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.12" href="#J.5.12">J.5.12 Predefined macro names</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Macro names that do not begin with an underscore, describing the translation and
(<a href="#6.10.8">6.10.8</a>).
<!--page 595 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.13" href="#J.5.13">J.5.13 Floating-point status flags</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If any floating-point status flags are set on normal termination after all calls to functions
registered by the atexit function have been made (see <a href="#7.22.4.4">7.22.4.4</a>), the implementation
writes some diagnostics indicating the fact to the stderr stream, if it is still open,
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.14" href="#J.5.14">J.5.14 Extra arguments for signal handlers</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Handlers for specific signals are called with extra arguments in addition to the signal
number (<a href="#7.14.1.1">7.14.1.1</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.15" href="#J.5.15">J.5.15 Additional stream types and file-opening modes</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Additional mappings from files to streams are supported (<a href="#7.21.2">7.21.2</a>).
Additional file-opening modes may be specified by characters appended to the mode
argument of the fopen function (<a href="#7.21.5.3">7.21.5.3</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.16" href="#J.5.16">J.5.16 Defined file position indicator</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The file position indicator is decremented by each successful call to the ungetc or
ungetwc function for a text stream, except if its value was zero before a call (<a href="#7.21.7.10">7.21.7.10</a>,
<a href="#7.28.3.10">7.28.3.10</a>).
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="J.5.17" href="#J.5.17">J.5.17 Math error reporting</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Functions declared in <a href="#7.3"><complex.h></a> and <a href="#7.12"><math.h></a> raise SIGFPE to report errors
<a href="#7.12">7.12</a>).
<!--page 596 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="K" href="#K">Annex K</a></h2>
<pre>
(normative)
Bounds-checking interfaces
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="K.1" href="#K.1">K.1 Background</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Traditionally, the C Library has contained many functions that trust the programmer to
change if the function is called again, perhaps by another thread.
<!--page 597 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="K.2" href="#K.2">K.2 Scope</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This annex specifies a series of optional extensions that can be useful in the mitigation of
specifications.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="K.3" href="#K.3">K.3 Library</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.1" href="#K.3.1">K.3.1 Introduction</a></h4>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.1.1" href="#K.3.1.1">K.3.1.1 Standard headers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The functions, macros, and types declared or defined in <a href="#K.3">K.3</a> and its subclauses are not
implementation is not conforming.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.1.2" href="#K.3.1.2">K.3.1.2 Reserved identifiers</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Each macro name in any of the following subclauses is reserved for use as specified if it
as a macro name and as an identifier with file scope in the same name space if it is
defined by any of its associated headers when included.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.1.3" href="#K.3.1.3">K.3.1.3 Use of errno</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
An implementation may set errno for the functions defined in this annex, but is not
required to.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.1.4" href="#K.3.1.4">K.3.1.4 Runtime-constraint violations</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Most functions in this annex include as part of their specification a list of runtime-
from the definition of undefined behavior.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.2" href="#K.3.2">K.3.2 Errors <errno.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.5"><errno.h></a> defines a type.
errno might be declared as having the return type errno_t.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.3" href="#K.3.3">K.3.3 Common definitions <stddef.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.19"><stddef.h></a> defines a type.
<p><small><a name="note372" href="#note372">372)</a> See the description of the RSIZE_MAX macro in <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.4" href="#K.3.4">K.3.4 Integer types <stdint.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.20"><stdint.h></a> defines a macro.
<p><small><a name="note373" href="#note373">373)</a> The macro RSIZE_MAX need not expand to a constant expression.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.5" href="#K.3.5">K.3.5 Input/output <stdio.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.21"><stdio.h></a> defines several macros and two types.
</pre>
which is the type size_t.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.1" href="#K.3.5.1">K.3.5.1 Operations on files</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.1.1" href="#K.3.5.1.1">K.3.5.1.1 The tmpfile_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The tmpfile_s function returns zero if it created the file. If it did not create the file or
there was a runtime-constraint violation, tmpfile_s returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.1.2" href="#K.3.5.1.2">K.3.5.1.2 The tmpnam_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
convention for temporary files), but this is not required.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.2" href="#K.3.5.2">K.3.5.2 File access functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.2.1" href="#K.3.5.2.1">K.3.5.2.1 The fopen_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note376" href="#note376">376)</a> These are the same permissions that the file would have been created with by fopen.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.2.2" href="#K.3.5.2.2">K.3.5.2.2 The freopen_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
there was a runtime-constraint violation, freopen_s returns a nonzero value.
<!--page 605 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3" href="#K.3.5.3">K.3.5.3 Formatted input/output functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, if the execution of a function described in this
subclause causes copying to take place between objects that overlap, the objects take on
unspecified values.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.1" href="#K.3.5.3.1">K.3.5.3.1 The fprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
constraint violation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.2" href="#K.3.5.3.2">K.3.5.3.2 The fscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
compatible with rsize_t.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.3" href="#K.3.5.3.3">K.3.5.3.3 The printf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.4" href="#K.3.5.3.4">K.3.5.3.4 The scanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
scanf_s function returns the number of input items assigned, which can be fewer than
provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.5" href="#K.3.5.3.5">K.3.5.3.5 The snprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.6" href="#K.3.5.3.6">K.3.5.3.6 The sprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.7" href="#K.3.5.3.7">K.3.5.3.7 The sscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
<!--page 611 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.8" href="#K.3.5.3.8">K.3.5.3.8 The vfprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.9" href="#K.3.5.3.9">K.3.5.3.9 The vfscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.10" href="#K.3.5.3.10">K.3.5.3.10 The vprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.11" href="#K.3.5.3.11">K.3.5.3.11 The vscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.12" href="#K.3.5.3.12">K.3.5.3.12 The vsnprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.13" href="#K.3.5.3.13">K.3.5.3.13 The vsprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
format string was %%n.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.3.14" href="#K.3.5.3.14">K.3.5.3.14 The vsscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.4" href="#K.3.5.4">K.3.5.4 Character input/output functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.5.4.1" href="#K.3.5.4.1">K.3.5.4.1 The gets_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
expect such a relationship.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.6" href="#K.3.6">K.3.6 General utilities <stdlib.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.22"><stdlib.h></a> defines three types.
errno_t error);
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.1" href="#K.3.6.1">K.3.6.1 Runtime-constraint handling</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.1.1" href="#K.3.6.1.1">K.3.6.1.1 The set_constraint_handler_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
pointer argument, a pointer to the implementation default handler is returned (not NULL).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.1.2" href="#K.3.6.1.2">K.3.6.1.2 The abort_handler_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
<p><small><a name="note393" href="#note393">393)</a> Many implementations invoke a debugger when the abort function is called.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.1.3" href="#K.3.6.1.3">K.3.6.1.3 The ignore_handler_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
library function returns a nonzero errno_t).
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.2" href="#K.3.6.2">K.3.6.2 Communication with the environment</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.2.1" href="#K.3.6.2.1">K.3.6.2.1 The getenv_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The getenv_s function returns zero if the specified name is found and the associated
string was successfully stored in value. Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.3" href="#K.3.6.3">K.3.6.3 Searching and sorting utilities</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
These utilities make use of a comparison function to search or sort arrays of unspecified
</pre>
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.3.1" href="#K.3.6.3.1">K.3.6.3.1 The bsearch_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, it might specify a collating sequence used by the comparison function.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.3.2" href="#K.3.6.3.2">K.3.6.3.2 The qsort_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, it might specify a collating sequence used by the comparison function.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.4" href="#K.3.6.4">K.3.6.4 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior of the multibyte character functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category
character codes, but are grouped with an adjacent multibyte character.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.4.1" href="#K.3.6.4.1">K.3.6.4.1 The wctomb_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The wctomb_s function returns zero if successful, and a nonzero value if there was a
runtime-constraint violation or wc did not correspond to a valid multibyte character.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.5" href="#K.3.6.5">K.3.6.5 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The behavior of the multibyte string functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category of
the current locale.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.5.1" href="#K.3.6.5.1">K.3.6.5.1 The mbstowcs_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
terminating null character did not occur where required.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.6.5.2" href="#K.3.6.5.2">K.3.6.5.2 The wcstombs_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
runtime-constraint violation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.7" href="#K.3.7">K.3.7 String handling <string.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.23"><string.h></a> defines two types.
</pre>
which is the type size_t.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.1" href="#K.3.7.1">K.3.7.1 Copying functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.1.1" href="#K.3.7.1.1">K.3.7.1.1 The memcpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
<!--page 629 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.1.2" href="#K.3.7.1.2">K.3.7.1.2 The memmove_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The memmove_s function returns zero if there was no runtime-constraint violation.
Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.1.3" href="#K.3.7.1.3">K.3.7.1.3 The strcpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
within the array pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.1.4" href="#K.3.7.1.4">K.3.7.1.4 The strncpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
within the array pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.2" href="#K.3.7.2">K.3.7.2 Concatenation functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.2.1" href="#K.3.7.2.1">K.3.7.2.1 The strcat_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
appended to the string pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.2.2" href="#K.3.7.2.2">K.3.7.2.2 The strncat_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
appended to the string pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.3" href="#K.3.7.3">K.3.7.3 Search functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.3.1" href="#K.3.7.3.1">K.3.7.3.1 The strtok_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.4" href="#K.3.7.4">K.3.7.4 Miscellaneous functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.4.1" href="#K.3.7.4.1">K.3.7.4.1 The memset_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The memset_s function returns zero if there was no runtime-constraint violation.
Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.4.2" href="#K.3.7.4.2">K.3.7.4.2 The strerror_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
function returns a nonzero value.
<!--page 637 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.4.3" href="#K.3.7.4.3">K.3.7.4.3 The strerrorlen_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The strerrorlen_s function returns the number of characters (not including the null
character) in the full message string.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.7.4.4" href="#K.3.7.4.4">K.3.7.4.4 The strnlen_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
strnlen_s useful in algorithms that gracefully handle such exceptional data.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.8" href="#K.3.8">K.3.8 Date and time <time.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.26"><time.h></a> defines two types.
</pre>
which is the type size_t.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.1" href="#K.3.8.1">K.3.8.1 Components of time</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
A broken-down time is normalized if the values of the members of the tm structure are in
<p><small><a name="note415" href="#note415">415)</a> The normal ranges are defined in <a href="#7.26.1">7.26.1</a>.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.2" href="#K.3.8.2">K.3.8.2 Time conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Like the strftime function, the asctime_s and ctime_s functions do not return a
pointer to a static object, and other library functions are permitted to call them.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.2.1" href="#K.3.8.2.1">K.3.8.2.1 The asctime_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
into the array pointed to by s. Otherwise, it returns a nonzero value.
<!--page 640 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.2.2" href="#K.3.8.2.2">K.3.8.2.2 The ctime_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The ctime_s function returns zero if the time was successfully converted and stored
into the array pointed to by s. Otherwise, it returns a nonzero value.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.2.3" href="#K.3.8.2.3">K.3.8.2.3 The gmtime_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The gmtime_s function returns result, or a null pointer if the specified time cannot
be converted to UTC or there is a runtime-constraint violation.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.8.2.4" href="#K.3.8.2.4">K.3.8.2.4 The localtime_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The localtime_s function returns result, or a null pointer if the specified time
cannot be converted to local time or there is a runtime-constraint violation.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="K.3.9" href="#K.3.9">K.3.9 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h></a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
The header <a href="#7.28"><wchar.h></a> defines two types.
unspecified values.
<!--page 642 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1" href="#K.3.9.1">K.3.9.1 Formatted wide character input/output functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.1" href="#K.3.9.1.1">K.3.9.1.1 The fwprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.2" href="#K.3.9.1.2">K.3.9.1.2 The fwscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
compatible with rsize_t.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.3" href="#K.3.9.1.3">K.3.9.1.3 The snwprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.4" href="#K.3.9.1.4">K.3.9.1.4 The swprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.5" href="#K.3.9.1.5">K.3.9.1.5 The swscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
than provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
<!--page 646 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.6" href="#K.3.9.1.6">K.3.9.1.6 The vfwprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.7" href="#K.3.9.1.7">K.3.9.1.7 The vfwscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.8" href="#K.3.9.1.8">K.3.9.1.8 The vsnwprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.9" href="#K.3.9.1.9">K.3.9.1.9 The vswprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.10" href="#K.3.9.1.10">K.3.9.1.10 The vswscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.11" href="#K.3.9.1.11">K.3.9.1.11 The vwprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.12" href="#K.3.9.1.12">K.3.9.1.12 The vwscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
value of arg after the return is indeterminate.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.13" href="#K.3.9.1.13">K.3.9.1.13 The wprintf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
example, if the entire format string was L"%%n".
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.1.14" href="#K.3.9.1.14">K.3.9.1.14 The wscanf_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
<!--page 653 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2" href="#K.3.9.2">K.3.9.2 General wide string utilities</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.1" href="#K.3.9.2.1">K.3.9.2.1 Wide string copying functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.1.1" href="#K.3.9.2.1.1">K.3.9.2.1.1 The wcscpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
fit within the array pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.1.2" href="#K.3.9.2.1.2">K.3.9.2.1.2 The wcsncpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 7 -->
fit within the array pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.1.3" href="#K.3.9.2.1.3">K.3.9.2.1.3 The wmemcpy_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 14 -->
Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
<!--page 656 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.1.4" href="#K.3.9.2.1.4">K.3.9.2.1.4 The wmemmove_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 19 -->
The wmemmove_s function returns zero if there was no runtime-constraint violation.
Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.2" href="#K.3.9.2.2">K.3.9.2.2 Wide string concatenation functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.2.1" href="#K.3.9.2.2.1">K.3.9.2.2.1 The wcscat_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
s2 were appended to the wide string pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.2.2" href="#K.3.9.2.2.2">K.3.9.2.2.2 The wcsncat_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 8 -->
s2 were appended to the wide string pointed to by s1 and that the result in s1 is null terminated.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.3" href="#K.3.9.2.3">K.3.9.2.3 Wide string search functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.3.1" href="#K.3.9.2.3.1">K.3.9.2.3.1 The wcstok_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.4" href="#K.3.9.2.4">K.3.9.2.4 Miscellaneous functions</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.2.4.1" href="#K.3.9.2.4.1">K.3.9.2.4.1 The wcsnlen_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 1 -->
wcsnlen_s useful in algorithms that gracefully handle such exceptional data.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3" href="#K.3.9.3">K.3.9.3 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities</a></h5>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3.1" href="#K.3.9.3.1">K.3.9.3.1 Restartable multibyte/wide character conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Unlike wcrtomb, wcrtomb_s does not permit the ps parameter (the pointer to the
conversion state) to be a null pointer.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3.1.1" href="#K.3.9.3.1.1">K.3.9.3.1.1 The wcrtomb_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 2 -->
The wcrtomb_s function returns zero if no runtime-constraint violation and no
encoding error occurred. Otherwise, a nonzero value is returned.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3.2" href="#K.3.9.3.2">K.3.9.3.2 Restartable multibyte/wide string conversion functions</a></h5>
<p><!--para 1 -->
Unlike mbsrtowcs and wcsrtombs, mbsrtowcs_s and wcsrtombs_s do not
permit the ps parameter (the pointer to the conversion state) to be a null pointer.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3.2.1" href="#K.3.9.3.2.1">K.3.9.3.2.1 The mbsrtowcs_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 2 -->
terminating null character did not occur where required.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h5><a name="K.3.9.3.2.2" href="#K.3.9.3.2.2">K.3.9.3.2.2 The wcsrtombs_s function</a></h5>
<p><b>Synopsis</b>
<p><!--para 11 -->
runtime-constraint violation.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="L" href="#L">Annex L</a></h2>
<pre>
(normative)
Analyzability
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="L.1" href="#L.1">L.1 Scope</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
This annex specifies optional behavior that can aid in the analyzability of C programs.
specifications.
</small>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="L.2" href="#L.2">L.2 Definitions</a></h3>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="L.2.1" href="#L.2.1">L.2.1</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
out-of-bounds store
modify (or, for an object declared volatile, fetch) one or more bytes that lie outside
the bounds permitted by this Standard.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="L.2.2" href="#L.2.2">L.2.2</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
bounded undefined behavior
NOTE 2 Any values produced or stored might be indeterminate values.
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h4><a name="L.2.3" href="#L.2.3">L.2.3</a></h4>
<p><!--para 1 -->
critical undefined behavior
<!--page 667 -->
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h3><a name="L.3" href="#L.3">L.3 Requirements</a></h3>
<p><!--para 1 -->
If the program performs a trap (<a href="#3.19.5">3.19.5</a>), the implementation is permitted to invoke a
<!--page 668 -->
</ul>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="Bibliography" href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a></h2>
<ol>
<li> ''The C Reference Manual'' by Dennis M. Ritchie, a version of which was
<!--page 671 -->
</ol>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
<h2><a name="Index" href="#Index">Index</a></h2>
<pre>
[^ x ^], <a href="#3.20">3.20</a> , (comma operator), <a href="#5.1.2.4">5.1.2.4</a>, <a href="#6.5.17">6.5.17</a>
WINT_MIN macro, <a href="#7.20.3">7.20.3</a>
wint_t type, <a href="#7.20.3">7.20.3</a>, <a href="#7.21.6.1">7.21.6.1</a>, <a href="#7.28.1">7.28.1</a>, <a href="#7.28.2.1">7.28.2.1</a>,
</pre>
+<p><small><a href="#Contents">Contents</a></small>
</body></html>
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