ast2firm: Factorise code to convert a value to its storage type.
[cparser] / preprocessor.c
index 09e0409..c41c22d 100644 (file)
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
+#include "preprocessor.h"
 #include "token_t.h"
 #include "symbol_t.h"
 #include "adt/util.h"
 #define MAX_PUTBACK 3
 #define INCLUDE_LIMIT 199  /* 199 is for gcc "compatibility" */
 
-struct pp_argument_t {
-       size_t   list_len;
-       token_t *token_list;
-};
+typedef struct saved_token_t {
+       token_t token;
+       bool    had_whitespace;
+} saved_token_t;
+
+typedef struct whitespace_info_t {
+       /** current token had whitespace in front of it */
+       bool     had_whitespace;
+       /** current token is at the beginning of a line.
+        * => a "#" at line begin starts a preprocessing directive. */
+       bool     at_line_begin;
+       /** number of spaces before the first token in a line */
+       unsigned whitespace_at_line_begin;
+} whitespace_info_t;
 
 struct pp_definition_t {
        symbol_t          *symbol;
-       source_position_t  source_position;
+       position_t         pos;
        pp_definition_t   *parent_expansion;
        size_t             expand_pos;
+       whitespace_info_t  expand_info;
        bool               is_variadic    : 1;
        bool               is_expanding   : 1;
        bool               has_parameters : 1;
+       bool               is_parameter   : 1;
+       pp_definition_t   *function_definition;
        size_t             n_parameters;
-       symbol_t          *parameters;
+       pp_definition_t   *parameters;
 
        /* replacement */
        size_t             list_len;
-       token_t           *token_list;
-
+       saved_token_t     *token_list;
 };
 
 typedef struct pp_conditional_t pp_conditional_t;
 struct pp_conditional_t {
-       source_position_t  source_position;
+       position_t         pos;
        bool               condition;
        bool               in_else;
-       bool               skip; /**< conditional in skip mode (then+else gets skipped) */
+       /** conditional in skip mode (then+else gets skipped) */
+       bool               skip;
        pp_conditional_t  *parent;
 };
 
 typedef struct pp_input_t pp_input_t;
 struct pp_input_t {
-       FILE              *file;
-       input_t           *input;
-       utf32              c;
-       utf32              buf[1024+MAX_PUTBACK];
-       const utf32       *bufend;
-       const utf32       *bufpos;
-       source_position_t  position;
-       pp_input_t        *parent;
-       unsigned           output_line;
+       FILE               *file;
+       input_t            *input;
+       utf32               c;
+       utf32               buf[1024+MAX_PUTBACK];
+       const utf32        *bufend;
+       const utf32        *bufpos;
+       position_t          pos;
+       pp_input_t         *parent;
+       unsigned            output_line;
+       searchpath_entry_t *path;
 };
 
-/** additional info about the current token */
-typedef struct add_token_info_t {
-       /** whitespace from beginning of line to the token */
-       unsigned whitespace;
-       /** there has been any whitespace before the token */
-       bool     had_whitespace;
-       /** the token is at the beginning of the line */
-       bool     at_line_begin;
-} add_token_info_t;
-
-typedef struct searchpath_entry_t searchpath_entry_t;
 struct searchpath_entry_t {
        const char         *path;
        searchpath_entry_t *next;
+       bool                is_system_path;
 };
 
 static pp_input_t      input;
@@ -88,65 +93,108 @@ static struct obstack  input_obstack;
 
 static pp_conditional_t *conditional_stack;
 
-static token_t           pp_token;
-static bool              resolve_escape_sequences = false;
-static bool              ignore_unknown_chars     = true;
+token_t                  pp_token;
+bool                     allow_dollar_in_symbol   = true;
+static bool              resolve_escape_sequences = true;
+static bool              error_on_unknown_chars   = true;
 static bool              skip_mode;
 static FILE             *out;
 static struct obstack    pp_obstack;
 static struct obstack    config_obstack;
 static const char       *printed_input_name = NULL;
-static source_position_t expansion_pos;
+static position_t        expansion_pos;
 static pp_definition_t  *current_expansion  = NULL;
+static pp_definition_t  *current_call       = NULL;
+static pp_definition_t  *current_argument   = NULL;
+static pp_definition_t  *argument_expanding = NULL;
+static unsigned          argument_brace_count;
 static strset_t          stringset;
-static preprocessor_token_kind_t last_token;
+static token_kind_t      last_token;
 
-static searchpath_entry_t *searchpath;
+struct searchpath_t {
+       searchpath_entry_t  *first;
+       searchpath_entry_t **anchor;
+       bool                 is_system_path;
+};
+
+searchpath_t bracket_searchpath = { NULL, &bracket_searchpath.first, false };
+searchpath_t quote_searchpath   = { NULL, &quote_searchpath.first,   false };
+searchpath_t system_searchpath  = { NULL, &system_searchpath.first,  true  };
+searchpath_t after_searchpath   = { NULL, &after_searchpath.first,   true  };
 
-static add_token_info_t  info;
+static whitespace_info_t next_info; /* valid if had_whitespace is true */
+static whitespace_info_t info;
 
 static inline void next_char(void);
-static void next_preprocessing_token(void);
-static void print_line_directive(const source_position_t *pos, const char *add);
+static void next_input_token(void);
+static void print_line_directive(const position_t *pos, const char *add);
+
+static symbol_t *symbol_colongreater;
+static symbol_t *symbol_lesscolon;
+static symbol_t *symbol_lesspercent;
+static symbol_t *symbol_percentcolon;
+static symbol_t *symbol_percentcolonpercentcolon;
+static symbol_t *symbol_percentgreater;
+
+static symbol_t *symbol_L;
+static symbol_t *symbol_U;
+static symbol_t *symbol_u;
+static symbol_t *symbol_u8;
+
+static void init_symbols(void)
+{
+       symbol_colongreater             = symbol_table_insert(":>");
+       symbol_lesscolon                = symbol_table_insert("<:");
+       symbol_lesspercent              = symbol_table_insert("<%");
+       symbol_percentcolon             = symbol_table_insert("%:");
+       symbol_percentcolonpercentcolon = symbol_table_insert("%:%:");
+       symbol_percentgreater           = symbol_table_insert("%>");
+
+       symbol_L  = symbol_table_insert("L");
+       symbol_U  = symbol_table_insert("U");
+       symbol_u  = symbol_table_insert("u");
+       symbol_u8 = symbol_table_insert("u8");
+}
 
-static void switch_input(FILE *file, const char *filename)
+void switch_pp_input(FILE *const file, char const *const filename, searchpath_entry_t *const path, bool const is_system_header)
 {
-       input.file                = file;
-       input.input               = input_from_stream(file, NULL);
-       input.bufend              = NULL;
-       input.bufpos              = NULL;
-       input.output_line         = 0;
-       input.position.input_name = filename;
-       input.position.lineno     = 1;
+       input.file                 = file;
+       input.input                = input_from_stream(file, NULL);
+       input.bufend               = NULL;
+       input.bufpos               = NULL;
+       input.output_line          = 0;
+       input.pos.input_name       = filename;
+       input.pos.lineno           = 1;
+       input.pos.is_system_header = is_system_header;
+       input.path                 = path;
 
        /* indicate that we're at a new input */
-       print_line_directive(&input.position, input_stack != NULL ? "1" : NULL);
+       print_line_directive(&input.pos, input_stack != NULL ? "1" : NULL);
 
        /* place a virtual '\n' so we realize we're at line begin */
-       input.position.lineno = 0;
-       input.c               = '\n';
-       next_preprocessing_token();
+       input.pos.lineno = 0;
+       input.c          = '\n';
 }
 
-static void close_input(void)
+FILE *close_pp_input(void)
 {
        input_free(input.input);
-       assert(input.file != NULL);
 
-       fclose(input.file);
+       FILE* const file = input.file;
+       assert(file);
+
        input.input  = NULL;
        input.file   = NULL;
        input.bufend = NULL;
        input.bufpos = NULL;
        input.c      = EOF;
+
+       return file;
 }
 
 static void push_input(void)
 {
-       pp_input_t *saved_input
-               = obstack_alloc(&input_obstack, sizeof(*saved_input));
-
-       memcpy(saved_input, &input, sizeof(*saved_input));
+       pp_input_t *const saved_input = obstack_copy(&input_obstack, &input, sizeof(input));
 
        /* adjust buffer positions */
        if (input.bufpos != NULL)
@@ -187,7 +235,7 @@ static void pop_restore_input(void)
  */
 static void parse_error(const char *msg)
 {
-       errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,  "%s", msg);
+       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,  "%s", msg);
 }
 
 static inline void next_real_char(void)
@@ -203,7 +251,7 @@ static inline void next_real_char(void)
                input.bufend = input.bufpos + n;
        }
        input.c = *input.bufpos++;
-       ++input.position.colno;
+       ++input.pos.colno;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -215,20 +263,20 @@ static inline void put_back(utf32 const pc)
 {
        assert(input.bufpos > input.buf);
        *(--input.bufpos - input.buf + input.buf) = (char) pc;
-       --input.position.colno;
+       --input.pos.colno;
 }
 
-#define MATCH_NEWLINE(code)                   \
-       case '\r':                                \
-               next_char();                          \
-               if (input.c == '\n') {                \
-       case '\n':                                \
-                       next_char();                      \
-               }                                     \
-               info.whitespace = 0;                  \
-               ++input.position.lineno;              \
-               input.position.colno = 1;             \
-               code
+#define NEWLINE \
+       '\r': \
+               next_char(); \
+               if (input.c == '\n') { \
+       case '\n': \
+                       next_char(); \
+               } \
+               ++input.pos.lineno; \
+               input.pos.colno = 1; \
+               goto newline; \
+               newline // Let it look like an ordinary case label.
 
 #define eat(c_type) (assert(input.c == c_type), next_char())
 
@@ -237,9 +285,9 @@ static void maybe_concat_lines(void)
        eat('\\');
 
        switch (input.c) {
-       MATCH_NEWLINE(
+       case NEWLINE:
+               info.whitespace_at_line_begin = 0;
                return;
-       )
 
        default:
                break;
@@ -387,6 +435,186 @@ static utf32 parse_hex_sequence(void)
        return value;
 }
 
+static bool is_universal_char_valid(utf32 const v)
+{
+       /* C11 ยง6.4.3:2 */
+       if (v < 0xA0U && v != 0x24 && v != 0x40 && v != 0x60)
+               return false;
+       if (0xD800 <= v && v <= 0xDFFF)
+               return false;
+       return true;
+}
+
+static utf32 parse_universal_char(unsigned const n_digits)
+{
+       utf32 v = 0;
+       for (unsigned k = n_digits; k != 0; --k) {
+               if (isxdigit(input.c)) {
+                       v = 16 * v + digit_value(input.c);
+                       if (!resolve_escape_sequences)
+                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
+                       next_char();
+               } else {
+                       errorf(&input.pos,
+                              "short universal character name, expected %u more digits",
+                                  k);
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+       if (!is_universal_char_valid(v)) {
+               errorf(&input.pos,
+                      "\\%c%0*X is not a valid universal character name",
+                      n_digits == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n_digits, v);
+       }
+       return v;
+}
+
+static bool is_universal_char_valid_identifier_c99(utf32 const v)
+{
+       static const utf32 single_chars[] = {
+               0x00AA, 0x00BA, 0x0386, 0x038C, 0x03DA, 0x03DC, 0x03DE, 0x03E0,
+               0x1F59, 0x1F5B, 0x1F5D, 0x05BF, 0x09B2, 0x0A02, 0x0A5E, 0x0A74,
+               0x0A8D, 0x0AD0, 0x0AE0, 0x0B9C, 0x0CDE, 0x0E84, 0x0E8A, 0x0E8D,
+               0x0EA5, 0x0EA7, 0x0EC6, 0x0F00, 0x0F35, 0x0F37, 0x0F39, 0x0F97,
+               0x0FB9, 0x00B5, 0x00B7, 0x02BB, 0x037A, 0x0559, 0x093D, 0x0B3D,
+               0x1FBE, 0x2102, 0x2107, 0x2115, 0x2124, 0x2126, 0x2128
+       };
+
+       static const utf32 ranges[][2] = {
+               {0x00C0, 0x00D6}, {0x00D8, 0x00F6}, {0x00F8, 0x01F5}, {0x01FA, 0x0217},
+               {0x0250, 0x02A8}, {0x1E00, 0x1E9B}, {0x1EA0, 0x1EF9}, {0x0388, 0x038A},
+               {0x038E, 0x03A1}, {0x03A3, 0x03CE}, {0x03D0, 0x03D6}, {0x03E2, 0x03F3},
+               {0x1F00, 0x1F15}, {0x1F18, 0x1F1D}, {0x1F20, 0x1F45}, {0x1F48, 0x1F4D},
+               {0x1F50, 0x1F57}, {0x1F5F, 0x1F7D}, {0x1F80, 0x1FB4}, {0x1FB6, 0x1FBC},
+               {0x1FC2, 0x1FC4}, {0x1FC6, 0x1FCC}, {0x1FD0, 0x1FD3}, {0x1FD6, 0x1FDB},
+               {0x1FE0, 0x1FEC}, {0x1FF2, 0x1FF4}, {0x1FF6, 0x1FFC}, {0x0401, 0x040C},
+               {0x040E, 0x044F}, {0x0451, 0x045C}, {0x045E, 0x0481}, {0x0490, 0x04C4},
+               {0x04C7, 0x04C8}, {0x04CB, 0x04CC}, {0x04D0, 0x04EB}, {0x04EE, 0x04F5},
+               {0x04F8, 0x04F9}, {0x0531, 0x0556}, {0x0561, 0x0587}, {0x05B0, 0x05B9},
+               {0x05BB, 0x05BD}, {0x05C1, 0x05C2}, {0x05D0, 0x05EA}, {0x05F0, 0x05F2},
+               {0x0621, 0x063A}, {0x0640, 0x0652}, {0x0670, 0x06B7}, {0x06BA, 0x06BE},
+               {0x06C0, 0x06CE}, {0x06D0, 0x06DC}, {0x06E5, 0x06E8}, {0x06EA, 0x06ED},
+               {0x0901, 0x0903}, {0x0905, 0x0939}, {0x093E, 0x094D}, {0x0950, 0x0952},
+               {0x0958, 0x0963}, {0x0981, 0x0983}, {0x0985, 0x098C}, {0x098F, 0x0990},
+               {0x0993, 0x09A8}, {0x09AA, 0x09B0}, {0x09B6, 0x09B9}, {0x09BE, 0x09C4},
+               {0x09C7, 0x09C8}, {0x09CB, 0x09CD}, {0x09DC, 0x09DD}, {0x09DF, 0x09E3},
+               {0x09F0, 0x09F1}, {0x0A05, 0x0A0A}, {0x0A0F, 0x0A10}, {0x0A13, 0x0A28},
+               {0x0A2A, 0x0A30}, {0x0A32, 0x0A33}, {0x0A35, 0x0A36}, {0x0A38, 0x0A39},
+               {0x0A3E, 0x0A42}, {0x0A47, 0x0A48}, {0x0A4B, 0x0A4D}, {0x0A59, 0x0A5C},
+               {0x0A81, 0x0A83}, {0x0A85, 0x0A8B}, {0x0A8F, 0x0A91}, {0x0A93, 0x0AA8},
+               {0x0AAA, 0x0AB0}, {0x0AB2, 0x0AB3}, {0x0AB5, 0x0AB9}, {0x0ABD, 0x0AC5},
+               {0x0AC7, 0x0AC9}, {0x0ACB, 0x0ACD}, {0x0B01, 0x0B03}, {0x0B05, 0x0B0C},
+               {0x0B0F, 0x0B10}, {0x0B13, 0x0B28}, {0x0B2A, 0x0B30}, {0x0B32, 0x0B33},
+               {0x0B36, 0x0B39}, {0x0B3E, 0x0B43}, {0x0B47, 0x0B48}, {0x0B4B, 0x0B4D},
+               {0x0B5C, 0x0B5D}, {0x0B5F, 0x0B61}, {0x0B82, 0x0B83}, {0x0B85, 0x0B8A},
+               {0x0B8E, 0x0B90}, {0x0B92, 0x0B95}, {0x0B99, 0x0B9A}, {0x0B9E, 0x0B9F},
+               {0x0BA3, 0x0BA4}, {0x0BA8, 0x0BAA}, {0x0BAE, 0x0BB5}, {0x0BB7, 0x0BB9},
+               {0x0BBE, 0x0BC2}, {0x0BC6, 0x0BC8}, {0x0BCA, 0x0BCD}, {0x0C01, 0x0C03},
+               {0x0C05, 0x0C0C}, {0x0C0E, 0x0C10}, {0x0C12, 0x0C28}, {0x0C2A, 0x0C33},
+               {0x0C35, 0x0C39}, {0x0C3E, 0x0C44}, {0x0C46, 0x0C48}, {0x0C4A, 0x0C4D},
+               {0x0C60, 0x0C61}, {0x0C82, 0x0C83}, {0x0C85, 0x0C8C}, {0x0C8E, 0x0C90},
+               {0x0C92, 0x0CA8}, {0x0CAA, 0x0CB3}, {0x0CB5, 0x0CB9}, {0x0CBE, 0x0CC4},
+               {0x0CC6, 0x0CC8}, {0x0CCA, 0x0CCD}, {0x0CE0, 0x0CE1}, {0x0D02, 0x0D03},
+               {0x0D05, 0x0D0C}, {0x0D0E, 0x0D10}, {0x0D12, 0x0D28}, {0x0D2A, 0x0D39},
+               {0x0D3E, 0x0D43}, {0x0D46, 0x0D48}, {0x0D4A, 0x0D4D}, {0x0D60, 0x0D61},
+               {0x0E01, 0x0E3A}, {0x0E40, 0x0E5B}, {0x0E81, 0x0E82}, {0x0E87, 0x0E88},
+               {0x0E94, 0x0E97}, {0x0E99, 0x0E9F}, {0x0EA1, 0x0EA3}, {0x0EAA, 0x0EAB},
+               {0x0EAD, 0x0EAE}, {0x0EB0, 0x0EB9}, {0x0EBB, 0x0EBD}, {0x0EC0, 0x0EC4},
+               {0x0EC8, 0x0ECD}, {0x0EDC, 0x0EDD}, {0x0F18, 0x0F19}, {0x0F3E, 0x0F47},
+               {0x0F49, 0x0F69}, {0x0F71, 0x0F84}, {0x0F86, 0x0F8B}, {0x0F90, 0x0F95},
+               {0x0F99, 0x0FAD}, {0x0FB1, 0x0FB7}, {0x10A0, 0x10C5}, {0x10D0, 0x10F6},
+               {0x3041, 0x3093}, {0x309B, 0x309C}, {0x30A1, 0x30F6}, {0x30FB, 0x30FC},
+               {0x3105, 0x312C}, {0x4E00, 0x9FA5}, {0xAC00, 0xD7A3}, {0x0660, 0x0669},
+               {0x06F0, 0x06F9}, {0x0966, 0x096F}, {0x09E6, 0x09EF}, {0x0A66, 0x0A6F},
+               {0x0AE6, 0x0AEF}, {0x0B66, 0x0B6F}, {0x0BE7, 0x0BEF}, {0x0C66, 0x0C6F},
+               {0x0CE6, 0x0CEF}, {0x0D66, 0x0D6F}, {0x0E50, 0x0E59}, {0x0ED0, 0x0ED9},
+               {0x0F20, 0x0F33}, {0x02B0, 0x02B8}, {0x02BD, 0x02C1}, {0x02D0, 0x02D1},
+               {0x02E0, 0x02E4}, {0x203F, 0x2040}, {0x210A, 0x2113}, {0x2118, 0x211D},
+               {0x212A, 0x2131}, {0x2133, 0x2138}, {0x2160, 0x2182}, {0x3005, 0x3007},
+               {0x3021, 0x3029},
+       };
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(ranges)/sizeof(ranges[0]); ++i) {
+               if (ranges[i][0] <= v && v <= ranges[i][1])
+                       return true;
+       }
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(single_chars)/sizeof(single_chars[0]); ++i) {
+               if (v == single_chars[i])
+                       return true;
+       }
+       return false;
+}
+
+static bool is_universal_char_valid_identifier_c11(utf32 const v)
+{
+       /* C11 Annex D.1 */
+       if (                v == 0x000A8) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AA) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AD) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AF) return true;
+       if (0x000B2 <= v && v <= 0x000B5) return true;
+       if (0x000B7 <= v && v <= 0x000BA) return true;
+       if (0x000BC <= v && v <= 0x000BE) return true;
+       if (0x000C0 <= v && v <= 0x000D6) return true;
+       if (0x000D8 <= v && v <= 0x000F6) return true;
+       if (0x000F8 <= v && v <= 0x000FF) return true;
+       if (0x00100 <= v && v <= 0x0167F) return true;
+       if (0x01681 <= v && v <= 0x0180D) return true;
+       if (0x0180F <= v && v <= 0x01FFF) return true;
+       if (0x0200B <= v && v <= 0x0200D) return true;
+       if (0x0202A <= v && v <= 0x0202E) return true;
+       if (0x0203F <= v && v <= 0x02040) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x02054) return true;
+       if (0x02060 <= v && v <= 0x0206F) return true;
+       if (0x02070 <= v && v <= 0x0218F) return true;
+       if (0x02460 <= v && v <= 0x024FF) return true;
+       if (0x02776 <= v && v <= 0x02793) return true;
+       if (0x02C00 <= v && v <= 0x02DFF) return true;
+       if (0x02E80 <= v && v <= 0x02FFF) return true;
+       if (0x03004 <= v && v <= 0x03007) return true;
+       if (0x03021 <= v && v <= 0x0302F) return true;
+       if (0x03031 <= v && v <= 0x0303F) return true;
+       if (0x03040 <= v && v <= 0x0D7FF) return true;
+       if (0x0F900 <= v && v <= 0x0FD3D) return true;
+       if (0x0FD40 <= v && v <= 0x0FDCF) return true;
+       if (0x0FDF0 <= v && v <= 0x0FE44) return true;
+       if (0x0FE47 <= v && v <= 0x0FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x10000 <= v && v <= 0x1FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x20000 <= v && v <= 0x2FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x30000 <= v && v <= 0x3FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x40000 <= v && v <= 0x4FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x50000 <= v && v <= 0x5FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x60000 <= v && v <= 0x6FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x70000 <= v && v <= 0x7FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x80000 <= v && v <= 0x8FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x90000 <= v && v <= 0x9FFFD) return true;
+       if (0xA0000 <= v && v <= 0xAFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xB0000 <= v && v <= 0xBFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xC0000 <= v && v <= 0xCFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xD0000 <= v && v <= 0xDFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xE0000 <= v && v <= 0xEFFFD) return true;
+       return false;
+}
+
+static bool is_universal_char_valid_identifier(utf32 const v)
+{
+       if (c_mode & _C11)
+               return is_universal_char_valid_identifier_c11(v);
+       return is_universal_char_valid_identifier_c99(v);
+}
+
+static bool is_universal_char_invalid_identifier_start(utf32 const v)
+{
+       if (! (c_mode & _C11))
+               return false;
+
+       /* C11 Annex D.2 */
+       if (0x0300 <= v && v <= 0x036F) return true;
+       if (0x1DC0 <= v && v <= 0x1DFF) return true;
+       if (0x20D0 <= v && v <= 0x20FF) return true;
+       if (0xFE20 <= v && v <= 0xFE2F) return true;
+       return false;
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse an escape sequence.
  */
@@ -430,10 +658,10 @@ static utf32 parse_escape_sequence(void)
                if (c_mode & _GNUC)
                        return 27;   /* hopefully 27 is ALWAYS the code for ESCAPE */
                break;
-       case 'u':
-       case 'U':
-               parse_error("universal character parsing not implemented yet");
-               return EOF;
+
+       case 'U': return parse_universal_char(8);
+       case 'u': return parse_universal_char(4);
+
        default:
                break;
        }
@@ -451,125 +679,103 @@ static const char *identify_string(char *string)
        return result;
 }
 
-static string_t make_string(char *string, size_t len)
+static string_t sym_make_string(string_encoding_t const enc)
 {
-       const char *result = identify_string(string);
-       return (string_t) {result, len};
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       size_t      const len    = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
+       char       *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       char const *const result = identify_string(string);
+       return (string_t){ result, len, enc };
 }
 
-static void parse_string_literal(string_encoding_t const enc)
+string_t make_string(char const *const string)
 {
-       const unsigned start_linenr = input.position.lineno;
+       obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, string, strlen(string));
+       return sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
+}
+
+static utf32 get_string_encoding_limit(string_encoding_t const enc)
+{
+       switch (enc) {
+       case STRING_ENCODING_CHAR:   return 0xFF;
+       case STRING_ENCODING_CHAR16: return 0xFFFF;
+       case STRING_ENCODING_CHAR32: return 0xFFFFFFFF;
+       case STRING_ENCODING_UTF8:   return 0xFFFFFFFF;
+       case STRING_ENCODING_WIDE:   return 0xFFFFFFFF; // FIXME depends on settings
+       }
+       panic("invalid string encoding");
+}
 
-       eat('"');
+static void parse_string(utf32 const delimiter, token_kind_t const kind,
+                         string_encoding_t const enc,
+                         char const *const context)
+{
+       eat(delimiter);
 
+       utf32 const limit = get_string_encoding_limit(enc);
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
                case '\\': {
-                       utf32 tc;
                        if (resolve_escape_sequences) {
-                               tc = parse_escape_sequence();
-                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) tc);
+                               utf32 const tc = parse_escape_sequence();
+                               if (tc > limit) {
+                                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.pos,
+                                                "escape sequence out of range");
+                               }
+                               if (enc == STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+                                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, tc);
+                               } else {
+                                       obstack_grow_utf8(&symbol_obstack, tc);
+                               }
                        } else {
-                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
+                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)input.c);
                                next_char();
-                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
+                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)input.c);
                                next_char();
                        }
                        break;
                }
 
-               case EOF: {
-                       source_position_t source_position;
-                       source_position.input_name = pp_token.base.source_position.input_name;
-                       source_position.lineno     = start_linenr;
-                       errorf(&source_position, "string has no end");
-                       goto end_of_string;
-               }
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "newline while parsing %s", context);
+                       break;
 
-               case '"':
-                       next_char();
+               case EOF:
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "EOF while parsing %s", context);
                        goto end_of_string;
 
                default:
-                       obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
-                       next_char();
-                       break;
+                       if (input.c == delimiter) {
+                               next_char();
+                               goto end_of_string;
+                       } else {
+                               obstack_grow_utf8(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
+                               next_char();
+                               break;
+                       }
                }
        }
 
 end_of_string:
-       /* add finishing 0 to the string */
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       const size_t size   = (size_t)obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack);
-       char *const  string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       pp_token.kind           = kind;
+       pp_token.literal.string = sym_make_string(enc);
+}
 
-       pp_token.kind            = TP_STRING_LITERAL;
-       pp_token.string.encoding = enc;
-       pp_token.string.string   = make_string(string, size);
+static void parse_string_literal(string_encoding_t const enc)
+{
+       parse_string('"', T_STRING_LITERAL, enc, "string literal");
 }
 
 static void parse_character_constant(string_encoding_t const enc)
 {
-       const unsigned start_linenr = input.position.lineno;
-
-       eat('\'');
-
-       while (true) {
-               switch (input.c) {
-               case '\\': {
-                       utf32 const tc = parse_escape_sequence();
-                       if (enc == STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
-                               if (tc >= 0x100) {
-                                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.source_position, "escape sequence out of range");
-                               }
-                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, tc);
-                       } else {
-                               obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, tc);
-                       }
-                       break;
-               }
-
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       parse_error("newline while parsing character constant");
-                       break;
-               )
-
-               case EOF: {
-                       source_position_t source_position;
-                       source_position.input_name = pp_token.base.source_position.input_name;
-                       source_position.lineno     = start_linenr;
-                       errorf(&source_position, "EOF while parsing character constant");
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
-               }
-
-               case '\'':
-                       next_char();
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
-
-               default:
-                       obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
-                       next_char();
-                       break;
-
-               }
-       }
-
-end_of_char_constant:;
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       size_t const size   = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
-       char  *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-       pp_token.kind            = TP_CHARACTER_CONSTANT;
-       pp_token.string.encoding = enc;
-       pp_token.string.string   = make_string(string, size);
-
-       if (size == 0) {
+       parse_string('\'', T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT, enc, "character constant");
+       if (pp_token.literal.string.size == 0) {
                parse_error("empty character constant");
        }
 }
 
-#define SYMBOL_CHARS_WITHOUT_E_P \
+#define SYMBOL_CASES_WITHOUT_E_P \
+            '$': if (!allow_dollar_in_symbol) goto dollar_sign; \
        case 'a': \
        case 'b': \
        case 'c': \
@@ -618,17 +824,17 @@ end_of_char_constant:;
        case 'X': \
        case 'Y': \
        case 'Z': \
-       case '_':
+       case '_'
 
-#define SYMBOL_CHARS \
-       SYMBOL_CHARS_WITHOUT_E_P \
+#define SYMBOL_CASES \
+            SYMBOL_CASES_WITHOUT_E_P: \
        case 'e': \
        case 'p': \
        case 'E': \
-       case 'P':
+       case 'P'
 
-#define DIGITS \
-       case '0':  \
+#define DIGIT_CASES \
+            '0':  \
        case '1':  \
        case '2':  \
        case '3':  \
@@ -637,57 +843,165 @@ end_of_char_constant:;
        case '6':  \
        case '7':  \
        case '8':  \
-       case '9':
+       case '9'
+
+static void start_expanding(pp_definition_t *definition)
+{
+       definition->parent_expansion = current_expansion;
+       definition->expand_pos       = 0;
+       definition->is_expanding     = true;
+       if (definition->list_len > 0) {
+               definition->token_list[0].had_whitespace
+                       = info.had_whitespace;
+       }
+       current_expansion = definition;
+}
+
+static void finished_expanding(pp_definition_t *definition)
+{
+       assert(definition->is_expanding);
+       pp_definition_t *parent = definition->parent_expansion;
+       definition->parent_expansion = NULL;
+       definition->is_expanding     = false;
+
+       /* stop further expanding once we expanded a parameter used in a
+        * sub macro-call */
+       if (definition == argument_expanding)
+               argument_expanding = NULL;
+
+       assert(current_expansion == definition);
+       current_expansion = parent;
+}
+
+static void grow_string_escaped(struct obstack *obst, const string_t *string, char const *delimiter)
+{
+       char const *prefix = get_string_encoding_prefix(string->encoding);
+       obstack_printf(obst, "%s%s", prefix, delimiter);
+       size_t      size = string->size;
+       const char *str  = string->begin;
+       if (resolve_escape_sequences) {
+               obstack_grow(obst, str, size);
+       } else {
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                       const char c = str[i];
+                       if (c == '\\' || c == '"')
+                               obstack_1grow(obst, '\\');
+                       obstack_1grow(obst, c);
+               }
+       }
+       obstack_printf(obst, "%s", delimiter);
+}
+
+static void grow_token(struct obstack *obst, const token_t *token)
+{
+       switch (token->kind) {
+       case T_NUMBER:
+               obstack_grow(obst, token->literal.string.begin, token->literal.string.size);
+               break;
+
+       case T_STRING_LITERAL: {
+               char const *const delimiter = resolve_escape_sequences ? "\"" : "\\\"";
+               grow_string_escaped(obst, &token->literal.string, delimiter);
+               break;
+       }
+
+       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               grow_string_escaped(obst, &token->literal.string, "'");
+               break;
+
+       case T_IDENTIFIER:
+       default: {
+               const char *str = token->base.symbol->string;
+               size_t      len = strlen(str);
+               obstack_grow(obst, str, len);
+               break;
+       }
+       }
+}
+
+static void stringify(const pp_definition_t *definition)
+{
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+
+       size_t list_len = definition->list_len;
+       for (size_t p = 0; p < list_len; ++p) {
+               const saved_token_t *saved = &definition->token_list[p];
+               if (p > 0 && saved->had_whitespace)
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, ' ');
+               grow_token(&symbol_obstack, &saved->token);
+       }
+       pp_token.kind           = T_STRING_LITERAL;
+       pp_token.literal.string = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
+}
+
+static inline void set_punctuator(token_kind_t const kind)
+{
+       pp_token.kind        = kind;
+       pp_token.base.symbol = token_symbols[kind];
+}
+
+static inline void set_digraph(token_kind_t const kind, symbol_t *const symbol)
+{
+       pp_token.kind        = kind;
+       pp_token.base.symbol = symbol;
+}
 
 /**
  * returns next final token from a preprocessor macro expansion
  */
-static void expand_next(void)
+static bool expand_next(void)
 {
-       assert(current_expansion != NULL);
-
-       pp_definition_t *definition = current_expansion;
+       if (current_expansion == NULL)
+               return false;
 
-restart:
-       if (definition->list_len == 0
-                       || definition->expand_pos >= definition->list_len) {
-               /* we're finished with the current macro, move up 1 level in the
-                * expansion stack */
-               pp_definition_t *parent = definition->parent_expansion;
-               definition->parent_expansion = NULL;
-               definition->is_expanding     = false;
-
-               /* it was the outermost expansion, parse normal pptoken */
-               if (parent == NULL) {
-                       current_expansion = NULL;
-                       next_preprocessing_token();
-                       return;
+restart:;
+       size_t pos = current_expansion->expand_pos;
+       if (pos >= current_expansion->list_len) {
+               finished_expanding(current_expansion);
+               /* it was the outermost expansion, parse pptoken normally */
+               if (current_expansion == NULL) {
+                       return false;
                }
-               definition        = parent;
-               current_expansion = definition;
                goto restart;
        }
-       pp_token = definition->token_list[definition->expand_pos];
-       pp_token.base.source_position = expansion_pos;
-       ++definition->expand_pos;
+       const saved_token_t *saved = &current_expansion->token_list[pos++];
+       pp_token = saved->token;
+       if (pp_token.kind == '#') {
+               if (pos < current_expansion->list_len) {
+                       const saved_token_t *next = &current_expansion->token_list[pos];
+                       if (next->token.kind == T_MACRO_PARAMETER) {
+                               pp_definition_t *def = next->token.macro_parameter.def;
+                               assert(def != NULL && def->is_parameter);
+                               stringify(def);
+                               ++pos;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
 
-       if (pp_token.kind != TP_IDENTIFIER)
-               return;
+       if (current_expansion->expand_pos > 0)
+               info.had_whitespace = saved->had_whitespace;
+       current_expansion->expand_pos = pos;
+       pp_token.base.pos             = expansion_pos;
 
-       /* if it was an identifier then we might need to expand again */
-       pp_definition_t *const symbol_definition = pp_token.base.symbol->pp_definition;
-       if (symbol_definition != NULL && !symbol_definition->is_expanding) {
-               symbol_definition->parent_expansion = definition;
-               symbol_definition->expand_pos       = 0;
-               symbol_definition->is_expanding     = true;
-               definition                          = symbol_definition;
-               current_expansion                   = definition;
-               goto restart;
+       return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the next token kind found when continuing the current expansions
+ * without starting new sub-expansions.
+ */
+static token_kind_t peek_expansion(void)
+{
+       for (pp_definition_t *e = current_expansion; e; e = e->parent_expansion) {
+               if (e->expand_pos < e->list_len)
+                       return e->token_list[e->expand_pos].token.kind;
        }
+       return T_EOF;
 }
 
 static void skip_line_comment(void)
 {
+       info.had_whitespace = true;
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
                case EOF:
@@ -706,7 +1020,9 @@ static void skip_line_comment(void)
 
 static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
 {
-       unsigned start_linenr = input.position.lineno;
+       info.had_whitespace = true;
+
+       position_t const start_pos = input.pos;
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
                case '/':
@@ -718,24 +1034,19 @@ static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
                case '*':
                        next_char();
                        if (input.c == '/') {
-                               if (input.position.lineno != input.output_line)
-                                       info.whitespace = input.position.colno;
+                               if (input.pos.lineno != input.output_line)
+                                       info.whitespace_at_line_begin = input.pos.colno;
                                next_char();
                                return;
                        }
                        break;
 
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
+               case NEWLINE:
                        break;
-               )
 
-               case EOF: {
-                       source_position_t source_position;
-                       source_position.input_name = pp_token.base.source_position.input_name;
-                       source_position.lineno     = start_linenr;
-                       errorf(&source_position, "at end of file while looking for comment end");
+               case EOF:
+                       errorf(&start_pos, "at end of file while looking for comment end");
                        return;
-               }
 
                default:
                        next_char();
@@ -744,19 +1055,61 @@ static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
        }
 }
 
+static bool skip_till_newline(bool stop_at_non_whitespace)
+{
+       bool res = false;
+       while (true) {
+               switch (input.c) {
+               case ' ':
+               case '\t':
+                       next_char();
+                       continue;
+
+               case '/':
+                       next_char();
+                       if (input.c == '/') {
+                               next_char();
+                               skip_line_comment();
+                               continue;
+                       } else if (input.c == '*') {
+                               next_char();
+                               skip_multiline_comment();
+                               continue;
+                       } else {
+                               put_back(input.c);
+                               input.c = '/';
+                       }
+                       return true;
+
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       return res;
+
+               default:
+                       if (stop_at_non_whitespace)
+                               return false;
+                       res = true;
+                       next_char();
+                       continue;
+               }
+       }
+}
+
 static void skip_whitespace(void)
 {
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
                case ' ':
                case '\t':
+                       ++info.whitespace_at_line_begin;
+                       info.had_whitespace = true;
                        next_char();
                        continue;
 
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       info.at_line_begin = true;
-                       return;
-               )
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       info.at_line_begin  = true;
+                       info.had_whitespace = true;
+                       info.whitespace_at_line_begin = 0;
+                       continue;
 
                case '/':
                        next_char();
@@ -773,33 +1126,87 @@ static void skip_whitespace(void)
                                input.c = '/';
                        }
                        return;
+
                default:
                        return;
                }
        }
 }
 
-static void eat_pp(preprocessor_token_kind_t const type)
+static inline void eat_pp(pp_token_kind_t const kind)
 {
-       (void) type;
-       assert(pp_token.kind == type);
-       next_preprocessing_token();
+       assert(pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID == kind);
+       (void) kind;
+       next_input_token();
 }
 
-static void parse_symbol(void)
+static inline void eat_token(token_kind_t const kind)
 {
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
-       next_char();
+       assert(pp_token.kind == kind);
+       (void)kind;
+       next_input_token();
+}
+
+static string_encoding_t identify_encoding_prefix(symbol_t *const sym)
+{
+       if (sym == symbol_L) return STRING_ENCODING_WIDE;
+       if (c_mode & _C11) {
+               if (sym == symbol_U)  return STRING_ENCODING_CHAR32;
+               if (sym == symbol_u)  return STRING_ENCODING_CHAR16;
+               if (sym == symbol_u8) return STRING_ENCODING_UTF8;
+       }
+       return STRING_ENCODING_CHAR;
+}
 
+static void parse_symbol(void)
+{
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
-               DIGITS
-               SYMBOL_CHARS
+               case DIGIT_CASES:
+               case SYMBOL_CASES:
                        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
                        next_char();
                        break;
 
+               case '\\':
+                       next_char();
+                       switch (input.c) {
+                       {
+                               unsigned n;
+                       case 'U': n = 8; goto universal;
+                       case 'u': n = 4; goto universal;
+universal:
+                               if (!resolve_escape_sequences) {
+                                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\\');
+                                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
+                               }
+                               next_char();
+                               utf32 const v = parse_universal_char(n);
+                               if (!is_universal_char_valid_identifier(v)) {
+                                       if (is_universal_char_valid(v)) {
+                                               errorf(&input.pos,
+                                                          "universal character \\%c%0*X is not valid in an identifier",
+                                                          n == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n, v);
+                                       }
+                               } else if (obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0 && is_universal_char_invalid_identifier_start(v)) {
+                                       errorf(&input.pos,
+                                                  "universal character \\%c%0*X is not valid as start of an identifier",
+                                                  n == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n, v);
+                               } else if (resolve_escape_sequences) {
+                                       obstack_grow_utf8(&symbol_obstack, v);
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       }
+
+                       default:
+                               put_back(input.c);
+                               input.c = '\\';
+                               goto end_symbol;
+                       }
+
                default:
+dollar_sign:
                        goto end_symbol;
                }
        }
@@ -808,20 +1215,28 @@ end_symbol:
        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
        char *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
 
-       /* might be a wide string or character constant ( L"string"/L'c' ) */
-       if (input.c == '"' && string[0] == 'L' && string[1] == '\0') {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-               parse_string_literal(STRING_ENCODING_WIDE);
-               return;
-       } else if (input.c == '\'' && string[0] == 'L' && string[1] == '\0') {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-               parse_character_constant(STRING_ENCODING_WIDE);
-               return;
-       }
-
        symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
 
-       pp_token.kind        = symbol->pp_ID;
+       /* Might be a prefixed string or character constant: L/U/u/u8"string". */
+       if (input.c == '"') {
+               string_encoding_t const enc = identify_encoding_prefix(symbol);
+               if (enc != STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+                       parse_string_literal(enc);
+                       return;
+               }
+       } else if (input.c == '\'') {
+               string_encoding_t const enc = identify_encoding_prefix(symbol);
+               if (enc != STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+                       if (enc == STRING_ENCODING_UTF8) {
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                                      "'u8' is not a valid encoding for a chracter constant");
+                       }
+                       parse_character_constant(enc);
+                       return;
+               }
+       }
+
+       pp_token.kind        = symbol->ID;
        pp_token.base.symbol = symbol;
 
        /* we can free the memory from symbol obstack if we already had an entry in
@@ -839,8 +1254,8 @@ static void parse_number(void)
        while (true) {
                switch (input.c) {
                case '.':
-               DIGITS
-               SYMBOL_CHARS_WITHOUT_E_P
+               case DIGIT_CASES:
+               case SYMBOL_CASES_WITHOUT_E_P:
                        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
                        next_char();
                        break;
@@ -858,75 +1273,73 @@ static void parse_number(void)
                        break;
 
                default:
+dollar_sign:
                        goto end_number;
                }
        }
 
 end_number:
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       size_t  size   = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack);
-       char   *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-       pp_token.kind          = TP_NUMBER;
-       pp_token.number.number = make_string(string, size);
+       pp_token.kind           = T_NUMBER;
+       pp_token.literal.string = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
 }
 
+#define MAYBE_PROLOG \
+       next_char(); \
+       switch (input.c) {
 
-#define MAYBE_PROLOG                                       \
-                       next_char();                                   \
-                       while (true) {                                 \
-                               switch (input.c) {
+#define MAYBE(ch, kind) \
+       case ch: \
+               next_char(); \
+               set_punctuator(kind); \
+               return;
 
-#define MAYBE(ch, set_type)                                \
-                               case ch:                                   \
-                                       next_char();                           \
-                                       pp_token.kind = set_type;              \
-                                       return;
+#define MAYBE_DIGRAPH(ch, kind, symbol) \
+       case ch: \
+               next_char(); \
+               set_digraph(kind, symbol); \
+               return;
 
-#define ELSE_CODE(code)                                    \
-                               default:                                   \
-                                       code                                   \
-                                       return;                                \
-                               }                                          \
-                       }
+#define ELSE_CODE(code) \
+       default: \
+               code \
+       }
 
-#define ELSE(set_type)                                     \
-               ELSE_CODE(                                         \
-                       pp_token.kind = set_type;                      \
-               )
+#define ELSE(kind) ELSE_CODE(set_punctuator(kind); return;)
 
-static void next_preprocessing_token(void)
+/** identifies and returns the next preprocessing token contained in the
+ * input stream. No macro expansion is performed. */
+static void next_input_token(void)
 {
-       if (current_expansion != NULL) {
-               expand_next();
-               return;
+       if (next_info.had_whitespace) {
+               info = next_info;
+               next_info.had_whitespace = false;
+       } else {
+               info.at_line_begin  = false;
+               info.had_whitespace = false;
        }
-
-       info.at_line_begin  = false;
-       info.had_whitespace = false;
 restart:
-       pp_token.base.source_position = input.position;
-       pp_token.base.symbol          = NULL;
+       pp_token.base.pos    = input.pos;
+       pp_token.base.symbol = NULL;
 
        switch (input.c) {
        case ' ':
        case '\t':
-               ++info.whitespace;
+               info.whitespace_at_line_begin++;
                info.had_whitespace = true;
                next_char();
                goto restart;
 
-       MATCH_NEWLINE(
-               info.at_line_begin = true;
-               info.had_whitespace = true;
+       case NEWLINE:
+               info.at_line_begin            = true;
+               info.had_whitespace           = true;
+               info.whitespace_at_line_begin = 0;
                goto restart;
-       )
 
-       SYMBOL_CHARS
+       case SYMBOL_CASES:
                parse_symbol();
                return;
 
-       DIGITS
+       case DIGIT_CASES:
                parse_number();
                return;
 
@@ -957,108 +1370,116 @@ restart:
 
                        case '.':
                                MAYBE_PROLOG
-                               MAYBE('.', TP_DOTDOTDOT)
+                               MAYBE('.', T_DOTDOTDOT)
                                ELSE_CODE(
                                        put_back(input.c);
                                        input.c = '.';
-                                       pp_token.kind = '.';
+                                       set_punctuator('.');
+                                       return;
                                )
                ELSE('.')
        case '&':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('&', TP_ANDAND)
-               MAYBE('=', TP_ANDEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('&', T_ANDAND)
+               MAYBE('=', T_ANDEQUAL)
                ELSE('&')
        case '*':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_ASTERISKEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('=', T_ASTERISKEQUAL)
                ELSE('*')
        case '+':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('+', TP_PLUSPLUS)
-               MAYBE('=', TP_PLUSEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('+', T_PLUSPLUS)
+               MAYBE('=', T_PLUSEQUAL)
                ELSE('+')
        case '-':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('>', TP_MINUSGREATER)
-               MAYBE('-', TP_MINUSMINUS)
-               MAYBE('=', TP_MINUSEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('>', T_MINUSGREATER)
+               MAYBE('-', T_MINUSMINUS)
+               MAYBE('=', T_MINUSEQUAL)
                ELSE('-')
        case '!':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('=', T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL)
                ELSE('!')
        case '/':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_SLASHEQUAL)
-                       case '*':
-                               next_char();
-                               info.had_whitespace = true;
-                               skip_multiline_comment();
-                               goto restart;
-                       case '/':
-                               next_char();
-                               info.had_whitespace = true;
-                               skip_line_comment();
-                               goto restart;
+               MAYBE('=', T_SLASHEQUAL)
+               case '*':
+                       next_char();
+                       skip_multiline_comment();
+                       goto restart;
+               case '/':
+                       next_char();
+                       skip_line_comment();
+                       goto restart;
                ELSE('/')
        case '%':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('>', '}')
-               MAYBE('=', TP_PERCENTEQUAL)
-                       case ':':
+               MAYBE_DIGRAPH('>', '}', symbol_percentgreater)
+               MAYBE('=', T_PERCENTEQUAL)
+               case ':':
+                       MAYBE_PROLOG
+                       case '%':
                                MAYBE_PROLOG
-                                       case '%':
-                                               MAYBE_PROLOG
-                                               MAYBE(':', TP_HASHHASH)
-                                               ELSE_CODE(
-                                                       put_back(input.c);
-                                                       input.c = '%';
-                                                       pp_token.kind = '#';
-                                               )
-                               ELSE('#')
+                               MAYBE_DIGRAPH(':', T_HASHHASH, symbol_percentcolonpercentcolon)
+                               ELSE_CODE(
+                                       put_back(input.c);
+                                       input.c = '%';
+                                       goto digraph_percentcolon;
+                               )
+                       ELSE_CODE(
+digraph_percentcolon:
+                               set_digraph('#', symbol_percentcolon);
+                               return;
+                       )
                ELSE('%')
        case '<':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE(':', '[')
-               MAYBE('%', '{')
-               MAYBE('=', TP_LESSEQUAL)
-                       case '<':
-                               MAYBE_PROLOG
-                               MAYBE('=', TP_LESSLESSEQUAL)
-                               ELSE(TP_LESSLESS)
+               MAYBE_DIGRAPH(':', '[', symbol_lesscolon)
+               MAYBE_DIGRAPH('%', '{', symbol_lesspercent)
+               MAYBE('=', T_LESSEQUAL)
+               case '<':
+                       MAYBE_PROLOG
+                       MAYBE('=', T_LESSLESSEQUAL)
+                       ELSE(T_LESSLESS)
                ELSE('<')
        case '>':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_GREATEREQUAL)
-                       case '>':
-                               MAYBE_PROLOG
-                               MAYBE('=', TP_GREATERGREATEREQUAL)
-                               ELSE(TP_GREATERGREATER)
+               MAYBE('=', T_GREATEREQUAL)
+               case '>':
+                       MAYBE_PROLOG
+                       MAYBE('=', T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL)
+                       ELSE(T_GREATERGREATER)
                ELSE('>')
        case '^':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_CARETEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('=', T_CARETEQUAL)
                ELSE('^')
        case '|':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_PIPEEQUAL)
-               MAYBE('|', TP_PIPEPIPE)
+               MAYBE('=', T_PIPEEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('|', T_PIPEPIPE)
                ELSE('|')
        case ':':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('>', ']')
+               MAYBE_DIGRAPH('>', ']', symbol_colongreater)
+               case ':':
+                       if (c_mode & _CXX) {
+                               next_char();
+                               set_punctuator(T_COLONCOLON);
+                               return;
+                       }
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                ELSE(':')
        case '=':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('=', TP_EQUALEQUAL)
+               MAYBE('=', T_EQUALEQUAL)
                ELSE('=')
        case '#':
                MAYBE_PROLOG
-               MAYBE('#', TP_HASHHASH)
-               ELSE_CODE(
-                       pp_token.kind = '#';
-               )
+               MAYBE('#', T_HASHHASH)
+               ELSE('#')
 
        case '?':
        case '[':
@@ -1070,33 +1491,54 @@ restart:
        case '~':
        case ';':
        case ',':
-       case '\\':
-               pp_token.kind = input.c;
+               set_punctuator(input.c);
                next_char();
                return;
 
        case EOF:
                if (input_stack != NULL) {
-                       close_input();
+                       fclose(close_pp_input());
                        pop_restore_input();
-                       fputc('\n', out);
-                       print_line_directive(&input.position, "2");
+                       if (out)
+                               fputc('\n', out);
+                       if (input.c == (utf32)EOF)
+                               --input.pos.lineno;
+                       print_line_directive(&input.pos, "2");
                        goto restart;
                } else {
-                       pp_token.base.source_position.lineno++;
                        info.at_line_begin = true;
-                       pp_token.kind = TP_EOF;
+                       set_punctuator(T_EOF);
                }
                return;
 
-       default:
+       case '\\':
                next_char();
-               if (!ignore_unknown_chars) {
-                       errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                              "unknown character '%c' found\n", input.c);
+               int next_c = input.c;
+               put_back(input.c);
+               input.c = '\\';
+               if (next_c == 'U' || next_c == 'u') {
+                       parse_symbol();
+                       return;
+               }
+               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       default:
+dollar_sign:
+               if (error_on_unknown_chars) {
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "unknown character '%lc' found", input.c);
+                       next_char();
                        goto restart;
                } else {
-                       pp_token.kind = input.c;
+                       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+                       obstack_grow_utf8(&symbol_obstack, input.c);
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+                       char     *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+                       symbol_t *const symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
+                       if (symbol->string != string)
+                               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
+
+                       pp_token.kind        = T_UNKNOWN_CHAR;
+                       pp_token.base.symbol = symbol;
+                       next_char();
                        return;
                }
        }
@@ -1129,14 +1571,20 @@ static void print_quoted_string(const char *const string)
        fputc('"', out);
 }
 
-static void print_line_directive(const source_position_t *pos, const char *add)
+static void print_line_directive(const position_t *pos, const char *add)
 {
+       if (!out)
+               return;
+
        fprintf(out, "# %u ", pos->lineno);
        print_quoted_string(pos->input_name);
        if (add != NULL) {
                fputc(' ', out);
                fputs(add, out);
        }
+       if (pos->is_system_header) {
+               fputs(" 3", out);
+       }
 
        printed_input_name = pos->input_name;
        input.output_line  = pos->lineno-1;
@@ -1144,59 +1592,77 @@ static void print_line_directive(const source_position_t *pos, const char *add)
 
 static bool emit_newlines(void)
 {
-       unsigned delta = pp_token.base.source_position.lineno - input.output_line;
+       if (!out)
+               return true;
+
+       unsigned delta = pp_token.base.pos.lineno - input.output_line;
        if (delta == 0)
                return false;
 
        if (delta >= 9) {
                fputc('\n', out);
-               print_line_directive(&pp_token.base.source_position, NULL);
+               print_line_directive(&pp_token.base.pos, NULL);
                fputc('\n', out);
        } else {
                for (unsigned i = 0; i < delta; ++i) {
                        fputc('\n', out);
                }
        }
-       input.output_line = pp_token.base.source_position.lineno;
+       input.output_line = pp_token.base.pos.lineno;
 
-       for (unsigned i = 0; i < info.whitespace; ++i)
+       unsigned whitespace = info.whitespace_at_line_begin;
+       /* make sure there is at least 1 whitespace before a (macro-expanded)
+        * '#' at line begin. I'm not sure why this is good, but gcc does it. */
+       if (pp_token.kind == '#' && whitespace == 0)
+               ++whitespace;
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < whitespace; ++i)
                fputc(' ', out);
 
        return true;
 }
 
-static void emit_pp_token(void)
+void set_preprocessor_output(FILE *output)
 {
-       if (skip_mode)
-               return;
+       out = output;
+       if (out != NULL) {
+               error_on_unknown_chars   = false;
+               resolve_escape_sequences = false;
+       } else {
+               error_on_unknown_chars   = true;
+               resolve_escape_sequences = true;
+       }
+}
 
+void emit_pp_token(void)
+{
        if (!emit_newlines() &&
            (info.had_whitespace || tokens_would_paste(last_token, pp_token.kind)))
                fputc(' ', out);
 
        switch (pp_token.kind) {
-       case TP_IDENTIFIER:
-               fputs(pp_token.base.symbol->string, out);
-               break;
-       case TP_NUMBER:
-               fputs(pp_token.number.number.begin, out);
+       case T_NUMBER:
+               fputs(pp_token.literal.string.begin, out);
                break;
 
-       case TP_STRING_LITERAL:
-               fputs(get_string_encoding_prefix(pp_token.string.encoding), out);
+       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
+               fputs(get_string_encoding_prefix(pp_token.literal.string.encoding), out);
                fputc('"', out);
-               fputs(pp_token.string.string.begin, out);
+               fputs(pp_token.literal.string.begin, out);
                fputc('"', out);
                break;
 
-       case TP_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
-               fputs(get_string_encoding_prefix(pp_token.string.encoding), out);
+       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               fputs(get_string_encoding_prefix(pp_token.literal.string.encoding), out);
                fputc('\'', out);
-               fputs(pp_token.string.string.begin, out);
+               fputs(pp_token.literal.string.begin, out);
                fputc('\'', out);
                break;
+
+       case T_MACRO_PARAMETER:
+               panic("macro parameter not expanded");
+
        default:
-               print_pp_token_kind(out, pp_token.kind);
+               fputs(pp_token.base.symbol->string, out);
                break;
        }
        last_token = pp_token.kind;
@@ -1205,7 +1671,7 @@ static void emit_pp_token(void)
 static void eat_pp_directive(void)
 {
        while (!info.at_line_begin) {
-               next_preprocessing_token();
+               next_input_token();
        }
 }
 
@@ -1230,16 +1696,17 @@ static bool pp_tokens_equal(const token_t *token1, const token_t *token2)
                return false;
 
        switch (token1->kind) {
-       case TP_IDENTIFIER:
-               return token1->base.symbol == token2->base.symbol;
+       case T_NUMBER:
+       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
+               return strings_equal(&token1->literal.string, &token2->literal.string);
 
-       case TP_NUMBER:
-       case TP_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
-       case TP_STRING_LITERAL:
-               return strings_equal(&token1->string.string, &token2->string.string);
+       case T_MACRO_PARAMETER:
+               return token1->macro_parameter.def->symbol
+                   == token2->macro_parameter.def->symbol;
 
        default:
-               return true;
+               return token1->base.symbol == token2->base.symbol;
        }
 }
 
@@ -1249,75 +1716,129 @@ static bool pp_definitions_equal(const pp_definition_t *definition1,
        if (definition1->list_len != definition2->list_len)
                return false;
 
-       size_t         len = definition1->list_len;
-       const token_t *t1  = definition1->token_list;
-       const token_t *t2  = definition2->token_list;
+       size_t               len = definition1->list_len;
+       const saved_token_t *t1  = definition1->token_list;
+       const saved_token_t *t2  = definition2->token_list;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i, ++t1, ++t2) {
-               if (!pp_tokens_equal(t1, t2))
+               if (!pp_tokens_equal(&t1->token, &t2->token))
+                       return false;
+               if (t1->had_whitespace != t2->had_whitespace)
                        return false;
        }
        return true;
 }
 
+static void missing_macro_param_error(void)
+{
+       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "'#' is not followed by a macro parameter");
+}
+
+static bool is_defineable_token(char const *const context)
+{
+       if (info.at_line_begin) {
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "unexpected end of line after %s", context);
+       }
+
+       symbol_t *const symbol = pp_token.base.symbol;
+       if (!symbol)
+               goto no_ident;
+
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               switch (symbol->string[0]) {
+               case SYMBOL_CASES:
+dollar_sign:
+                       break;
+
+               default:
+no_ident:
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "expected identifier after %s, got %K",
+                              context, &pp_token);
+                       return false;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* TODO turn this into a flag in pp_def. */
+       switch (symbol->pp_ID) {
+       /* ยง6.10.8:4 */
+       case TP_defined:
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "%K cannot be used as macro name in %s",
+                      &pp_token, context);
+               return false;
+
+       default:
+               return true;
+       }
+}
+
 static void parse_define_directive(void)
 {
        eat_pp(TP_define);
+       if (skip_mode) {
+               eat_pp_directive();
+               return;
+       }
+
        assert(obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack) == 0);
 
-       if (pp_token.kind != TP_IDENTIFIER || info.at_line_begin) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                      "expected identifier after #define, got '%t'", &pp_token);
+       if (!is_defineable_token("#define"))
                goto error_out;
-       }
        symbol_t *const symbol = pp_token.base.symbol;
 
        pp_definition_t *new_definition
                = obstack_alloc(&pp_obstack, sizeof(new_definition[0]));
        memset(new_definition, 0, sizeof(new_definition[0]));
-       new_definition->source_position = input.position;
+       new_definition->symbol = symbol;
+       new_definition->pos    = input.pos;
 
        /* this is probably the only place where spaces are significant in the
         * lexer (except for the fact that they separate tokens). #define b(x)
         * is something else than #define b (x) */
        if (input.c == '(') {
-               /* eat the '(' */
-               next_preprocessing_token();
-               /* get next token after '(' */
-               next_preprocessing_token();
+               next_input_token();
+               eat_token('(');
 
                while (true) {
                        switch (pp_token.kind) {
-                       case TP_DOTDOTDOT:
+                       case T_DOTDOTDOT:
                                new_definition->is_variadic = true;
-                               next_preprocessing_token();
+                               eat_token(T_DOTDOTDOT);
                                if (pp_token.kind != ')') {
-                                       errorf(&input.position,
+                                       errorf(&input.pos,
                                                        "'...' not at end of macro argument list");
                                        goto error_out;
                                }
                                break;
-                       case TP_IDENTIFIER:
-                               obstack_ptr_grow(&pp_obstack, pp_token.base.symbol);
-                               next_preprocessing_token();
+
+                       case T_IDENTIFIER: {
+                               pp_definition_t parameter;
+                               memset(&parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter));
+                               parameter.pos          = pp_token.base.pos;
+                               parameter.symbol       = pp_token.base.symbol;
+                               parameter.is_parameter = true;
+                               obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, &parameter, sizeof(parameter));
+                               eat_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
 
                                if (pp_token.kind == ',') {
-                                       next_preprocessing_token();
+                                       eat_token(',');
                                        break;
                                }
 
                                if (pp_token.kind != ')') {
-                                       errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                                              "expected ',' or ')' after identifier, got '%t'",
+                                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                                              "expected ',' or ')' after identifier, got %K",
                                               &pp_token);
                                        goto error_out;
                                }
                                break;
+                       }
+
                        case ')':
-                               next_preprocessing_token();
+                               eat_token(')');
                                goto finish_argument_list;
+
                        default:
-                               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                                      "expected identifier, '...' or ')' in #define argument list, got '%t'",
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                                      "expected identifier, '...' or ')' in #define argument list, got %K",
                                       &pp_token);
                                goto error_out;
                        }
@@ -1325,29 +1846,78 @@ static void parse_define_directive(void)
 
        finish_argument_list:
                new_definition->has_parameters = true;
+               size_t size = obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack);
                new_definition->n_parameters
-                       = obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack) / sizeof(new_definition->parameters[0]);
+                       = size / sizeof(new_definition->parameters[0]);
                new_definition->parameters = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < new_definition->n_parameters; ++i) {
+                       pp_definition_t *param    = &new_definition->parameters[i];
+                       symbol_t        *symbol   = param->symbol;
+                       pp_definition_t *previous = symbol->pp_definition;
+                       if (previous != NULL
+                           && previous->function_definition == new_definition) {
+                               errorf(&param->pos, "duplicate macro parameter '%Y'", symbol);
+                               param->symbol = sym_anonymous;
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       param->parent_expansion    = previous;
+                       param->function_definition = new_definition;
+                       symbol->pp_definition      = param;
+               }
        } else {
-               next_preprocessing_token();
+               next_input_token();
        }
 
-       /* construct a new pp_definition on the obstack */
+       /* construct token list */
        assert(obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack) == 0);
-       size_t list_len = 0;
+       bool next_must_be_param = false;
        while (!info.at_line_begin) {
-               obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, &pp_token, sizeof(pp_token));
-               ++list_len;
-               next_preprocessing_token();
-       }
-
-       new_definition->list_len   = list_len;
+               if (pp_token.kind == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                       const symbol_t  *symbol     = pp_token.base.symbol;
+                       pp_definition_t *definition = symbol->pp_definition;
+                       if (definition != NULL
+                           && definition->function_definition == new_definition) {
+                           pp_token.kind                = T_MACRO_PARAMETER;
+                           pp_token.macro_parameter.def = definition;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (next_must_be_param && pp_token.kind != T_MACRO_PARAMETER) {
+                       missing_macro_param_error();
+               }
+               saved_token_t saved_token;
+               saved_token.token = pp_token;
+               saved_token.had_whitespace = info.had_whitespace;
+               obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, &saved_token, sizeof(saved_token));
+               next_must_be_param
+                       = new_definition->has_parameters && pp_token.kind == '#';
+               next_input_token();
+       }
+       if (next_must_be_param)
+               missing_macro_param_error();
+
+       new_definition->list_len   = obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack)
+               / sizeof(new_definition->token_list[0]);
        new_definition->token_list = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
 
+       if (new_definition->has_parameters) {
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < new_definition->n_parameters; ++i) {
+                       pp_definition_t *param      = &new_definition->parameters[i];
+                       symbol_t        *symbol     = param->symbol;
+                       if (symbol == sym_anonymous)
+                               continue;
+                       assert(symbol->pp_definition == param);
+                       assert(param->function_definition == new_definition);
+                       symbol->pp_definition   = param->parent_expansion;
+                       param->parent_expansion = NULL;
+               }
+       }
+
        pp_definition_t *old_definition = symbol->pp_definition;
        if (old_definition != NULL) {
                if (!pp_definitions_equal(old_definition, new_definition)) {
-                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &input.position, "multiple definition of macro '%Y' (first defined %P)", symbol, &old_definition->source_position);
+                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &input.pos,
+                                "multiple definition of macro '%Y' (first defined %P)",
+                                symbol, &old_definition->pos);
                } else {
                        /* reuse the old definition */
                        obstack_free(&pp_obstack, new_definition);
@@ -1369,121 +1939,175 @@ error_out:
 static void parse_undef_directive(void)
 {
        eat_pp(TP_undef);
+       if (skip_mode) {
+               eat_pp_directive();
+               return;
+       }
 
-       if (pp_token.kind != TP_IDENTIFIER) {
-               errorf(&input.position,
-                      "expected identifier after #undef, got '%t'", &pp_token);
+       if (!is_defineable_token("#undef")) {
                eat_pp_directive();
                return;
        }
 
        pp_token.base.symbol->pp_definition = NULL;
-       next_preprocessing_token();
+       next_input_token();
 
        if (!info.at_line_begin) {
-               warningf(WARN_OTHER, &input.position, "extra tokens at end of #undef directive");
+               warningf(WARN_OTHER, &input.pos, "extra tokens at end of #undef directive");
        }
        eat_pp_directive();
 }
 
-static void parse_headername(void)
+/** behind an #include we can have the special headername lexems.
+ * They're only allowed behind an #include so they're not recognized
+ * by the normal next_preprocessing_token. We handle them as a special
+ * exception here */
+static const char *parse_headername(bool *system_include)
 {
-       const source_position_t start_position = input.position;
-       string_t                string         = {NULL, 0};
-       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
-
-       /* behind an #include we can have the special headername lexems.
-        * They're only allowed behind an #include so they're not recognized
-        * by the normal next_preprocessing_token. We handle them as a special
-        * exception here */
        if (info.at_line_begin) {
                parse_error("expected headername after #include");
-               goto finish_error;
+               return NULL;
        }
 
-       /* check wether we have a "... or <... headername */
+       /* check whether we have a "... or <... headername */
+       position_t pos = input.pos;
        switch (input.c) {
-       case '<':
+       {
+               utf32 delimiter;
+       case '<': delimiter = '>'; *system_include = true;  goto parse_name;
+       case '"': delimiter = '"'; *system_include = false; goto parse_name;
+parse_name:
+               assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
                next_char();
                while (true) {
                        switch (input.c) {
+                       case NEWLINE:
                        case EOF:
-                               /* fallthrough */
-                       MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                               parse_error("header name without closing '>'");
-                               goto finish_error;
-                       )
-                       case '>':
-                               next_char();
-                               goto finished_headername;
-                       }
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
-                       next_char();
-               }
-               /* we should never be here */
+                               {
+                                       char *dummy = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+                                       obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, dummy);
+                               }
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                                      "header name without closing '%c'", (char)delimiter);
+                               return NULL;
 
-       case '"':
-               next_char();
-               while (true) {
-                       switch (input.c) {
-                       case EOF:
-                               /* fallthrough */
-                       MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                               parse_error("header name without closing '>'");
-                               goto finish_error;
-                       )
-                       case '"':
-                               next_char();
-                               goto finished_headername;
+                       default:
+                               if (input.c == delimiter) {
+                                       next_char();
+                                       goto finish_headername;
+                               } else {
+                                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)input.c);
+                                       next_char();
+                               }
+                               break;
                        }
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) input.c);
-                       next_char();
                }
                /* we should never be here */
+       }
 
        default:
-               /* TODO: do normal pp_token parsing and concatenate results */
-               panic("pp_token concat include not implemented yet");
+               next_preprocessing_token();
+               if (info.at_line_begin) {
+                       /* TODO: if we are already in the new line then we parsed more than
+                        * wanted. We reuse the token, but could produce following errors
+                        * misbehaviours... */
+                       goto error_invalid_input;
+               }
+               if (pp_token.kind == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                       *system_include = false;
+                       return pp_token.literal.string.begin;
+               } else if (pp_token.kind == '<') {
+                       *system_include = true;
+                       assert(obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack) == 0);
+                       while (true) {
+                               next_preprocessing_token();
+                               if (info.at_line_begin) {
+                                       /* TODO: we shouldn't have parsed/expanded something on the
+                                        * next line yet... */
+                                       char *dummy = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
+                                       obstack_free(&pp_obstack, dummy);
+                                       goto error_invalid_input;
+                               }
+                               if (pp_token.kind == '>')
+                                       break;
+
+                               saved_token_t saved;
+                               saved.token          = pp_token;
+                               saved.had_whitespace = info.had_whitespace;
+                               obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, &saved, sizeof(saved));
+                       }
+                       size_t size = obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack);
+                       assert(size % sizeof(saved_token_t) == 0);
+                       size_t n_tokens = size / sizeof(saved_token_t);
+                       saved_token_t *tokens = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
+                       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+                       for (size_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
+                               const saved_token_t *saved = &tokens[i];
+                               if (i > 0 && saved->had_whitespace)
+                                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, ' ');
+                               grow_token(&symbol_obstack, &saved->token);
+                       }
+                       obstack_free(&pp_obstack, tokens);
+                       goto finish_headername;
+               } else {
+error_invalid_input:
+                       {
+                               char *dummy = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+                               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, dummy);
+                       }
+
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                              "expected \"FILENAME\" or <FILENAME> after #include");
+                       return NULL;
+               }
        }
 
-finished_headername:
+finish_headername:
        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       const size_t size       = (size_t)obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack);
        char *const  headername = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-       string                  = make_string(headername, size);
-
-finish_error:
-       pp_token.base.source_position = start_position;
-       pp_token.kind                 = TP_HEADERNAME;
-       pp_token.string.string        = string;
-}
-
-static bool do_include(bool system_include, const char *headername)
-{
-       size_t headername_len = strlen(headername);
-       if (!system_include) {
-               /* put dirname of current input on obstack */
-               const char *filename   = input.position.input_name;
-               const char *last_slash = strrchr(filename, '/');
-               if (last_slash != NULL) {
-                       size_t len = last_slash - filename;
-                       obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, filename, len + 1);
-                       obstack_grow0(&symbol_obstack, headername, headername_len);
-                       char *complete_path = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-                       headername = identify_string(complete_path);
-               }
+       const char  *identified = identify_string(headername);
+       pp_token.base.pos = pos;
+       return identified;
+}
 
-               FILE *file = fopen(headername, "r");
-               if (file != NULL) {
-                       switch_input(file, headername);
-                       return true;
+static bool do_include(bool const bracket_include, bool const include_next, char const *const headername)
+{
+       size_t const        headername_len = strlen(headername);
+       searchpath_entry_t *entry;
+       if (include_next) {
+               entry = input.path      ? input.path->next
+                     : bracket_include ? bracket_searchpath.first
+                     : quote_searchpath.first;
+       } else {
+               if (!bracket_include) {
+                       /* put dirname of current input on obstack */
+                       const char *filename   = input.pos.input_name;
+                       const char *last_slash = strrchr(filename, '/');
+                       const char *full_name;
+                       if (last_slash != NULL) {
+                               size_t len = last_slash - filename;
+                               obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, filename, len + 1);
+                               obstack_grow0(&symbol_obstack, headername, headername_len);
+                               char *complete_path = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+                               full_name = identify_string(complete_path);
+                       } else {
+                               full_name = headername;
+                       }
+
+                       FILE *file = fopen(full_name, "r");
+                       if (file != NULL) {
+                               switch_pp_input(file, full_name, NULL, false);
+                               return true;
+                       }
+                       entry = quote_searchpath.first;
+               } else {
+                       entry = bracket_searchpath.first;
                }
        }
 
        assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
        /* check searchpath */
-       for (searchpath_entry_t *entry = searchpath; entry != NULL;
-            entry = entry->next) {
+       for (; entry; entry = entry->next) {
            const char *path = entry->path;
            size_t      len  = strlen(path);
                obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, path, len);
@@ -1495,7 +2119,7 @@ static bool do_include(bool system_include, const char *headername)
                FILE *file          = fopen(complete_path, "r");
                if (file != NULL) {
                        const char *filename = identify_string(complete_path);
-                       switch_input(file, filename);
+                       switch_pp_input(file, filename, entry, entry->is_system_path);
                        return true;
                } else {
                        obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, complete_path);
@@ -1505,62 +2129,49 @@ static bool do_include(bool system_include, const char *headername)
        return false;
 }
 
-/* read till next newline character, only for parse_include_directive(),
- * use eat_pp_directive() in all other cases */
-static void skip_till_newline(void)
+static void parse_include_directive(bool const include_next)
 {
-       /* skip till newline */
-       while (true) {
-               switch (input.c) {
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       return;
-               )
-               case EOF:
-                       return;
-               }
-               next_char();
+       if (skip_mode) {
+               eat_pp_directive();
+               return;
        }
-}
 
-static bool parse_include_directive(void)
-{
-       /* don't eat the TP_include here!
-        * we need an alternative parsing for the next token */
-       skip_whitespace();
-       bool system_include = input.c == '<';
-       parse_headername();
-       string_t headername = pp_token.string.string;
-       if (headername.begin == NULL) {
+       /* do not eat the TP_include, since it would already parse the next token
+        * which needs special handling here. */
+       skip_till_newline(true);
+       bool system_include;
+       const char *headername = parse_headername(&system_include);
+       if (headername == NULL) {
                eat_pp_directive();
-               return false;
+               return;
        }
 
-       skip_whitespace();
-       if (!info.at_line_begin) {
-               warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.source_position,
+       bool had_nonwhitespace = skip_till_newline(false);
+       if (had_nonwhitespace) {
+               warningf(WARN_OTHER, &input.pos,
                         "extra tokens at end of #include directive");
-               skip_till_newline();
        }
 
        if (n_inputs > INCLUDE_LIMIT) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position, "#include nested too deeply");
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "#include nested too deeply");
                /* eat \n or EOF */
-               next_preprocessing_token();
-               return false;
+               next_input_token();
+               return;
        }
 
        /* switch inputs */
+       info.whitespace_at_line_begin = 0;
+       info.had_whitespace           = false;
+       info.at_line_begin            = true;
        emit_newlines();
        push_input();
-       bool res = do_include(system_include, pp_token.string.string.begin);
-       if (!res) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                      "failed including '%S': %s", pp_token.string, strerror(errno));
+       bool res = do_include(system_include, include_next, headername);
+       if (res) {
+               next_input_token();
+       } else {
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "failed including '%s': %s", headername, strerror(errno));
                pop_restore_input();
-               return false;
        }
-
-       return true;
 }
 
 static pp_conditional_t *push_conditional(void)
@@ -1581,59 +2192,55 @@ static void pop_conditional(void)
        conditional_stack = conditional_stack->parent;
 }
 
-static void check_unclosed_conditionals(void)
+void check_unclosed_conditionals(void)
 {
        while (conditional_stack != NULL) {
                pp_conditional_t *conditional = conditional_stack;
 
                if (conditional->in_else) {
-                       errorf(&conditional->source_position, "unterminated #else");
+                       errorf(&conditional->pos, "unterminated #else");
                } else {
-                       errorf(&conditional->source_position, "unterminated condition");
+                       errorf(&conditional->pos, "unterminated condition");
                }
                pop_conditional();
        }
 }
 
-static void parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive(void)
+static void parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive(bool const is_ifdef)
 {
-       bool is_ifndef = (pp_token.kind == TP_ifndef);
        bool condition;
-       next_preprocessing_token();
+       eat_pp(is_ifdef ? TP_ifdef : TP_ifndef);
 
        if (skip_mode) {
                eat_pp_directive();
                pp_conditional_t *conditional = push_conditional();
-               conditional->source_position  = pp_token.base.source_position;
-               conditional->skip             = true;
+               conditional->pos  = pp_token.base.pos;
+               conditional->skip = true;
                return;
        }
 
-       if (pp_token.kind != TP_IDENTIFIER || info.at_line_begin) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                      "expected identifier after #%s, got '%t'",
-                      is_ifndef ? "ifndef" : "ifdef", &pp_token);
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_IDENTIFIER || info.at_line_begin) {
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "expected identifier after #%s, got %K",
+                      is_ifdef ? "ifdef" : "ifndef", &pp_token);
                eat_pp_directive();
 
                /* just take the true case in the hope to avoid further errors */
                condition = true;
        } else {
-               /* evaluate wether we are in true or false case */
-               condition = !pp_token.base.symbol->pp_definition == is_ifndef;
-
-               next_preprocessing_token();
+               /* evaluate whether we are in true or false case */
+               condition = (bool)pp_token.base.symbol->pp_definition == is_ifdef;
+               eat_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
 
                if (!info.at_line_begin) {
-                       errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                              "extra tokens at end of #%s",
-                              is_ifndef ? "ifndef" : "ifdef");
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "extra tokens at end of #%s",
+                              is_ifdef ? "ifdef" : "ifndef");
                        eat_pp_directive();
                }
        }
 
        pp_conditional_t *conditional = push_conditional();
-       conditional->source_position  = pp_token.base.source_position;
-       conditional->condition        = condition;
+       conditional->pos       = pp_token.base.pos;
+       conditional->condition = condition;
 
        if (!condition) {
                skip_mode = true;
@@ -1646,21 +2253,21 @@ static void parse_else_directive(void)
 
        if (!info.at_line_begin) {
                if (!skip_mode) {
-                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.source_position, "extra tokens at end of #else");
+                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.pos, "extra tokens at end of #else");
                }
                eat_pp_directive();
        }
 
        pp_conditional_t *conditional = conditional_stack;
        if (conditional == NULL) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position, "#else without prior #if");
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "#else without prior #if");
                return;
        }
 
        if (conditional->in_else) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
                       "#else after #else (condition started %P)",
-                      conditional->source_position);
+                      &conditional->pos);
                skip_mode = true;
                return;
        }
@@ -1669,7 +2276,7 @@ static void parse_else_directive(void)
        if (!conditional->skip) {
                skip_mode = conditional->condition;
        }
-       conditional->source_position = pp_token.base.source_position;
+       conditional->pos = pp_token.base.pos;
 }
 
 static void parse_endif_directive(void)
@@ -1678,14 +2285,14 @@ static void parse_endif_directive(void)
 
        if (!info.at_line_begin) {
                if (!skip_mode) {
-                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.source_position, "extra tokens at end of #endif");
+                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &pp_token.base.pos, "extra tokens at end of #endif");
                }
                eat_pp_directive();
        }
 
        pp_conditional_t *conditional = conditional_stack;
        if (conditional == NULL) {
-               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position, "#endif without prior #if");
+               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "#endif without prior #if");
                return;
        }
 
@@ -1695,84 +2302,353 @@ static void parse_endif_directive(void)
        pop_conditional();
 }
 
-static void parse_preprocessing_directive(void)
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_kind_t {
+       STDC_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_FP_CONTRACT,
+       STDC_FENV_ACCESS,
+       STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE
+} stdc_pragma_kind_t;
+
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_value_kind_t {
+       STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_VALUE_ON,
+       STDC_VALUE_OFF,
+       STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT
+} stdc_pragma_value_kind_t;
+
+static void parse_pragma_directive(void)
 {
-       eat_pp('#');
+       eat_pp(TP_pragma);
+       if (skip_mode) {
+               eat_pp_directive();
+               return;
+       }
 
-       if (info.at_line_begin) {
-               /* empty directive */
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               warningf(WARN_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS, &pp_token.base.pos,
+                        "expected identifier after #pragma");
+               eat_pp_directive();
                return;
        }
 
+       stdc_pragma_kind_t kind = STDC_UNKNOWN;
+       if (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID == TP_STDC && c_mode & _C99) {
+               /* a STDC pragma */
+               next_input_token();
+
+               switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
+               case TP_FP_CONTRACT:      kind = STDC_FP_CONTRACT;      break;
+               case TP_FENV_ACCESS:      kind = STDC_FENV_ACCESS;      break;
+               case TP_CX_LIMITED_RANGE: kind = STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE; break;
+               default:                  break;
+               }
+               if (kind != STDC_UNKNOWN) {
+                       next_input_token();
+                       stdc_pragma_value_kind_t value;
+                       switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
+                       case TP_ON:      value = STDC_VALUE_ON;      break;
+                       case TP_OFF:     value = STDC_VALUE_OFF;     break;
+                       case TP_DEFAULT: value = STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT; break;
+                       default:         value = STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN; break;
+                       }
+                       if (value == STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN) {
+                               kind = STDC_UNKNOWN;
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "bad STDC pragma argument");
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       eat_pp_directive();
+       if (kind == STDC_UNKNOWN) {
+               warningf(WARN_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS, &pp_token.base.pos,
+                        "encountered unknown #pragma");
+       }
+}
+
+static void parse_line_directive(void)
+{
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_NUMBER) {
+               if (!skip_mode)
+                       parse_error("expected integer");
+       } else {
+               char      *end;
+               long const line = strtol(pp_token.literal.string.begin, &end, 0);
+               if (*end == '\0') {
+                       /* use offset -1 as this is about the next line */
+                       input.pos.lineno = line - 1;
+                       /* force output of line */
+                       input.output_line = input.pos.lineno - 20;
+               } else {
+                       if (!skip_mode) {
+                               errorf(&input.pos, "'%S' is not a valid line number",
+                                          &pp_token.literal.string);
+                       }
+               }
+               next_input_token();
+               if (info.at_line_begin)
+                       return;
+       }
+       if (pp_token.kind == T_STRING_LITERAL
+           && pp_token.literal.string.encoding == STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+               input.pos.input_name       = pp_token.literal.string.begin;
+               input.pos.is_system_header = false;
+               next_input_token();
+
+               /* attempt to parse numeric flags as outputted by gcc preprocessor */
+               while (!info.at_line_begin && pp_token.kind == T_NUMBER) {
+                       /* flags:
+                        * 1 - indicates start of a new file
+                        * 2 - indicates return from a file
+                        * 3 - indicates system header
+                        * 4 - indicates implicit extern "C" in C++ mode
+                        *
+                        * currently we're only interested in "3"
+                        */
+                       if (streq(pp_token.literal.string.begin, "3")) {
+                               input.pos.is_system_header = true;
+                       }
+                       next_input_token();
+               }
+       }
+
+       eat_pp_directive();
+}
+
+static void parse_error_directive(void)
+{
        if (skip_mode) {
+               eat_pp_directive();
+               return;
+       }
+
+       bool const old_resolve_escape_sequences = resolve_escape_sequences;
+       resolve_escape_sequences = false;
+
+       position_t const pos = pp_token.base.pos;
+       do {
+               if (info.had_whitespace && obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack) != 0)
+                       obstack_1grow(&pp_obstack, ' ');
+
                switch (pp_token.kind) {
-               case TP_ifdef:
-               case TP_ifndef:
-                       parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive();
+               case T_NUMBER: {
+                       string_t const *const str = &pp_token.literal.string;
+                       obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, str->begin, str->size);
                        break;
-               case TP_else:
-                       parse_else_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_endif:
-                       parse_endif_directive();
+               }
+
+               {
+                       char delim;
+               case T_STRING_LITERAL:     delim =  '"'; goto string;
+               case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT: delim = '\''; goto string;
+string:;
+                       string_t const *const str = &pp_token.literal.string;
+                       char     const *const enc = get_string_encoding_prefix(str->encoding);
+                       obstack_printf(&pp_obstack, "%s%c%s%c", enc, delim, str->begin, delim);
                        break;
-               default:
-                       eat_pp_directive();
+               }
+
+               default: {
+                       char const *const str = pp_token.base.symbol->string;
+                       obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, str, strlen(str));
                        break;
                }
+               }
+
+               next_input_token();
+       } while (!info.at_line_begin);
+
+       resolve_escape_sequences = old_resolve_escape_sequences;
+
+       obstack_1grow(&pp_obstack, '\0');
+       char *const str = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
+       errorf(&pos, "#%s", str);
+       obstack_free(&pp_obstack, str);
+}
+
+static void parse_preprocessing_directive(void)
+{
+       eat_token('#');
+
+       if (info.at_line_begin) {
+               /* empty directive */
+               return;
+       }
+
+       if (pp_token.base.symbol) {
+               switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
+               case TP_define:       parse_define_directive();            break;
+               case TP_else:         parse_else_directive();              break;
+               case TP_endif:        parse_endif_directive();             break;
+               case TP_error:        parse_error_directive();             break;
+               case TP_ifdef:        parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive(true);  break;
+               case TP_ifndef:       parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive(false); break;
+               case TP_include:      parse_include_directive(false);      break;
+               case TP_include_next: parse_include_directive(true);       break;
+               case TP_line:         next_input_token(); goto line_directive;
+               case TP_pragma:       parse_pragma_directive();            break;
+               case TP_undef:        parse_undef_directive();             break;
+               default:              goto skip;
+               }
+       } else if (pp_token.kind == T_NUMBER) {
+line_directive:
+               parse_line_directive();
        } else {
-               switch (pp_token.kind) {
-               case TP_define:
-                       parse_define_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_undef:
-                       parse_undef_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_ifdef:
-               case TP_ifndef:
-                       parse_ifdef_ifndef_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_else:
-                       parse_else_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_endif:
-                       parse_endif_directive();
-                       break;
-               case TP_include:
-                       parse_include_directive();
-                       break;
-               default:
-                       if (info.at_line_begin) {
-                               /* the nop directive "#" */
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position,
-                                  "invalid preprocessing directive #%t", &pp_token);
-                       eat_pp_directive();
-                       break;
+skip:
+               if (!skip_mode) {
+                       errorf(&pp_token.base.pos, "invalid preprocessing directive #%K", &pp_token);
                }
+               eat_pp_directive();
        }
 
        assert(info.at_line_begin);
 }
 
-static void prepend_include_path(const char *path)
+static void finish_current_argument(void)
 {
-       searchpath_entry_t *entry = OALLOCZ(&config_obstack, searchpath_entry_t);
-       entry->path = path;
-       entry->next = searchpath;
-       searchpath  = entry;
+       if (current_argument == NULL)
+               return;
+       size_t size = obstack_object_size(&pp_obstack);
+       current_argument->list_len   = size/sizeof(current_argument->token_list[0]);
+       current_argument->token_list = obstack_finish(&pp_obstack);
 }
 
-static void setup_include_path(void)
+void next_preprocessing_token(void)
 {
-       /* built-in paths */
-       prepend_include_path("/usr/include");
+restart:
+       if (!expand_next()) {
+               do {
+                       next_input_token();
+                       while (pp_token.kind == '#' && info.at_line_begin) {
+                               parse_preprocessing_directive();
+                       }
+               } while (skip_mode && pp_token.kind != T_EOF);
+       }
 
-       /* parse environment variable */
-       const char *cpath = getenv("CPATH");
-       if (cpath != NULL && *cpath != '\0') {
-               const char *begin = cpath;
+       const token_kind_t kind = pp_token.kind;
+       if (current_call == NULL || argument_expanding != NULL) {
+               symbol_t *const symbol = pp_token.base.symbol;
+               if (symbol) {
+                       if (kind == T_MACRO_PARAMETER) {
+                               assert(current_expansion != NULL);
+                               start_expanding(pp_token.macro_parameter.def);
+                               goto restart;
+                       }
+
+                       pp_definition_t *const pp_definition = symbol->pp_definition;
+                       if (pp_definition != NULL && !pp_definition->is_expanding) {
+                               if (pp_definition->has_parameters) {
+
+                                       /* check if next token is a '(' */
+                                       whitespace_info_t old_info   = info;
+                                       token_kind_t      next_token = peek_expansion();
+                                       if (next_token == T_EOF) {
+                                               info.at_line_begin  = false;
+                                               info.had_whitespace = false;
+                                               skip_whitespace();
+                                               if (input.c == '(') {
+                                                       next_token = '(';
+                                               }
+                                       }
+
+                                       if (next_token == '(') {
+                                               if (current_expansion == NULL)
+                                                       expansion_pos = pp_token.base.pos;
+                                               next_preprocessing_token();
+                                               assert(pp_token.kind == '(');
+
+                                               pp_definition->parent_expansion = current_expansion;
+                                               current_call              = pp_definition;
+                                               current_call->expand_pos  = 0;
+                                               current_call->expand_info = old_info;
+                                               if (current_call->n_parameters > 0) {
+                                                       current_argument = &current_call->parameters[0];
+                                                       assert(argument_brace_count == 0);
+                                               }
+                                               goto restart;
+                                       } else {
+                                               /* skip_whitespaces() skipped newlines and whitespace,
+                                                * remember results for next token */
+                                               next_info = info;
+                                               info      = old_info;
+                                               return;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if (current_expansion == NULL)
+                                               expansion_pos = pp_token.base.pos;
+                                       start_expanding(pp_definition);
+                                       goto restart;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (current_call != NULL) {
+               /* current_call != NULL */
+               if (kind == '(') {
+                       ++argument_brace_count;
+               } else if (kind == ')') {
+                       if (argument_brace_count > 0) {
+                               --argument_brace_count;
+                       } else {
+                               finish_current_argument();
+                               assert(kind == ')');
+                               start_expanding(current_call);
+                               info = current_call->expand_info;
+                               current_call     = NULL;
+                               current_argument = NULL;
+                               goto restart;
+                       }
+               } else if (kind == ',' && argument_brace_count == 0) {
+                       finish_current_argument();
+                       current_call->expand_pos++;
+                       if (current_call->expand_pos >= current_call->n_parameters) {
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.pos,
+                                          "too many arguments passed for macro '%Y'",
+                                          current_call->symbol);
+                               current_argument = NULL;
+                       } else {
+                               current_argument
+                                       = &current_call->parameters[current_call->expand_pos];
+                       }
+                       goto restart;
+               } else if (kind == T_MACRO_PARAMETER) {
+                       /* parameters have to be fully expanded before being used as
+                        * parameters for another macro-call */
+                       assert(current_expansion != NULL);
+                       pp_definition_t *argument = pp_token.macro_parameter.def;
+                       argument_expanding = argument;
+                       start_expanding(argument);
+                       goto restart;
+               } else if (kind == T_EOF) {
+                       errorf(&expansion_pos,
+                              "reached end of file while parsing arguments for '%Y'",
+                              current_call->symbol);
+                       return;
+               }
+               if (current_argument != NULL) {
+                       saved_token_t saved;
+                       saved.token = pp_token;
+                       saved.had_whitespace = info.had_whitespace;
+                       obstack_grow(&pp_obstack, &saved, sizeof(saved));
+               }
+               goto restart;
+       }
+}
+
+void append_include_path(searchpath_t *paths, const char *path)
+{
+       searchpath_entry_t *entry = OALLOCZ(&config_obstack, searchpath_entry_t);
+       entry->path           = path;
+       entry->is_system_path = paths->is_system_path;
+
+       *paths->anchor = entry;
+       paths->anchor  = &entry->next;
+}
+
+static void append_env_paths(searchpath_t *paths, const char *envvar)
+{
+       const char *val = getenv(envvar);
+       if (val != NULL && *val != '\0') {
+               const char *begin = val;
                const char *c;
                do {
                        c = begin;
@@ -1781,15 +2657,12 @@ static void setup_include_path(void)
 
                        size_t len = c-begin;
                        if (len == 0) {
-                               /* for gcc compatibility (Matze: I would expect that
+                               /* use "." for gcc compatibility (Matze: I would expect that
                                 * nothing happens for an empty entry...) */
-                               prepend_include_path(".");
+                               append_include_path(paths, ".");
                        } else {
-                               char *string = obstack_alloc(&config_obstack, len+1);
-                               memcpy(string, begin, len);
-                               string[len] = '\0';
-
-                               prepend_include_path(string);
+                               char *const string = obstack_copy0(&config_obstack, begin, len);
+                               append_include_path(paths, string);
                        }
 
                        begin = c+1;
@@ -1800,26 +2673,80 @@ static void setup_include_path(void)
        }
 }
 
-int pptest_main(int argc, char **argv);
-int pptest_main(int argc, char **argv)
+static void append_searchpath(searchpath_t *path, const searchpath_t *append)
 {
-       init_symbol_table();
-       init_tokens();
+       *path->anchor = append->first;
+}
+
+static void setup_include_path(void)
+{
+       /* built-in paths */
+       append_include_path(&system_searchpath, "/usr/include");
+
+       /* parse environment variable */
+       append_env_paths(&bracket_searchpath, "CPATH");
+       append_env_paths(&system_searchpath,
+                        c_mode & _CXX ? "CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH" : "C_INCLUDE_PATH");
+
+       /* append system search path to bracket searchpath */
+       append_searchpath(&system_searchpath,  &after_searchpath);
+       append_searchpath(&bracket_searchpath, &system_searchpath);
+       append_searchpath(&quote_searchpath, &bracket_searchpath);
+}
+
+static void input_error(unsigned const delta_lines, unsigned const delta_cols, char const *const message)
+{
+       position_t pos = pp_token.base.pos;
+       pos.lineno += delta_lines;
+       pos.colno  += delta_cols;
+       errorf(&pos, "%s", message);
+}
 
+void init_include_paths(void)
+{
        obstack_init(&config_obstack);
+}
+
+void init_preprocessor(void)
+{
+       init_symbols();
+
        obstack_init(&pp_obstack);
        obstack_init(&input_obstack);
        strset_init(&stringset);
 
        setup_include_path();
 
+       set_input_error_callback(input_error);
+}
+
+void exit_preprocessor(void)
+{
+       obstack_free(&input_obstack, NULL);
+       obstack_free(&pp_obstack, NULL);
+       obstack_free(&config_obstack, NULL);
+
+       strset_destroy(&stringset);
+}
+
+int pptest_main(int argc, char **argv);
+int pptest_main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+       init_symbol_table();
+       init_include_paths();
+       init_preprocessor();
+       init_tokens();
+
+       error_on_unknown_chars   = false;
+       resolve_escape_sequences = false;
+
        /* simplistic commandline parser */
        const char *filename = NULL;
        const char *output = NULL;
        for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
                const char *opt = argv[i];
                if (streq(opt, "-I")) {
-                       prepend_include_path(argv[++i]);
+                       append_include_path(&bracket_searchpath, argv[++i]);
                        continue;
                } else if (streq(opt, "-E")) {
                        /* ignore */
@@ -1859,73 +2786,23 @@ int pptest_main(int argc, char **argv)
                fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open input '%s'\n", filename);
                return 1;
        }
-       switch_input(file, filename);
-
-       while (true) {
-               if (pp_token.kind == '#' && info.at_line_begin) {
-                       parse_preprocessing_directive();
-                       continue;
-               } else if (pp_token.kind == TP_EOF) {
-                       goto end_of_main_loop;
-               } else if (pp_token.kind == TP_IDENTIFIER) {
-                       symbol_t        *const symbol        = pp_token.base.symbol;
-                       pp_definition_t *const pp_definition = symbol->pp_definition;
-                       if (pp_definition != NULL && !pp_definition->is_expanding) {
-                               expansion_pos = pp_token.base.source_position;
-                               if (pp_definition->has_parameters) {
-                                       source_position_t position = pp_token.base.source_position;
-                                       add_token_info_t old_info = info;
-                                       next_preprocessing_token();
-                                       add_token_info_t new_info = info;
-
-                                       /* no opening brace -> no expansion */
-                                       if (pp_token.kind == '(') {
-                                               eat_pp('(');
-
-                                               /* parse arguments (TODO) */
-                                               while (pp_token.kind != TP_EOF && pp_token.kind != ')')
-                                                       next_preprocessing_token();
-                                       } else {
-                                               token_t next_token = pp_token;
-                                               /* restore identifier token */
-                                               pp_token.kind                 = TP_IDENTIFIER;
-                                               pp_token.base.symbol          = symbol;
-                                               pp_token.base.source_position = position;
-                                               info = old_info;
-                                               emit_pp_token();
-
-                                               info = new_info;
-                                               pp_token = next_token;
-                                               continue;
-                                       }
-                                       info = old_info;
-                               }
-                               pp_definition->expand_pos   = 0;
-                               pp_definition->is_expanding = true;
-                               current_expansion           = pp_definition;
-                               expand_next();
-                               continue;
-                       }
-               }
+       switch_pp_input(file, filename, NULL, false);
 
-               emit_pp_token();
+       for (;;) {
                next_preprocessing_token();
+               if (pp_token.kind == T_EOF)
+                       break;
+               emit_pp_token();
        }
-end_of_main_loop:
 
        fputc('\n', out);
        check_unclosed_conditionals();
-       close_input();
+       fclose(close_pp_input());
        if (out != stdout)
                fclose(out);
 
-       obstack_free(&input_obstack, NULL);
-       obstack_free(&pp_obstack, NULL);
-       obstack_free(&config_obstack, NULL);
-
-       strset_destroy(&stringset);
-
        exit_tokens();
+       exit_preprocessor();
        exit_symbol_table();
 
        return 0;