Comply with §6.7.5.3(8).
[cparser] / parser.c
index 8393512..f42ad8e 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -55,8 +55,9 @@ struct gnu_attribute_t {
        bool                 invalid;
        bool                 have_arguments;
        union {
-               size_t   value;
-               string_t string;
+               size_t              value;
+               string_t            string;
+               atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
        } u;
 };
 
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ struct declaration_specifiers_t {
        unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
        unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
        unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
-       decl_modifiers_t   decl_modifiers;    /**< MS __declspec extended modifier mask */
+       decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
        gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
        const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
        symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
@@ -99,10 +100,12 @@ static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
 static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
+static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
 static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
+static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 
 static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
@@ -131,11 +134,11 @@ static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 
 /** The current source position. */
-#define HERE &token.source_position
+#define HERE (&token.source_position)
 
 static type_t *type_valist;
 
-static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void);
+static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 
 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
@@ -161,7 +164,8 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
        case T_restrict:        \
        case T_volatile:        \
        case T_inline:          \
-       case T__forceinline:
+       case T__forceinline:    \
+       case T___attribute__:
 
 #ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
@@ -245,7 +249,9 @@ static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
                [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
-               [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t)
+               [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
+               [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
+               [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
        };
        assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
@@ -286,10 +292,10 @@ static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
                [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
                [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
        };
-       if(kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
+       if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
                return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
        }
-       if(kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
+       if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
                return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
        }
        assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
@@ -363,6 +369,8 @@ static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 {
        static const size_t sizes[] = {
                [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
+               [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
+               [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
                [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
                [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
                [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
@@ -485,6 +493,18 @@ static void add_anchor_token(int token_type) {
        ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 }
 
+static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type) {
+       assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
+       int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
+       token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
+       return count;
+}
+
+static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count) {
+       assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
+       token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
+}
+
 /**
  * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
  */
@@ -494,7 +514,7 @@ static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type) {
 }
 
 static bool at_anchor(void) {
-       if(token.type < 0)
+       if (token.type < 0)
                return false;
        return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 }
@@ -506,14 +526,14 @@ static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
        unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
        unsigned brace_count = 0;
        unsigned bracket_count = 0;
-       int end_token = type;
 
-       if(type == '(')
-               end_token = ')';
-       else if(type == '{')
-               end_token = '}';
-       else if(type == '[')
-               end_token = ']';
+       int end_token;
+       switch (type) {
+               case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
+               case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
+               case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
+               default:  end_token = type; break;
+       }
 
        while(token.type != end_token ||
              (parenthesis_count > 0 || brace_count > 0 || bracket_count > 0)) {
@@ -524,15 +544,15 @@ static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
                case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
                case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
                case ')':
-                       if(parenthesis_count > 0)
+                       if (parenthesis_count > 0)
                                --parenthesis_count;
                        break;
                case '}':
-                       if(brace_count > 0)
+                       if (brace_count > 0)
                                --brace_count;
                        break;
                case ']':
-                       if(bracket_count > 0)
+                       if (bracket_count > 0)
                                --bracket_count;
                        break;
                default:
@@ -546,12 +566,12 @@ static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
  */
 static void eat_until_anchor(void) {
-       if(token.type == T_EOF)
+       if (token.type == T_EOF)
                return;
        while(token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
-               if(token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
+               if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
                        eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+               if (token.type == T_EOF)
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
@@ -559,17 +579,16 @@ static void eat_until_anchor(void) {
 
 static void eat_block(void) {
        eat_until_matching_token('{');
-       if(token.type == '}')
+       if (token.type == '}')
                next_token();
 }
 
 /**
- * eat all token until a ';' is reached
- * or a stop token is found.
+ * eat all token until a ';' is reached or a stop token is found.
  */
 static void eat_statement(void) {
        eat_until_matching_token(';');
-       if(token.type == ';')
+       if (token.type == ';')
                next_token();
 }
 
@@ -578,14 +597,18 @@ static void eat_statement(void) {
 /**
  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
  */
-static void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
+static
+#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
+__attribute__((sentinel))
+#endif
+void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 {
-       if(message != NULL) {
+       if (message != NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
        }
        va_list ap;
        va_start(ap, message);
-       errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, "a ");
+       errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
        va_end(ap);
 }
 
@@ -604,7 +627,8 @@ static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position
 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
                const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 {
-       errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'", msg, type1, type2);
+       errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
+              msg, type1, type2);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -612,21 +636,23 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
  * and goto the end_error label.
  */
-#define expect(expected)                           \
-       do {                                           \
-    if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {       \
-        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), 0); \
-               add_anchor_token(expected);                \
-        eat_until_anchor();                        \
-               rem_anchor_token(expected);                \
-        goto end_error;                            \
-    }                                              \
-    next_token();                                  \
+#define expect(expected)                              \
+       do {                                              \
+    if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {          \
+        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
+               add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
+        eat_until_anchor();                           \
+        if (token.type == expected)                   \
+               next_token();                             \
+               rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
+        goto end_error;                               \
+    }                                                 \
+    next_token();                                     \
        } while(0)
 
 static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
 {
-       if(scope != NULL) {
+       if (scope != NULL) {
                scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
        }
        scope = new_scope;
@@ -643,7 +669,7 @@ static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 {
        declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
        for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
-               if(declaration->namespc == namespc)
+               if (declaration->namespc == namespc)
                        return declaration;
        }
 
@@ -667,8 +693,8 @@ static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
                declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
                for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
                        /* replace an entry? */
-                       if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
-                               if(iter_last == NULL) {
+                       if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
+                               if (iter_last == NULL) {
                                        symbol->declaration = declaration;
                                } else {
                                        iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
@@ -677,7 +703,7 @@ static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
                                break;
                        }
                }
-               if(iter == NULL) {
+               if (iter == NULL) {
                        assert(iter_last->symbol_next == NULL);
                        iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
                }
@@ -714,7 +740,7 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
        size_t         i;
 
        assert(new_top <= top);
-       if(new_top == top)
+       if (new_top == top)
                return;
 
        for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
@@ -727,8 +753,8 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
                /* replace/remove declaration */
                declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
                assert(declaration != NULL);
-               if(declaration->namespc == namespc) {
-                       if(old_declaration == NULL) {
+               if (declaration->namespc == namespc) {
+                       if (old_declaration == NULL) {
                                symbol->declaration = declaration->symbol_next;
                        } else {
                                symbol->declaration = old_declaration;
@@ -738,10 +764,10 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
                        declaration_t *iter      = declaration->symbol_next;
                        for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
                                /* replace an entry? */
-                               if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
+                               if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
                                        assert(iter_last != NULL);
                                        iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
-                                       if(old_declaration != NULL) {
+                                       if (old_declaration != NULL) {
                                                old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
                                        }
                                        break;
@@ -768,12 +794,12 @@ static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 {
        assert(!is_typeref(type));
-       /* The C-standard allows promoting to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
+       /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
         * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
         * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
         * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
         *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
-       if(type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
                return ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
 
        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
@@ -782,10 +808,10 @@ static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 
 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 {
-       if(type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
-               type = type->bitfield.base;
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
+               type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 
-       if(get_rank(type) < ATOMIC_TYPE_INT)
+       if (get_rank(type) < ATOMIC_TYPE_INT)
                type = type_int;
 
        return type;
@@ -814,7 +840,7 @@ static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        /* skip void* cast */
-       if(expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
+       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
                        || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
                expression = expression->unary.value;
        }
@@ -848,20 +874,83 @@ static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
        return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
 }
 
+typedef enum assign_error_t {
+       ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
+       ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
+       ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
+       ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
+       ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
+       ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
+} assign_error_t;
+
+static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
+                                const expression_t *const right,
+                                const char *context,
+                                const source_position_t *source_position)
+{
+       type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
+       type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
+       type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
+
+       switch (error) {
+       case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
+               return;
+       case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
+               errorf(source_position,
+                      "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
+                      orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
+               return;
+
+       case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
+               type_t *points_to_left
+                       = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
+               type_t *points_to_right
+                       = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
+
+               /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
+               unsigned missing_qualifiers
+                       = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
+               errorf(source_position,
+                      "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointed-to type",
+                      orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
+               warningf(source_position,
+                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
+                                orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
+               return;
+
+       case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
+               warningf(source_position,
+                        "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
+                                context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               return;
+
+       case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
+               warningf(source_position,
+                               "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
+                               context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               return;
+
+       default:
+               panic("invalid error value");
+       }
+}
+
 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
-static type_t *semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
-                            const expression_t *const right,
-                            const char *context,
-                            const source_position_t *source_position)
+static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
+                                      const expression_t *const right)
 {
        type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
        type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
-       if(is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
-               if(is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
-                       return orig_type_left;
-               } else if(is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
+       if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
+               if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
+                       return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
+               } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
                        type_t *points_to_left
                                = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
                        type_t *points_to_right
@@ -870,10 +959,8 @@ static type_t *semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
                        /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
                        unsigned missing_qualifiers
                                = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
-                       if(missing_qualifiers != 0) {
-                               errorf(source_position,
-                                               "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointed-to type", type_left, context, type_right, missing_qualifiers);
-                               return orig_type_left;
+                       if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
+                               return ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
                        }
 
                        points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
@@ -881,47 +968,36 @@ static type_t *semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
 
                        if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
                                        is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                               return orig_type_left;
+                               return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
                        }
 
                        if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
-                               warningf(source_position,
-                                       "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
-                                       orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
+                               return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
                        }
 
-                       return orig_type_left;
-               } else if(is_type_integer(type_right)) {
-                       warningf(source_position,
-                                       "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
-                                       context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
-                       return orig_type_left;
+                       return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
+               } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+                       return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
                }
        } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
            (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
                && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
-               return orig_type_left;
+               return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
        } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
                        || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
                type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
                type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
                if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
-                       return orig_type_left;
+                       return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
                }
        } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
-               warningf(source_position,
-                               "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
-                               context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
-               return orig_type_left;
+               return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
        }
 
-       if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
-               return type_left;
-
-       if (!is_type_valid(type_right))
-               return orig_type_right;
+       if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
+               return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 
-       return NULL;
+       return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
@@ -929,8 +1005,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
        /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
        expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
 
-       if(!is_constant_expression(result)) {
-               errorf(&result->base.source_position, "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
+       if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
+               errorf(&result->base.source_position,
+                      "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
        }
 
        return result;
@@ -995,7 +1072,7 @@ static const char *gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
        [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
        [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
        [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
-       [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "coommon",
+       [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
        [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
        [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
        [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
@@ -1038,6 +1115,7 @@ static const char *gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
        [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
        [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
        [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
+       [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
        [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
        [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
        [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
@@ -1048,15 +1126,14 @@ static const char *gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
  */
 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
-       if(s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
-               s2 += 2;
-               size_t l1 = strlen(s1);
-               if(l1 + 2 != strlen(s2)) {
-                       /* not equal */
-                       return 1;
+       if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
+               size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
+               size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
+               if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
+                       return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
                }
-               return strncmp(s1, s2, l1);
        }
+
        return strcmp(s1, s2);
 }
 
@@ -1065,10 +1142,12 @@ static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
  */
 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind) {
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
-       attribute->kind           = kind;
-       attribute->next           = NULL;
-       attribute->invalid        = false;
-       attribute->have_arguments = false;
+       attribute->kind            = kind;
+       attribute->next            = NULL;
+       attribute->invalid         = false;
+       attribute->have_arguments  = false;
+
+       return attribute;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1095,7 +1174,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        add_anchor_token(',');
        while(true){
                expression = parse_constant_expression();
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
@@ -1111,10 +1190,13 @@ end_error:
 /**
  * parse one string literal argument.
  */
-static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, string_t *string) {
+static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
+                                           string_t *string)
+{
        add_anchor_token('(');
-       if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive", T_STRING_LITERAL);
+       if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
+                                    T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
                goto end_error;
        }
        *string = parse_string_literals();
@@ -1137,15 +1219,15 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        };
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
-       if(string.begin != NULL) {
+       if (string.begin != NULL) {
                for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-                       if(strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
+                       if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
                        }
                }
+               errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
        }
-       errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
@@ -1161,15 +1243,15 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        };
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
-       if(string.begin != NULL) {
+       if (string.begin != NULL) {
                for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-                       if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
+                       if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
                        }
                }
+               errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
        }
-       errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
@@ -1184,15 +1266,54 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        };
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
-       if(string.begin != NULL) {
+       if (string.begin != NULL) {
                for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-                       if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
+                       if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
                        }
                }
+               errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
+       }
+       attribute->invalid = true;
+}
+
+static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
+{
+       /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
+
+       /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
+        * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
+       }
+
+       /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
+        * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
+       const char *symbol_str = token.v.symbol->string;
+       if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
+           strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
+       } else {
+               warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
+               attribute->invalid = true;
        }
-       errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
+       next_token();
+
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
+       expect(')');
+       return;
+end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
@@ -1209,15 +1330,15 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        };
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
-       if(string.begin != NULL) {
+       if (string.begin != NULL) {
                for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
-                       if(strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
+                       if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
                        }
                }
+               errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
        }
-       errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an interrupt", string.begin);
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
@@ -1233,17 +1354,17 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
        };
        int i;
 
-       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER);
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                goto end_error;
        }
        const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
        for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-               if(strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
+               if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
                        break;
        }
-       if(i >= 4) {
-               if(warning.attribute)
+       if (i >= 4) {
+               if (warning.attribute)
                        warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
        }
        next_token();
@@ -1265,6 +1386,19 @@ end_error:
        attribute->u.value = true;
 }
 
+static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
+{
+       if (!attribute->have_arguments)
+               return;
+
+       /* should have no arguments */
+       errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
+       eat_until_matching_token('(');
+       /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
+       eat(')');
+       attribute->invalid = true;
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse one GNU attribute.
  *
@@ -1341,19 +1475,20 @@ end_error:
  *  interrupt( string literal )
  *  sentinel( constant expression )
  */
-static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
+static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 {
-       gnu_attribute_t *head = *attributes;
-       gnu_attribute_t *last = *attributes;
+       gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
+       gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
+       decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
 
        eat(T___attribute__);
        expect('(');
        expect('(');
 
-       if(token.type != ')') {
+       if (token.type != ')') {
                /* find the end of the list */
-               if(last != NULL) {
+               if (last != NULL) {
                        while(last->next != NULL)
                                last = last->next;
                }
@@ -1361,43 +1496,45 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                /* non-empty attribute list */
                while(true) {
                        const char *name;
-                       if(token.type == T_const) {
+                       if (token.type == T_const) {
                                name = "const";
-                       } else if(token.type == T_volatile) {
+                       } else if (token.type == T_volatile) {
                                name = "volatile";
-                       } else if(token.type == T_cdecl) {
+                       } else if (token.type == T_cdecl) {
                                /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
                                name = "cdecl";
-                       } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-                               parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER);
+                       } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                               const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
+                               name = sym->string;
+                       } else {
+                               parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                                break;
                        }
-                       const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
-                       name = sym->string;
+
                        next_token();
 
                        int i;
                        for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
-                               if(strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
+                               if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
                                        break;
                        }
                        gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
 
                        attribute = NULL;
-                       if(kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
-                               if(warning.attribute)
+                       if (kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
+                               if (warning.attribute)
                                        warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
 
                                /* skip possible arguments */
-                               if(token.type == '(') {
+                               if (token.type == '(') {
                                        eat_until_matching_token(')');
                                }
                        } else {
                                /* check for arguments */
                                attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
-                               if(token.type == '(') {
+                               if (token.type == '(') {
                                        next_token();
-                                       if(token.type == ')') {
+                                       if (token.type == ')') {
                                                /* empty args are allowed */
                                                next_token();
                                        } else
@@ -1407,27 +1544,14 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                switch(kind) {
                                case GNU_AK_CONST:
                                case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
-                               case GNU_AK_CDECL:
-                               case GNU_AK_STDCALL:
-                               case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:
                                case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:
-                               case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:
-                               case GNU_AK_NORETURN:
                                case GNU_AK_NAKED:
-                               case GNU_AK_PURE:
-                               case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:
                                case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
                                case GNU_AK_WEAK:
-                               case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:
-                               case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:
-                               case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:
-                               case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION:
                                case GNU_AK_COMMON:
                                case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
-                               case GNU_AK_PACKED:
                                case GNU_AK_SHARED:
                                case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
-                               case GNU_AK_USED:
                                case GNU_AK_UNUSED:
                                case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
                                case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
@@ -1452,23 +1576,35 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
                                case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
                                case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
-                               case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:
-                               case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:
-                                       if(attribute->have_arguments) {
-                                               /* should have no arguments */
-                                               errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
-                                               eat_until_matching_token('(');
-                                               /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
-                                               eat(')');
-                                               attribute->invalid = true;
+                                       goto no_arg;
+
+                               case GNU_AK_CDECL:             modifiers |= DM_CDECL;             goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:          modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL;          goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_STDCALL:           modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;           goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:       modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;       goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:        modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;        goto no_arg;
+
+                               case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
+                                       /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
+                                       if (attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                               parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        }
                                        break;
 
-                               case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
                                case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
                                case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1478,7 +1614,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
                                case GNU_AK_SECTION:
                                case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1486,7 +1622,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1495,50 +1631,63 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if(attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
-                                       if(attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_MODEL:
-                                       if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
-                                       } else
+                                       } else {
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
+                                       }
+                                       break;
+                               case GNU_AK_MODE:
+                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                               /* should have arguments */
+                                               errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
+                                       } else {
+                                               parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
+                                       }
+                                       break;
                                case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if(attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if(attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_LAST:
                                        /* already handled */
                                        break;
+
+no_arg:
+                                       check_no_argument(attribute, name);
                                }
                        }
-                       if(attribute != NULL) {
-                               if(last != NULL) {
+                       if (attribute != NULL) {
+                               if (last != NULL) {
                                        last->next = attribute;
                                        last       = attribute;
                                } else {
@@ -1546,7 +1695,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                }
                        }
 
-                       if(token.type != ',')
+                       if (token.type != ',')
                                break;
                        next_token();
                }
@@ -1555,40 +1704,52 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
        expect(')');
 end_error:
        *attributes = head;
+
+       return modifiers;
 }
 
 /**
  * Parse GNU attributes.
  */
-static void parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
+static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 {
+       decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
+
        while(true) {
                switch(token.type) {
-               case T___attribute__: {
-                       parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
-                       break;
-               }
+               case T___attribute__:
+                       modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
+                       continue;
+
                case T_asm:
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
-                       if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                       if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
-                                                    T_STRING_LITERAL);
+                                                    T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
                                eat_until_matching_token('(');
                                break;
                        } else {
                                parse_string_literals();
                        }
                        expect(')');
+                       continue;
+
+               case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
+               case T__fastcall: modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL; break;
+               case T__stdcall:  modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;  break;
+
+               case T___thiscall:
+                       /* TODO record modifier */
+                       warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
                        break;
-               default:
-                       goto attributes_finished;
-               }
-       }
 
-attributes_finished:
 end_error:
-       return;
+               default: return modifiers;
+               }
+
+               next_token();
+       }
 }
 
 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
@@ -1612,9 +1773,9 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
                        designator->source_position = token.source_position;
                        next_token();
-                       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
-                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
@@ -1626,7 +1787,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                }
 
                assert(designator != NULL);
-               if(last != NULL) {
+               if (last != NULL) {
                        last->next = designator;
                } else {
                        result = designator;
@@ -1703,13 +1864,14 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
                }
        }
 
-       type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(type, expression, "initializer",
-                                                &expression->base.source_position);
-       if (res_type == NULL)
+       assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
+       if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
                return NULL;
+       report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
+                           &expression->base.source_position);
 
        initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
-       result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, res_type);
+       result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
 
        return result;
 }
@@ -1733,16 +1895,16 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
 {
        /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
        int braces = 0;
-       while(token.type == '{') {
-               next_token();
-               if(braces == 0) {
-                       warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
-               }
-               braces++;
+       if (token.type == '{') {
+               warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
+               do {
+                       ++braces;
+                       next_token();
+               } while (token.type == '{');
        }
 
        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-       if(must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
+       if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                       "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
                       expression);
@@ -1750,7 +1912,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
 
        initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
 
-       if(initializer == NULL) {
+       if (initializer == NULL) {
                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                       "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
                       expression, expression->base.type, type);
@@ -1760,11 +1922,11 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
 
        bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
        while(braces > 0) {
-               if(token.type == ',') {
+               if (token.type == ',') {
                        next_token();
                }
-               if(token.type != '}') {
-                       if(!additional_warning_displayed) {
+               if (token.type != '}') {
+                       if (!additional_warning_displayed) {
                                warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
                                additional_warning_displayed = true;
                        }
@@ -1810,20 +1972,20 @@ static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
                const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
 
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
-               if(is_type_compound(type)) {
+               if (is_type_compound(type)) {
                        /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
-                       if(entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
+                       if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
                                assert(i == len-1);
                                continue;
                        }
                        fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
-               } else if(is_type_array(type)) {
+               } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "[%zd]", entry->v.index);
                } else {
                        fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
                }
        }
-       if(path->top_type != NULL) {
+       if (path->top_type != NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "  (");
                print_type(path->top_type);
                fprintf(stderr, ")");
@@ -1868,12 +2030,12 @@ static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
        type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
        top->type              = top_type;
 
-       if(is_type_compound(top_type)) {
+       if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
                declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
                declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
                top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
 
-               if(entry != NULL) {
+               if (entry != NULL) {
                        path->top_type         = entry->type;
                } else {
                        path->top_type         = NULL;
@@ -1923,10 +2085,10 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
 
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-               if(designator->symbol != NULL) {
+               if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
                        symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
-                       if(!is_type_compound(type)) {
-                               if(is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
+                               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                               "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
                                               symbol, orig_type);
@@ -1937,18 +2099,18 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                        declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
                        declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
                        for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-                               if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
+                               if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
-                       if(iter == NULL) {
+                       if (iter == NULL) {
                                errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                       "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                                goto failed;
                        }
-                       if(used_in_offsetof) {
+                       if (used_in_offsetof) {
                                type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
-                               if(real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+                               if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                               "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
                                               symbol);
@@ -1963,28 +2125,28 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                        expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
                        assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
 
-                       if(!is_type_array(type)) {
-                               if(is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       if (!is_type_array(type)) {
+                               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                               "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
                                               array_index, orig_type);
                                }
                                goto failed;
                        }
-                       if(!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
+                       if (!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
                                goto failed;
                        }
 
                        long index = fold_constant(array_index);
-                       if(!used_in_offsetof) {
-                               if(index < 0) {
+                       if (!used_in_offsetof) {
+                               if (index < 0) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                               "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
                                        goto failed;
                                }
-                               if(type->array.size_constant == true) {
+                               if (type->array.size_constant == true) {
                                        long array_size = type->array.size;
-                                       if(index >= array_size) {
+                                       if (index >= array_size) {
                                                errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                                       "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
                                                       array_index, index, array_size);
@@ -1999,7 +2161,7 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                }
                path->top_type = orig_type;
 
-               if(designator->next != NULL) {
+               if (designator->next != NULL) {
                        descend_into_subtype(path);
                }
        }
@@ -2014,15 +2176,15 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
        type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
 
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
-       if(is_type_union(type)) {
+       if (is_type_union(type)) {
                /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
                top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
-       } else if(is_type_struct(type)) {
+       } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
                declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
 
                entry                 = entry->next;
                top->v.compound_entry = entry;
-               if(entry != NULL) {
+               if (entry != NULL) {
                        path->top_type = entry->type;
                        return;
                }
@@ -2031,7 +2193,7 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
 
                top->v.index++;
 
-               if(!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
+               if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
                        return;
                }
        }
@@ -2040,7 +2202,7 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
         * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
 
-       if(len > top_path_level) {
+       if (len > top_path_level) {
                ascend_from_subtype(path);
                advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
        } else {
@@ -2053,24 +2215,24 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
  */
 static void skip_until(int type) {
        while(token.type != type) {
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+               if (token.type == T_EOF)
                        return;
                next_token();
        }
 }
 
 /**
- * skip any {...} blocks until a closing braket is reached.
+ * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
  */
 static void skip_initializers(void)
 {
-       if(token.type == '{')
+       if (token.type == '{')
                next_token();
 
        while(token.type != '}') {
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+               if (token.type == T_EOF)
                        return;
-               if(token.type == '{') {
+               if (token.type == '{') {
                        eat_block();
                        continue;
                }
@@ -2092,7 +2254,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
                parse_initializer_env_t *env)
 {
-       if(token.type == '}') {
+       if (token.type == '}') {
                /* empty initializer */
                return create_empty_initializer();
        }
@@ -2107,7 +2269,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
 
                /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
                 * initializers in this case. */
-               if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
+               if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
                        skip_initializers();
                        return create_empty_initializer();
                }
@@ -2117,12 +2279,12 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
 
        while(true) {
                designator_t *designator = NULL;
-               if(token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
+               if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
                        designator = parse_designation();
 
                        /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
                        ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
-                       if(!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
+                       if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
                                /* can't continue after designation error */
                                goto end_error;
                        }
@@ -2131,21 +2293,25 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                                = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
                        designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
                        ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
+
+                       orig_type = path->top_type;
+                       type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
                }
 
                initializer_t *sub;
 
-               if(token.type == '{') {
-                       if(type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
+               if (token.type == '{') {
+                       if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
                                sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
                        } else {
                                eat('{');
-                               if(type == NULL) {
-                                       if (env->declaration != NULL)
+                               if (type == NULL) {
+                                       if (env->declaration != NULL) {
                                                errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
-                                               env->declaration->symbol);
-                               else
-                                               errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
+                                                      env->declaration->symbol);
+                                       } else {
+                                               errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
+                                       }
                                } else
                                        descend_into_subtype(path);
 
@@ -2154,7 +2320,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                                                            env);
                                rem_anchor_token('}');
 
-                               if(type != NULL) {
+                               if (type != NULL) {
                                        ascend_from_subtype(path);
                                        expect('}');
                                } else {
@@ -2166,27 +2332,27 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                        /* must be an expression */
                        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
 
-                       if(env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
+                       if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                       "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
                                       expression);
                        }
 
-                       if(type == NULL) {
+                       if (type == NULL) {
                                /* we are already outside, ... */
                                goto error_excess;
                        }
 
                        /* handle { "string" } special case */
-                       if((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
+                       if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
                                        || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
                                        && outer_type != NULL) {
                                sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
-                               if(sub != NULL) {
-                                       if(token.type == ',') {
+                               if (sub != NULL) {
+                                       if (token.type == ',') {
                                                next_token();
                                        }
-                                       if(token.type != '}') {
+                                       if (token.type != '}') {
                                                warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
                                                                 orig_type);
                                        }
@@ -2201,13 +2367,13 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                                type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
                                sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
-                               if(sub != NULL) {
+                               if (sub != NULL) {
                                        break;
                                }
-                               if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
+                               if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
                                        goto end_error;
                                }
-                               if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
+                               if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                                        errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                                        "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
                                                        expression, orig_type);
@@ -2222,18 +2388,18 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
                type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
                first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
-               if(is_type_array(first_type)) {
+               if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
                        size_t index = first->v.index;
-                       if(index > path->max_index)
+                       if (index > path->max_index)
                                path->max_index = index;
                }
 
-               if(type != NULL) {
+               if (type != NULL) {
                        /* append to initializers list */
                        ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
                } else {
 error_excess:
-                       if(env->declaration != NULL)
+                       if (env->declaration != NULL)
                                warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
                                 env->declaration->symbol);
                        else
@@ -2241,19 +2407,19 @@ error_excess:
                }
 
 error_parse_next:
-               if(token.type == '}') {
+               if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
                expect(',');
-               if(token.type == '}') {
+               if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
 
-               if(type != NULL) {
+               if (type != NULL) {
                        /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
                        advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
                        orig_type = path->top_type;
-                       if(orig_type != NULL)
+                       if (orig_type != NULL)
                                type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
                        else
                                type = NULL;
@@ -2269,14 +2435,14 @@ error_parse_next:
               len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
 
        DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
-       ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
+       ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
 
        return result;
 
 end_error:
        skip_initializers();
        DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
-       ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
+       ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
        return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -2290,9 +2456,9 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
        initializer_t *result = NULL;
        size_t         max_index;
 
-       if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
+       if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
-       } else if(token.type == '{') {
+       } else if (token.type == '{') {
                eat('{');
 
                type_path_t path;
@@ -2318,7 +2484,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
 
        /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
         * the array type size */
-       if(is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
+       if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
                        && result != NULL) {
                size_t size;
                switch (result->kind) {
@@ -2334,6 +2500,12 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
                        size = result->wide_string.string.size;
                        break;
 
+               case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
+               case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
+                       /* can happen for parse errors */
+                       size = 0;
+                       break;
+
                default:
                        internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
                }
@@ -2359,8 +2531,9 @@ static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
 
 static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
 {
-       gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
-       if(is_struct) {
+       gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
+       decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
+       if (is_struct) {
                eat(T_struct);
        } else {
                eat(T_union);
@@ -2370,56 +2543,62 @@ static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
        declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
 
        if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
-               parse_attributes(&attributes);
+               modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
        }
 
-       if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+       if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
                symbol = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
-               if(is_struct) {
-                       declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_STRUCT);
-               } else {
-                       declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_UNION);
+               namespace_t const namespc =
+                       is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION;
+               declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
+               if (declaration != NULL) {
+                       if (declaration->parent_scope != scope &&
+                           (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
+                               declaration = NULL;
+                       } else if (declaration->init.complete &&
+                                  token.type == '{') {
+                               assert(symbol != NULL);
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
+                                      is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
+                                      &declaration->source_position);
+                               declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
+                       }
                }
-       } else if(token.type != '{') {
-               if(is_struct) {
+       } else if (token.type != '{') {
+               if (is_struct) {
                        parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
-                                            T_IDENTIFIER, '{', 0);
+                                            T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
                } else {
                        parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
-                                            T_IDENTIFIER, '{', 0);
+                                            T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
                }
 
                return NULL;
        }
 
-       if(declaration == NULL) {
+       if (declaration == NULL) {
                declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
                declaration->namespc         =
                        (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
                declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
                declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-               declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
+               declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
                if (symbol != NULL) {
                        environment_push(declaration);
                }
                append_declaration(declaration);
        }
 
-       if(token.type == '{') {
-               if(declaration->init.is_defined) {
-                       assert(symbol != NULL);
-                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y'",
-                              is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol);
-                       declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
-               }
-               declaration->init.is_defined = true;
+       if (token.type == '{') {
+               declaration->init.complete = true;
 
                parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
-               parse_attributes(&attributes);
+               modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
        }
 
+       declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
        return declaration;
 }
 
@@ -2427,7 +2606,7 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
 {
        eat('{');
 
-       if(token.type == '}') {
+       if (token.type == '}') {
                next_token();
                errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
                return;
@@ -2435,8 +2614,8 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
 
        add_anchor_token('}');
        do {
-               if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-                       parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+               if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                       parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                        eat_block();
                        rem_anchor_token('}');
                        return;
@@ -2449,7 +2628,7 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
                entry->source_position = token.source_position;
                next_token();
 
-               if(token.type == '=') {
+               if (token.type == '=') {
                        next_token();
                        expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
 
@@ -2461,7 +2640,7 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
 
                record_declaration(entry);
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                next_token();
        } while(token.type != '}');
@@ -2480,21 +2659,21 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
        symbol_t        *symbol;
 
        eat(T_enum);
-       if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+       if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
                symbol = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
                declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
-       } else if(token.type != '{') {
+       } else if (token.type != '{') {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
-                                    T_IDENTIFIER, '{', 0);
+                                    T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
                return NULL;
        } else {
                declaration = NULL;
                symbol      = NULL;
        }
 
-       if(declaration == NULL) {
+       if (declaration == NULL) {
                declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
                declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
                declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
@@ -2505,15 +2684,15 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
        type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, &declaration->source_position);
        type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
 
-       if(token.type == '{') {
-               if(declaration->init.is_defined) {
+       if (token.type == '{') {
+               if (declaration->init.complete) {
                        errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
                }
                if (symbol != NULL) {
                        environment_push(declaration);
                }
                append_declaration(declaration);
-               declaration->init.is_defined = 1;
+               declaration->init.complete = true;
 
                parse_enum_entries(type);
                parse_attributes(&attributes);
@@ -2556,7 +2735,7 @@ restart:
                goto restart;
 
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
+               if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        type = parse_typename();
                } else {
                        expression = parse_expression();
@@ -2603,10 +2782,8 @@ typedef enum {
        SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
        SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
        SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
-#ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
        SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
        SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
-#endif
 } specifiers_t;
 
 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
@@ -2627,8 +2804,8 @@ static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
 {
        declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
-       if(declaration == NULL
-                       || declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
+       if (declaration == NULL ||
+          declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
                return NULL;
 
        type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &declaration->source_position);
@@ -2641,7 +2818,7 @@ static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
  */
 static bool check_elignment_value(long long intvalue) {
-       if(intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
+       if (intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
                errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
                return false;
        }
@@ -2655,122 +2832,122 @@ static bool check_elignment_value(long long intvalue) {
 }
 
 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
-       if(*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
+       if (*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
        *modifiers |= tag; \
 } while(0)
 
 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
-       decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+       decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
 
        while(true) {
-               if(token.type == T_restrict) {
+               if (token.type == T_restrict) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
                        goto end_loop;
-               } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+               } else if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                        break;
                symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
-               if(symbol == sym_align) {
+               if (symbol == sym_align) {
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
-                       if(token.type != T_INTEGER)
+                       if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
                                goto end_error;
-                       if(check_elignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
-                               if(specifiers->alignment != 0)
+                       if (check_elignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
+                               if (specifiers->alignment != 0)
                                        warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
                                specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
                        }
                        next_token();
                        expect(')');
-               } else if(symbol == sym_allocate) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
-                       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                goto end_error;
                        (void)token.v.symbol;
                        expect(')');
-               } else if(symbol == sym_dllimport) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_dllexport) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_dllexport) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_thread) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_thread) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_naked) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_naked) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_noinline) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_noreturn) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_nothrow) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_nothrow) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_novtable) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_novtable) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_property) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
                        for(;;) {
                                bool is_get = false;
-                               if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                               if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                        goto end_error;
-                               if(token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
+                               if (token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
                                        is_get = true;
-                               } else if(token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
+                               } else if (token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
                                } else {
                                        errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
                                        goto end_error;
                                }
                                next_token();
                                expect('=');
-                               if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                               if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                        goto end_error;
-                               if(is_get) {
-                                       if(specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
+                               if (is_get) {
+                                       if (specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
                                                errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
                                        } else {
                                                specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
                                        }
                                } else {
-                                       if(specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
+                                       if (specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
                                                errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
                                        } else {
                                                specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
                                        }
                                }
                                next_token();
-                           if(token.type == ',') {
+                               if (token.type == ',') {
                                        next_token();
                                        continue;
                                }
                                break;
                        }
                        expect(')');
-               } else if(symbol == sym_selectany) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
-               } else if(symbol == sym_uuid) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
-                       if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
+                       if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
                                goto end_error;
                        next_token();
                        expect(')');
-               } else if(symbol == sym_deprecated) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
                        next_token();
-                       if(specifiers->deprecated != 0)
+                       if (specifiers->deprecated != 0)
                                warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
                        specifiers->deprecated = 1;
-                       if(token.type == '(') {
+                       if (token.type == '(') {
                                next_token();
-                               if(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                               if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                                        specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
                                        next_token();
                                } else {
@@ -2778,13 +2955,13 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                }
                                expect(')');
                        }
-               } else if(symbol == sym_noalias) {
+               } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
                } else {
                        warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
                        next_token();
-                       if(token.type == '(')
+                       if (token.type == '(')
                                skip_until(')');
                }
 end_loop:
@@ -2797,20 +2974,26 @@ end_error:
 
 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
-       type_t   *type            = NULL;
-       unsigned  type_qualifiers = 0;
-       unsigned  type_specifiers = 0;
-       int       newtype         = 0;
+       type_t            *type            = NULL;
+       type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers      = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
+       type_modifiers_t   modifiers       = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
+       unsigned           type_specifiers = 0;
+       int                newtype         = 0;
 
        specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
 
        while(true) {
+               specifiers->modifiers
+                       |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
+               if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+                       modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
+
                switch(token.type) {
 
                /* storage class */
 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
                case token:                                                        \
-                       if(specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
+                       if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
                        }                                                              \
                        specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
@@ -2856,7 +3039,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                /* type qualifiers */
 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
                case token:                                                     \
-                       type_qualifiers |= qualifier;                               \
+                       qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
                        next_token();                                               \
                        break;
 
@@ -2878,7 +3061,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
                case token:                                                     \
                        next_token();                                               \
-                       if(type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
+                       if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
                        } else {                                                    \
                                type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
@@ -2899,13 +3082,12 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32")
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64")
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128")
-#ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex")
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary")
-#endif
+
                case T__forceinline:
                        /* only in microsoft mode */
-                       specifiers->decl_modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
+                       specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
 
                case T_inline:
                        next_token();
@@ -2914,9 +3096,9 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 
                case T_long:
                        next_token();
-                       if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
+                       if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
-                       } else if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
+                       } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
                                type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
                        } else {
                                type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
@@ -2931,8 +3113,9 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                }
                case T_union: {
                        type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
-
                        type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
+                       if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+                               modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
                        break;
                }
                case T_enum:
@@ -2946,18 +3129,14 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        next_token();
                        break;
 
-               case T___attribute__:
-                       parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
-                       break;
-
                case T_IDENTIFIER: {
                        /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
-                       if(type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0)
+                       if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0)
                                goto finish_specifiers;
 
                        type_t *typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
 
-                       if(typedef_type == NULL)
+                       if (typedef_type == NULL)
                                goto finish_specifiers;
 
                        next_token();
@@ -2973,7 +3152,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 
 finish_specifiers:
 
-       if(type == NULL) {
+       if (type == NULL) {
                atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
 
                /* match valid basic types */
@@ -3089,29 +3268,21 @@ finish_specifiers:
                case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
                        break;
-#ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
                case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT_COMPLEX;
-                       break;
-               case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE_COMPLEX;
-                       break;
-               case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE_COMPLEX;
-                       break;
                case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT_IMAGINARY;
+                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
                        break;
+               case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
                case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE_IMAGINARY;
+                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
                        break;
+               case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
                case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE_IMAGINARY;
+                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
                        break;
-#endif
                default:
                        /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
-                       if(type_specifiers == 0) {
+                       if (type_specifiers == 0) {
                                if (! strict_mode) {
                                        if (warning.implicit_int) {
                                                warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
@@ -3121,10 +3292,10 @@ finish_specifiers:
                                } else {
                                        errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
                                }
-                       } else if((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
+                       } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
                                  (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers gives");
-                       } else if(type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
+                       } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
                        } else {
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
@@ -3132,20 +3303,32 @@ finish_specifiers:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
                }
 
-               type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
-               type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
-               newtype            = 1;
+               if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX &&
+                  atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                       type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
+                       type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
+               } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY &&
+                         atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                       type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
+                       type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
+               } else {
+                       type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
+                       type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
+               }
+               newtype = 1;
        } else {
-               if(type_specifiers != 0) {
+               if (type_specifiers != 0) {
                        errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
                }
        }
 
-       type->base.qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
        /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
 
+       type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
+       type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
+
        type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if(newtype && result != type) {
+       if (newtype && result != type) {
                free_type(type);
        }
 
@@ -3156,7 +3339,7 @@ end_error:
 
 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
 {
-       type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
+       type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
 
        while(true) {
                switch(token.type) {
@@ -3172,7 +3355,7 @@ static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
                MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
 
                default:
-                       return type_qualifiers;
+                       return qualifiers;
                }
        }
 }
@@ -3188,46 +3371,45 @@ static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
                declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
-               if(last_declaration != NULL) {
+               if (last_declaration != NULL) {
                        last_declaration->next = declaration;
                } else {
                        declarations = declaration;
                }
                last_declaration = declaration;
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',') {
                        break;
+               }
                next_token();
        } while(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
 
        return declarations;
 }
 
+static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
+
 static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
 {
        /* TODO: improve error messages */
 
-       if(declaration->declared_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
+       if (declaration->declared_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
                errorf(HERE, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
-       } else if(declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
+       } else if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
                        && declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
                errorf(HERE, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
        }
 
        type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
-       type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-
-       /* Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic sugar.  Turn it
-        * into a pointer. § 6.7.5.3 (7) */
-       if (is_type_array(type)) {
-               type_t *const element_type = type->array.element_type;
-
-               type = make_pointer_type(element_type, type->base.qualifiers);
-
-               declaration->type = type;
-       }
+       /* §6.7.5.3(7): Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic
+        * sugar.  Turn it into a pointer.
+        * §6.7.5.3(8): A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning type''
+        * shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1.
+        */
+       type_t *const type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
+       declaration->type = type;
 
-       if(is_type_incomplete(type)) {
+       if (is_type_incomplete(skip_typeref(type))) {
                errorf(HERE, "incomplete type '%T' not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
                       orig_type, declaration->symbol);
        }
@@ -3242,31 +3424,31 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
 
        declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
 
-       semantic_parameter(declaration);
-
        return declaration;
 }
 
 static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
 {
-       if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+       declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
+
+       eat('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+       int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
+
+       if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
                symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
-               if(!is_typedef_symbol(symbol)) {
+               if (!is_typedef_symbol(symbol)) {
                        type->kr_style_parameters = true;
-                       return parse_identifier_list();
+                       declarations = parse_identifier_list();
+                       goto parameters_finished;
                }
        }
 
-       if(token.type == ')') {
+       if (token.type == ')') {
                type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
-               return NULL;
-       }
-       if(token.type == T_void && look_ahead(1)->type == ')') {
-               next_token();
-               return NULL;
+               goto parameters_finished;
        }
 
-       declaration_t        *declarations = NULL;
        declaration_t        *declaration;
        declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
        function_parameter_t *parameter;
@@ -3277,18 +3459,27 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
                case T_DOTDOTDOT:
                        next_token();
                        type->variadic = 1;
-                       return declarations;
+                       goto parameters_finished;
 
                case T_IDENTIFIER:
                case T___extension__:
                DECLARATION_START
                        declaration = parse_parameter();
 
+                       /* func(void) is not a parameter */
+                       if (last_parameter == NULL
+                                       && token.type == ')'
+                                       && declaration->symbol == NULL
+                                       && skip_typeref(declaration->type) == type_void) {
+                               goto parameters_finished;
+                       }
+                       semantic_parameter(declaration);
+
                        parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
                        memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
                        parameter->type = declaration->type;
 
-                       if(last_parameter != NULL) {
+                       if (last_parameter != NULL) {
                                last_declaration->next = declaration;
                                last_parameter->next   = parameter;
                        } else {
@@ -3300,12 +3491,25 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
                        break;
 
                default:
-                       return declarations;
+                       goto parameters_finished;
+               }
+               if (token.type != ',') {
+                       goto parameters_finished;
                }
-               if(token.type != ',')
-                       return declarations;
                next_token();
        }
+
+
+parameters_finished:
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
+       expect(')');
+
+       restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
+       return declarations;
+
+end_error:
+       restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -3369,24 +3573,24 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
        memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
        array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
 
-       if(token.type == T_static) {
+       if (token.type == T_static) {
                array->is_static = true;
                next_token();
        }
 
        type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
-       if(type_qualifiers != 0) {
-               if(token.type == T_static) {
+       if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
+               if (token.type == T_static) {
                        array->is_static = true;
                        next_token();
                }
        }
        array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
 
-       if(token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
+       if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
                array->is_variable = true;
                next_token();
-       } else if(token.type != ']') {
+       } else if (token.type != ']') {
                array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
        }
 
@@ -3400,18 +3604,15 @@ end_error:
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
 {
-       eat('(');
-       add_anchor_token(')');
-
        type_t *type;
-       if(declaration != NULL) {
+       if (declaration != NULL) {
                type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &declaration->source_position);
        } else {
                type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
        }
 
        declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
-       if(declaration != NULL) {
+       if (declaration != NULL) {
                declaration->scope.declarations = parameters;
        }
 
@@ -3421,13 +3622,31 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
        construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
        construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
 
-       rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-
-end_error:
        return (construct_type_t*) construct_function_type;
 }
 
+static void fix_declaration_type(declaration_t *declaration)
+{
+       decl_modifiers_t declaration_modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
+       type_modifiers_t type_modifiers        = declaration->type->base.modifiers;
+
+       if (declaration_modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+               type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
+
+       if (declaration->type->base.modifiers == type_modifiers)
+               return;
+
+       type_t *copy = duplicate_type(declaration->type);
+       copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
+
+       type_t *result = typehash_insert(copy);
+       if (result != copy) {
+               obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
+       }
+
+       declaration->type = result;
+}
+
 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                bool may_be_abstract)
 {
@@ -3437,27 +3656,29 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
        construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
        gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
 
+       decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
+
        /* pointers */
        while(token.type == '*') {
                construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
 
-               if(last == NULL) {
+               if (last == NULL) {
                        first = type;
                        last  = type;
                } else {
                        last->next = type;
                        last       = type;
                }
-       }
 
-       /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
-       parse_attributes(&attributes);
+               /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
+               modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
+       }
 
        construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
 
        switch(token.type) {
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               if(declaration == NULL) {
+               if (declaration == NULL) {
                        errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
                } else {
                        declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
@@ -3473,12 +3694,12 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                expect(')');
                break;
        default:
-               if(may_be_abstract)
+               if (may_be_abstract)
                        break;
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', 0);
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
                /* avoid a loop in the outermost scope, because eat_statement doesn't
                 * eat '}' */
-               if(token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
+               if (token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
                        next_token();
                } else {
                        eat_statement();
@@ -3502,24 +3723,22 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                }
 
                /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
-               if(p != NULL) {
+               if (p != NULL) {
                        type->next = p->next;
                        p->next    = type;
                } else {
                        type->next = first;
                        first      = type;
                }
-               if(last == p) {
+               if (last == p) {
                        last = type;
                }
        }
 
 declarator_finished:
-       parse_attributes(&attributes);
-
        /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
         * as it's not needed anymore */
-       if(last == NULL) {
+       if (last == NULL) {
                assert(first == NULL);
                first = inner_types;
        } else {
@@ -3531,6 +3750,41 @@ end_error:
        return NULL;
 }
 
+static void parse_declaration_attributes(declaration_t *declaration)
+{
+       gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
+       decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
+
+       if (declaration == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
+       /* check if we have these stupid mode attributes... */
+       type_t *old_type = declaration->type;
+       if (old_type == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
+       for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
+               if (attribute->kind != GNU_AK_MODE || attribute->invalid)
+                       continue;
+
+               atomic_type_kind_t  akind = attribute->u.akind;
+               if (!is_type_signed(old_type)) {
+                       switch(akind) {
+                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR; break;
+                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT; break;
+                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT; break;
+                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG; break;
+                       default:
+                               panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
+                       }
+               }
+               declaration->type
+                       = make_atomic_type(akind, old_type->base.qualifiers);
+       }
+}
+
 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                                          type_t *type)
 {
@@ -3575,7 +3829,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, &null_position);
 
                        expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
-                       if(size_expression != NULL) {
+                       if (size_expression != NULL) {
                                size_expression
                                        = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
                        }
@@ -3586,8 +3840,8 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
                        array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
 
-                       if(size_expression != NULL) {
-                               if(is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
+                       if (size_expression != NULL) {
+                               if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
                                        array_type->array.size_constant = true;
                                        array_type->array.size
                                                = fold_constant(size_expression);
@@ -3608,10 +3862,10 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                }
 
                type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
-               if(hashed_type != type) {
+               if (hashed_type != type) {
                        /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
                         * destroy other types... */
-                       if(iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
+                       if (iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
                                free_type(type);
                        }
                        type = hashed_type;
@@ -3626,7 +3880,7 @@ static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
 {
        declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
        declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
        declaration->deprecated             = specifiers->deprecated;
        declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
        declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
@@ -3634,12 +3888,12 @@ static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
        declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
 
        declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
                        && scope != global_scope) {
                declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
        }
 
-       if(specifiers->alignment != 0) {
+       if (specifiers->alignment != 0) {
                /* TODO: add checks here */
                declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
        }
@@ -3649,7 +3903,11 @@ static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
        type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
        declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
 
-       if(construct_type != NULL) {
+       parse_declaration_attributes(declaration);
+
+       fix_declaration_type(declaration);
+
+       if (construct_type != NULL) {
                obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
        }
 
@@ -3661,7 +3919,7 @@ static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
        construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
 
        type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
-       if(construct_type != NULL) {
+       if (construct_type != NULL) {
                obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
        }
 
@@ -3747,11 +4005,15 @@ static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
        const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
        const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
 
+       assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
+       declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
+
        type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
        if (is_type_function(type) &&
                        type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
-                       warning.strict_prototypes) {
+                       warning.strict_prototypes &&
+                       previous_declaration == NULL) {
                warningf(&declaration->source_position,
                         "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
                         orig_type, declaration->symbol);
@@ -3761,102 +4023,104 @@ static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
                check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
        }
 
-       assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
-       declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
-
        assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
-       if (previous_declaration != NULL) {
-               if (previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
-                       /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
-                       if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
-                               previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
+       if (previous_declaration != NULL
+                       && previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
+               /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
+               if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
+                       previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
+               }
+
+               const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
+               if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
+                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                  "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
+                                  orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
+                                  &previous_declaration->source_position);
+               } else {
+                       unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
+                       if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
+                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                          "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                               return previous_declaration;
                        }
 
-                       const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
-                       if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
-                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                      "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
-                                      orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
-                                  &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                       } else {
-                               unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
-                               if(old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
-                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                              "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                                       return previous_declaration;
-                               }
+                       unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
 
-                               unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
+                       if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
+                               previous_declaration->type = type;
+                               prev_type                  = type;
+                       }
 
-                               if(is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
+                       /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
+                        * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
+                        * none nor extern) */
+                       if (is_type_function(type)) {
+                               if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
                                        previous_declaration->type = type;
                                        prev_type                  = type;
                                }
 
-                               /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
-                                * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
-                                * none nor extern) */
-                               if (is_type_function(type)) {
-                                       switch (old_storage_class) {
-                                               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-                                                       old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-
-                                               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
-                                                       if (is_function_definition) {
-                                                               if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
-                                                                   prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
-                                                                   !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-                                                                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                                                "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
-                                                                                orig_type, symbol);
-                                                               }
-                                                       } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-                                                               new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-                                                       }
-                                                       break;
-
-                                               default: break;
+                               switch (old_storage_class) {
+                               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
+                                       old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+                                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
+                                       if (is_function_definition) {
+                                               if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
+                                                       prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
+                                                       !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
+                                                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                                                        "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
+                                                                        orig_type, symbol);
+                                               }
+                                       } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                               new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
                                        }
+                                       break;
+
+                               default:
+                                       break;
                                }
+                       }
 
-                               if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-                                               new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
+                       if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                       new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
 warn_redundant_declaration:
-                                       if (warning.redundant_decls) {
-                                               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                        "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                                       }
-                               } else if (current_function == NULL) {
-                                       if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
-                                                       new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-                                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                      "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
-                                                      symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                                       } else {
-                                               if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN && !is_function_definition) {
-                                                       goto warn_redundant_declaration;
-                                               }
-                                               if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-                                                       previous_declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                                                       previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                                               }
-                                       }
-                               } else {
-                                       if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
-                                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                      "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                                      symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                                       } else {
-                                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                      "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
-                                                      symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                                       }
+                               if (warning.redundant_decls && strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
+                                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                                        "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                               }
+                       } else if (current_function == NULL) {
+                               if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
+                                               new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                                  "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
+                                                  symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                               } else if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN
+                                               && !is_function_definition) {
+                                       goto warn_redundant_declaration;
+                               } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
+                                       previous_declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                       previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                                }
+                       } else if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
+                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                          "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                       } else {
+                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                          "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
+                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
                        }
-                       return previous_declaration;
                }
+
+               if (declaration->is_inline)
+                       previous_declaration->is_inline = true;
+               return previous_declaration;
        } else if (is_function_definition) {
                if (declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
                        if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
@@ -3905,18 +4169,18 @@ static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
 }
 
 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
-                                     bool only_type_specifiers)
+                                     bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
 {
        switch(token->type) {
                TYPE_SPECIFIERS
+               TYPE_QUALIFIERS
                        return true;
                case T_IDENTIFIER:
                        return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
 
                case T___extension__:
                STORAGE_CLASSES
-               TYPE_QUALIFIERS
-                       return !only_type_specifiers;
+                       return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
 
                default:
                        return false;
@@ -3930,12 +4194,12 @@ static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
        type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
        type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-       if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
+       if (declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
                parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
        }
 
        bool must_be_constant = false;
-       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
                        || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
                        || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
                must_be_constant = true;
@@ -3948,13 +4212,13 @@ static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
 
        initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
 
-       if(env.type != orig_type) {
+       if (env.type != orig_type) {
                orig_type         = env.type;
                type              = skip_typeref(orig_type);
                declaration->type = env.type;
        }
 
-       if(is_type_function(type)) {
+       if (is_type_function(type)) {
                errorf(&declaration->source_position,
                       "initializers not allowed for function types at declator '%Y' (type '%T')",
                       declaration->symbol, orig_type);
@@ -3974,7 +4238,7 @@ static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
        declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
        declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
        declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
-       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
 
        if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
                warningf(&declaration->source_position,
@@ -4024,11 +4288,11 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
                                 "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
                }
 
-               if(token.type == '=') {
+               if (token.type == '=') {
                        parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
                }
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                eat(',');
 
@@ -4045,24 +4309,24 @@ end_error:
 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
 {
        symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
-       if(symbol == NULL) {
+       if (symbol == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
                return declaration;
        }
        namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
-       if(namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
+       if (namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
                return record_declaration(declaration);
        }
 
        declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
-       if(previous_declaration == NULL ||
+       if (previous_declaration == NULL ||
                        previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
                errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
                       symbol);
                return declaration;
        }
 
-       if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
+       if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
                previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
                previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
                previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
@@ -4079,7 +4343,7 @@ static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
 
-       if(token.type == ';') {
+       if (token.type == ';') {
                parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
        } else {
                declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
@@ -4087,29 +4351,43 @@ static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
        }
 }
 
-static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
+static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
 {
-       type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-       if(!is_type_function(type))
-               return;
+       type_t *result = orig_type;
 
-       if(!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
-               return;
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       if (is_type_integer(type)) {
+               result = promote_integer(type);
+       } else if (type == type_float) {
+               result = type_double;
+       }
 
-       /* push function parameters */
+       return result;
+}
+
+static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
+{
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+       if (!is_type_function(type))
+               return;
+
+       if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
+               return;
+
+       /* push function parameters */
        int       top        = environment_top();
        scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
        set_scope(&declaration->scope);
 
        declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
+       for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
                assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
                parameter->parent_scope = scope;
                environment_push(parameter);
        }
 
        /* parse declaration list */
-       while(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
+       while (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
                parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
        }
 
@@ -4120,7 +4398,6 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
 
        /* update function type */
        type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
-       new_type->function.kr_style_parameters = false;
 
        function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
        function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
@@ -4129,7 +4406,7 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
        for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
                        parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
                type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
-               if(parameter_type == NULL) {
+               if (parameter_type == NULL) {
                        if (strict_mode) {
                                errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
                                       parameter_declaration->symbol);
@@ -4146,22 +4423,31 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
                semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
                parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
 
+               /*
+                * we need the default promoted types for the function type
+                */
+               parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
+
                function_parameter_t *function_parameter
                        = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
                memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
 
                function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
-               if(last_parameter != NULL) {
+               if (last_parameter != NULL) {
                        last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
                } else {
                        parameters = function_parameter;
                }
                last_parameter = function_parameter;
        }
-       new_type->function.parameters = parameters;
+
+       /* § 6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
+        * prototype */
+       new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
+       new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
 
        type = typehash_insert(new_type);
-       if(type != new_type) {
+       if (type != new_type) {
                obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
        }
 
@@ -4252,7 +4538,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        rem_anchor_token(';');
 
        /* must be a declaration */
-       if(token.type == ';') {
+       if (token.type == ';') {
                parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
                return;
        }
@@ -4269,7 +4555,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        rem_anchor_token(';');
 
        /* must be a declaration */
-       if(token.type == ',' || token.type == '=' || token.type == ';') {
+       if (token.type == ',' || token.type == '=' || token.type == ';') {
                parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
                return;
        }
@@ -4277,8 +4563,8 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        /* must be a function definition */
        parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
 
-       if(token.type != '{') {
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', 0);
+       if (token.type != '{') {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
                eat_until_matching_token(';');
                return;
        }
@@ -4287,7 +4573,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
 
        /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
         * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
-       if(type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+       if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
                if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
                               type, ndeclaration->symbol);
@@ -4298,19 +4584,21 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
 
        /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
         * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
-       if(type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
+       if (type->function.unspecified_parameters
+                       && type->function.parameters == NULL
+                       && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
                type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
                duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
 
                type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
-               if(type != duplicate) {
+               if (type != duplicate) {
                        obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
                }
                ndeclaration->type = type;
        }
 
        declaration_t *const declaration = record_function_definition(ndeclaration);
-       if(ndeclaration != declaration) {
+       if (ndeclaration != declaration) {
                declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
        }
        type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
@@ -4322,16 +4610,20 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
 
        declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
        for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
-               if(parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
+               if (parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
                        parameter->parent_scope = scope;
                }
                assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
                                || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
                parameter->parent_scope = scope;
+               if (parameter->symbol == NULL) {
+                       errorf(&ndeclaration->source_position, "parameter name omitted");
+                       continue;
+               }
                environment_push(parameter);
        }
 
-       if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
+       if (declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
                parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
                eat_block();
                goto end_of_parse_external_declaration;
@@ -4341,7 +4633,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
                current_function                    = declaration;
 
-               declaration->init.statement = parse_compound_statement();
+               declaration->init.statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
                first_err = true;
                check_labels();
                check_declarations();
@@ -4357,12 +4649,13 @@ end_of_parse_external_declaration:
        environment_pop_to(top);
 }
 
-static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base, expression_t *size,
+static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
                                   source_position_t *source_position)
 {
-       type_t *type        = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
-       type->bitfield.base = base;
-       type->bitfield.size = size;
+       type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
+
+       type->bitfield.base_type = base_type;
+       type->bitfield.size      = size;
 
        return type;
 }
@@ -4372,21 +4665,21 @@ static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
 {
        declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
        for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-               if(iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+               if (iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
                        continue;
 
-               if(iter->symbol == NULL) {
+               if (iter->symbol == NULL) {
                        type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
-                       if(is_type_compound(type)) {
+                       if (is_type_compound(type)) {
                                declaration_t *result
                                        = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
-                               if(result != NULL)
+                               if (result != NULL)
                                        return result;
                        }
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
+               if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
                        return iter;
                }
        }
@@ -4398,7 +4691,7 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
        declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
-       if(last_declaration != NULL) {
+       if (last_declaration != NULL) {
                while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
                        last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
                }
@@ -4407,14 +4700,14 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
        while(1) {
                declaration_t *declaration;
 
-               if(token.type == ':') {
+               if (token.type == ':') {
                        source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
                        next_token();
 
                        type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
                        expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                       if(!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
+                       if (!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
                                errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
                                       base_type);
                        }
@@ -4426,7 +4719,7 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                        declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                        declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                        declaration->source_position        = source_position;
-                       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+                       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
                        declaration->type                   = type;
                } else {
                        declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
@@ -4434,12 +4727,12 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                        type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
                        type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-                       if(token.type == ':') {
+                       if (token.type == ':') {
                                source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
                                next_token();
                                expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                               if(!is_type_integer(type)) {
+                               if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
                                        errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an "
                                               "integer type", orig_type);
                                }
@@ -4449,11 +4742,11 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                        } else {
                                /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
                                 * that they're at the end of the struct */
-                               if(is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
+                               if (is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
                                        errorf(HERE,
                                               "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
                                               declaration->symbol, orig_type);
-                               } else if(is_type_function(type)) {
+                               } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
                                        errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function "
                                               "type '%T'", declaration->symbol, orig_type);
                                }
@@ -4462,11 +4755,11 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
 
                /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
                symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
-               if(symbol != NULL) {
+               if (symbol != NULL) {
                        declaration_t *prev_decl
                                = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
 
-                       if(prev_decl != NULL) {
+                       if (prev_decl != NULL) {
                                assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
                                errorf(&declaration->source_position,
                                       "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
@@ -4475,14 +4768,14 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                }
 
                /* append declaration */
-               if(last_declaration != NULL) {
+               if (last_declaration != NULL) {
                        last_declaration->next = declaration;
                } else {
                        struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
                }
                last_declaration = declaration;
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
@@ -4506,7 +4799,7 @@ static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
        }
        rem_anchor_token('}');
 
-       if(token.type == T_EOF) {
+       if (token.type == T_EOF) {
                errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
        }
        next_token();
@@ -4517,7 +4810,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typename(void)
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
-       if(specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+       if (specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
                /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
                 * storage class is...
                 */
@@ -4695,7 +4988,7 @@ static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
        ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
 
        type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
-       if(type != ntype) {
+       if (type != ntype) {
                free_type(ntype);
        }
 
@@ -4705,20 +4998,43 @@ static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
        declaration->type                   = type;
        declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
        declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
-       declaration->parent_scope           = global_scope;
 
-       scope_t *old_scope = scope;
-       set_scope(global_scope);
+       bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
+       warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
+       record_declaration(declaration);
+       warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
 
-       environment_push(declaration);
-       /* prepends the declaration to the global declarations list */
-       declaration->next   = scope->declarations;
-       scope->declarations = declaration;
+       return declaration;
+}
 
-       assert(scope == global_scope);
-       set_scope(old_scope);
+/**
+ * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
+ * already exists.
+ */
+static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
+                                    type_t *argument_type2)
+{
+       function_parameter_t *parameter2
+               = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
+       memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
+       parameter2->type = argument_type2;
 
-       return declaration;
+       function_parameter_t *parameter1
+               = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
+       memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
+       parameter1->type = argument_type1;
+       parameter1->next = parameter2;
+
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
+       type->function.return_type = return_type;
+       type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
+
+       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
+       if (result != type) {
+               free_type(type);
+       }
+
+       return result;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4740,7 +5056,21 @@ static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
        type->function.parameters  = parameter;
 
        type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if(result != type) {
+       if (result != type) {
+               free_type(type);
+       }
+
+       return result;
+}
+
+static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
+{
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
+       type->function.return_type = return_type;
+       type->function.parameters  = NULL;
+
+       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
+       if (result != type) {
                free_type(type);
        }
 
@@ -4757,6 +5087,8 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
        switch(symbol->ID) {
        case T___builtin_alloca:
                return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
+       case T___builtin_huge_val:
+               return make_function_0_type(type_double);
        case T___builtin_nan:
                return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
        case T___builtin_nanf:
@@ -4765,6 +5097,8 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
                return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
        case T___builtin_va_end:
                return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
+       case T___builtin_expect:
+               return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
        default:
                internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
        }
@@ -4778,15 +5112,15 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
 {
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       if(is_type_array(type)) {
+       if (is_type_array(type)) {
                array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
                type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
-               unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->type.qualifiers;
+               unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
 
                return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
        }
 
-       if(is_type_function(type)) {
+       if (is_type_function(type)) {
                return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
        }
 
@@ -4846,25 +5180,25 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
 
        reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
-       ref->symbol = token.v.symbol;
+       symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
 
-       declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(ref->symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
 
        source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
        next_token();
 
-       if(declaration == NULL) {
+       if (declaration == NULL) {
                if (! strict_mode && token.type == '(') {
                        /* an implicitly defined function */
                        if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
                                warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
-                                       ref->symbol);
+                                       symbol);
                        }
 
-                       declaration = create_implicit_function(ref->symbol,
+                       declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol,
                                                               &source_position);
                } else {
-                       errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", ref->symbol);
+                       errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
                        return create_invalid_expression();
                }
        }
@@ -4882,7 +5216,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
        declaration->used = true;
 
        /* check for deprecated functions */
-       if(declaration->deprecated != 0) {
+       if (declaration->deprecated != 0) {
                const char *prefix = "";
                if (is_type_function(declaration->type))
                        prefix = "function ";
@@ -4938,7 +5272,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
-       if(token.type == '{') {
+       if (token.type == '{') {
                return parse_compound_literal(type);
        }
 
@@ -4964,7 +5298,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
 {
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
 
-       statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement();
+       statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
        expression->statement.statement  = statement;
        expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
 
@@ -5007,7 +5341,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_brace_expression(void)
        TYPE_SPECIFIERS
                return parse_cast();
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
+               if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        return parse_cast();
                }
        }
@@ -5087,9 +5421,9 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
        designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
        result->source_position = *HERE;
 
-       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
-                                    T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+                                    T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                return NULL;
        }
        result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
@@ -5097,11 +5431,11 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
 
        designator_t *last_designator = result;
        while(true) {
-               if(token.type == '.') {
+               if (token.type == '.') {
                        next_token();
-                       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
-                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                        designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
@@ -5113,7 +5447,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                        last_designator       = designator;
                        continue;
                }
-               if(token.type == '[') {
+               if (token.type == '[') {
                        next_token();
                        add_anchor_token(']');
                        designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
@@ -5121,7 +5455,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                        designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
                        rem_anchor_token(']');
                        expect(']');
-                       if(designator->array_index == NULL) {
+                       if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
                                return NULL;
                        }
 
@@ -5167,7 +5501,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
 
        descend_into_subtype(&path);
 
-       if(!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
+       if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
                return create_invalid_expression();
        }
 
@@ -5340,7 +5674,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
 
        type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
-       if(!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
+       if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
                if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
                        type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
                                &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
@@ -5354,6 +5688,7 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+#if 0
 /**
  * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
  */
@@ -5376,6 +5711,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
+#endif
 
 /**
  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
@@ -5411,10 +5747,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void) {
                add_anchor_token(')');
                add_anchor_token(',');
 
-               if(token.type != ')') {
+               if (token.type != ')') {
                        while(true) {
                                (void)parse_assignment_expression();
-                               if(token.type != ',')
+                               if (token.type != ',')
                                        break;
                                next_token();
                        }
@@ -5458,11 +5794,12 @@ static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
                case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
                case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
                case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
-               case T___builtin_expect:         return parse_builtin_expect();
+               case T___builtin_expect:
                case T___builtin_alloca:
                case T___builtin_nan:
                case T___builtin_nand:
                case T___builtin_nanf:
+               case T___builtin_huge_val:
                case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
                case T___builtin_isgreater:
                case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
@@ -5539,8 +5876,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
        }
 
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       if(token.type != ']') {
-               parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', 0);
+       if (token.type != ']') {
+               parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
                return expression;
        }
        next_token();
@@ -5551,20 +5888,50 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
        return expression;
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t kind, unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
+                                    source_position_t const pos,
+                                    unsigned const precedence)
 {
        expression_t *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
-       tp_expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
+       tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
+       tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
 
-       if(token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
+       char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
+
+       if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
                next_token();
                add_anchor_token(')');
-               tp_expression->typeprop.type = parse_typename();
+               type_t* const orig_type = parse_typename();
+               tp_expression->typeprop.type = orig_type;
+
+               type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+               char const* const wrong_type =
+                       is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
+                       type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
+                       type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
+                       NULL;
+               if (wrong_type != NULL) {
+                       errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be %s type '%T'",
+                              what, wrong_type, type);
+               }
+
                rem_anchor_token(')');
                expect(')');
        } else {
                expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
-               expression->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
+
+               type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
+               expression->base.type = orig_type;
+
+               type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+               char const* const wrong_type =
+                       is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
+                       type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
+                       type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
+                       NULL;
+               if (wrong_type != NULL) {
+                       errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be expression of %s type '%T'", what, wrong_type, type);
+               }
 
                tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
                tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
@@ -5577,14 +5944,16 @@ end_error:
 
 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
 {
+       source_position_t pos = *HERE;
        eat(T_sizeof);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos, precedence);
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
 {
+       source_position_t pos = *HERE;
        eat(T___alignof__);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos, precedence);
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
@@ -5599,8 +5968,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
        expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
        select->select.compound = compound;
 
-       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                return select;
        }
        symbol_t *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
@@ -5611,7 +5980,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
        type_t *type_left = type;
-       if(is_pointer) {
+       if (is_pointer) {
                if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
                        if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
@@ -5633,14 +6002,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
 
        declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
 
-       if(!declaration->init.is_defined) {
+       if (!declaration->init.complete) {
                errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
                       symbol, type_left);
                return create_invalid_expression();
        }
 
        declaration_t *iter = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
-       if(iter == NULL) {
+       if (iter == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                return create_invalid_expression();
        }
@@ -5652,18 +6021,58 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
        select->select.compound_entry = iter;
        select->base.type             = expression_type;
 
-       if(expression_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
-               expression_t *extract
-                       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT);
-               extract->unary.value = select;
-               extract->base.type   = expression_type->bitfield.base;
-
-               return extract;
+       type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+       if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+               select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
        }
 
        return select;
 }
 
+static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
+                                call_argument_t *argument)
+{
+       type_t         *expected_type      = parameter->type;
+       type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
+       assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
+       expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
+
+       /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
+       if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
+                       && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
+                               & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
+               declaration_t  *union_decl = expected_type_skip->compound.declaration;
+
+               declaration_t *declaration = union_decl->scope.declarations;
+               type_t        *best_type   = NULL;
+               for ( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
+                       type_t *decl_type = declaration->type;
+                       error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
+                       if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
+                               || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
+                               continue;
+
+                       if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
+                               best_type = decl_type;
+                       } else if (best_type == NULL) {
+                               best_type = decl_type;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (best_type != NULL) {
+                       expected_type = best_type;
+               }
+       }
+
+       error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
+       argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression,
+                                                   expected_type);
+
+       /* TODO report exact scope in error messages (like "in 3rd parameter") */
+       report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     "function call",
+                           &arg_expr->base.source_position);
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
  *
@@ -5701,21 +6110,21 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
        add_anchor_token(')');
        add_anchor_token(',');
 
-       if(token.type != ')') {
+       if (token.type != ')') {
                call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
 
                while(true) {
                        call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
 
                        argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-                       if(last_argument == NULL) {
+                       if (last_argument == NULL) {
                                call->arguments = argument;
                        } else {
                                last_argument->next = argument;
                        }
                        last_argument = argument;
 
-                       if(token.type != ',')
+                       if (token.type != ',')
                                break;
                        next_token();
                }
@@ -5724,57 +6133,36 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
-       if(function_type != NULL) {
-               function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
-               call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
+       if (function_type == NULL)
+               return result;
+
+       function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
+       call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
+       if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
                for( ; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
                                parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
-                       type_t *expected_type = parameter->type;
-                       /* TODO report scope in error messages */
-                       expression_t *const arg_expr = argument->expression;
-                       type_t       *const res_type = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr,
-                                                                      "function call",
-                                                                      &arg_expr->base.source_position);
-                       if (res_type == NULL) {
-                               /* TODO improve error message */
-                               errorf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
-                                       "Cannot call function with argument '%E' of type '%T' where type '%T' is expected",
-                                       arg_expr, arg_expr->base.type, expected_type);
-                       } else {
-                               argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, expected_type);
-                       }
+                       check_call_argument(parameter, argument);
                }
-               /* too few parameters */
-               if(parameter != NULL) {
+
+               if (parameter != NULL) {
                        errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
-               } else if(argument != NULL) {
-                       /* too many parameters */
-                       if(!function_type->variadic
-                                       && !function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
-                               errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
-                       } else {
-                               /* do default promotion */
-                               for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
-                                       type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
-
-                                       type = skip_typeref(type);
-                                       if(is_type_integer(type)) {
-                                               type = promote_integer(type);
-                                       } else if(type == type_float) {
-                                               type = type_double;
-                                       }
+               } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
+               }
+       }
 
-                                       argument->expression
-                                               = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
-                               }
+       /* do default promotion */
+       for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
+               type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
 
-                               check_format(&result->call);
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       check_format(&result->call);
-               }
+               type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
+
+               argument->expression
+                       = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
        }
 
+       check_format(&result->call);
+
        return result;
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
@@ -5826,7 +6214,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
 
        /* 6.5.15.3 */
        type_t *result_type;
-       if(is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
+       if (is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
                is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                if (!is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
                    || !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
@@ -5851,7 +6239,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                type_t *pointer_type;
                type_t *other_type;
                expression_t *other_expression;
-               if (is_type_pointer(true_type)) {
+               if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
+                               (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
                        pointer_type     = true_type;
                        other_type       = false_type;
                        other_expression = false_expression;
@@ -5861,15 +6250,35 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                        other_expression = true_expression;
                }
 
-               if(is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
-                       if(!pointers_compatible(true_type, false_type)) {
+               if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
+                       result_type = pointer_type;
+               } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
+                       type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
+                       type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
+
+                       type_t *to;
+                       if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
+                           is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                               to = type_void;
+                       } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
+                                                   get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
+                               to = to1;
+                       } else {
                                warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                                               "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible", true_type, false_type);
+                                       "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
+                                       true_type, false_type);
+                               to = type_void;
                        }
-                       result_type = true_type;
-               } else if(is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
-                       result_type = pointer_type;
-               } else if(is_type_integer(other_type)) {
+
+                       type_t *const copy = duplicate_type(to);
+                       copy->base.qualifiers = to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers;
+
+                       type_t *const type = typehash_insert(copy);
+                       if (type != copy)
+                               free_type(copy);
+
+                       result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
+               } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
                        warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                        "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
                        result_type = pointer_type;
@@ -5934,19 +6343,37 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+static void check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
+                                     type_t *pointer_type,
+                                     type_t *orig_pointer_type)
+{
+       type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
+       points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
+
+       if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
+                       (! (c_mode & _GNUC)
+                        || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))) {
+               errorf(source_position,
+                          "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
+                          orig_pointer_type);
+       } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
+               errorf(source_position,
+                          "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
+                          orig_pointer_type);
+       }
+}
+
 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       /* TODO !is_type_real && !is_type_pointer */
-       if(!is_type_arithmetic(type) && type->kind != TYPE_POINTER) {
-               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
-                       /* TODO: improve error message */
-                       errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
-               }
-               return;
+       if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
+               check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        type, orig_type);
+       } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
+               /* TODO: improve error message */
+               errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
        }
-
        expression->base.type = orig_type;
 }
 
@@ -5954,7 +6381,7 @@ static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       if(!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
+       if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
                if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                        /* TODO: improve error message */
                        errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic type");
@@ -5997,7 +6424,7 @@ static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       if(!is_type_pointer(type)) {
+       if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
                if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "Unary '*' needs pointer or arrray type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
                }
@@ -6009,6 +6436,25 @@ static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = result_type;
 }
 
+static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
+{
+       if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
+               return;
+
+       declaration_t *const declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
+       /* happens for parse errors */
+       if (declaration == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER && !may_be_register) {
+               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                               "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
+                               declaration->symbol);
+       } else {
+               declaration->address_taken = 1;
+       }
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
  */
@@ -6018,20 +6464,10 @@ static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
        value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
 
        type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
-       if(!is_type_valid(orig_type))
+       if (!is_type_valid(orig_type))
                return;
 
-       if(value->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
-               declaration_t *const declaration = value->reference.declaration;
-               if(declaration != NULL) {
-                       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
-                               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                                      "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
-                                      declaration->symbol);
-                       }
-                       declaration->address_taken = 1;
-               }
-       }
+       set_address_taken(value, false);
 
        expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
 }
@@ -6097,32 +6533,32 @@ static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
        /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
 
        /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
-       if(type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
+       if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
                return type_long_double;
-       } else if(type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
+       } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
                return type_double;
-       } else if(type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
+       } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
                return type_float;
        }
 
        type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
        type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
 
-       if(type_left == type_right)
+       if (type_left == type_right)
                return type_left;
 
        bool signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
        bool signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
        int  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
        int  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
-       if(rank_left < rank_right) {
-               if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_right) {
+       if (rank_left < rank_right) {
+               if (signed_left == signed_right || !signed_right) {
                        return type_right;
                } else {
                        return type_left;
                }
        } else {
-               if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_left) {
+               if (signed_left == signed_right || !signed_left) {
                        return type_left;
                } else {
                        return type_right;
@@ -6142,7 +6578,7 @@ static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
-       if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+       if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
                /* TODO: improve error message */
                if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
@@ -6165,7 +6601,7 @@ static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
-       if(!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+       if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
                /* TODO: improve error message */
                if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "operation needs integer types");
@@ -6190,19 +6626,25 @@ static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
-       /* § 5.6.5 */
-       if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+       /* § 6.5.6 */
+       if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
                type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
                expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
                return;
-       } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+               check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        type_left, orig_type_left);
                expression->base.type = type_left;
-       } else if(is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
+               check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        type_right, orig_type_right);
                expression->base.type = type_right;
        } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')", orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                      "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
+                      orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
        }
 }
 
@@ -6216,24 +6658,36 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
        /* § 5.6.5 */
-       if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+       if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
                type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
                expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
                return;
-       } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+               check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        type_left, orig_type_left);
                expression->base.type = type_left;
-       } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
-               if(!pointers_compatible(type_left, type_right)) {
-                       errorf(HERE,
-                              "pointers to incompatible objects to binary '-' ('%T', '%T')",
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
+               type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
+               type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
+               if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
+                       errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                              "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
                               orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
-               } else {
-                       expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
+               } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
+                       if (is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                               warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        "subtracting pointers to void");
+                       } else {
+                               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                      "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
+                                      orig_type_left);
+                       }
                }
+               expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
        } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "invalid operands to binary '-' ('%T', '%T')",
+               errorf(HERE, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
                       orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
        }
 }
@@ -6254,11 +6708,34 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
        /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
-       if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+       if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+               /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
                if (warning.sign_compare &&
                    (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
                     expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
                    (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
+
+                       /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
+                        * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
+                        * the type of the other operand. */
+                       expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
+                       expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
+
+                       if (is_constant_expression(left)) {
+                               const_expr = left;
+                               other_expr = right;
+                       } else if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
+                               const_expr = right;
+                               other_expr = left;
+                       }
+
+                       if (const_expr != NULL) {
+                               type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
+                               long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
+                               /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
+                               (void) other_type;
+                               (void) val;
+                       }
                        warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                 "comparison between signed and unsigned");
                }
@@ -6287,6 +6764,74 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
+ */
+static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
+{
+       const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
+       const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
+
+       for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
+               if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+                       continue;
+
+               const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+               if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
+                       return true;
+       }
+       /* TODO */
+       return false;
+}
+
+static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE:
+       case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
+       case EXPR_SELECT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
+               return true;
+
+       default:
+               return false;
+       }
+}
+
+static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
+{
+       type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
+       type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
+
+       if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
+                      left);
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
+               return false;
+       }
+       if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
+               errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
+                      orig_type_left);
+               return false;
+       }
+       if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
+                      left, orig_type_left);
+               return false;
+       }
+       if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
+                      left, orig_type_left);
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       return true;
+}
+
 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        expression_t *left            = expression->left;
@@ -6294,10 +6839,13 @@ static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
        type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 
+       if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
+               return;
+
        type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
-       if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
+       if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
                /* TODO: improve error message */
                if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
@@ -6323,6 +6871,9 @@ static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
+       if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
+               return;
+
        if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
                /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
                 * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
@@ -6332,6 +6883,8 @@ static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type = type_left;
        } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
+               check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        type_left, orig_type_left);
                expression->base.type = type_left;
        } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
                errorf(HERE, "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment", orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
@@ -6361,26 +6914,6 @@ static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 }
 
-/**
- * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
- */
-static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
-{
-       const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
-       const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
-
-       for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
-               if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
-                       continue;
-
-               const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-               if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
-                       return true;
-       }
-       /* TODO */
-       return false;
-}
-
 /**
  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
  */
@@ -6392,38 +6925,13 @@ static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t *type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
        type_left         = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 
-       /* must be a modifiable lvalue */
-       if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
+       if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
                return;
-       }
-       if(type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
-               errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
-                      orig_type_left);
-               return;
-       }
-       if(is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
-               errorf(HERE,
-                      "left-hand side of assignment '%E' has incomplete type '%T'",
-                      left, orig_type_left);
-               return;
-       }
-       if(is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
-                      left, orig_type_left);
-               return;
-       }
 
-       type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right,
+       assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
+       report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
                        "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
-       if (res_type == NULL) {
-               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                       "cannot assign to '%T' from '%T'",
-                       orig_type_left, expression->right->base.type);
-       } else {
-               expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, res_type);
-       }
-
+       expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
        expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
 }
 
@@ -6508,7 +7016,6 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
                case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT:    return false;
 
                case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
                case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
@@ -6646,7 +7153,7 @@ CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
 
 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
 {
-       if(token.type < 0) {
+       if (token.type < 0) {
                return expected_expression_error();
        }
 
@@ -6655,7 +7162,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
        source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
        expression_t                 *left;
 
-       if(parser->parser != NULL) {
+       if (parser->parser != NULL) {
                left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
        } else {
                left = parse_primary_expression();
@@ -6664,14 +7171,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
        left->base.source_position = source_position;
 
        while(true) {
-               if(token.type < 0) {
+               if (token.type < 0) {
                        return expected_expression_error();
                }
 
                parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
-               if(parser->infix_parser == NULL)
+               if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
                        break;
-               if(parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
+               if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
                        break;
 
                left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
@@ -6704,7 +7211,7 @@ static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
 {
        expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
 
-       if(entry->parser != NULL) {
+       if (entry->parser != NULL) {
                diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
                panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
        }
@@ -6724,7 +7231,7 @@ static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
 {
        expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
 
-       if(entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
+       if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
                diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
                panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
                      "token");
@@ -6749,13 +7256,13 @@ static void init_expression_parsers(void)
        register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
                                                              T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
 
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              15);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              15);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              17);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              17);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              17);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              16);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              16);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       15);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 15);
        register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
        register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
        register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
@@ -6806,42 +7313,49 @@ static void init_expression_parsers(void)
 }
 
 /**
- * Parse a asm statement constraints specification.
+ * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
  */
-static asm_constraint_t *parse_asm_constraints(void)
+static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
 {
-       asm_constraint_t *result = NULL;
-       asm_constraint_t *last   = NULL;
+       asm_argument_t *result = NULL;
+       asm_argument_t *last   = NULL;
 
-       while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
-               asm_constraint_t *constraint = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(constraint[0]));
-               memset(constraint, 0, sizeof(constraint[0]));
+       while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
+               asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
+               memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
 
-               if(token.type == '[') {
+               if (token.type == '[') {
                        eat('[');
-                       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-                               parse_error_expected("while parsing asm constraint",
-                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+                       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+                               parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
+                                                    T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                                return NULL;
                        }
-                       constraint->symbol = token.v.symbol;
+                       argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
 
                        expect(']');
                }
 
-               constraint->constraints = parse_string_literals();
+               argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
                expect('(');
-               constraint->expression = parse_expression();
+               expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
+               argument->expression     = expression;
+               if (is_out && !is_lvalue(expression)) {
+                       errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                              "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
+               }
                expect(')');
 
-               if(last != NULL) {
-                       last->next = constraint;
+               set_address_taken(expression, true);
+
+               if (last != NULL) {
+                       last->next = argument;
                } else {
-                       result = constraint;
+                       result = argument;
                }
-               last = constraint;
+               last = argument;
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                eat(',');
        }
@@ -6863,14 +7377,14 @@ static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
                asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
                clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
 
-               if(last != NULL) {
+               if (last != NULL) {
                        last->next = clobber;
                } else {
                        result = clobber;
                }
                last = clobber;
 
-               if(token.type != ',')
+               if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                eat(',');
        }
@@ -6890,7 +7404,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
 
        asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
 
-       if(token.type == T_volatile) {
+       if (token.type == T_volatile) {
                next_token();
                asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
        }
@@ -6900,21 +7414,21 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
        add_anchor_token(':');
        asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
 
-       if(token.type != ':') {
+       if (token.type != ':') {
                rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
        }
        eat(':');
 
-       asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_constraints();
-       if(token.type != ':') {
+       asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
+       if (token.type != ':') {
                rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
        }
        eat(':');
 
-       asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_constraints();
-       if(token.type != ':') {
+       asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
+       if (token.type != ':') {
                rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
        }
@@ -7038,7 +7552,7 @@ static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
        assert(current_function != NULL);
        /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
         * declaration */
-       if(candidate != NULL
+       if (candidate != NULL
                        && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
                return candidate;
        }
@@ -7066,7 +7580,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
 
        /* if source position is already set then the label is defined twice,
         * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto so far */
-       if(label->source_position.input_name != NULL) {
+       if (label->source_position.input_name != NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
                       symbol, &label->source_position);
        } else {
@@ -7080,9 +7594,9 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
 
        eat(':');
 
-       if(token.type == '}') {
+       if (token.type == '}') {
                /* TODO only warn? */
-               if(false) {
+               if (false) {
                        warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
                        statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
                } else {
@@ -7133,7 +7647,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
        statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
        rem_anchor_token(T_else);
 
-       if(token.type == T_else) {
+       if (token.type == T_else) {
                next_token();
                statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
        }
@@ -7171,7 +7685,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
        statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
        current_switch          = rem;
 
-       if(warning.switch_default &&
+       if (warning.switch_default &&
           find_default_label(&statement->switchs) == NULL) {
                warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
        }
@@ -7260,8 +7774,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
 
-       if(token.type != ';') {
-               if(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
+       if (token.type != ';') {
+               if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
                        parse_declaration(record_declaration);
                } else {
                        add_anchor_token(';');
@@ -7278,13 +7792,13 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
                expect(';');
        }
 
-       if(token.type != ';') {
+       if (token.type != ';') {
                add_anchor_token(';');
                statement->fors.condition = parse_expression();
                rem_anchor_token(';');
        }
        expect(';');
-       if(token.type != ')') {
+       if (token.type != ')') {
                expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
                statement->fors.step = step;
                if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
@@ -7318,10 +7832,10 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
 {
        eat(T_goto);
 
-       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                eat_statement();
-               return NULL;
+               goto end_error;
        }
        symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
        next_token();
@@ -7356,7 +7870,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
        statement_t *statement;
        if (current_loop == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
-               statement = NULL;
+               statement = create_invalid_statement();
        } else {
                statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
 
@@ -7379,7 +7893,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
        statement_t *statement;
        if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
-               statement = NULL;
+               statement = create_invalid_statement();
        } else {
                statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
 
@@ -7394,6 +7908,29 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a __leave statement.
+ */
+static statement_t *parse_leave(void)
+{
+       statement_t *statement;
+       if (current_try == NULL) {
+               errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
+               statement = create_invalid_statement();
+       } else {
+               statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
+
+               statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       }
+
+       eat(T___leave);
+       expect(';');
+
+       return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
+}
+
 /**
  * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
  */
@@ -7402,7 +7939,7 @@ static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
        case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
                const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-               if(is_type_function(type)) {
+               if (is_type_function(type)) {
                        return false;
                } else {
                        return true;
@@ -7417,7 +7954,7 @@ static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
  */
 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
-       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
                return false;
 
        const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
@@ -7462,7 +7999,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
        eat(T_return);
 
        expression_t *return_value = NULL;
-       if(token.type != ';') {
+       if (token.type != ';') {
                return_value = parse_expression();
        }
        expect(';');
@@ -7471,27 +8008,23 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
        assert(is_type_function(func_type));
        type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
 
-       if(return_value != NULL) {
+       if (return_value != NULL) {
                type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
 
-               if(is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
+               if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
                                && !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
                                 "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
                        return_value = NULL;
                } else {
-                       type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(return_type,
-                               return_value, "'return'", &statement->base.source_position);
-                       if (res_type == NULL) {
-                               errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                      "cannot return something of type '%T' in function returning '%T'",
-                                      return_value->base.type, return_type);
-                       } else {
-                               return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, res_type);
-                       }
+                       assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
+                       report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
+                                           &statement->base.source_position);
+                       return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
                }
                /* check for returning address of a local var */
-               if (return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+               if (return_value != NULL &&
+                               return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
                        const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
                        if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
                                warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
@@ -7499,7 +8032,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
                        }
                }
        } else {
-               if(!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+               if (!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
                                 "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
                }
@@ -7523,7 +8056,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
        declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
        parse_declaration(record_declaration);
 
-       if(before == NULL) {
+       if (before == NULL) {
                statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
        } else {
                statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
@@ -7544,10 +8077,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
        expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
        statement->expression.expression = expr;
 
-       if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(expr)) {
-               warningf(&expr->base.source_position, "statement has no effect");
-       }
-
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
@@ -7555,12 +8084,58 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
+ * __try{ } __except() { }
+ */
+static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void) {
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
+
+       statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
+       eat(T___try);
+
+       ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
+       current_try = &statement->ms_try;
+       statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
+       current_try = rem;
+
+       if (token.type == T___except) {
+               eat(T___except);
+               expect('(');
+               add_anchor_token(')');
+               expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
+               type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
+               if (is_type_integer(type)) {
+                       type = promote_integer(type);
+               } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                              "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
+                       type = type_error_type;
+               }
+               statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
+               rem_anchor_token(')');
+               expect(')');
+               statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
+       } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
+               eat(T___finally);
+               statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
+       } else {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
+               return create_invalid_statement();
+       }
+       return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse a statement.
+ * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
+ * "statement has no effect" warnings
  */
-static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
+static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
 {
-       statement_t   *statement = NULL;
+       statement_t *statement = NULL;
 
        /* declaration or statement */
        add_anchor_token(';');
@@ -7578,11 +8153,11 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                break;
 
        case '{':
-               statement = parse_compound_statement();
+               statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
                break;
 
        case T_if:
-               statement = parse_if();
+               statement = parse_if ();
                break;
 
        case T_switch:
@@ -7613,12 +8188,16 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                statement = parse_break();
                break;
 
+       case T___leave:
+               statement = parse_leave();
+               break;
+
        case T_return:
                statement = parse_return();
                break;
 
        case ';':
-               if(warning.empty_statement) {
+               if (warning.empty_statement) {
                        warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
                }
                statement = create_empty_statement();
@@ -7626,12 +8205,12 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                break;
 
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               if(look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
+               if (look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
                        statement = parse_label_statement();
                        break;
                }
 
-               if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
+               if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        statement = parse_declaration_statement();
                        break;
                }
@@ -7652,6 +8231,10 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                statement = parse_declaration_statement();
                break;
 
+       case T___try:
+               statement = parse_ms_try_statment();
+               break;
+
        default:
                statement = parse_expression_statement();
                break;
@@ -7664,10 +8247,31 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
        return statement;
 }
 
+/**
+ * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
+ * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
+ *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
+ *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
+ */
+static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
+{
+       statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
+
+       if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
+               expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
+               if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
+                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                       "statement has no effect");
+               }
+       }
+
+       return statement;
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse a compound statement.
  */
-static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
+static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
 
@@ -7683,15 +8287,15 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
        statement_t *last_statement = NULL;
 
        while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
-               statement_t *sub_statement = parse_statement();
-               if(is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
+               statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
+               if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
                        /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
-                       if(at_anchor())
+                       if (at_anchor())
                                goto end_error;
                        continue;
                }
 
-               if(last_statement != NULL) {
+               if (last_statement != NULL) {
                        last_statement->base.next = sub_statement;
                } else {
                        statement->compound.statements = sub_statement;
@@ -7703,13 +8307,32 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
                last_statement = sub_statement;
        }
 
-       if(token.type == '}') {
+       if (token.type == '}') {
                next_token();
        } else {
                errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                       "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
        }
 
+       /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
+       if (warning.unused_value) {
+               statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
+               for( ; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
+                       if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
+                               continue;
+                       /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
+                        * statement as it has always an effect */
+                       if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
+                               continue;
+
+                       expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
+                       if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
+                               warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                        "statement has no effect");
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
 end_error:
        rem_anchor_token('}');
        assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
@@ -7748,7 +8371,9 @@ static void check_unused_globals(void)
                return;
 
        for (const declaration_t *decl = global_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
-               if (decl->used || decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
+               if (decl->used                ||
+                   decl->modifiers & DM_USED ||
+                   decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
                        continue;
 
                type_t *const type = decl->type;
@@ -7770,40 +8395,45 @@ static void check_unused_globals(void)
        }
 }
 
-/**
- * Parse a translation unit.
- */
-static translation_unit_t *parse_translation_unit(void)
+static void parse_global_asm(void)
 {
-       translation_unit_t *unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
+       eat(T_asm);
+       expect('(');
 
-       assert(global_scope == NULL);
-       global_scope = &unit->scope;
+       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
+       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       statement->asms.asm_text        = parse_string_literals();
+       statement->base.next            = unit->global_asm;
+       unit->global_asm                = statement;
 
-       assert(scope == NULL);
-       set_scope(&unit->scope);
+       expect(')');
+       expect(';');
 
-       initialize_builtin_types();
+end_error:;
+}
 
+/**
+ * Parse a translation unit.
+ */
+static void parse_translation_unit(void)
+{
        while(token.type != T_EOF) {
-               if (token.type == ';') {
-                       /* TODO error in strict mode */
-                       warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
-                       next_token();
-               } else {
-                       parse_external_declaration();
-               }
-       }
-
-       assert(scope == &unit->scope);
-       scope          = NULL;
-       last_declaration = NULL;
+               switch (token.type) {
+                       case ';':
+                               /* TODO error in strict mode */
+                               warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
+                               next_token();
+                               break;
 
-       assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
-       check_unused_globals();
-       global_scope = NULL;
+                       case T_asm:
+                               parse_global_asm();
+                               break;
 
-       return unit;
+                       default:
+                               parse_external_declaration();
+                               break;
+               }
+       }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -7811,7 +8441,7 @@ static translation_unit_t *parse_translation_unit(void)
  *
  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
  */
-translation_unit_t *parse(void)
+void start_parsing(void)
 {
        environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
        label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
@@ -7822,16 +8452,43 @@ translation_unit_t *parse(void)
        type_set_output(stderr);
        ast_set_output(stderr);
 
-       lookahead_bufpos = 0;
-       for(int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
-               next_token();
-       }
-       translation_unit_t *unit = parse_translation_unit();
+       assert(unit == NULL);
+       unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
+
+       assert(global_scope == NULL);
+       global_scope = &unit->scope;
+
+       assert(scope == NULL);
+       set_scope(&unit->scope);
+
+       initialize_builtin_types();
+}
+
+translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
+{
+       assert(scope == &unit->scope);
+       scope          = NULL;
+       last_declaration = NULL;
+
+       assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
+       check_unused_globals();
+       global_scope = NULL;
 
        DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
        DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
 
-       return unit;
+       translation_unit_t *result = unit;
+       unit = NULL;
+       return result;
+}
+
+void parse(void)
+{
+       lookahead_bufpos = 0;
+       for(int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
+               next_token();
+       }
+       parse_translation_unit();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -7839,7 +8496,7 @@ translation_unit_t *parse(void)
  */
 void init_parser(void)
 {
-       if(c_mode & _MS) {
+       if (c_mode & _MS) {
                /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
                sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
                sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");