- change enum to have an underlying atomic type
[cparser] / parser.c
index da8b73d..cca652e 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ struct argument_list_t {
 
 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
 struct gnu_attribute_t {
-       gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;           /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
+       gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;          /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
        gnu_attribute_t     *next;
-       bool                 invalid;        /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
-       bool                 have_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
+       bool                 invalid;       /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
+       bool                 has_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
        union {
                size_t              value;
                string_t            string;
-               atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
+               symbol_t           *symbol;
                long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
                argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
        } u;
@@ -150,24 +150,25 @@ static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 
 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
-static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_align         = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_allocate      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_naked         = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noinline      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_returns_twice = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow       = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_novtable      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_property      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_get           = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_put           = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_selectany     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_thread        = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_uuid          = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated    = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_restrict      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noalias       = NULL;
 
 /** The token anchor set */
 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
@@ -247,6 +248,7 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
        case T_union:             \
        case T_unsigned:          \
        case T_void:              \
+       case T_wchar_t:           \
        COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
        IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 
@@ -379,7 +381,6 @@ static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
                [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
-               [STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL] = sizeof(local_label_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
@@ -578,14 +579,6 @@ static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
        return result;
 }
 
-/**
- * Free a type from the type obstack.
- */
-static void free_type(void *type)
-{
-       obstack_free(type_obst, type);
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
  */
@@ -756,7 +749,7 @@ static void eat_block(void)
                next_token();
 }
 
-#define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == (token_type)); next_token(); } while (0)
+#define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 
 /**
  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
@@ -791,7 +784,7 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
  * and goto the end_error label.
  */
-#define expect(expected)                                  \
+#define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
        do {                                                  \
                if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
                        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
@@ -800,7 +793,7 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
                        if (token.type == expected)                   \
                                next_token();                             \
                        rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
-                       goto end_error;                               \
+                       goto error_label;                             \
                }                                                 \
                next_token();                                     \
        } while (0)
@@ -976,13 +969,8 @@ static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 {
        assert(!is_typeref(type));
-       /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
-        * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
-        * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
-        * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
-        *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
        if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
-               return get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT);
+               return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 
        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
        return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
@@ -1030,21 +1018,18 @@ static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        /* skip void* cast */
-       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
-                       || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
-               expression = expression->unary.value;
+       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
+                       expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
+               type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+               if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
+                       expression = expression->unary.value;
        }
 
-       /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
-        * which evaluates to 0 */
-       if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
-               return false;
-
        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
-       if (!is_type_integer(type))
-               return false;
-
-       return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
+       return
+               is_type_integer(type)              &&
+               is_constant_expression(expression) &&
+               fold_constant(expression) == 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1240,6 +1225,7 @@ static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
        [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
        [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
        [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
+       [GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE]          = "returns_twice",
        [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
        [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
        [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
@@ -1325,7 +1311,7 @@ static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
        attribute->kind            = kind;
        attribute->next            = NULL;
        attribute->invalid         = false;
-       attribute->have_arguments  = false;
+       attribute->has_arguments   = false;
 
        return attribute;
 }
@@ -1339,7 +1325,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression = parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
        return;
 end_error:
@@ -1369,7 +1355,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1389,7 +1375,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
        }
        *string = parse_string_literals();
        rem_anchor_token('(');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1474,39 +1460,17 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
-       /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
-
-       /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
-        * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
        add_anchor_token(')');
 
        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
+               expect(T_IDENTIFIER, end_error);
        }
 
-       /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
-        * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
-       const char *symbol_str = token.v.symbol->string;
-       if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
-           strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
-               || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
-               || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
-       } else {
-               if (warning.other)
-                       warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
-               attribute->invalid = true;
-       }
+       attribute->u.symbol = token.v.symbol;
        next_token();
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1566,18 +1530,18 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        }
        next_token();
 
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        add_anchor_token(',');
        parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
 
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->u.value = true;
@@ -1588,7 +1552,7 @@ end_error:
  */
 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
 {
-       if (!attribute->have_arguments)
+       if (!attribute->has_arguments)
                return;
 
        /* should have no arguments */
@@ -1683,8 +1647,8 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
 
        eat(T___attribute__);
-       expect('(');
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
+       expect('(', end_error);
 
        if (token.type != ')') {
                /* find the end of the list */
@@ -1738,7 +1702,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                                /* empty args are allowed */
                                                next_token();
                                        } else
-                                               attribute->have_arguments = true;
+                                               attribute->has_arguments = true;
                                }
 
                                switch (kind) {
@@ -1787,6 +1751,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE:     modifiers |= DM_RETURNS_TWICE;     goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
@@ -1796,7 +1761,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 
                                case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
                                        /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        }
                                        break;
@@ -1804,7 +1769,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
                                case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
                                case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1814,7 +1779,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
                                case GNU_AK_SECTION:
                                case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1822,7 +1787,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1831,29 +1796,29 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_MODEL:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else {
@@ -1861,7 +1826,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        }
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_MODE:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else {
@@ -1870,12 +1835,12 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_LAST:
@@ -1900,8 +1865,8 @@ no_arg:
                        next_token();
                }
        }
-       expect(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(')', end_error);
 end_error:
        *attributes = head;
 
@@ -1923,7 +1888,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 
                case T_asm:
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
                                                     T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
@@ -1932,7 +1897,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                        } else {
                                parse_string_literals();
                        }
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                        continue;
 
                case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
@@ -2200,7 +2165,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                        add_anchor_token(']');
                        designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
                        rem_anchor_token(']');
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                        break;
                case '.':
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
@@ -2215,7 +2180,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                        next_token();
                        break;
                default:
-                       expect('=');
+                       expect('=', end_error);
                        return result;
                }
 
@@ -2773,15 +2738,16 @@ finish_designator:
 
                                if (type != NULL) {
                                        ascend_from_subtype(path);
-                                       expect('}');
+                                       expect('}', end_error);
                                } else {
-                                       expect('}');
+                                       expect('}', end_error);
                                        goto error_parse_next;
                                }
                        }
                } else {
                        /* must be an expression */
                        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
+                       mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
 
                        if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
@@ -2869,7 +2835,7 @@ error_parse_next:
                if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
-               expect(',');
+               expect(',', end_error);
                if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
@@ -2911,9 +2877,9 @@ end_error:
  */
 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
 {
-       type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
-       initializer_t *result = NULL;
-       size_t         max_index;
+       type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
+       size_t         max_index = 0xdeadbeaf;   // TODO: Resolve this uninitialized variable problem
+       initializer_t *result;
 
        if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
@@ -2934,20 +2900,21 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
                max_index = path.max_index;
                DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
 
-               expect('}');
+               expect('}', end_error);
        } else {
                /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
                 * have an expression without {} around it */
                result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
        }
 
-       /* § 6.7.8 (22) array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
+       /* § 6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
         * the array type size */
        if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
                        && result != NULL) {
                size_t size;
                switch (result->kind) {
                case INITIALIZER_LIST:
+                       assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
                        size = max_index + 1;
                        break;
 
@@ -3027,8 +2994,8 @@ static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
                        compound = &entity->compound;
                        if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
                            (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
-                               /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Override
-                                  existing definition in outer scope */
+                               /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
+                                * existing definition in outer scope */
                                compound = NULL;
                        } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
                                assert(symbol != NULL);
@@ -3124,7 +3091,7 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
        } while (token.type != '}');
        rem_anchor_token('}');
 
-       expect('}');
+       expect('}', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        ;
@@ -3142,7 +3109,18 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
                next_token();
 
                entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
-               assert(entity == NULL || entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
+               if (entity != NULL) {
+                       assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
+                       if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
+                                       (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
+                               /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
+                                * existing definition in outer scope */
+                               entity = NULL;
+                       } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
+                                               symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
+                       }
+               }
        } else if (token.type != '{') {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
                                     T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
@@ -3162,12 +3140,9 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
 
        type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
        type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
+       type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
 
        if (token.type == '{') {
-               if (entity->enume.complete) {
-                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y (previous definition %P)",
-                              symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
-               }
                if (symbol != NULL) {
                        environment_push(entity);
                }
@@ -3182,7 +3157,7 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
                        anonymous_entity = entity;
                }
        } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "enum %Y used before definition (incomplete enumes are a GNU extension)",
+               errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
                       symbol);
        }
 
@@ -3204,7 +3179,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
 
        type_t *type;
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
 
        expression_t *expression  = NULL;
@@ -3241,7 +3216,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
        in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
        typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
@@ -3259,18 +3234,19 @@ typedef enum specifiers_t {
        SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
        SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
        SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
-       SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
-       SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
-       SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
-       SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
-       SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
-       SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
-       SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
-       SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
-       SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
-       SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
-       SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
-       SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
+       SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
+       SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
+       SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
+       SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
+       SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
+       SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
+       SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
+       SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
+       SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
+       SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
+       SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
+       SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
+       SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
 } specifiers_t;
 
 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
@@ -3279,13 +3255,7 @@ static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
        type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
        type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
        type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
-
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (type != result) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
@@ -3337,7 +3307,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
                if (symbol == sym_align) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
                                goto end_error;
                        if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
@@ -3346,14 +3316,14 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
                        }
                        next_token();
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                goto end_error;
                        (void)token.v.symbol;
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
@@ -3369,6 +3339,9 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
+               } else if (symbol == sym_returns_twice) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(returns_twice, DM_RETURNS_TWICE);
                } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
@@ -3380,7 +3353,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                        DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
                } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        for (;;) {
                                bool is_get = false;
                                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
@@ -3393,7 +3366,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                        goto end_error;
                                }
                                next_token();
-                               expect('=');
+                               expect('=', end_error);
                                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                        goto end_error;
                                if (is_get) {
@@ -3416,17 +3389,17 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                }
                                break;
                        }
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
                } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
                                goto end_error;
                        next_token();
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
                        next_token();
                        if (specifiers->deprecated != 0 && warning.other)
@@ -3440,14 +3413,14 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                } else {
                                        errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
                                }
-                               expect(')');
+                               expect(')', end_error);
                        }
                } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
                } else {
                        if (warning.other)
-                               warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
+                               warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier '%Y' ignored", token.v.symbol);
                        next_token();
                        if (token.type == '(')
                                skip_until(')');
@@ -3469,9 +3442,11 @@ static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
                entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
                entity->declaration.implicit = true;
        } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
-               entity->typedefe.type = type_error_type;
+               entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
+               entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
        }
-       record_entity(entity, false);
+       if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
+               record_entity(entity, false);
        return entity;
 }
 
@@ -3556,14 +3531,15 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type)
        if (offset > size)
                need_pad = true;
 
-       if (warning.padded && need_pad) {
-               warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
-                       "'%#T' needs padding", type, compound->base.symbol);
-       }
-       if (warning.packed && !need_pad) {
-               warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
-                       "superfluous packed attribute on '%#T'",
-                       type, compound->base.symbol);
+       if (need_pad) {
+               if (warning.padded) {
+                       warningf(&compound->base.source_position, "'%T' needs padding", type);
+               }
+       } else {
+               if (compound->modifiers & DM_PACKED && warning.packed) {
+                       warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
+                                       "superfluous packed attribute on '%T'", type);
+               }
        }
 
        type->base.size      = offset;
@@ -3608,6 +3584,78 @@ static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type)
        type->base.alignment = alignment;
 }
 
+static type_t *handle_attribute_mode(const gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
+                                     type_t *orig_type)
+{
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
+       /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
+        * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
+
+       /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
+        * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
+       const char         *symbol_str = attribute->u.symbol->string;
+       bool                sign       = is_type_signed(type);
+       atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
+       if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
+           strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR : ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT : ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_INT : ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG : ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
+       } else {
+               if (warning.other)
+                       warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
+               return orig_type;
+       }
+
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
+               type_t *copy       = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->atomic.akind = akind;
+               return identify_new_type(copy);
+       } else if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM) {
+               type_t *copy      = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->enumt.akind = akind;
+               return identify_new_type(copy);
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
+               warningf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) on pointers not implemented yet (ignored)");
+               return type;
+       }
+
+       errorf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) only allowed on integer, enum or pointer type");
+       return orig_type;
+}
+
+static type_t *handle_type_attributes(const gnu_attribute_t *attributes,
+                                      type_t *type)
+{
+       const gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
+       for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
+               if (attribute->invalid)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
+                       type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
+               } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
+                       int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum useful alignment for
+                                              target machine */
+                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
+                               alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+
+                       type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
+                       copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+                       type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
+               }
+       }
+
+       return type;
+}
+
 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
        type_t            *type              = NULL;
@@ -3623,8 +3671,6 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
        while (true) {
                specifiers->modifiers
                        |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
-               if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
-                       modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
 
                switch (token.type) {
                /* storage class */
@@ -3647,11 +3693,11 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 
                case T__declspec:
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        add_anchor_token(')');
                        parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
                        rem_anchor_token(')');
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                        break;
 
                case T___thread:
@@ -3727,6 +3773,7 @@ wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
 
                case T__forceinline:
                        /* only in microsoft mode */
@@ -3844,6 +3891,9 @@ wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
        }
 
 finish_specifiers:
+       specifiers->modifiers
+               |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
+
        in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
 
        if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
@@ -3854,6 +3904,9 @@ finish_specifiers:
                case SPECIFIER_VOID:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
                        break;
+               case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
+                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
+                       break;
                case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
                        break;
@@ -4015,9 +4068,13 @@ warn_about_long_long:
                        type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
                        type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
                } else {
-                       type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
-                       type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
+                       type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
+                       type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
                }
+               type->base.alignment = get_atomic_type_alignment(atomic_type);
+               unsigned const size  = get_atomic_type_size(atomic_type);
+               type->base.size      =
+                       type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX ? size * 2 : size;
                newtype = true;
        } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
                errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
@@ -4025,15 +4082,15 @@ warn_about_long_long:
 
        /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
 
+       if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+               modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
        type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
        type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (newtype && result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
+       type = identify_new_type(type);
 
-       specifiers->type = result;
+       type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->gnu_attributes, type);
+       specifiers->type = type;
        return;
 
 end_error:
@@ -4077,7 +4134,8 @@ static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
                /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
                next_token();
 
-               append_entity(scope, entity);
+               if (scope != NULL)
+                       append_entity(scope, entity);
 
                if (token.type != ',') {
                        break;
@@ -4110,7 +4168,7 @@ static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
        if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
                errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
-                      "parameter '%Y' has incomplete type %T", entity->base.symbol,
+                      "parameter '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'", entity->base.symbol,
                       entity->declaration.type);
        }
 }
@@ -4129,7 +4187,8 @@ static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
            !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
                if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
-                       type->kr_style_parameters = true;
+                       type->kr_style_parameters    = true;
+                       type->unspecified_parameters = true;
                        parse_identifier_list(scope);
                        goto parameters_finished;
                }
@@ -4202,7 +4261,7 @@ static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
 
 parameters_finished:
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
@@ -4306,11 +4365,13 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
                array->is_variable = true;
                next_token();
        } else if (token.type != ']') {
-               array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
+               expression_t *const size = parse_assignment_expression();
+               array->size = size;
+               mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
        }
 
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       expect(']');
+       expect(']', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return &array->construct_type;
@@ -4392,11 +4453,11 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env,
 
                        case T__based:
                                next_token();
-                               expect('(');
+                               expect('(', end_error);
                                add_anchor_token(')');
                                parse_microsoft_based(&base_spec);
                                rem_anchor_token(')');
-                               expect(')');
+                               expect(')', end_error);
                                continue;
 
                        default:
@@ -4438,15 +4499,20 @@ ptr_operator_end:
                next_token();
                break;
        case '(':
-               next_token();
-               add_anchor_token(')');
-               inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env, may_be_abstract);
-               if (inner_types != NULL) {
-                       /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
-                       env = NULL;
+               /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
+                * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
+                * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
+               if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
+                       next_token();
+                       add_anchor_token(')');
+                       inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env, may_be_abstract);
+                       if (inner_types != NULL) {
+                               /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
+                               env = NULL;
+                       }
+                       rem_anchor_token(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                }
-               rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
                break;
        default:
                if (may_be_abstract)
@@ -4524,34 +4590,28 @@ static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
        if (type == NULL)
                return;
 
-       /* handle these strange/stupid mode attributes */
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
        for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
-               if (attribute->kind != GNU_AK_MODE || attribute->invalid)
+               if (attribute->invalid)
                        continue;
 
-               atomic_type_kind_t  akind = attribute->u.akind;
-               if (!is_type_signed(type)) {
-                       switch (akind) {
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG; break;
-                       default:
-                               panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       switch (akind) {
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG; break;
-                       default:
-                               panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
+               if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
+                       type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
+               } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
+                       int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum usefull alignment for target machine */
+                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
+                               alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                               type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
+                               copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+                               type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
+                       } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+                               entity->variable.alignment = alignment;
+                       } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
+                               entity->compound_member.alignment = alignment;
                        }
                }
-
-               type = make_atomic_type(akind, type->base.qualifiers);
        }
 
        type_modifiers_t type_modifiers = type->base.modifiers;
@@ -4559,13 +4619,9 @@ static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
                type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
 
        if (type->base.modifiers != type_modifiers) {
-               type_t *copy = duplicate_type(type);
+               type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
                copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
-
-               type = typehash_insert(copy);
-               if (type != copy) {
-                       obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
-               }
+               type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
        }
 
        if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
@@ -4593,7 +4649,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                        function_type->function.return_type = type;
 
                        type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
-                       /* §6.7.5.3(1) */
+                       /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
                        if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
                        } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
@@ -4655,7 +4711,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                        }
 
                        type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
-                       /* §6.7.5.2(1) */
+                       /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
                        if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
                        } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
@@ -4666,14 +4722,12 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                }
                }
 
-               type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
-               if (hashed_type != type) {
-                       /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
-                        * destroy other types... */
-                       if (iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
-                               free_type(type);
-                       }
-                       type = hashed_type;
+               /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
+                * destroy other types. */
+               if (iter->kind == CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
+                       type = typehash_insert(type);
+               } else {
+                       type = identify_new_type(type);
                }
        }
 
@@ -4758,19 +4812,21 @@ static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
                if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
                        entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
 
-                       if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
-                               errorf(&env.source_position,
-                                               "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
-                       }
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
+                               }
 
-                       if (specifiers->thread_local ||
-                               specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-                               errorf(&env.source_position,
-                                          "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
-                                          env.symbol);
+                               if (specifiers->thread_local ||
+                                               specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
+                                                       env.symbol);
+                               }
                        }
                } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
-                       orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, type,
+                       orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
                                                       specifiers, env.symbol);
 
                        entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
@@ -4780,52 +4836,56 @@ static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
                        entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
                        entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
 
-                       if (specifiers->thread_local || (
-                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
-                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
-                          ) {
-                               errorf(&env.source_position,
-                                          "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->thread_local || (
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
+                                               )) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
+                               }
                        }
                } else {
                        entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
 
                        entity->variable.get_property_sym = specifiers->get_property_sym;
                        entity->variable.put_property_sym = specifiers->put_property_sym;
-                       if (specifiers->alignment != 0) {
-                               /* TODO: add checks here */
-                               entity->variable.alignment = specifiers->alignment;
-                       }
-
-                       if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
-                               errorf(&env.source_position,
-                                          "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
-                       }
 
                        entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
 
-                       bool invalid_storage_class = false;
-                       if (current_scope == file_scope) {
-                               if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-                                               specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
-                                               specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-                                       invalid_storage_class = true;
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
                                }
-                       } else {
-                               if (specifiers->thread_local &&
-                                               specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-                                       invalid_storage_class = true;
+
+                               bool invalid_storage_class = false;
+                               if (current_scope == file_scope) {
+                                       if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                                               invalid_storage_class = true;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if (specifiers->thread_local &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                               invalid_storage_class = true;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if (invalid_storage_class) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
                                }
-                       }
-                       if (invalid_storage_class) {
-                               errorf(&env.source_position,
-                                               "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
                        }
                }
 
-               entity->base.source_position          = env.source_position;
-               entity->base.symbol                   = env.symbol;
+               if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                       entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
+                       entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
+               } else {
+                       entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
+               }
                entity->base.namespc                  = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
                entity->declaration.type              = orig_type;
                entity->declaration.modifiers         = env.modifiers;
@@ -5169,7 +5229,7 @@ finish:
 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
                const source_position_t *source_position)
 {
-       errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
+       errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
               entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
 }
 
@@ -5230,7 +5290,7 @@ static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
        current_init_decl = NULL;
 
        if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
-               /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
+               /* § 6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
                 * determine the array type size */
                declaration->type            = env.type;
                entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
@@ -5338,7 +5398,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
                ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
                rem_anchor_token('=');
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        anonymous_entity = NULL;
@@ -5364,7 +5424,7 @@ static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
        }
 
        if (is_definition) {
-               errorf(HERE, "parameter %Y is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
+               errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
        }
 
        return record_entity(entity, false);
@@ -5497,12 +5557,9 @@ decl_list_end:
        new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
        new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
 
-       type = typehash_insert(new_type);
-       if (type != new_type) {
-               obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
-       }
+       new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
 
-       entity->declaration.type = type;
+       entity->declaration.type = new_type;
 
        rem_anchor_token('{');
 }
@@ -5561,9 +5618,10 @@ static void check_labels(void)
        }
 }
 
-static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *end)
+static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
 {
-       for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
+       entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
+       for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (!is_declaration(entity))
                        continue;
 
@@ -5582,9 +5640,6 @@ static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *end)
                        warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
                                 what, entity->base.symbol);
                }
-
-               if (entity == end)
-                       break;
        }
 }
 
@@ -5637,6 +5692,7 @@ static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
 }
 
 static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
+static bool reaches_end;
 
 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
 {
@@ -5681,10 +5737,14 @@ static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
                case EXPR_INVALID:
                        return true;
 
-               case EXPR_STATEMENT:
+               case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
+                       bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
+                       reaches_end = false;
                        check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
-                       // TODO check if statement can be left
-                       return true;
+                       bool returns = reaches_end;
+                       reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
+                       return returns;
+               }
 
                case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
                        // TODO handle constant expression
@@ -5770,7 +5830,6 @@ static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
        switch (stmt->kind) {
                case STATEMENT_INVALID:
                case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
-               case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
                case STATEMENT_ASM:
                        next = stmt->base.next;
                        break;
@@ -5796,6 +5855,8 @@ static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
 
                case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
                        next = stmt->compound.statements;
+                       if (next == NULL)
+                               next = stmt->base.next;
                        break;
 
                case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
@@ -6020,6 +6081,9 @@ found_break_parent:
                        }
                        break;
                }
+
+               default:
+                       panic("invalid statement kind");
        }
 
        while (next == NULL) {
@@ -6044,7 +6108,6 @@ found_break_parent:
                        case STATEMENT_INVALID:
                        case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
                        case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
-                       case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
                        case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
                        case STATEMENT_ASM:
                        case STATEMENT_RETURN:
@@ -6055,6 +6118,11 @@ found_break_parent:
                                panic("invalid control flow in function");
 
                        case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
+                               if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
+                                       reaches_end = true;
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
                        case STATEMENT_IF:
                        case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
                        case STATEMENT_LABEL:
@@ -6206,13 +6274,15 @@ static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
                        declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
                        entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
                        entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
-                       for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
-                               if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
-                                               ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
-                                       goto warn_unreachable;
+                       if (ent != NULL) {
+                               for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
+                                       if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
+                                                       ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
+                                               goto warn_unreachable;
+                                       }
+                                       if (ent == last)
+                                               return;
                                }
-                               if (ent == last)
-                                       return;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -6299,18 +6369,15 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                        ndeclaration->base.symbol);
        }
 
-       /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
+       /* § 6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
         * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
-       if (type->function.unspecified_parameters
-                       && type->function.parameters == NULL
-                       && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
-               type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
-               duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
+       if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
+                       type->function.parameters == NULL     &&
+                       !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
+               type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
+               type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
 
-               type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
-               if (type != duplicate) {
-                       obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
-               }
                ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
        }
 
@@ -6475,53 +6542,58 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
                        entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                        entity->declaration.modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
                        entity->declaration.type                   = type;
+                       append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
                } else {
                        entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
                                        DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
-                       assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
-
-                       if (token.type == ':') {
-                               source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
-                               next_token();
-                               expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
-
-                               type_t *type = entity->declaration.type;
-                               type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
-                                               &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
-                               entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
-                       }
-               }
-
-               /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
-               symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
-               if (symbol != NULL) {
-                       entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
-
-                       if (prev != NULL) {
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
                                errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
-                                      "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                      symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
-                       }
-               }
+                                               "typedef not allowed as compound member");
+                       } else {
+                               assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+
+                               /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
+                               symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
+                               if (symbol != NULL) {
+                                       entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
+                                       if (prev != NULL) {
+                                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                               "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
+                                       }
+                               }
 
-               append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
+                               if (token.type == ':') {
+                                       source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
+                                       next_token();
+                                       expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-               type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
-               type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-               if (is_type_function(type)) {
-                       errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
-                                       "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
-                                       entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
-               } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
-                       /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
-                       if (is_type_array(type) &&
-                                       token.type == ';'   &&
-                                       look_ahead(1)->type == '}') {
-                               compound->has_flexible_member = true;
-                       } else {
-                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
-                                               "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
-                                               entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
+                                       type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
+                                       type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
+                                                       &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
+                                       entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
+                               } else {
+                                       type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
+                                       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                                       if (is_type_function(type)) {
+                                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                               "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
+                                                               entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
+                                       } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
+                                               /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
+                                               if (is_type_array(type) &&
+                                                               token.type == ';'   &&
+                                                               look_ahead(1)->type == '}') {
+                                                       compound->has_flexible_member = true;
+                                               } else {
+                                                       errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                                       "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
+                                                                       entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+
+                               append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
                        }
                }
 
@@ -6529,7 +6601,7 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        anonymous_entity = NULL;
@@ -6585,7 +6657,7 @@ typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
 struct expression_parser_function_t {
        parse_expression_function        parser;
-       unsigned                         infix_precedence;
+       precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
        parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
 };
 
@@ -6745,11 +6817,8 @@ static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
        type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
        ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
-
-       type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
-       if (type != ntype) {
-               free_type(ntype);
-       }
+       ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
+       type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
 
        entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
        entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
@@ -6789,12 +6858,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6815,12 +6879,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = parameter;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
@@ -6829,12 +6888,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = NULL;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6866,7 +6920,7 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
        case T___builtin_expect:
                return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
        default:
-               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
+               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin identifier found");
        }
 }
 
@@ -6916,13 +6970,14 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                        assert(is_declaration(entity));
                        type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
                        return get_qualified_type(type,
-                                                 expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
+                                       expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
                }
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
                        const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
                        type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
-                       assert(is_type_pointer(type));
+                       if (!is_type_pointer(type))
+                               return type_error_type;
                        return type->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
@@ -6932,9 +6987,8 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
                        const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
                        type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
-                       if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
-                               return type_left;
-                       assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
+                       if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
+                               return type_error_type;
                        return type_left->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
@@ -6951,10 +7005,9 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
                        return expression->compound_literal.type;
 
-               default: break;
+               default:
+                       return expression->base.type;
        }
-
-       return expression->base.type;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
@@ -6974,7 +7027,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
 
                        entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
                } else {
-                       errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
+                       errorf(HERE, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
                        entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
                }
        }
@@ -7131,7 +7184,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
        type_t *type = parse_typename();
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        if (token.type == '{') {
                return parse_compound_literal(type);
@@ -7163,6 +7216,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
 
        statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
+       statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
        expression->statement.statement = statement;
 
        /* find last statement and use its type */
@@ -7181,7 +7235,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
        expression->base.type = type;
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return expression;
@@ -7210,8 +7264,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
 
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *result = parse_expression();
+       result->base.parenthesized = true;
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return result;
@@ -7317,7 +7372,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                        designator->source_position = *HERE;
                        designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
                        rem_anchor_token(']');
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                        if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
                                return NULL;
                        }
@@ -7344,15 +7399,15 @@ static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(',');
        type_t *type = parse_typename();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
        expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
@@ -7384,11 +7439,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_va_start);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(',');
        expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
@@ -7400,10 +7455,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
                } else {
                        expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
                }
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
                return expression;
        }
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
@@ -7417,11 +7472,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->base.type = parse_typename();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        return expression;
 end_error:
@@ -7453,11 +7508,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 
        return expression;
@@ -7474,7 +7529,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (token.type == ',') {
@@ -7486,7 +7541,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
                expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
        }
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        expression->base.type = type_void;
 
        return expression;
@@ -7526,11 +7581,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
        expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
        next_token();
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
@@ -7553,20 +7608,20 @@ end_error:
 
 #if 0
 /**
- * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
+ * Parses a __builtin_expect(, end_error) expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
+static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void, end_error)
 {
        expression_t *expression
                = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
 
        eat(T___builtin_expect);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
 
@@ -7585,11 +7640,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
 
        eat(T__assume);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->base.type = type_void;
        return expression;
@@ -7694,7 +7749,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return cnst;
@@ -7812,7 +7867,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
        expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
 
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       expect(']');
+       expect(']', end_error);
 end_error:
        return expression;
 }
@@ -7835,7 +7890,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
                add_anchor_token(')');
                orig_type = parse_typename();
                rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
 
                if (token.type == '{') {
                        /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
@@ -7856,9 +7911,10 @@ typeprop_expression:
        tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
        type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
        char   const* const wrong_type =
-               is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
-               type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
-               type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
+               GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
+               is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
+               type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
+               type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
                NULL;
        if (wrong_type != NULL) {
                char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
@@ -7942,7 +7998,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
                               symbol, type_left);
                }
 create_error_entry:
-               return create_invalid_expression();
+               entry = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
        }
 
        assert(is_declaration(entry));
@@ -8077,7 +8133,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        if (function_type == NULL)
                return result;
@@ -8171,12 +8227,25 @@ static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (!warning.parentheses)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
+}
+
 static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
                                char const *const context)
 {
        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
        if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
+               warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
        } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
                                "%s must have scalar type", context);
@@ -8209,7 +8278,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
                true_expression = parse_expression();
        }
        rem_anchor_token(':');
-       expect(':');
+       expect(':', end_error);
+end_error:;
        expression_t *false_expression =
                parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 
@@ -8318,8 +8388,6 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
                = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
        conditional->base.type = result_type;
        return result;
-end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8346,11 +8414,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
 
        eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
 
        return result;
@@ -8372,7 +8440,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
        if (token.type == '[') {
                next_token();
                result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
-               expect(']');
+               expect(']', end_error);
 end_error:;
        }
 
@@ -8381,8 +8449,10 @@ end_error:;
 
        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
        if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
-               errorf(&value->base.source_position,
-                               "operand of delete must have pointer type");
+               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       errorf(&value->base.source_position,
+                                       "operand of delete must have pointer type");
+               }
        } else if (warning.other &&
                        is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                warningf(&value->base.source_position,
@@ -8466,10 +8536,11 @@ static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
 
 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
 {
-       /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1 (1) */
+       /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
        switch (expression->kind) {
-       case EXPR_REFERENCE:
        case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
+       case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE:
        case EXPR_SELECT:
        case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
                return true;
@@ -8796,6 +8867,22 @@ static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression) {
        warn_div_by_zero(expression);
 }
 
+static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+
+       char op;
+       switch (expr->kind) {
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
+               default:              return;
+       }
+
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
+}
+
 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
@@ -8814,6 +8901,11 @@ static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
                return;
        }
 
+       if (warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
+               warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
+       }
+
        type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
        type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
 
@@ -8837,7 +8929,6 @@ static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
-               return;
        } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
                check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
                                         type_left, orig_type_left);
@@ -8869,7 +8960,6 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
-               return;
        } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
                check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
                                         type_left, orig_type_left);
@@ -8912,6 +9002,32 @@ static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       switch (expr->base.kind) {
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
+                       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                                       "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       break;
+       }
+}
+
+static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
+{
+       return
+               !is_constant_expression(expr) ||
+               fold_constant(expr) < 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
  *
@@ -8941,6 +9057,11 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
                }
        }
 
+       if (warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
+               warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
+       }
+
        type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
        type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
        type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
@@ -8948,37 +9069,23 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
 
        /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
        if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
-               /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
-               if (warning.sign_compare &&
-                   (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
-                    expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
-                   (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
-
-                       /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
-                        * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
-                        * the type of the other operand. */
-                       expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
-                       expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
-
-                       if (is_constant_expression(left)) {
-                               const_expr = left;
-                               other_expr = right;
-                       } else if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
-                               const_expr = right;
-                               other_expr = left;
-                       }
+               type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
 
-                       if (const_expr != NULL) {
-                               type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
-                               long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
-                               /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
-                               (void) other_type;
-                               (void) val;
+               /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
+               if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
+                       bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
+                       bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
+                       if (signed_left != signed_right) {
+                               /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
+                               /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
+                               if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
+                                               (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
+                                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                                       "comparison between signed and unsigned");
+                               }
                        }
-                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                                "comparison between signed and unsigned");
                }
-               type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
+
                expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
@@ -9131,6 +9238,16 @@ static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
  */
@@ -9140,6 +9257,11 @@ static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
         * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
        semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
        semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
+       if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
+                       warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
+               warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
+       }
        expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
 }
 
@@ -9433,7 +9555,7 @@ static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
  */
 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
-               int token_type, unsigned precedence)
+               int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
 {
        expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
 
@@ -9528,11 +9650,11 @@ static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
                        }
                        argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
 
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                }
 
                argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
-               expect('(');
+               expect('(', end_error);
                add_anchor_token(')');
                expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
                rem_anchor_token(')');
@@ -9592,7 +9714,7 @@ static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
                        mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
                }
                argument->expression = expression;
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
 
                set_address_taken(expression, true);
 
@@ -9651,7 +9773,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
                asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
        }
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        add_anchor_token(':');
        asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
@@ -9681,8 +9803,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
 
 end_of_asm:
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
                /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
@@ -9748,7 +9870,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect(':');
+       expect(':', end_error);
 end_error:
 
        if (current_switch != NULL) {
@@ -9799,7 +9921,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect(':');
+       expect(':', end_error);
        if (current_switch != NULL) {
                const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
                if (def_label != NULL) {
@@ -9907,7 +10029,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
 
        add_anchor_token('{');
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
        statement->ifs.condition = expr;
@@ -9916,18 +10038,24 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
        semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
        mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        rem_anchor_token('{');
 
        add_anchor_token(T_else);
-       statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
+       statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
+       statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
        rem_anchor_token(T_else);
 
        if (token.type == T_else) {
                next_token();
                statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
+       } else if (warning.parentheses &&
+                       true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
+                       true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
+               warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
+                               "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
        }
 
        POP_PARENT;
@@ -9986,7 +10114,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
        mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
@@ -10006,7 +10134,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
                type = type_error_type;
        }
        statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
 
        switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
@@ -10050,7 +10178,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_while(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
        statement->whiles.condition = cond;
@@ -10059,7 +10187,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_while(void)
        semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
        mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
@@ -10085,8 +10213,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_do(void)
        statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
        rem_anchor_token(T_while);
 
-       expect(T_while);
-       expect('(');
+       expect(T_while, end_error);
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
        statement->do_while.condition = cond;
@@ -10095,8 +10223,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_do(void)
        semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
        mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
@@ -10114,14 +10242,14 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
 
        eat(T_for);
 
+       expect('(', end_error1);
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        size_t const  top       = environment_top();
        scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
 
-       expect('(');
-       add_anchor_token(')');
-
        if (token.type == ';') {
                next_token();
        } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
@@ -10136,7 +10264,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
                                        "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
                }
                rem_anchor_token(';');
-               expect(';');
+               expect(';', end_error2);
        }
 
        if (token.type != ';') {
@@ -10149,7 +10277,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
                mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
                rem_anchor_token(';');
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error2);
        if (token.type != ')') {
                expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
                statement->fors.step = step;
@@ -10159,7 +10287,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
                                 "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
                }
        }
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error2);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
@@ -10170,13 +10298,15 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
 
-end_error:
+end_error2:
        POP_PARENT;
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
        scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
+       /* fallthrough */
 
+end_error1:
        return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
@@ -10228,7 +10358,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
        *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
        goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        return statement;
 end_error:
@@ -10247,7 +10377,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
 
        eat(T_continue);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -10265,7 +10395,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
 
        eat(T_break);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -10283,7 +10413,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
 
        eat(T___leave);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -10359,38 +10489,58 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
        assert(is_type_function(func_type));
        type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
 
+       source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
        if (return_value != NULL) {
                type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
 
-               if (is_type_atomic(return_type,        ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
-                               !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                       if (warning.other) {
-                               warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                               "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
+               if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                       if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
+                               /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
+                               if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
+                                       errorf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
+                               } else if (warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
+                               }
+                       } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
+                               /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
+                               if (strict_mode) {
+                                       errorf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
+                               } else if (warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
+                               }
                        }
-                       return_value = NULL;
                } else {
                        assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
                        report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
-                                           &statement->base.source_position);
-                       return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
+                                       pos);
                }
+               return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
                /* check for returning address of a local var */
                if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
                                && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
                        const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
                        if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
-                               warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                        "function returns address of local variable");
+                               warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
                        }
                }
        } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-               warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                               "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
+               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
+               if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
+                       errorf(pos,
+                                       "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
+               } else {
+                       warningf(pos,
+                                       "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
+               }
        }
        statement->returns.value = return_value;
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -10431,7 +10581,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
        statement->expression.expression = expr;
        mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -10457,7 +10607,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
 
        if (token.type == T___except) {
                eat(T___except);
-               expect('(');
+               expect('(', end_error);
                add_anchor_token(')');
                expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
                mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
@@ -10471,7 +10621,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
                }
                statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
                rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
                statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
        } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
                eat(T___finally);
@@ -10582,9 +10732,9 @@ static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
        size_t const  top       = environment_top();
        scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
 
-       expect('{');
+       expect('{', end_error);
        parse_externals();
-       expect('}');
+       expect('}', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
@@ -10724,6 +10874,94 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 
        eat('{');
        add_anchor_token('}');
+       /* tokens, which can start a statement */
+       /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
+       add_anchor_token('!');
+       add_anchor_token('&');
+       add_anchor_token('(');
+       add_anchor_token('*');
+       add_anchor_token('+');
+       add_anchor_token('-');
+       add_anchor_token('{');
+       add_anchor_token('~');
+       add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
+       add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
+       add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
+       add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
+       add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
+       add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
+       add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
+       add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
+       add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___func__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___label__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___real__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___thread);
+       add_anchor_token(T_asm);
+       add_anchor_token(T_auto);
+       add_anchor_token(T_bool);
+       add_anchor_token(T_break);
+       add_anchor_token(T_case);
+       add_anchor_token(T_char);
+       add_anchor_token(T_class);
+       add_anchor_token(T_const);
+       add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_continue);
+       add_anchor_token(T_default);
+       add_anchor_token(T_delete);
+       add_anchor_token(T_double);
+       add_anchor_token(T_do);
+       add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_enum);
+       add_anchor_token(T_extern);
+       add_anchor_token(T_false);
+       add_anchor_token(T_float);
+       add_anchor_token(T_for);
+       add_anchor_token(T_goto);
+       add_anchor_token(T_if);
+       add_anchor_token(T_inline);
+       add_anchor_token(T_int);
+       add_anchor_token(T_long);
+       add_anchor_token(T_new);
+       add_anchor_token(T_operator);
+       add_anchor_token(T_register);
+       add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
+       add_anchor_token(T_return);
+       add_anchor_token(T_short);
+       add_anchor_token(T_signed);
+       add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
+       add_anchor_token(T_static);
+       add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_struct);
+       add_anchor_token(T_switch);
+       add_anchor_token(T_template);
+       add_anchor_token(T_this);
+       add_anchor_token(T_throw);
+       add_anchor_token(T_true);
+       add_anchor_token(T_try);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typename);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
+       add_anchor_token(T_union);
+       add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
+       add_anchor_token(T_using);
+       add_anchor_token(T_void);
+       add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
+       add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
+       add_anchor_token(T_while);
 
        size_t const  top       = environment_top();
        scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
@@ -10782,6 +11020,92 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
        }
 
 end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token(T_while);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_void);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_using);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_union);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_try);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_true);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_this);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_template);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_static);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_short);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_return);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_register);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_new);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_long);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_int);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_if);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_for);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_float);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_false);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_do);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_double);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_default);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_const);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_class);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_char);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_case);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_break);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       rem_anchor_token('~');
+       rem_anchor_token('{');
+       rem_anchor_token('-');
+       rem_anchor_token('+');
+       rem_anchor_token('*');
+       rem_anchor_token('(');
+       rem_anchor_token('&');
+       rem_anchor_token('!');
        rem_anchor_token('}');
        assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
        scope_pop(old_scope);
@@ -10833,14 +11157,14 @@ static void parse_global_asm(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
 
        eat(T_asm);
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
 
        statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
        statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
        unit->global_asm         = statement;
 
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:;
 }
@@ -10867,7 +11191,7 @@ static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
        if (token.type == '{') {
                next_token();
                parse_externals();
-               expect('}');
+               expect('}', end_error);
        } else {
                parse_external();
        }
@@ -11048,9 +11372,7 @@ static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
                new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
                new_type->array.size              = 1;
 
-               type_t *const result = typehash_insert(new_type);
-               if (type != result)
-                       free_type(type);
+               type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
 
                decl->type = result;
        }
@@ -11079,24 +11401,25 @@ void init_parser(void)
 
        if (c_mode & _MS) {
                /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
-               sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
-               sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
-               sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
-               sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
-               sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
-               sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
-               sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
-               sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
-               sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
-               sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
-               sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
-               sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
-               sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
-               sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
-               sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
-               sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
-               sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
-               sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
+               sym_align         = symbol_table_insert("align");
+               sym_allocate      = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
+               sym_dllimport     = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
+               sym_dllexport     = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
+               sym_naked         = symbol_table_insert("naked");
+               sym_noinline      = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
+               sym_returns_twice = symbol_table_insert("returns_twice");
+               sym_noreturn      = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
+               sym_nothrow       = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
+               sym_novtable      = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
+               sym_property      = symbol_table_insert("property");
+               sym_get           = symbol_table_insert("get");
+               sym_put           = symbol_table_insert("put");
+               sym_selectany     = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
+               sym_thread        = symbol_table_insert("thread");
+               sym_uuid          = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
+               sym_deprecated    = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
+               sym_restrict      = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
+               sym_noalias       = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
        }
        memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));