Move (void) parameter detection into a separate function, simplify daisy chaining...
[cparser] / parser.c
index 1787cdc..b5a0136 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -98,14 +98,6 @@ typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
        bool        must_be_constant;
 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 
-/**
- * Capture a MS __base extension.
- */
-typedef struct based_spec_t {
-       source_position_t  source_position;
-       variable_t        *base_variable;
-} based_spec_t;
-
 typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 
 /** The current token. */
@@ -206,6 +198,9 @@ static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition);
 
 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 
+static void create_gnu_builtins(void);
+static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void);
+
 #define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
        STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
        case T_extern:
@@ -288,27 +283,16 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
        case T___FUNCTION__:             \
        case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
        case T___alignof__:              \
-       case T___builtin_alloca:         \
        case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
        case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
-       case T___builtin_expect:         \
-       case T___builtin_huge_val:       \
-       case T___builtin_inf:            \
-       case T___builtin_inff:           \
-       case T___builtin_infl:           \
        case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
        case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
        case T___builtin_isless:         \
        case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
        case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
        case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
-       case T___builtin_nan:            \
-       case T___builtin_nanf:           \
-       case T___builtin_nanl:           \
        case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
-       case T___builtin_prefetch:       \
        case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
-       case T___builtin_va_end:         \
        case T___builtin_va_start:       \
        case T___func__:                 \
        case T___noop:                   \
@@ -428,7 +412,6 @@ static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
                [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
                [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
                [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]             = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
                [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
                [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = sizeof(builtin_types_compatible_expression_t),
                [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
@@ -548,6 +531,14 @@ static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
        return res;
 }
 
+static function_parameter_t *allocate_parameter(type_t *const type)
+{
+       function_parameter_t *const param = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(*param));
+       memset(param, 0, sizeof(*param));
+       param->type = type;
+       return param;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
  *
@@ -2137,7 +2128,6 @@ unary:
                case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
                case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
                case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
                case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
@@ -3452,29 +3442,23 @@ static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
        return entity;
 }
 
-static void parse_microsoft_based(based_spec_t *based_spec)
+static variable_t *parse_microsoft_based(void)
 {
        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing __based", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
-               return;
+               return NULL;
        }
        symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
        entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
 
+       variable_t *variable;
        if (entity == NULL || entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
                errorf(HERE, "'%Y' is not a variable name.", symbol);
-               entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
+               variable = &create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE)->variable;
        } else {
-               variable_t *variable = &entity->variable;
-
-               if (based_spec->base_variable != NULL) {
-                       errorf(HERE, "__based type qualifier specified more than once");
-               }
-               based_spec->source_position = token.source_position;
-               based_spec->base_variable   = variable;
+               variable = &entity->variable;
 
                type_t *const type = variable->base.type;
-
                if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                        if (! is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(type))) {
                                errorf(HERE, "variable in __based modifier must have pointer type instead of '%T'", type);
@@ -3485,6 +3469,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_based(based_spec_t *based_spec)
                }
        }
        next_token();
+       return variable;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4179,6 +4164,24 @@ static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
        }
 }
 
+static bool has_parameters(void)
+{
+       /* func(void) is not a parameter */
+       if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               entity_t const *const entity = get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+               if (entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
+                       return true;
+               if (skip_typeref(entity->typedefe.type) != type_void)
+                       return true;
+       } else if (token.type != T_void) {
+               return true;
+       }
+       if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')')
+               return true;
+       next_token();
+       return false;
+}
+
 /**
  * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
  * for them in a scope)
@@ -4207,61 +4210,49 @@ static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
                goto parameters_finished;
        }
 
-       function_parameter_t *parameter;
-       function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
+       if (has_parameters()) {
+               function_parameter_t **anchor = &type->parameters;
+               for (;;) {
+                       switch (token.type) {
+                       case T_DOTDOTDOT:
+                               next_token();
+                               type->variadic = true;
+                               goto parameters_finished;
 
-       while (true) {
-               switch (token.type) {
-               case T_DOTDOTDOT:
-                       next_token();
-                       type->variadic = true;
-                       goto parameters_finished;
+                       case T_IDENTIFIER:
+                       case T___extension__:
+                       DECLARATION_START
+                       {
+                               entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
+                               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                                       errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                       "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               assert(is_declaration(entity));
 
-               case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               case T___extension__:
-               DECLARATION_START
-               {
-                       entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
-                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
-                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
-                                      "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       assert(is_declaration(entity));
+                               semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
 
-                       /* func(void) is not a parameter */
-                       if (last_parameter == NULL
-                                       && token.type == ')'
-                                       && entity->base.symbol == NULL
-                                       && skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type) == type_void) {
-                               goto parameters_finished;
-                       }
-                       semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
+                               function_parameter_t *const parameter =
+                                       allocate_parameter(entity->declaration.type);
 
-                       parameter = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
-                       memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
-                       parameter->type = entity->declaration.type;
+                               if (scope != NULL) {
+                                       append_entity(scope, entity);
+                               }
 
-                       if (scope != NULL) {
-                               append_entity(scope, entity);
+                               *anchor = parameter;
+                               anchor  = &parameter->next;
+                               break;
                        }
 
-                       if (last_parameter != NULL) {
-                               last_parameter->next = parameter;
-                       } else {
-                               type->parameters = parameter;
+                       default:
+                               goto parameters_finished;
                        }
-                       last_parameter   = parameter;
-                       break;
-               }
-
-               default:
-                       goto parameters_finished;
-               }
-               if (token.type != ',') {
-                       goto parameters_finished;
+                       if (token.type != ',') {
+                               goto parameters_finished;
+                       }
+                       next_token();
                }
-               next_token();
        }
 
 
@@ -4281,67 +4272,69 @@ typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
        CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
 } construct_type_kind_t;
 
-typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
-struct construct_type_t {
+typedef union construct_type_t construct_type_t;
+
+typedef struct construct_type_base_t {
        construct_type_kind_t  kind;
        construct_type_t      *next;
-};
-
-typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
-struct parsed_pointer_t {
-       construct_type_t  construct_type;
-       type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
-       variable_t        *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
-};
-
-typedef struct parsed_reference_t parsed_reference_t;
-struct parsed_reference_t {
-       construct_type_t construct_type;
-};
-
-typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
-struct construct_function_type_t {
-       construct_type_t  construct_type;
-       type_t           *function_type;
-};
-
-typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
-struct parsed_array_t {
-       construct_type_t  construct_type;
-       type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
-       bool              is_static;
-       bool              is_variable;
-       expression_t     *size;
-};
-
-typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
-struct construct_base_type_t {
-       construct_type_t  construct_type;
-       type_t           *type;
+} construct_type_base_t;
+
+typedef struct parsed_pointer_t {
+       construct_type_base_t  base;
+       type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
+       variable_t             *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
+} parsed_pointer_t;
+
+typedef struct parsed_reference_t {
+       construct_type_base_t base;
+} parsed_reference_t;
+
+typedef struct construct_function_type_t {
+       construct_type_base_t  base;
+       type_t                *function_type;
+} construct_function_type_t;
+
+typedef struct parsed_array_t {
+       construct_type_base_t  base;
+       type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
+       bool                   is_static;
+       bool                   is_variable;
+       expression_t          *size;
+} parsed_array_t;
+
+union construct_type_t {
+       construct_type_kind_t     kind;
+       construct_type_base_t     base;
+       parsed_pointer_t          pointer;
+       parsed_reference_t        reference;
+       construct_function_type_t function;
+       parsed_array_t            array;
 };
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(variable_t *base_variable)
 {
        eat('*');
 
-       parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
-       memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
-       pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
-       pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
-       pointer->base_variable       = base_variable;
+       construct_type_t *cons    = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->pointer));
+       parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &cons->pointer;
+       memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(*pointer));
+       cons->kind               = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
+       pointer->type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
+       pointer->base_variable   = base_variable;
 
-       return &pointer->construct_type;
+       return cons;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
 {
        eat('&');
 
-       parsed_reference_t *reference = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(reference[0]));
-       memset(reference, 0, sizeof(reference[0]));
-       reference->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
+       construct_type_t   *cons      = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->reference));
+       parsed_reference_t *reference = &cons->reference;
+       memset(reference, 0, sizeof(*reference));
+       cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
 
-       return (construct_type_t*)reference;
+       return cons;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
@@ -4349,9 +4342,10 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
        eat('[');
        add_anchor_token(']');
 
-       parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
-       memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
-       array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
+       construct_type_t *cons  = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->array));
+       parsed_array_t   *array = &cons->array;
+       memset(array, 0, sizeof(*array));
+       cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
 
        if (token.type == T_static) {
                array->is_static = true;
@@ -4380,7 +4374,7 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
        expect(']', end_error);
 
 end_error:
-       return &array->construct_type;
+       return cons;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope,
@@ -4405,13 +4399,13 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope,
 
        parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
 
-       construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
-               obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
-       memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
-       construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
-       construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
+       construct_type_t          *cons     = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->function));
+       construct_function_type_t *function = &cons->function;
+       memset(function, 0, sizeof(*function));
+       cons->kind              = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
+       function->function_type = type;
 
-       return &construct_function_type->construct_type;
+       return cons;
 }
 
 typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
@@ -4426,66 +4420,57 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env,
 {
        /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
         * how to construct the final declarator type */
-       construct_type_t *first      = NULL;
-       construct_type_t *last       = NULL;
-       gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
+       construct_type_t  *first      = NULL;
+       construct_type_t **anchor     = &first;
+       gnu_attribute_t   *attributes = NULL;
 
        decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
 
-       /* MS __based extension */
-       based_spec_t base_spec;
-       base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
-
        for (;;) {
                construct_type_t *type;
+               variable_t       *based = NULL; /* MS __based extension */
                switch (token.type) {
                        case '&':
                                if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
                                        errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
-                               if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
-                                       warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
-                                                "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
-                               }
                                type = parse_reference_declarator();
-                               /* consumed */
-                               base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
-                               break;
-
-                       case '*':
-                               type = parse_pointer_declarator(base_spec.base_variable);
-                               /* consumed */
-                               base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
                                break;
 
-                       case T__based:
+                       case T__based: {
+                               source_position_t const pos = *HERE;
                                next_token();
                                expect('(', end_error);
                                add_anchor_token(')');
-                               parse_microsoft_based(&base_spec);
+                               based = parse_microsoft_based();
                                rem_anchor_token(')');
                                expect(')', end_error);
-                               continue;
+                               if (token.type != '*') {
+                                       if (token.type == T__based) {
+                                               errorf(&pos, "__based type modifier specified more than once");
+                                       } else if (warning.other) {
+                                               warningf(&pos,
+                                                               "__based does not precede a pointer declarator, ignored");
+                                       }
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+                       }
+
+                       case '*':
+                               type = parse_pointer_declarator(based);
+                               break;
 
                        default:
                                goto ptr_operator_end;
                }
 
-               if (last == NULL) {
-                       first = type;
-                       last  = type;
-               } else {
-                       last->next = type;
-                       last       = type;
-               }
+               *anchor = type;
+               anchor  = &type->base.next;
 
                /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
                modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
        }
 ptr_operator_end:
-       if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
-               warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
-                        "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
-       }
 
        if (env != NULL) {
                modifiers      |= env->modifiers;
@@ -4528,9 +4513,9 @@ ptr_operator_end:
                return NULL;
        }
 
-       construct_type_t *p = last;
+       construct_type_t **const p = anchor;
 
-       while (true) {
+       for (;;) {
                construct_type_t *type;
                switch (token.type) {
                case '(': {
@@ -4548,28 +4533,17 @@ ptr_operator_end:
                        goto declarator_finished;
                }
 
-               /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
-               if (p != NULL) {
-                       type->next = p->next;
-                       p->next    = type;
-               } else {
-                       type->next = first;
-                       first      = type;
-               }
-               if (last == p) {
-                       last = type;
-               }
+               /* insert in the middle of the list (at p) */
+               type->base.next = *p;
+               *p              = type;
+               if (anchor == p)
+                       anchor = &type->base.next;
        }
 
 declarator_finished:
-       /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
+       /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set anchor anymore
         * as it's not needed anymore */
-       if (last == NULL) {
-               assert(first == NULL);
-               first = inner_types;
-       } else {
-               last->next = inner_types;
-       }
+       *anchor = inner_types;
 
        return first;
 end_error:
@@ -4642,15 +4616,13 @@ static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_t *type)
 {
        construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
-       for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
+       for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
                switch (iter->kind) {
                case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
-                       internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
+                       break;
                case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
-                       construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
-                               = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
-
-                       type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
+                       construct_function_type_t *function      = &iter->function;
+                       type_t                    *function_type = function->function_type;
 
                        function_type->function.return_type = type;
 
@@ -4667,16 +4639,18 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                                }
                        }
 
-                       type = function_type;
-                       break;
+                       /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
+                        * destroy other types. */
+                       type = typehash_insert(function_type);
+                       continue;
                }
 
                case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
                        if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
                                errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
 
-                       parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
-                       type = make_based_pointer_type(type, parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers, parsed_pointer->base_variable);
+                       parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &iter->pointer;
+                       type = make_based_pointer_type(type, pointer->type_qualifiers, pointer->base_variable);
                        continue;
                }
 
@@ -4691,19 +4665,19 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                        if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
                                errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
 
-                       parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
-                       type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
+                       parsed_array_t *array      = &iter->array;
+                       type_t         *array_type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
 
-                       expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
+                       expression_t *size_expression = array->size;
                        if (size_expression != NULL) {
                                size_expression
                                        = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
                        }
 
-                       array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
+                       array_type->base.qualifiers       = array->type_qualifiers;
                        array_type->array.element_type    = type;
-                       array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
-                       array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
+                       array_type->array.is_static       = array->is_static;
+                       array_type->array.is_variable     = array->is_variable;
                        array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
 
                        if (size_expression != NULL) {
@@ -4723,18 +4697,11 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_
                        } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
                        }
-                       type = array_type;
-                       break;
-               }
+                       type = identify_new_type(array_type);
+                       continue;
                }
-
-               /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
-                * destroy other types. */
-               if (iter->kind == CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
-                       type = typehash_insert(type);
-               } else {
-                       type = identify_new_type(type);
                }
+               internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
        }
 
        return type;
@@ -5023,7 +4990,7 @@ static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
        if (symbol == NULL)
                return entity;
 
-       entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
+       entity_t *const previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
        /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
        assert(previous_entity != entity);
 
@@ -5053,160 +5020,167 @@ static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
                         entity->declaration.type, symbol);
        }
 
-       if (previous_entity != NULL &&
-                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
-                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
-               assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
-               errorf(pos,
-                      "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
-                                        entity->declaration.type, symbol,
-                                        previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
-                                        &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-               goto finish;
-       }
-
-       if (previous_entity != NULL &&
-                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
-               if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
-                       if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
-                               error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
-                                               entity->kind);
-                       }
-                       goto finish;
-               }
-               if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
-                       errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                  symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-                       goto finish;
-               }
-               if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
-                       /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
-                       errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+       if (previous_entity != NULL) {
+               if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
+                               previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
+                       assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
+                       errorf(pos,
+                                       "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
+                                       entity->declaration.type, symbol,
+                                       previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
+                                       &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                        goto finish;
                }
 
-               /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
-               assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
+               if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
+                       if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
+                               if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
+                                       error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
+                                                       entity->kind);
+                               }
+                               goto finish;
+                       }
+                       if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
+                               errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                               goto finish;
+                       }
+                       if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                               /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
+                               errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                               goto finish;
+                       }
 
-               declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
-               declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
+                       /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
+                       assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
+
+                       declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
+                       declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
+
+                       /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
+                       if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
+                                       previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
+                                       entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
+                               prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
+                               prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
+                               prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
+                               prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
+                               prev_decl->deprecated_string      = decl->deprecated_string;
+                               return previous_entity;
+                       }
 
-               /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
-               if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
-                               previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
-                               entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
-                       prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
-                       prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
-                       prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
-                       prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
-                       prev_decl->deprecated_string      = decl->deprecated_string;
-                       return previous_entity;
-               }
+                       type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
+                       assert(orig_type != NULL);
+                       type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                       type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
 
-               type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
-               assert(orig_type != NULL);
-               type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-               type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
+                       if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
+                               errorf(pos,
+                                               "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
+                                               orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
+                                               &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                       } else {
+                               unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
+                               if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
+                                               is_definition                     &&
+                                               !prev_decl->used                  &&
+                                               !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
+                                               prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                                       warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
+                                                       "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
+                                                       prev_decl->type, symbol);
+                               }
 
-               if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
-                       errorf(pos,
-                                  "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
-                                  orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
-                                  &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-               } else {
-                       unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
-                       if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
-                                       is_definition                     &&
-                                       !prev_decl->used                  &&
-                                       !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
-                                       prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-                               warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
-                                        "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
-                                        prev_decl->type, symbol);
-                       }
-
-                       storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
-
-                       /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
-                        * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
-                        * none nor extern) */
-                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
-                               /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
-                                * be a typedef, so use the new type */
-                               if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
-                                       prev_decl->type = type;
+                               storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
+
+                               /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
+                                * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
+                                * none nor extern) */
+                               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+                                       /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
+                                        * be a typedef, so use the new type */
+                                       if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
+                                               prev_decl->type = type;
+
+                                       switch (old_storage_class) {
+                                               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
+                                                       old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+                                                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                                               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
+                                                       if (is_definition) {
+                                                               if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
+                                                                               prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
+                                                                               !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
+                                                                       warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
+                                                                                       orig_type, symbol);
+                                                               }
+                                                       } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                                               new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+                                                       }
+                                                       break;
 
-                               switch (old_storage_class) {
-                               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-                                       old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-                                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
-
-                               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
-                                       if (is_definition) {
-                                               if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
-                                                   prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
-                                                   !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-                                                       warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
-                                                                        orig_type, symbol);
-                                               }
-                                       } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-                                               new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+                                               default:
+                                                       break;
                                        }
-                                       break;
-
-                               default:
-                                       break;
+                               } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
+                                       prev_decl->type = type;
                                }
-                       } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
-                               prev_decl->type = type;
-                       }
 
-                       if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-                                       new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
+                               if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                               new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
 warn_redundant_declaration:
-                               if (!is_definition           &&
-                                   warning.redundant_decls  &&
-                                   is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
-                                   strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
-                                          "<builtin>") != 0) {
-                                       warningf(pos,
-                                                "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-                               }
-                       } else if (current_function == NULL) {
-                               if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
-                                   new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-                                       errorf(pos,
-                                              "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-                               } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
-                                       prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                                       prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                               } else {
-                                       /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Â§C.1.2:1 */
-                                       if (c_mode & _CXX)
-                                               goto error_redeclaration;
-                                       goto warn_redundant_declaration;
-                               }
-                       } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
-                               if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
+                                       if (!is_definition           &&
+                                                       warning.redundant_decls  &&
+                                                       is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
+                                                       strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
+                                                               "<builtin>") != 0) {
+                                               warningf(pos,
+                                                               "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                                       }
+                               } else if (current_function == NULL) {
+                                       if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
+                                                       new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                                               errorf(pos,
+                                                               "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                                       } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
+                                               prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                               prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                       } else {
+                                               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Â§C.1.2:1 */
+                                               if (c_mode & _CXX)
+                                                       goto error_redeclaration;
+                                               goto warn_redundant_declaration;
+                                       }
+                               } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
+                                       if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
 error_redeclaration:
-                                       errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
-                               } else {
-                                       errorf(pos,
-                                              "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                                               errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                                       } else {
+                                               errorf(pos,
+                                                               "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                                       }
                                }
                        }
+
+                       prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+                               previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
+                       }
+                       return previous_entity;
                }
 
-               prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
-               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
-                       previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
+               if (warning.shadow) {
+                       warningf(pos, "%s '%Y' shadows %s (declared %P)",
+                                       get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind), symbol,
+                                       get_entity_kind_name(previous_entity->kind),
+                                       &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                }
-               return previous_entity;
        }
 
        if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
@@ -5356,7 +5330,8 @@ static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
        /* Â§6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
         *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
        declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
-       if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE)
+       if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN ||
+                       decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
                return;
 
        type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
@@ -5469,7 +5444,7 @@ static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
        if (is_type_integer(type)) {
                result = promote_integer(type);
-       } else if (type == type_float) {
+       } else if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT)) {
                result = type_double;
        }
 
@@ -5525,8 +5500,8 @@ decl_list_end:
        /* update function type */
        type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
 
-       function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
-       function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
+       function_parameter_t  *parameters = NULL;
+       function_parameter_t **anchor     = &parameters;
 
        parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
        for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
@@ -5556,17 +5531,11 @@ decl_list_end:
                 */
                parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
 
-               function_parameter_t *function_parameter
-                       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
-               memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
+               function_parameter_t *const parameter =
+                       allocate_parameter(parameter_type);
 
-               function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
-               if (last_parameter != NULL) {
-                       last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
-               } else {
-                       parameters = function_parameter;
-               }
-               last_parameter = function_parameter;
+               *anchor = parameter;
+               anchor  = &parameter->next;
        }
 
        /* Â§6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
@@ -5747,7 +5716,6 @@ static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
                case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
                case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
                case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
                case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
@@ -6604,11 +6572,9 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
                                                                entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
                                        } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
                                                /* Â§6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
-                                               if (is_type_array(type) &&
-                                                               token.type == ';'   &&
-                                                               look_ahead(1)->type == '}') {
-                                                       compound->has_flexible_member = true;
-                                               } else {
+                                               if (!is_type_array(type)       ||
+                                                               token.type          != ';' ||
+                                                               look_ahead(1)->type != '}') {
                                                        errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
                                                                        "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
                                                                        entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
@@ -6866,15 +6832,8 @@ static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
                                     type_t *argument_type2)
 {
-       function_parameter_t *parameter2
-               = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
-       memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
-       parameter2->type = argument_type2;
-
-       function_parameter_t *parameter1
-               = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
-       memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
-       parameter1->type = argument_type1;
+       function_parameter_t *const parameter2 = allocate_parameter(argument_type2);
+       function_parameter_t *const parameter1 = allocate_parameter(argument_type1);
        parameter1->next = parameter2;
 
        type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
@@ -6893,10 +6852,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
  */
 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
 {
-       function_parameter_t *parameter
-               = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
-       memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
-       parameter->type = argument_type;
+       function_parameter_t *const parameter = allocate_parameter(argument_type);
 
        type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
@@ -6928,41 +6884,20 @@ static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
 }
 
 /**
- * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
+ * Creates a NO_RETURN return_type (func)(void) function type if not
+ * already exists.
  *
- * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
- */
-static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
-{
-       switch (symbol->ID) {
-       case T___builtin_alloca:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
-       case T___builtin_huge_val:
-               return make_function_0_type(type_double);
-       case T___builtin_inf:
-               return make_function_0_type(type_double);
-       case T___builtin_inff:
-               return make_function_0_type(type_float);
-       case T___builtin_infl:
-               return make_function_0_type(type_long_double);
-       case T___builtin_nan:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
-       case T___builtin_nanf:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
-       case T___builtin_nanl:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
-       case T___builtin_va_end:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
-       case T___builtin_expect:
-               return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
-       case T___builtin_return_address:
-       case T___builtin_frame_address:
-               return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int);
-       case T___builtin_prefetch:
-               return make_function_1_type_variadic(type_float, type_void_ptr);
-       default:
-               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin identifier found");
-       }
+ * @param return_type    the return type
+ */
+static type_t *make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_t *return_type)
+{
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
+       type->function.return_type = return_type;
+       type->function.parameters  = NULL;
+       type->function.base.modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;
+       return type;
+
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -7022,9 +6957,6 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                        return type->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
-                       return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
-
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
                        const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
                        type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
@@ -7524,22 +7456,6 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
-{
-       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
-
-       symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
-
-       expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
-       next_token();
-
-       type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
-       type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
-
-       expression->base.type = type;
-       return expression;
-}
-
 /**
  * Parses a __builtin_constant_p() expression.
  */
@@ -7815,19 +7731,6 @@ static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
                case T___builtin_offsetof:           return parse_offsetof();
                case T___builtin_va_start:           return parse_va_start();
                case T___builtin_va_arg:             return parse_va_arg();
-               case T___builtin_expect:
-               case T___builtin_alloca:
-               case T___builtin_inf:
-               case T___builtin_inff:
-               case T___builtin_infl:
-               case T___builtin_nan:
-               case T___builtin_nanf:
-               case T___builtin_nanl:
-               case T___builtin_huge_val:
-               case T___builtin_va_end:
-               case T___builtin_return_address:
-               case T___builtin_frame_address:
-               case T___builtin_prefetch:           return parse_builtin_symbol();
                case T___builtin_isgreater:
                case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
                case T___builtin_isless:
@@ -8123,21 +8026,21 @@ static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
  * Handle the semantic restrictions of builtin calls
  */
 static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
-       switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
-               case T___builtin_return_address:
-               case T___builtin_frame_address: {
+       switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
+               case bk_gnu_builtin_return_address:
+               case bk_gnu_builtin_frame_address: {
                        /* argument must be constant */
                        call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 
                        if (! is_constant_expression(argument->expression)) {
                                errorf(&call->base.source_position,
                                       "argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
-                                      call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol);
+                                      call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
                        }
                        break;
                }
-               case T___builtin_prefetch: {
-                       /* second and third argument must be constant if existant */
+               case bk_gnu_builtin_prefetch: {
+                       /* second and third argument must be constant if existent */
                        call_argument_t *rw = call->arguments->next;
                        call_argument_t *locality = NULL;
 
@@ -8145,7 +8048,7 @@ static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
                                if (! is_constant_expression(rw->expression)) {
                                        errorf(&call->base.source_position,
                                               "second argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
-                                              call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol);
+                                              call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
                                }
                                locality = rw->next;
                        }
@@ -8153,7 +8056,7 @@ static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
                                if (! is_constant_expression(locality->expression)) {
                                        errorf(&call->base.source_position,
                                               "third argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
-                                              call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol);
+                                              call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
                                }
                                locality = rw->next;
                        }
@@ -8198,18 +8101,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
        add_anchor_token(',');
 
        if (token.type != ')') {
-               call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
-
-               while (true) {
-                       call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
-
+               call_argument_t **anchor = &call->arguments;
+               for (;;) {
+                       call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
                        argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-                       if (last_argument == NULL) {
-                               call->arguments = argument;
-                       } else {
-                               last_argument->next = argument;
-                       }
-                       last_argument = argument;
+
+                       *anchor = argument;
+                       anchor  = &argument->next;
 
                        if (token.type != ',')
                                break;
@@ -8256,8 +8154,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
                         "function call has aggregate value");
        }
 
-       if (call->function->kind == EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
-               handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(&result->call);
+       if (call->function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
+               reference_expression_t *reference = &call->function->reference;
+               if (reference->entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION &&
+                   reference->entity->function.btk != bk_none)
+                       handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call);
        }
 
 end_error:
@@ -9402,13 +9303,12 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
 
                case EXPR_CALL: {
                        const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
-                       if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
+                       if (call->function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
                                return true;
 
-                       switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
-                               case T___builtin_prefetch:
-                               case T___builtin_va_end:   return true;
-                               default:                   return false;
+                       switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
+                               /* FIXME: which builtins have no effect? */
+                               default:                      return true;
                        }
                }
 
@@ -9429,7 +9329,6 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                    return false;
 
                case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   return false;
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:             break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         return false;
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: return false;
                case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   return false;
@@ -11424,6 +11323,10 @@ void start_parsing(void)
 
        assert(current_scope == NULL);
        scope_push(&unit->scope);
+
+       create_gnu_builtins();
+       if (c_mode & _MS)
+               create_microsoft_intrinsics();
 }
 
 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
@@ -11487,6 +11390,103 @@ void parse(void)
        incomplete_arrays = NULL;
 }
 
+/**
+ * create a builtin function.
+ */
+static entity_t *create_builtin_function(builtin_kind_t kind, const char *name, type_t *function_type)
+{
+       symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(name);
+       entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
+       entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       entity->declaration.type                   = function_type;
+       entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
+       entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
+       entity->base.source_position               = builtin_source_position;
+
+       entity->function.btk                       = kind;
+
+       record_entity(entity, /*is_definition=*/false);
+       return entity;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Create predefined gnu builtins.
+ */
+static void create_gnu_builtins(void)
+{
+#define GNU_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_gnu_builtin_##a, "__builtin_" #a, b)
+
+       GNU_BUILTIN(alloca,         make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(huge_val,       make_function_0_type(type_double));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(inf,            make_function_0_type(type_double));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(inff,           make_function_0_type(type_float));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(infl,           make_function_0_type(type_long_double));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(nan,            make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(nanf,           make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(nanl,           make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(va_end,         make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(expect,         make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(return_address, make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(frame_address,  make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(ffs,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(clz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(ctz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(popcount,       make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(parity,         make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(prefetch,       make_function_1_type_variadic(type_float, type_void_ptr));
+       GNU_BUILTIN(trap,           make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
+
+#undef GNU_BUILTIN
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create predefined MS intrinsics.
+ */
+static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void)
+{
+#define MS_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_ms##a, #a, b)
+
+       /* intrinsics for all architectures */
+       MS_BUILTIN(_rotl,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_rotr,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_rotl64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_rotr64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ushort,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ulong,        make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long,  type_unsigned_long));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_uint64,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64));
+
+       MS_BUILTIN(__debugbreak,    make_function_0_type(type_void));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_ReturnAddress,  make_function_0_type(type_void_ptr));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__popcount,      make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int, type_unsigned_int));
+
+       /* x86/x64 only */
+       MS_BUILTIN(_enable,                make_function_0_type(type_void));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_disable,               make_function_0_type(type_void));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__inbyte,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_short));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__inword,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__indword,              make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long, type_unsigned_short));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__outbyte,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_char));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__outword,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__outdword,             make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_long));
+       MS_BUILTIN(__ud2,                  make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanForward,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanReverse,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange,   make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long_ptr, type_long));
+       MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange64, make_function_2_type(type_int64, type_int64_ptr, type_int64));
+
+       if (machine_size <= 32) {
+               MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int));
+               MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int));
+       } else {
+               MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int64));
+               MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int64));
+       }
+
+#undef MS_BUILTIN
+}
+
 /**
  * Initialize the parser.
  */