Replace magic numbers for expression precedences by an enum. Do not unnecessarily...
[cparser] / parser.c
index d25c44f..9331189 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "type_hash.h"
 #include "ast_t.h"
 #include "lang_features.h"
+#include "walk_statements.h"
 #include "warning.h"
 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
 #include "adt/error.h"
@@ -105,15 +106,21 @@ typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
 
 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 
+/** The current token. */
 static token_t             token;
+/** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
 static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
+/** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
 static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
 static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
 static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
 static stack_entry_t      *local_label_stack = NULL;
-static scope_t            *global_scope      = NULL;
+/** The global file scope. */
+static scope_t            *file_scope        = NULL;
+/** The current scope. */
 static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
 static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
+/** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 static declaration_t      *current_init_decl = NULL;
 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
@@ -124,16 +131,25 @@ static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
+/** current translation unit. */
 static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
+/** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
+static bool                in_type_prop      = false;
+/** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
+static bool                in_gcc_extension  = false;
 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 
+
 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
        statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
-       current_parent = (stmt);
+       ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 
 static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
 
+/** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
+static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
+
 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
@@ -160,12 +176,35 @@ static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 /** The current source position. */
 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 
+/** true if we are in GCC mode. */
+#define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
+
 static type_t *type_valist;
 
 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 
-static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
+typedef enum precedence_t {
+       PREC_EXPRESSION,
+       PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+       PREC_CONDITIONAL,
+       PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
+       PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
+       PREC_OR,
+       PREC_XOR,
+       PREC_AND,
+       PREC_EQUALITY,
+       PREC_RELATIONAL,
+       PREC_SHIFT,
+       PREC_ADDITIVE,
+       PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
+       PREC_CAST,
+       PREC_UNARY,
+       PREC_POSTFIX,
+       PREC_PRIMARY
+} precedence_t;
+
+static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 
@@ -338,8 +377,9 @@ static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
        size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
        statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 
-       res->base.kind   = kind;
-       res->base.parent = current_parent;
+       res->base.kind            = kind;
+       res->base.parent          = current_parent;
+       res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
        return res;
 }
 
@@ -372,9 +412,7 @@ static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
  */
 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 {
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-       return statement;
+       return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -382,9 +420,7 @@ static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
  */
 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 {
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-       return statement;
+       return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -552,6 +588,7 @@ static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 {
        assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
+       assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
        --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 }
 
@@ -621,13 +658,9 @@ check_stop:
  */
 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 {
-       if (token.type == T_EOF)
-               return;
        while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
                if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
                        eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
-               if (token.type == T_EOF)
-                       break;
                next_token();
        }
 }
@@ -639,16 +672,6 @@ static void eat_block(void)
                next_token();
 }
 
-/**
- * eat all token until a ';' is reached or a stop token is found.
- */
-static void eat_statement(void)
-{
-       eat_until_matching_token(';');
-       if (token.type == ';')
-               next_token();
-}
-
 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while (0)
 
 /**
@@ -693,30 +716,39 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
  * and goto the end_error label.
  */
-#define expect(expected)                              \
-       do {                                              \
-    if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {          \
-        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
-               add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
-        eat_until_anchor();                           \
-        if (token.type == expected)                   \
-               next_token();                             \
-               rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
-        goto end_error;                               \
-    }                                                 \
-    next_token();                                     \
+#define expect(expected)                                  \
+       do {                                                  \
+               if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
+                       parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
+                       add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
+                       eat_until_anchor();                           \
+                       if (token.type == expected)                   \
+                               next_token();                             \
+                       rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
+                       goto end_error;                               \
+               }                                                 \
+               next_token();                                     \
        } while (0)
 
-static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
+static void scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 {
        if (scope != NULL) {
                scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
+               new_scope->depth        = scope->depth + 1;
        }
-       scope = new_scope;
+       new_scope->parent = scope;
+       scope             = new_scope;
 
        last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 }
 
+static void scope_pop(void)
+{
+       scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
+       scope = scope->parent;
+       last_declaration = scope->last_declaration;
+}
+
 /**
  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
@@ -743,28 +775,20 @@ static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
        namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 
        /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
-       declaration_t *iter = symbol->declaration;
-       if (iter == NULL) {
-               symbol->declaration = declaration;
-       } else {
-               declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
-               for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
-                       /* replace an entry? */
-                       if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
-                               if (iter_last == NULL) {
-                                       symbol->declaration = declaration;
-                               } else {
-                                       iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
-                               }
-                               declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
-                               break;
-                       }
-               }
-               if (iter == NULL) {
-                       assert(iter_last->symbol_next == NULL);
-                       iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
+       declaration_t **anchor;
+       declaration_t  *iter;
+       for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
+               iter = *anchor;
+               if (iter == NULL)
+                       break;
+
+               /* replace an entry? */
+               if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
+                       declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
+                       break;
                }
        }
+       *anchor = declaration;
 
        /* remember old declaration */
        stack_entry_t entry;
@@ -829,29 +853,23 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
                namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
 
                /* replace/remove declaration */
-               declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
-               assert(declaration != NULL);
-               if (declaration->namespc == namespc) {
-                       if (old_declaration == NULL) {
-                               symbol->declaration = declaration->symbol_next;
-                       } else {
-                               symbol->declaration = old_declaration;
-                       }
-               } else {
-                       declaration_t *iter_last = declaration;
-                       declaration_t *iter      = declaration->symbol_next;
-                       for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
-                               /* replace an entry? */
-                               if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
-                                       assert(iter_last != NULL);
-                                       iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
-                                       if (old_declaration != NULL) {
-                                               old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
-                                       }
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                       }
+               declaration_t **anchor;
+               declaration_t  *iter;
+               for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
+                       iter = *anchor;
                        assert(iter != NULL);
+                       /* replace an entry? */
+                       if (iter->namespc == namespc)
+                               break;
+               }
+
+               /* Not all declarations adhere scopes (e.g. jump labels), so this
+                * correction is necessary */
+               if (old_declaration != NULL) {
+                       old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
+                       *anchor = old_declaration;
+               } else {
+                       *anchor = iter->symbol_next;
                }
        }
 
@@ -1030,7 +1048,7 @@ static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
 
        case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
                warningf(source_position,
-                        "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
+                        "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
                                 context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
                return;
 
@@ -1109,8 +1127,7 @@ static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
 
 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
 {
-       /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
-       expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
+       expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 
        if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
                errorf(&result->base.source_position,
@@ -1122,8 +1139,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
 
 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
 {
-       /* start parsing at precedence 2 (assignment expression) */
-       return parse_sub_expression(2);
+       return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 }
 
 static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
@@ -1497,12 +1513,12 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        add_anchor_token(',');
        parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
-       rem_anchor_token('(');
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
 
        expect(',');
        add_anchor_token(')');
        parse_constant_expression();
-       rem_anchor_token('(');
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        return;
 end_error:
@@ -1665,7 +1681,6 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                }
 
                                switch(kind) {
-                               case GNU_AK_CONST:
                                case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
                                case GNU_AK_NAKED:
                                case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
@@ -1705,6 +1720,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_UNUSED:            modifiers |= DM_UNUSED;            goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_CONST:             modifiers |= DM_CONST;             goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
@@ -1875,6 +1891,215 @@ end_error:
        }
 }
 
+static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl);
+
+static declaration_t *determine_lhs_decl(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
+{
+       switch (expr->kind) {
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+                       declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
+                       return decl;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
+                       expression_t  *const ref  = expr->array_access.array_ref;
+                       declaration_t *      decl = NULL;
+                       if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
+                               decl     = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
+                               lhs_decl = decl;
+                       } else {
+                               mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                       }
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
+                       return decl;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_SELECT: {
+                       if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
+                               return determine_lhs_decl(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                       } else {
+                               mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                               return NULL;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
+                       expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
+                       if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+                               /* *&x is a NOP */
+                               return determine_lhs_decl(val->unary.value, lhs_decl);
+                       } else {
+                               mark_decls_read(val, NULL);
+                               return NULL;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               default:
+                       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
+                       return NULL;
+       }
+}
+
+#define DECL_ANY ((declaration_t*)-1)
+
+/**
+ * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to deted variables, which
+ * are never read.
+ * Example:
+ * x = x + 1;
+ *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
+ *   value.
+ *
+ * x += y; y += x;
+ *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
+ *   involved.
+ */
+static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
+{
+       switch (expr->kind) {
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+                       declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
+                       if (lhs_decl != decl && lhs_decl != DECL_ANY)
+                               decl->read = true;
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_CALL:
+                       // TODO respect pure/const
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
+                       for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
+                               mark_decls_read(arg->expression, NULL);
+                       }
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
+                       // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
+                       if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
+                               mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_SELECT:
+                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
+                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
+                       expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
+                       mark_decls_read(ref, lhs_decl);
+                       lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_VA_ARG:
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
+                       /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
+                       if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
+                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+                       goto unary;
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
+                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
+                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+                       goto unary;
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
+unary:
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_decl);
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
+                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
+                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+                       lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(expr->binary.left, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_VA_START:
+                       determine_lhs_decl(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_decl);
+                       return;
+
+               case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
+               case EXPR_INVALID:
+               case EXPR_CONST:
+               case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
+               case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
+               case EXPR_SIZEOF:
+               case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
+               case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
+               case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
+               case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
+               case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
+               case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
+                       return;
+       }
+
+       panic("unhandled expression");
+}
+
 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
 {
        designator_t *result = NULL;
@@ -1994,6 +2219,11 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
                            &expression->base.source_position);
 
        initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
+#if 0
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+               type = type->bitfield.base_type;
+       }
+#endif
        result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
 
        return result;
@@ -2027,6 +2257,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
        }
 
        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
+       mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
        if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                       "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
@@ -2148,8 +2379,6 @@ static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
        type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
        type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
 
-       assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));
-
        type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
        top->type              = top_type;
 
@@ -2163,11 +2392,11 @@ static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
                } else {
                        path->top_type         = NULL;
                }
-       } else {
-               assert(is_type_array(top_type));
-
+       } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
                top->v.index   = 0;
                path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
+       } else {
+               assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
        }
 }
 
@@ -2216,34 +2445,37 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                                               "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
                                               symbol, orig_type);
                                }
-                               goto failed;
-                       }
 
-                       declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
-                       declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
-                       for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-                               if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
-                                       break;
+                               top->type             = type_error_type;
+                               top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
+                               orig_type             = type_error_type;
+                       } else {
+                               declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
+                               declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
+                               for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
+                                       if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
+                                               break;
+                                       }
                                }
-                       }
-                       if (iter == NULL) {
-                               errorf(&designator->source_position,
-                                      "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
-                               goto failed;
-                       }
-                       if (used_in_offsetof) {
-                               type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
-                               if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+                               if (iter == NULL) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
-                                              "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
-                                              symbol);
+                                              "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                                        goto failed;
                                }
-                       }
+                               if (used_in_offsetof) {
+                                       type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+                                       if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+                                               errorf(&designator->source_position,
+                                                      "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
+                                                      symbol);
+                                               goto failed;
+                                       }
+                               }
 
-                       top->type             = orig_type;
-                       top->v.compound_entry = iter;
-                       orig_type             = iter->type;
+                               top->type             = orig_type;
+                               top->v.compound_entry = iter;
+                               orig_type             = iter->type;
+                       }
                } else {
                        expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
                        assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
@@ -2256,24 +2488,18 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                                }
                                goto failed;
                        }
-                       if (!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
-                               goto failed;
-                       }
 
                        long index = fold_constant(array_index);
                        if (!used_in_offsetof) {
                                if (index < 0) {
                                        errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                               "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
-                                       goto failed;
-                               }
-                               if (type->array.size_constant == true) {
+                               } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
                                        long array_size = type->array.size;
                                        if (index >= array_size) {
                                                errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                                       "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
                                                       array_index, index, array_size);
-                                               goto failed;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
@@ -2311,7 +2537,7 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
                        path->top_type = entry->type;
                        return;
                }
-       } else {
+       } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
                assert(is_type_array(type));
 
                top->v.index++;
@@ -2319,6 +2545,9 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
                if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
                        return;
                }
+       } else {
+               assert(!is_type_valid(type));
+               return;
        }
 
        /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
@@ -2390,13 +2619,6 @@ static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
                /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
        } else {
                type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-
-               /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
-                * initializers in this case. */
-               if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
-                       skip_initializers();
-                       return create_empty_initializer();
-               }
        }
 
        initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
@@ -2473,6 +2695,11 @@ finish_designator:
 
                        if (type == NULL) {
                                /* we are already outside, ... */
+                               type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
+                               if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
+                                   !outer_type_skip->compound.declaration->init.complete) {
+                                       goto error_parse_next;
+                               }
                                goto error_excess;
                        }
 
@@ -2857,16 +3084,16 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
 
        expression_t *expression  = NULL;
 
-restart:
-       switch(token.type) {
-       case T___extension__:
-               /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression.  We simply eat
-                * it now. */
-               do {
-                       next_token();
-               } while (token.type == T___extension__);
-               goto restart;
+       bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
+       bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
+       in_type_prop           = true;
 
+       while (token.type == T___extension__) {
+               /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
+               next_token();
+               in_gcc_extension = true;
+       }
+       switch (token.type) {
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
                if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        type = parse_typename();
@@ -2885,6 +3112,8 @@ restart:
                type       = expression->base.type;
                break;
        }
+       in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
+       in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
@@ -2957,7 +3186,7 @@ static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
                return false;
        }
        unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
-       for(unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
+       for (unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
                if (i == v)
                        return true;
        }
@@ -3028,7 +3257,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
                        next_token();
                        expect('(');
-                       for(;;) {
+                       for (;;) {
                                bool is_get = false;
                                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                        goto end_error;
@@ -3112,7 +3341,7 @@ static declaration_t *create_error_declaration(symbol_t *symbol, storage_class_t
        decl->source_position        = *HERE;
        decl->declared_storage_class = storage_class;
        decl->storage_class          =
-               storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE || scope == global_scope ?
+               storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE || scope == file_scope ?
                        storage_class : STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
        decl->symbol                 = symbol;
        decl->implicit               = true;
@@ -3131,33 +3360,38 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
        if (! struct_decl->init.complete)
                return;
 
-       il_size_t      size      = 0;
-       il_size_t      new_size;
-       il_alignment_t alignment = 1;
-       bool           need_pad  = false;
+       il_size_t      size           = 0;
+       il_size_t      offset;
+       il_alignment_t alignment      = 1;
+       bool           need_pad       = false;
 
        declaration_t *entry = struct_decl->scope.declarations;
        for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->next) {
                if (entry->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
                        continue;
 
-               type_t         *m_type      = skip_typeref(entry->type);
-               il_alignment_t  m_alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
-
-               new_size = (size + m_alignment - 1) & -m_alignment;
+               type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
+               if (! is_type_valid(m_type)) {
+                       /* simply ignore errors here */
+                       continue;
+               }
+               il_alignment_t m_alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
                if (m_alignment > alignment)
                        alignment = m_alignment;
-               if (new_size > size)
+
+               offset = (size + m_alignment - 1) & -m_alignment;
+
+               if (offset > size)
                        need_pad = true;
-               entry->offset = new_size;
-               size = new_size + m_type->base.size;
+               entry->offset = offset;
+               size = offset + m_type->base.size;
        }
        if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
                alignment = type->base.alignment;
        }
 
-       new_size = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
-       if (new_size > size)
+       offset = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
+       if (offset > size)
                need_pad = true;
 
        if (warning.padded && need_pad) {
@@ -3170,7 +3404,7 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
                        type, struct_decl->symbol);
        }
 
-       type->base.size      = new_size;
+       type->base.size      = offset;
        type->base.alignment = alignment;
 }
 
@@ -3194,6 +3428,8 @@ static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type) {
                        continue;
 
                type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
+               if (! is_type_valid(m_type))
+                       continue;
 
                entry->offset = 0;
                if (m_type->base.size > size)
@@ -3211,12 +3447,13 @@ static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type) {
 
 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
-       type_t            *type            = NULL;
-       type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers      = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
-       type_modifiers_t   modifiers       = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
-       unsigned           type_specifiers = 0;
-       bool               newtype         = false;
-       bool               saw_error       = false;
+       type_t            *type              = NULL;
+       type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
+       type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
+       unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
+       bool               newtype           = false;
+       bool               saw_error         = false;
+       bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
 
        specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
 
@@ -3226,7 +3463,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
                        modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
 
-               switch(token.type) {
+               switch (token.type) {
 
                /* storage class */
 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
@@ -3291,8 +3528,8 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
 
                case T___extension__:
-                       /* TODO */
                        next_token();
+                       in_gcc_extension = true;
                        break;
 
                /* type specifiers */
@@ -3356,8 +3593,8 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
                        if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
                                modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
-                       break;
                        finish_union_type(&type->compound);
+                       break;
                }
                case T_enum:
                        type = parse_enum_specifier();
@@ -3437,6 +3674,8 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
        }
 
 finish_specifiers:
+       in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
+
        if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
                atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
 
@@ -3575,10 +3814,8 @@ warn_about_long_long:
                default:
                        /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
                        if (type_specifiers == 0) {
-                               if (saw_error) {
-                                       specifiers->type = type_error_type;
-                                       return;
-                               }
+                               if (saw_error)
+                                       goto end_error;
 
                                if (!strict_mode) {
                                        if (warning.implicit_int) {
@@ -3597,15 +3834,13 @@ warn_about_long_long:
                        } else {
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
                        }
-                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
+                       goto end_error;
                }
 
-               if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX &&
-                  atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
+               if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
                        type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
                        type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
-               } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY &&
-                         atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
+               } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
                        type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
                        type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
                } else {
@@ -3628,7 +3863,10 @@ warn_about_long_long:
        }
 
        specifiers->type = result;
+       return;
+
 end_error:
+       specifiers->type = type_error_type;
        return;
 }
 
@@ -3655,7 +3893,13 @@ static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
        }
 }
 
-static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
+/**
+ * Parses an K&R identifier list and return a list of declarations.
+ *
+ * @param last  points to the last declaration in the list
+ * @return the list of declarations
+ */
+static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(declaration_t **last)
 {
        declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
        declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
@@ -3679,6 +3923,7 @@ static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
                next_token();
        } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
 
+       *last = last_declaration;
        return declarations;
 }
 
@@ -3731,7 +3976,13 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
        return declaration;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
+/**
+ * Parses a function type parameter list and return a list of declarations.
+ *
+ * @param last  point to the last element of the list
+ * @return the parameter list
+ */
+static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, declaration_t **last)
 {
        declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
 
@@ -3744,7 +3995,7 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
                token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
                if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
                        type->kr_style_parameters = true;
-                       declarations = parse_identifier_list();
+                       declarations = parse_identifier_list(last);
                        goto parameters_finished;
                }
        }
@@ -3810,10 +4061,12 @@ parameters_finished:
        expect(')');
 
        restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
+       *last = last_declaration;
        return declarations;
 
 end_error:
        restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
+       *last = NULL;
        return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -3902,9 +4155,8 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
        rem_anchor_token(']');
        expect(']');
 
-       return (construct_type_t*) array;
 end_error:
-       return NULL;
+       return (construct_type_t*) array;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
@@ -3950,9 +4202,11 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
                type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
        }
 
-       declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
+       declaration_t *last;
+       declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function, &last);
        if (declaration != NULL) {
-               declaration->scope.declarations = parameters;
+               declaration->scope.declarations     = parameters;
+               declaration->scope.last_declaration = last;
        }
 
        construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
@@ -4032,8 +4286,10 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                next_token();
                add_anchor_token(')');
                inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
-               /* All later declarators only modify the return type, not declaration */
-               declaration = NULL;
+               if (inner_types != NULL) {
+                       /* All later declarators only modify the return type, not declaration */
+                       declaration = NULL;
+               }
                rem_anchor_token(')');
                expect(')');
                break;
@@ -4041,13 +4297,7 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                if (may_be_abstract)
                        break;
                parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
-               /* avoid a loop in the outermost scope, because eat_statement doesn't
-                * eat '}' */
-               if (token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
-                       next_token();
-               } else {
-                       eat_statement();
-               }
+               eat_until_anchor();
                return NULL;
        }
 
@@ -4146,26 +4396,26 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        function_type->function.return_type = type;
 
                        type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
+                       /* Â§6.7.5.3(1) */
                        if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
-                               type = type_error_type;
                        } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
-                               type = type_error_type;
                        } else {
-                               type = function_type;
+                               if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0) {
+                                       warningf(HERE,
+                                               "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
+                               }
                        }
+
+                       type = function_type;
                        break;
                }
 
                case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
                        parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
-                       type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, &null_position);
-                       pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
-                       pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
-
-                       type = pointer_type;
-                       break;
+                       type = make_pointer_type(type, parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers);
+                       continue;
                }
 
                case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
@@ -4195,12 +4445,13 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        }
 
                        type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
-                       if (is_type_atomic(skipped_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                               errorf(HERE, "array of void is not allowed");
-                               type = type_error_type;
-                       } else {
-                               type = array_type;
+                       /* Â§6.7.5.2(1) */
+                       if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
+                       } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
                        }
+                       type = array_type;
                        break;
                }
                }
@@ -4232,8 +4483,8 @@ static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
        declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
 
        declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
-                       && scope != global_scope) {
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE &&
+           scope != file_scope) {
                declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
        }
 
@@ -4297,7 +4548,7 @@ static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_t
                warningf(&decl->source_position,
                         "'main' is normally a non-static function");
        }
-       if (skip_typeref(func_type->return_type) != type_int) {
+       if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
                warningf(&decl->source_position,
                         "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
                         func_type->return_type);
@@ -4360,7 +4611,7 @@ static declaration_t *record_declaration(
                        previous_declaration == NULL) {
                warningf(&declaration->source_position,
                         "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
-                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
+                        orig_type, symbol);
        }
 
        if (warning.main && is_type_function(type) && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
@@ -4369,14 +4620,23 @@ static declaration_t *record_declaration(
 
        if (warning.nested_externs                             &&
            declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-           scope                      != global_scope) {
+           scope                      != file_scope) {
                warningf(&declaration->source_position,
                         "nested extern declaration of '%#T'", declaration->type, symbol);
        }
 
        assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
-       if (previous_declaration != NULL
-                       && previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
+       if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
+           previous_declaration->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
+           scope->depth == previous_declaration->parent_scope->depth + 1) {
+               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                       "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
+                       orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
+                       &previous_declaration->source_position);
+               goto finish;
+       }
+       if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
+           previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
                /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
                if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
                        previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
@@ -4450,8 +4710,9 @@ static declaration_t *record_declaration(
                        if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
                                        new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
 warn_redundant_declaration:
-                               if (!is_definition          &&
-                                   warning.redundant_decls &&
+                               if (!is_definition           &&
+                                   warning.redundant_decls  &&
+                                   is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
                                    strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
                                        warningf(&declaration->source_position,
                                                 "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
@@ -4469,14 +4730,16 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
                                } else {
                                        goto warn_redundant_declaration;
                                }
-                       } else if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
-                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                      "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                      symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                       } else {
-                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                      "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
-                                      symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                       } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
+                               if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
+                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                              "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                               } else {
+                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                              "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
+                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                               }
                        }
                }
 
@@ -4497,7 +4760,7 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
                }
        } else {
                if (warning.missing_declarations &&
-                   scope == global_scope && (
+                   scope == file_scope && (
                      declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
                      declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
                    )) {
@@ -4505,7 +4768,7 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
                                 "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
                }
        }
-
+finish:
        assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
        assert(scope != NULL);
 
@@ -4525,7 +4788,7 @@ static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
 {
-       switch(token->type) {
+       switch (token->type) {
                TYPE_SPECIFIERS
                TYPE_QUALIFIERS
                        return true;
@@ -4553,9 +4816,9 @@ static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
        }
 
        bool must_be_constant = false;
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
-                       || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
-                       || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC        ||
+           declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC ||
+           declaration->parent_scope  == file_scope) {
                must_be_constant = true;
        }
 
@@ -4588,24 +4851,17 @@ static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
 {
        eat(';');
 
-       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
-       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
-       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
-
-       if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
+       if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+               warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
                         "useless storage class in empty declaration");
        }
-       declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
 
-       type_t *type = declaration->type;
+       type_t *type = specifiers->type;
        switch (type->kind) {
                case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
                case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
                        if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
-                               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
+                               warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
                                         "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
                        }
                        break;
@@ -4615,11 +4871,20 @@ static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
                        break;
 
                default:
-                       warningf(&declaration->source_position, "empty declaration");
+                       warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
                        break;
        }
 
+#ifdef RECORD_EMPTY_DECLARATIONS
+       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
+       declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
+       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
+       declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
+       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
+       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+
        append_declaration(declaration);
+#endif
 }
 
 static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
@@ -4627,7 +4892,6 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
                parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
 {
        add_anchor_token(';');
-       add_anchor_token('=');
        add_anchor_token(',');
        while(true) {
                declaration_t *declaration =
@@ -4651,13 +4915,14 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
                        break;
                eat(',');
 
+               add_anchor_token('=');
                ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
+               rem_anchor_token('=');
        }
        expect(';');
 
 end_error:
        rem_anchor_token(';');
-       rem_anchor_token('=');
        rem_anchor_token(',');
 }
 
@@ -4700,7 +4965,10 @@ static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
 {
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
+
+       add_anchor_token(';');
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
 
        if (token.type == ';') {
                parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
@@ -4733,10 +5001,11 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
        if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
                return;
 
+       add_anchor_token('{');
+
        /* push function parameters */
-       int       top        = environment_top();
-       scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
-       set_scope(&declaration->scope);
+       size_t const top = environment_top();
+       scope_push(&declaration->scope);
 
        declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
        for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
@@ -4752,7 +5021,7 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
 
        /* pop function parameters */
        assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
-       set_scope(last_scope);
+       scope_pop();
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        /* update function type */
@@ -4811,6 +5080,8 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
        }
 
        declaration->type = type;
+
+       rem_anchor_token('{');
 }
 
 static bool first_err = true;
@@ -4869,6 +5140,45 @@ static void check_labels(void)
        label_first = label_last = NULL;
 }
 
+static void warn_unused_decl(declaration_t *decl, declaration_t *end, char const *const what)
+{
+       for (; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
+               if (decl->implicit)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!decl->used) {
+                       print_in_function();
+                       warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused", what, decl->symbol);
+               } else if (!decl->read) {
+                       print_in_function();
+                       warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read", what, decl->symbol);
+               }
+
+               if (decl == end)
+                       break;
+       }
+}
+
+static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
+{
+       (void)env;
+
+       switch (stmt->kind) {
+               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
+                       declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
+                       warn_unused_decl(decls->declarations_begin, decls->declarations_end, "variable");
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               case STATEMENT_FOR:
+                       warn_unused_decl(stmt->fors.scope.declarations, NULL, "variable");
+                       return;
+
+               default:
+                       return;
+       }
+}
+
 /**
  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
  */
@@ -4877,20 +5187,13 @@ static void check_declarations(void)
        if (warning.unused_parameter) {
                const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
 
-               if (is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
-                       /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
-                       return;
-               }
-               const declaration_t *parameter = scope->declarations;
-               for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
-                       if (! parameter->used) {
-                               print_in_function();
-                               warningf(&parameter->source_position,
-                                        "unused parameter '%Y'", parameter->symbol);
-                       }
+               /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
+               if (!is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
+                       warn_unused_decl(scope->declarations, NULL, "parameter");
                }
        }
        if (warning.unused_variable) {
+               walk_statements(current_function->init.statement, check_unused_variables, NULL);
        }
 }
 
@@ -5253,57 +5556,12 @@ continue_for:;
        check_reachable(next);
 }
 
-static void check_unreachable(statement_t const* const stmt)
+static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
 {
-       if (!stmt->base.reachable            &&
-           stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE &&
-           stmt->kind != STATEMENT_FOR      &&
-           (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_COMPOUND || stmt->compound.statements == NULL)) {
-               warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
-       }
+       (void)env;
 
        switch (stmt->kind) {
-               case STATEMENT_INVALID:
-               case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
-               case STATEMENT_RETURN:
-               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
-               case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
-               case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
-               case STATEMENT_BREAK:
-               case STATEMENT_GOTO:
-               case STATEMENT_ASM:
-               case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
-                       if (stmt->compound.statements)
-                               check_unreachable(stmt->compound.statements);
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_IF:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->ifs.true_statement);
-                       if (stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL)
-                               check_unreachable(stmt->ifs.false_statement);
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->switchs.body);
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_LABEL:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->label.statement);
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->case_label.statement);
-                       break;
-
-               case STATEMENT_WHILE:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->whiles.body);
-                       break;
-
                case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
-                       check_unreachable(stmt->do_while.body);
                        if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
                                expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
                                if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
@@ -5311,7 +5569,7 @@ static void check_unreachable(statement_t const* const stmt)
                                                 "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
                                }
                        }
-                       break;
+                       return;
 
                case STATEMENT_FOR: {
                        for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
@@ -5335,20 +5593,19 @@ static void check_unreachable(statement_t const* const stmt)
                                                 "step of for-statement is unreachable");
                                }
                        }
-
-                       check_unreachable(fors->body);
-                       break;
+                       return;
                }
 
-               case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
-                       ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
-                       check_unreachable(ms_try->try_statement);
-                       check_unreachable(ms_try->final_statement);
-               }
-       }
+               case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
+                       if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
+                               return;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH*/
 
-       if (stmt->base.next)
-               check_unreachable(stmt->base.next);
+               default:
+                       if (!stmt->base.reachable)
+                               warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
+                       return;
+       }
 }
 
 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
@@ -5370,14 +5627,16 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
 
        add_anchor_token(',');
        add_anchor_token('=');
-       rem_anchor_token(';');
+       add_anchor_token(';');
+       add_anchor_token('{');
 
        /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
        declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
 
-       rem_anchor_token(',');
-       rem_anchor_token('=');
+       rem_anchor_token('{');
        rem_anchor_token(';');
+       rem_anchor_token('=');
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
 
        /* must be a declaration */
        switch (token.type) {
@@ -5446,9 +5705,8 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
 
        /* push function parameters and switch scope */
-       int       top        = environment_top();
-       scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
-       set_scope(&declaration->scope);
+       size_t const top = environment_top();
+       scope_push(&declaration->scope);
 
        declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
        for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
@@ -5486,7 +5744,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                        noreturn_candidate = true;
                        check_reachable(body);
                        if (warning.unreachable_code)
-                               check_unreachable(body);
+                               walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
                        if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
                            noreturn_candidate       &&
                            !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
@@ -5503,17 +5761,45 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        }
 
        assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
-       set_scope(last_scope);
+       scope_pop();
        environment_pop_to(top);
 }
 
 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
-                                  source_position_t *source_position)
+                                  source_position_t *source_position,
+                                  const symbol_t *symbol)
 {
        type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
 
-       type->bitfield.base_type = base_type;
-       type->bitfield.size      = size;
+       type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
+       type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
+
+       il_size_t bit_size;
+       type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
+       if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
+                       base_type);
+               bit_size = 0;
+       } else {
+               bit_size = skipped_type->base.size * 8;
+       }
+
+       if (is_constant_expression(size)) {
+               long v = fold_constant(size);
+
+               if (v < 0) {
+                       errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'",
+                               symbol);
+               } else if (v == 0) {
+                       errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'",
+                               symbol);
+               } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
+                       errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type",
+                               symbol);
+               } else {
+                       type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
+               }
+       }
 
        return type;
 }
@@ -5565,12 +5851,8 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                        type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
                        expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                       if (!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
-                               errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
-                                      base_type);
-                       }
-
-                       type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size, &source_position);
+                       type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
+                                       &source_position, sym_anonymous);
 
                        declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
                        declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
@@ -5590,12 +5872,8 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                                next_token();
                                expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                               if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
-                                       errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
-                                              orig_type);
-                               }
-
-                               type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size, &source_position);
+                               type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size,
+                                               &source_position, declaration->symbol);
                                declaration->type = bitfield_type;
                        } else {
                                /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
@@ -5648,7 +5926,11 @@ static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
        eat('{');
        add_anchor_token('}');
 
-       while (token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
+       while (token.type != '}') {
+               if (token.type == T_EOF) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
+                       break;
+               }
                declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
                memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
                parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
@@ -5656,10 +5938,6 @@ static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
                parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
        }
        rem_anchor_token('}');
-
-       if (token.type == T_EOF) {
-               errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
-       }
        next_token();
 }
 
@@ -5683,9 +5961,8 @@ static type_t *parse_typename(void)
 
 
 
-typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function) (unsigned precedence);
-typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function) (unsigned precedence,
-                                                          expression_t *left);
+typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
+typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
 
 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
 struct expression_parser_function_t {
@@ -5788,8 +6065,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
        cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
 
        if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
-               if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
-                       /* TODO */
+               if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
                        warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
                } else {
                        errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
@@ -5812,8 +6088,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
        cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
 
        if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
-               if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
-                       /* TODO */
+               if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
                        warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
                } else {
                        errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
@@ -5948,11 +6223,17 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
                return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
        case T___builtin_huge_val:
                return make_function_0_type(type_double);
+       case T___builtin_inf:
+               return make_function_0_type(type_double);
+       case T___builtin_inff:
+               return make_function_0_type(type_float);
+       case T___builtin_infl:
+               return make_function_0_type(type_long_double);
        case T___builtin_nan:
                return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
        case T___builtin_nanf:
                return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
-       case T___builtin_nand:
+       case T___builtin_nanl:
                return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
        case T___builtin_va_end:
                return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
@@ -6046,32 +6327,26 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
 
        declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
 
-       source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
-       next_token();
-
        if (declaration == NULL) {
-               if (token.type == '(') {
+               if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
                        /* an implicitly declared function */
-                       if (strict_mode) {
-                               errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
-                       } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
+                       if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
                                warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
                                        symbol);
                        }
 
-                       declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol,
-                                                              &source_position);
+                       declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
                } else {
                        errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
                        declaration = create_error_declaration(symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_NONE);
                }
        }
 
-       type_t *type = declaration->type;
+       type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
 
        /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
         * code to revert this! */
-       type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
+       type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
 
        ref->declaration = declaration;
        ref->base.type   = type;
@@ -6079,6 +6354,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
        /* this declaration is used */
        declaration->used = true;
 
+       if (declaration->parent_scope != file_scope                          &&
+           declaration->parent_scope->depth < current_function->scope.depth &&
+           is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
+               /* access of a variable from an outer function */
+               declaration->address_taken     = true;
+               current_function->need_closure = true;
+       }
+
        /* check for deprecated functions */
        if (warning.deprecated_declarations &&
            declaration->modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
@@ -6086,23 +6369,21 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
                        "function" : "variable";
 
                if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
-                       warningf(&source_position,
-                               "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"", prefix,
-                               declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position,
+                       warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
+                               prefix, declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position,
                                declaration->deprecated_string);
                } else {
-                       warningf(&source_position,
-                               "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
+                       warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
                                declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
                }
        }
-       if (warning.init_self && declaration == current_init_decl) {
+       if (warning.init_self && declaration == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop) {
                current_init_decl = NULL;
-               warningf(&source_position,
-                       "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
+               warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
                        declaration->type, declaration->symbol);
        }
 
+       next_token();
        return expression;
 }
 
@@ -6177,11 +6458,12 @@ static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
  */
 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
 {
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+
        source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
 
        type_t *type  = parse_typename();
 
-       /* matching add_anchor_token() is at call site */
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
@@ -6192,7 +6474,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
        expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
        cast->base.source_position = source_position;
 
-       expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
+       expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
        cast->base.type   = type;
        cast->unary.value = value;
 
@@ -6210,6 +6492,8 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
 {
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
 
        statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
@@ -6231,11 +6515,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
        }
        expression->base.type = type;
 
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
-       return expression;
 end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
+       return expression;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6244,7 +6528,6 @@ end_error:
 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
 {
        eat('(');
-       add_anchor_token(')');
 
        switch(token.type) {
        case '{':
@@ -6260,13 +6543,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
                }
        }
 
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *result = parse_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
-       return result;
 end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
+       return result;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
@@ -6443,17 +6726,15 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
        expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
-               if (decl == NULL)
-                       return create_invalid_expression();
-               if (decl->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
-                   decl->next == NULL) {
-                       expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
-                       expect(')');
-                       return expression;
+               if (decl->parent_scope != &current_function->scope || decl->next != NULL) {
+                       errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                              "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
                }
+               expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
+               expect(')');
+               return expression;
        }
-       errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
-              "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
+       expect(')');
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
@@ -6572,7 +6853,6 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
                break;
        default:
                internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
-               break;
        }
        expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
        next_token();
@@ -6662,7 +6942,10 @@ static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
        candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL);
        /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
        if (candidate != NULL) {
-               assert(candidate->parent_scope == scope);
+               if (candidate->parent_scope != scope) {
+                       assert(candidate->parent_scope->depth < scope->depth);
+                       current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
+               }
                return candidate;
        }
 
@@ -6777,9 +7060,12 @@ static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
                case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
                case T___builtin_expect:
                case T___builtin_alloca:
+               case T___builtin_inf:
+               case T___builtin_inff:
+               case T___builtin_infl:
                case T___builtin_nan:
-               case T___builtin_nand:
                case T___builtin_nanf:
+               case T___builtin_nanl:
                case T___builtin_huge_val:
                case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
                case T___builtin_isgreater:
@@ -6792,7 +7078,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
                case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
                case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
                case T_ANDAND:
-                       if (c_mode & _GNUC)
+                       if (GNU_MODE)
                                return parse_label_address();
                        break;
 
@@ -6819,11 +7105,8 @@ static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
        }
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                            expression_t *left)
+static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
-
        eat('[');
        add_anchor_token(']');
 
@@ -6858,32 +7141,33 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
                                orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
                }
                return_type             = type_error_type;
-               array_access->array_ref = create_invalid_expression();
+               array_access->array_ref = left;
+               array_access->index     = inside;
        }
 
+       expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
+
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       if (token.type != ']') {
+       if (token.type == ']') {
+               next_token();
+       } else {
                parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
-               return expression;
        }
-       next_token();
-
-       return_type           = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
-       expression->base.type = return_type;
-
        return expression;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
-                                    source_position_t const pos,
-                                    unsigned const precedence)
+                                    source_position_t const pos)
 {
-       expression_t *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
+       expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
        tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
        tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
 
        char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
 
+       /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
+       bool old     = in_type_prop;
+       in_type_prop = true;
        if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
                next_token();
                add_anchor_token(')');
@@ -6904,7 +7188,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
                rem_anchor_token(')');
                expect(')');
        } else {
-               expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+               expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
 
                type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
                expression->base.type = orig_type;
@@ -6923,29 +7207,27 @@ static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
                tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
        }
 
-       return tp_expression;
 end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
+       in_type_prop = old;
+       return tp_expression;
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
 {
        source_position_t pos = *HERE;
        eat(T_sizeof);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos);
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
 {
        source_position_t pos = *HERE;
        eat(T___alignof__);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos);
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                             expression_t *compound)
+static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
        assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
 
        bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
@@ -6990,7 +7272,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
                if (!declaration->init.complete) {
                        errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
                               symbol, type_left);
-                       return create_invalid_expression();
+                       goto create_error_entry;
                }
 
                entry = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
@@ -7072,26 +7354,15 @@ static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
                report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
                                                        &arg_expr->base.source_position);
-       } else if (warning.traditional | warning.conversion) {
-               if (
-                   /* passing as integer instead of float or complex */
-                   (is_type_integer(expected_type) &&
-                    (is_type_float(arg_type) || is_type_complex(arg_type))) ||
-                   /* passing as complex instead of integer or float */
-                   (is_type_complex(expected_type) &&
-                    (is_type_integer(arg_type) || is_type_float(arg_type))) ||
-                   /* passing as float instead of integer or complex */
-                   (is_type_float(expected_type) &&
-                    (is_type_integer(arg_type) || is_type_complex(arg_type))) ||
-                   /* passing as float instead of double */
-                   (is_type_float(expected_type) && expected_type != type_double &&
-                    is_type_float(arg_type))) {
+       } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
+               type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
+               if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
+                   !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
+                   !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
+                       /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
                        warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
                                "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
-                               pos, expected_type, arg_type);
-               }
-               if (is_type_integer(expected_type) && is_type_integer(arg_type)) {
-                       /* TODO check for size HERE */
+                               pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
                }
        }
 }
@@ -7101,10 +7372,8 @@ static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
  *
  * @param expression  the function address
  */
-static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                           expression_t *expression)
+static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
        expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
        result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
 
@@ -7192,9 +7461,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
                         "function call has aggregate value");
        }
 
-       return result;
 end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
+       return result;
 }
 
 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
@@ -7212,8 +7480,7 @@ static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
  *
  * @param expression  the conditional expression
  */
-static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                                  expression_t *expression)
+static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
 {
        expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
 
@@ -7234,13 +7501,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
 
        expression_t *true_expression = expression;
        bool          gnu_cond = false;
-       if ((c_mode & _GNUC) && token.type == ':') {
+       if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
                gnu_cond = true;
        } else
                true_expression = parse_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(':');
        expect(':');
-       expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 
        type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
@@ -7313,13 +7580,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                                        "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
                        result_type = pointer_type;
                } else {
-                       type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
-                                       &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
+                       if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
+                               type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
+                                               &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
+                       }
                        result_type = type_error_type;
                }
        } else {
-               /* TODO: one pointer to void*, other some pointer */
-
                if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
                        type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
                                                &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
@@ -7341,20 +7608,21 @@ end_error:
 /**
  * Parse an extension expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
 {
        eat(T___extension__);
 
-       /* TODO enable extensions */
-       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
-       /* TODO disable extensions */
+       bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
+       in_gcc_extension         = true;
+       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
+       in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
        return expression;
 }
 
 /**
  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
 
@@ -7363,7 +7631,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
 
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
-       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
@@ -7381,7 +7649,7 @@ static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
        points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
 
        if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
-               if (!(c_mode & _GNUC) || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+               if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        errorf(source_position,
                               "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
                               orig_pointer_type);
@@ -7392,7 +7660,7 @@ static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
                                 orig_pointer_type);
                }
        } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
-               if (!(c_mode && _GNUC)) {
+               if (!GNU_MODE) {
                        errorf(source_position,
                               "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
                               orig_pointer_type);
@@ -7416,7 +7684,10 @@ static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
                return true;
 
        default:
-               return false;
+               /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
+                * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
+                * lvalue. */
+               return !is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type));
        }
 }
 
@@ -7466,6 +7737,46 @@ static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
                        "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
 }
 
+static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
+{
+       bool regular_take_address = true;
+       for (;;) {
+               if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+                       expr = expr->unary.value;
+               } else {
+                       regular_take_address = false;
+               }
+
+               if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
+                       break;
+
+               expr = expr->unary.value;
+       }
+
+       if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
+               return NULL;
+
+       if (!regular_take_address &&
+           !is_type_function(skip_typeref(expr->reference.declaration->type))) {
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       return expr;
+}
+
+static void warn_function_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
+{
+       if (!warning.address)
+               return;
+
+       expr = get_reference_address(expr);
+       if (expr != NULL) {
+               warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
+                       expr->reference.declaration->symbol);
+       }
+}
+
 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
@@ -7475,6 +7786,8 @@ static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
                       "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
        }
 
+       warn_function_address_as_bool(expression->value);
+
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 }
 
@@ -7544,7 +7857,7 @@ static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
        value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
 
        type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
-       if (!is_type_valid(orig_type))
+       if (!is_type_valid(skip_typeref(orig_type)))
                return;
 
        set_address_taken(value, false);
@@ -7552,18 +7865,18 @@ static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
 }
 
-#define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc)   \
-static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence)            \
-{                                                                              \
-       expression_t *unary_expression                                             \
-               = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                         \
-       unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                            \
-       eat(token_type);                                                           \
-       unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(precedence);          \
-                                                                                  \
-       sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                           \
-                                                                                  \
-       return unary_expression;                                                   \
+#define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
+static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
+{                                                                            \
+       expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
+               = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
+       unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                          \
+       eat(token_type);                                                         \
+       unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
+                                                                                \
+       sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
+                                                                                \
+       return unary_expression;                                                 \
 }
 
 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
@@ -7585,11 +7898,8 @@ CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
 
 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
                                                sfunc)                         \
-static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence,           \
-                                               expression_t *left)            \
+static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
 {                                                                             \
-       (void) precedence;                                                        \
-                                                                              \
        expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
                = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
        unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                           \
@@ -7612,6 +7922,9 @@ static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
 {
        /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
 
+       type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
+       type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
+
        /* Â§ 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
        if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
                return type_long_double;
@@ -7698,10 +8011,15 @@ static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
 
 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
 {
-       if (warning.div_by_zero                       &&
-           is_type_integer(expression->base.type)    &&
-           is_constant_expression(expression->right) &&
-           fold_constant(expression->right) == 0) {
+       if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
+           !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
+               return;
+
+       expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
+       /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
+       if (is_type_integer(right->base.type) &&
+           is_constant_expression(right)     &&
+           fold_constant(right) == 0) {
                warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
        }
 }
@@ -7814,6 +8132,22 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
+{
+       while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+               expr = expr->unary.value;
+               if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
+                       return;
+               expr = expr->unary.value;
+       }
+
+       if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL ||
+           expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
+               warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
+       }
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
  *
@@ -7821,13 +8155,32 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
  */
 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       expression_t *left            = expression->left;
-       expression_t *right           = expression->right;
-       type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
-       type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
+       expression_t *left  = expression->left;
+       expression_t *right = expression->right;
 
-       type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
-       type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
+       if (warning.address) {
+               warn_string_literal_address(left);
+               warn_string_literal_address(right);
+
+               expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
+               if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
+                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                               "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
+                               func_left->reference.declaration->symbol);
+               }
+
+               expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
+               if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
+                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                               "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
+                               func_right->reference.declaration->symbol);
+               }
+       }
+
+       type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
+       type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
+       type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
+       type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
        /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
        if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
@@ -8020,6 +8373,9 @@ static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
        type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 
+       warn_function_address_as_bool(left);
+       warn_function_address_as_bool(right);
+
        if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
                /* TODO: improve error message */
                if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
@@ -8195,78 +8551,58 @@ static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
 }
 
-#define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, sfunc, lr)  \
-static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(unsigned precedence,      \
-                                                expression_t *left)       \
-{                                                                         \
-       expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type); \
-       binexpr->base.source_position = *HERE;                                \
-       binexpr->binary.left          = left;                                 \
-       eat(token_type);                                                      \
-                                                                          \
-       expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(precedence + lr);          \
-                                                                          \
-       binexpr->binary.right = right;                                        \
-       sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                              \
-                                                                          \
-       return binexpr;                                                       \
-}
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',', EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,    semantic_comma, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*', EXPR_BINARY_MUL,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/', EXPR_BINARY_DIV,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%', EXPR_BINARY_MOD,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+', EXPR_BINARY_ADD,      semantic_add, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-', EXPR_BINARY_SUB,      semantic_sub, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<', EXPR_BINARY_LESS,     semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>', EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,  semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=', EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,   semantic_binexpr_assign, 0)
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,
-                      semantic_logical_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,
-                      semantic_logical_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,
-                      semantic_shift_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,
-                      semantic_shift_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-
-static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
+/**
+ * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
+ */
+#define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
+static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
+{                                                                            \
+       expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
+       binexpr->base.source_position = *HERE;                                   \
+       binexpr->binary.left          = left;                                    \
+       eat(token_type);                                                         \
+                                                                             \
+       expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
+                                                                             \
+       binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
+       sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
+                                                                             \
+       return binexpr;                                                          \
+}
+
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
+
+
+static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
 {
        if (token.type < 0) {
                return expected_expression_error();
@@ -8278,7 +8614,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
        expression_t                 *left;
 
        if (parser->parser != NULL) {
-               left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
+               left = parser->parser();
        } else {
                left = parse_primary_expression();
        }
@@ -8296,7 +8632,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
                if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
                        break;
 
-               left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
+               left = parser->infix_parser(left);
 
                assert(left != NULL);
                assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
@@ -8311,7 +8647,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
  */
 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
 {
-       return parse_sub_expression(1);
+       return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8362,69 +8698,56 @@ static void init_expression_parsers(void)
 {
        memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
 
-       register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,         '[',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,          '(',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        '.',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        T_MINUSGREATER,   30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
-                                                             T_PLUSPLUS,       30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
-                                                             T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
-
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       15);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 15);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL, T_GREATEREQUAL,   14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,        T_EQUALEQUAL,     13);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
-                                                    T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, 13);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,  '&',              12);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,  '^',              11);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,   '|',              10);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,  T_ANDAND,          9);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,   T_PIPEPIPE,        8);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,   '?',               7);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,       '=',               2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,   T_PLUSEQUAL,       2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,   T_MINUSEQUAL,      2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,   T_ASTERISKEQUAL,   2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,   T_SLASHEQUAL,      2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,   T_PERCENTEQUAL,    2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
-                                                               T_LESSLESSEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
-                                                         T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
-                                                                    T_ANDEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
-                                                                   T_PIPEEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
-                                                                  T_CARETEQUAL, 2);
-
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,        ',',               1);
-
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
-                                                                 T_PLUSPLUS,   25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
-                                                                 T_MINUSMINUS, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                T___alignof__, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_extension,            T___extension__, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,
-                                                    T___builtin_classify_type, 25);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
+
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',                       PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS,                PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS,              PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof,                  PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__,             PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__,           PREC_UNARY);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type, PREC_UNARY);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8505,6 +8828,11 @@ static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
                                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                       "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
                        }
+
+                       if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
+                               mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
+               } else {
+                       mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
                }
                argument->expression = expression;
                expect(')');
@@ -8560,13 +8888,11 @@ static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
  */
 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
 {
-       eat(T_asm);
-
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-
+       statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
        asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
 
+       eat(T_asm);
+
        if (token.type == T_volatile) {
                next_token();
                asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
@@ -8621,35 +8947,46 @@ end_error:
  */
 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
 {
-       eat(T_case);
-
        statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
        source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
 
-       *pos                             = token.source_position;
-       statement->case_label.expression = parse_expression();
-       if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.expression)) {
-               errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
+       eat(T_case);
+
+       expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
+       statement->case_label.expression = expression;
+       if (!is_constant_expression(expression)) {
+               /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
+                * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
+                * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
+               if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))) {
+                       errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
+               }
                statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
        } else {
-               long const val = fold_constant(statement->case_label.expression);
+               long const val = fold_constant(expression);
                statement->case_label.first_case = val;
                statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
        }
 
-       if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
+       if (GNU_MODE) {
                if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
                        next_token();
-                       statement->case_label.end_range = parse_expression();
-                       if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.end_range)) {
-                               errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
+                       expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
+                       statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
+                       if (!is_constant_expression(end_range)) {
+                               /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
+                                * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
+                                * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
+                               if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(end_range->base.type))) {
+                                       errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
+                               }
                                statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
                        } else {
-                               long const val = fold_constant(statement->case_label.end_range);
+                               long const val = fold_constant(end_range);
                                statement->case_label.last_case = val;
 
                                if (val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
-                                       statement->case_label.is_empty = true;
+                                       statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
                                        warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
                                }
                        }
@@ -8665,7 +9002,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
                        /* Check for duplicate case values */
                        case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
                        for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
-                               if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty || l->expression == NULL)
+                               if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
                                        continue;
 
                                if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
@@ -8705,10 +9042,9 @@ end_error:
  */
 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
 {
-       eat(T_default);
-
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+
+       eat(T_default);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
@@ -8753,14 +9089,13 @@ end_error:
 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
 {
        assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
-       symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
-       next_token();
-
-       declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
+       symbol_t      *symbol = token.v.symbol;
+       declaration_t *label  = get_label(symbol);
 
        statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-       statement->label.label          = label;
+       statement->label.label       = label;
+
+       next_token();
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
@@ -8816,19 +9151,25 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
  */
 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
 {
-       eat(T_if);
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
 
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       eat(T_if);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
+       add_anchor_token('{');
+
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
-       statement->ifs.condition = parse_expression();
+       expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
+       statement->ifs.condition = expr;
+       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
+end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token('{');
+
        add_anchor_token(T_else);
        statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
        rem_anchor_token(T_else);
@@ -8840,9 +9181,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
-end_error:
-       POP_PARENT;
-       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8890,16 +9228,16 @@ static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
  */
 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
 {
-       eat(T_switch);
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
 
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       eat(T_switch);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
+       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
        type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
        if (is_type_integer(type)) {
                type = promote_integer(type);
@@ -8954,16 +9292,17 @@ static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
  */
 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
 {
-       eat(T_while);
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
 
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       eat(T_while);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
-       statement->whiles.condition = parse_expression();
+       expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
+       statement->whiles.condition = cond;
+       mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
@@ -8981,12 +9320,11 @@ end_error:
  */
 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
 {
-       eat(T_do);
-
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
-       PUSH_PARENT(statement)
+       eat(T_do);
+
+       PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        add_anchor_token(T_while);
        statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
@@ -8995,7 +9333,9 @@ static statement_t *parse_do(void)
        expect(T_while);
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
-       statement->do_while.condition = parse_expression();
+       expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
+       statement->do_while.condition = cond;
+       mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        expect(';');
@@ -9012,16 +9352,14 @@ end_error:
  */
 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
 {
-       eat(T_for);
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
 
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       eat(T_for);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       int      top        = environment_top();
-       scope_t *last_scope = scope;
-       set_scope(&statement->fors.scope);
+       size_t const top = environment_top();
+       scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
 
        expect('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
@@ -9033,6 +9371,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
                        add_anchor_token(';');
                        expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
                        statement->fors.initialisation = init;
+                       mark_decls_read(init, DECL_ANY);
                        if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
                                warningf(&init->base.source_position,
                                         "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
@@ -9046,13 +9385,16 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
 
        if (token.type != ';') {
                add_anchor_token(';');
-               statement->fors.condition = parse_expression();
+               expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
+               statement->fors.condition = cond;
+               mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
                rem_anchor_token(';');
        }
        expect(';');
        if (token.type != ')') {
                expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
                statement->fors.step = step;
+               mark_decls_read(step, DECL_ANY);
                if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
                        warningf(&step->base.source_position,
                                 "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
@@ -9063,7 +9405,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
        assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
-       set_scope(last_scope);
+       scope_pop();
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        POP_PARENT;
@@ -9073,7 +9415,7 @@ end_error:
        POP_PARENT;
        rem_anchor_token(')');
        assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
-       set_scope(last_scope);
+       scope_pop();
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        return create_invalid_statement();
@@ -9084,13 +9426,13 @@ end_error:
  */
 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
 {
-       source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
        eat(T_goto);
 
-       statement_t *statement;
-       if (c_mode & _GNUC && token.type == '*') {
+       if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
                next_token();
                expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
+               mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
 
                /* Argh: although documentation say the expression must be of type void *,
                 * gcc excepts anything that can be casted into void * without error */
@@ -9098,32 +9440,29 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
 
                if (type != type_error_type) {
                        if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
-                               errorf(&source_position, "cannot convert to a pointer type");
+                               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                       "cannot convert to a pointer type");
                        } else if (type != type_void_ptr) {
-                               warningf(&source_position,
+                               warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                        "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
                        }
                        expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
                }
 
-               statement                       = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
-               statement->base.source_position = source_position;
-               statement->gotos.expression     = expression;
+               statement->gotos.expression = expression;
        } else {
                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-                       if (c_mode & _GNUC)
+                       if (GNU_MODE)
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
                        else
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
-                       eat_statement();
+                       eat_until_anchor();
                        goto end_error;
                }
                symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
-               statement                       = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
-               statement->base.source_position = source_position;
-               statement->gotos.label          = get_label(symbol);
+               statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
        }
 
        /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
@@ -9151,7 +9490,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
        }
 
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        eat(T_continue);
        expect(';');
@@ -9170,7 +9508,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
        }
 
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        eat(T_break);
        expect(';');
@@ -9189,7 +9526,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
        }
 
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        eat(T___leave);
        expect(';');
@@ -9262,14 +9598,14 @@ declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
  */
 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
 {
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-
        eat(T_return);
 
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
+
        expression_t *return_value = NULL;
        if (token.type != ';') {
                return_value = parse_expression();
+               mark_decls_read(return_value, NULL);
        }
 
        const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
@@ -9320,10 +9656,11 @@ static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
 
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-
        declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
-       parse_declaration(record_declaration);
+       if (GNU_MODE)
+               parse_external_declaration();
+       else
+               parse_declaration(record_declaration);
 
        if (before == NULL) {
                statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
@@ -9342,9 +9679,9 @@ static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
 
-       statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
        expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
        statement->expression.expression = expr;
+       mark_decls_read(expr, DECL_ANY);
 
        expect(';');
 
@@ -9359,7 +9696,6 @@ end_error:
 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
-       statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
        eat(T___try);
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
@@ -9376,6 +9712,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
                expect('(');
                add_anchor_token(')');
                expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
+               mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
                type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
                if (is_type_integer(type)) {
                        type = promote_integer(type);
@@ -9412,7 +9749,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
 
 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void) {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        eat(T___label__);
 
@@ -9477,13 +9813,18 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
                } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        statement = parse_declaration_statement();
                } else switch (la1_type) {
+                       case '*':
+                               if (get_declaration(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
+                                       goto expression_statment;
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
                        DECLARATION_START
                        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-                       case '*':
                                statement = parse_declaration_statement();
                                break;
 
                        default:
+expression_statment:
                                statement = parse_expression_statement();
                                break;
                }
@@ -9496,7 +9837,10 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
                do {
                        next_token();
                } while (token.type == T___extension__);
+               bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
+               in_gcc_extension       = true;
                statement = parse_statement();
+               in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
                break;
 
        DECLARATION_START
@@ -9509,7 +9853,7 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
 
        case ';':        statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
        case '{':        statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
-       case T___leave:  statement = parse_leave_statement();                   break;
+       case T___leave:  statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
        case T___try:    statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
        case T_asm:      statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
        case T_break:    statement = parse_break();                   break;
@@ -9519,11 +9863,65 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
        case T_do:       statement = parse_do();                      break;
        case T_for:      statement = parse_for();                     break;
        case T_goto:     statement = parse_goto();                    break;
-       case T_if:       statement = parse_if ();                     break;
+       case T_if:       statement = parse_if();                      break;
        case T_return:   statement = parse_return();                  break;
        case T_switch:   statement = parse_switch();                  break;
        case T_while:    statement = parse_while();                   break;
-       default:         statement = parse_expression_statement();    break;
+
+       case '!':
+       case '&':
+       case '(':
+       case '*':
+       case '+':
+       case '-':
+       case '~':
+       case T_ANDAND:
+       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+       case T_FLOATINGPOINT:
+       case T_INTEGER:
+       case T_MINUSMINUS:
+       case T_PLUSPLUS:
+       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+       case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case T___FUNCDNAME__:
+       case T___FUNCSIG__:
+       case T___FUNCTION__:
+       case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:
+       case T___builtin_alloca:
+       case T___builtin_classify_type:
+       case T___builtin_constant_p:
+       case T___builtin_expect:
+       case T___builtin_huge_val:
+       case T___builtin_isgreater:
+       case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
+       case T___builtin_isless:
+       case T___builtin_islessequal:
+       case T___builtin_islessgreater:
+       case T___builtin_isunordered:
+       case T___builtin_inf:
+       case T___builtin_inff:
+       case T___builtin_infl:
+       case T___builtin_nan:
+       case T___builtin_nanf:
+       case T___builtin_nanl:
+       case T___builtin_offsetof:
+       case T___builtin_prefetch:
+       case T___builtin_va_arg:
+       case T___builtin_va_end:
+       case T___builtin_va_start:
+       case T___func__:
+       case T___noop:
+       case T__assume:
+               statement = parse_expression_statement();
+               break;
+
+       default:
+               errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
+               statement = create_invalid_statement();
+               if (!at_anchor())
+                       next_token();
+               break;
        }
        rem_anchor_token(';');
 
@@ -9560,21 +9958,24 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        eat('{');
        add_anchor_token('}');
 
-       int      top        = environment_top();
-       int      top_local  = local_label_top();
-       scope_t *last_scope = scope;
-       set_scope(&statement->compound.scope);
+       size_t const top       = environment_top();
+       size_t const top_local = local_label_top();
+       scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
 
        statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
        bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
-       while (token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
+       while (token.type != '}') {
+               if (token.type == T_EOF) {
+                       errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
+                              "EOF while parsing compound statement");
+                       break;
+               }
                statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
                if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
                        /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
@@ -9599,13 +10000,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 
                anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
        }
-
-       if (token.type == '}') {
-               next_token();
-       } else {
-               errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                      "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
-       }
+       next_token();
 
        /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
        if (warning.unused_value) {
@@ -9629,7 +10024,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 end_error:
        rem_anchor_token('}');
        assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
-       set_scope(last_scope);
+       scope_pop();
        environment_pop_to(top);
        local_label_pop_to(top_local);
 
@@ -9672,7 +10067,7 @@ static void check_unused_globals(void)
        if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
                return;
 
-       for (const declaration_t *decl = global_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
+       for (const declaration_t *decl = file_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
                if (decl->used                  ||
                    decl->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
                    decl->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
@@ -9700,14 +10095,14 @@ static void check_unused_globals(void)
 
 static void parse_global_asm(void)
 {
+       statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
+
        eat(T_asm);
        expect('(');
 
-       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
-       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-       statement->asms.asm_text        = parse_string_literals();
-       statement->base.next            = unit->global_asm;
-       unit->global_asm                = statement;
+       statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
+       statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
+       unit->global_asm         = statement;
 
        expect(')');
        expect(';');
@@ -9720,32 +10115,61 @@ end_error:;
  */
 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
 {
-       for (;;) switch (token.type) {
-               DECLARATION_START
-               case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               case T___extension__:
-                       parse_external_declaration();
-                       break;
+       add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
 
-               case T_asm:
-                       parse_global_asm();
-                       break;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+       unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
+       memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
+#endif
+       for (;;) {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+               bool anchor_leak = false;
+               for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
+                       unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
+                       if (count != 0) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
+                               anchor_leak = true;
+                       }
+               }
+               if (in_gcc_extension) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
+                       anchor_leak = true;
+               }
 
-               case T_EOF:
-                       return;
+               if (anchor_leak)
+                       abort();
+#endif
 
-               case ';':
-                       /* TODO error in strict mode */
-                       warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
-                       next_token();
-                       break;
+               switch (token.type) {
+                       DECLARATION_START
+                       case T_IDENTIFIER:
+                       case T___extension__:
+                               parse_external_declaration();
+                               break;
 
-               default:
-                       errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
-                       if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
-                               eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
-                       next_token();
-                       break;
+                       case T_asm:
+                               parse_global_asm();
+                               break;
+
+                       case T_EOF:
+                               rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
+                               return;
+
+                       case ';':
+                               if (!strict_mode) {
+                                       warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
+                                       next_token();
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+                       default:
+                               errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
+                               if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
+                                       eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
+                               next_token();
+                               break;
+               }
        }
 }
 
@@ -9769,24 +10193,25 @@ void start_parsing(void)
        assert(unit == NULL);
        unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
 
-       assert(global_scope == NULL);
-       global_scope = &unit->scope;
+       assert(file_scope == NULL);
+       file_scope = &unit->scope;
 
        assert(scope == NULL);
-       set_scope(&unit->scope);
+       scope_push(&unit->scope);
 
        initialize_builtin_types();
 }
 
 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
 {
+       /* do NOT use scope_pop() here, this will crash, will it by hand */
        assert(scope == &unit->scope);
-       scope          = NULL;
+       scope            = NULL;
        last_declaration = NULL;
 
-       assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
+       assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
        check_unused_globals();
-       global_scope = NULL;
+       file_scope = NULL;
 
        DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
        DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
@@ -9811,6 +10236,8 @@ void parse(void)
  */
 void init_parser(void)
 {
+       sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
+
        if (c_mode & _MS) {
                /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
                sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");