check the deprecated modifier
[cparser] / parser.c
index c4b9187..4c4dfe7 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -1,13 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of cparser.
+ * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
+ * 02111-1307, USA.
+ */
 #include <config.h>
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
+#include "parser.h"
 #include "diagnostic.h"
 #include "format_check.h"
-#include "parser.h"
 #include "lexer.h"
+#include "symbol_t.h"
 #include "token_t.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include "type_t.h"
@@ -31,12 +51,27 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
        source_position_t  source_position;
-       unsigned char      storage_class;
+       unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
+       unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
        bool               is_inline;
-       decl_modifiers_t   decl_modifiers;
+       decl_modifiers_t   decl_modifiers;    /**< MS __declspec extended modifier mask */
+       const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
+       symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
+       symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
        type_t            *type;
 };
 
+/**
+ * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
+ */
+typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
+       type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
+                                        array type with unspecified size this gets
+                                        adjusted to the actual size. */
+       declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
+       bool           must_be_constant;
+} parse_initializer_env_t;
+
 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration);
 
 static token_t             token;
@@ -54,7 +89,30 @@ static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
-static struct obstack  temp_obst;
+static struct obstack      temp_obst;
+
+/* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
+static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
+
+/** The token anchor set */
+static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 
 /** The current source position. */
 #define HERE token.source_position
@@ -68,7 +126,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 
-static void parse_compound_type_entries(void);
+static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
@@ -141,7 +199,8 @@ static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 {
        declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
-       declaration->type = type_error_type;
+       declaration->type      = type_error_type;
+       declaration->alignment = 0;
        return declaration;
 }
 
@@ -153,6 +212,8 @@ static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 {
        static const size_t sizes[] = {
+               [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
+               [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
@@ -187,6 +248,26 @@ static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
        return res;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Creates a new invalid statement.
+ */
+static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
+{
+       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
+       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       return statement;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocate a new empty statement.
+ */
+static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
+{
+       statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
+       statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       return statement;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the size of an expression node.
  *
@@ -195,29 +276,32 @@ static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 {
        static const size_t sizes[] = {
-               [EXPR_INVALID]             = sizeof(expression_base_t),
-               [EXPR_REFERENCE]           = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CONST]               = sizeof(const_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]      = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL] = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CALL]                = sizeof(call_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]         = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]        = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]         = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_SELECT]              = sizeof(select_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]        = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_SIZEOF]              = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_ALIGNOF]             = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]       = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_FUNCTION]            = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_PRETTY_FUNCTION]     = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]      = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]  = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]    = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_OFFSETOF]            = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_VA_START]            = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_VA_ARG]              = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_STATEMENT]           = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
+               [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_FUNCTION]                = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_PRETTY_FUNCTION]         = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
        };
        if(kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
                return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
@@ -274,13 +358,14 @@ static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
  * fields with zero.
  */
-static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
+static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind, source_position_t source_position)
 {
        size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
        type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
        memset(res, 0, size);
 
-       res->base.kind = kind;
+       res->base.kind            = kind;
+       res->base.source_position = source_position;
        return res;
 }
 
@@ -295,7 +380,8 @@ static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
                [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
                [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
                [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
-               [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t)
+               [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
+               [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
        };
        assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
@@ -338,7 +424,6 @@ static size_t label_top(void)
        return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 }
 
-
 /**
  * Return the next token.
  */
@@ -366,6 +451,102 @@ static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
        return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
+ */
+static void add_anchor_token(int token_type) {
+       assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
+       ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
+ */
+static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type) {
+       assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
+       --token_anchor_set[token_type];
+}
+
+static bool at_anchor(void) {
+       if(token.type < 0)
+               return false;
+       return token_anchor_set[token.type];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
+ */
+static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
+       unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
+       unsigned brace_count = 0;
+       unsigned bracket_count = 0;
+       int end_token = type;
+
+       if(type == '(')
+               end_token = ')';
+       else if(type == '{')
+               end_token = '}';
+       else if(type == '[')
+               end_token = ']';
+
+       while(token.type != end_token ||
+             (parenthesis_count > 0 || brace_count > 0 || bracket_count > 0)) {
+
+               switch(token.type) {
+               case T_EOF: return;
+               case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
+               case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
+               case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
+               case ')':
+                       if(parenthesis_count > 0)
+                               --parenthesis_count;
+                       break;
+               case '}':
+                       if(brace_count > 0)
+                               --brace_count;
+                       break;
+               case ']':
+                       if(bracket_count > 0)
+                               --bracket_count;
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       break;
+               }
+               next_token();
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
+ */
+static void eat_until_anchor(void) {
+       if(token.type == T_EOF)
+               return;
+       while(token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
+               if(token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
+                       eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
+               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+                       break;
+               next_token();
+       }
+}
+
+static void eat_block(void) {
+       eat_until_matching_token('{');
+       if(token.type == '}')
+               next_token();
+}
+
+/**
+ * eat all token until a ';' is reached
+ * or a stop token is found.
+ */
+static void eat_statement(void) {
+       eat_until_matching_token(';');
+       if(token.type == ';')
+               next_token();
+}
+
 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while(0)
 
 /**
@@ -378,7 +559,7 @@ static void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
        }
        va_list ap;
        va_start(ap, message);
-       errorf(HERE, "got '%K', expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
+       errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, "a ");
        va_end(ap);
 }
 
@@ -401,112 +582,38 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 }
 
 /**
- * Eat an complete block, ie. '{ ... }'.
- */
-static void eat_block(void)
-{
-       if(token.type == '{')
-               next_token();
-
-       while(token.type != '}') {
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
-                       return;
-               if(token.type == '{') {
-                       eat_block();
-                       continue;
-               }
-               next_token();
-       }
-       eat('}');
-}
-
-/**
- * Eat a statement until an ';' token.
+ * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
+ * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
+ * and goto the end_error label.
  */
-static void eat_statement(void)
-{
-       while(token.type != ';') {
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
-                       return;
-               if(token.type == '}')
-                       return;
-               if(token.type == '{') {
-                       eat_block();
-                       continue;
-               }
-               next_token();
-       }
-       eat(';');
-}
-
-/**
- * Eat a parenthesed term, ie. '( ... )'.
- */
-static void eat_paren(void)
-{
-       if(token.type == '(')
-               next_token();
-
-       while(token.type != ')') {
-               if(token.type == T_EOF)
-                       return;
-               if(token.type == ')' || token.type == ';' || token.type == '}') {
-                       return;
-               }
-               if(token.type == '(') {
-                       eat_paren();
-                       continue;
-               }
-               if(token.type == '{') {
-                       eat_block();
-                       continue;
-               }
-               next_token();
-       }
-       eat(')');
-}
-
 #define expect(expected)                           \
+       do {                                           \
     if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {       \
         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), 0); \
-        eat_statement();                           \
-        return NULL;                               \
-    }                                              \
-    next_token();
-
-#define expect_block(expected)                     \
-    if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {       \
-        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), 0); \
-        eat_block();                               \
-        return NULL;                               \
-    }                                              \
-    next_token();
-
-#define expect_void(expected)                      \
-    if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {       \
-        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), 0); \
-        eat_statement();                           \
-        return;                                    \
+               add_anchor_token(expected);                \
+        eat_until_anchor();                        \
+               rem_anchor_token(expected);                \
+        goto end_error;                            \
     }                                              \
-    next_token();
+    next_token();                                  \
+       } while(0)
 
 static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
 {
+       if(scope != NULL) {
+               scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
+       }
        scope = new_scope;
 
-       last_declaration = new_scope->declarations;
-       if(last_declaration != NULL) {
-               while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
-                       last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
-               }
-       }
+       last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 }
 
 /**
  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
  */
-static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol, const namespace_t namespc)
+static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
+                                      const namespace_t namespc)
 {
        declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
        for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
@@ -523,22 +630,15 @@ static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol, const namesp
  */
 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
 {
-       symbol_t    *symbol    = declaration->symbol;
-       namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
-
-       /* remember old declaration */
-       stack_entry_t entry;
-       entry.symbol          = symbol;
-       entry.old_declaration = symbol->declaration;
-       entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
-       ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
+       symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
+       namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 
        /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
-       if(symbol->declaration == NULL) {
+       declaration_t *iter = symbol->declaration;
+       if (iter == NULL) {
                symbol->declaration = declaration;
        } else {
                declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
-               declaration_t *iter      = symbol->declaration;
                for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
                        /* replace an entry? */
                        if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
@@ -556,6 +656,13 @@ static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
                        iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
                }
        }
+
+       /* remember old declaration */
+       stack_entry_t entry;
+       entry.symbol          = symbol;
+       entry.old_declaration = iter;
+       entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
+       ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 }
 
 static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
@@ -608,7 +715,9 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
                                if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
                                        assert(iter_last != NULL);
                                        iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
-                                       old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
+                                       if(old_declaration != NULL) {
+                                               old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
+                                       }
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
@@ -744,16 +853,22 @@ static type_t *semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
                points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
                points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
 
-               if(!is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
-                               && !is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
-                               && !types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
-                       return NULL;
+               if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
+                               is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                       return orig_type_left;
+               }
+
+               if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
+                       warningf(right->base.source_position,
+                               "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
+                               orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
                }
 
                return orig_type_left;
        }
 
-       if (is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right)) {
+       if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
+                       || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
                type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
                type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
                if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
@@ -793,15 +908,16 @@ static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
        symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
 
        declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
-       declaration->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
-       declaration->type            = type;
-       declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-       declaration->source_position = builtin_source_position;
+       declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
+       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
+       declaration->type                   = type;
+       declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
+       declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
 
        record_declaration(declaration);
 
-       type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
+       type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, builtin_source_position);
        typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
 
        return typedef_type;
@@ -829,7 +945,7 @@ static void parse_attributes(void)
                case T___attribute__: {
                        next_token();
 
-                       expect_void('(');
+                       expect('(');
                        int depth = 1;
                        while(depth > 0) {
                                switch(token.type) {
@@ -852,46 +968,47 @@ static void parse_attributes(void)
                }
                case T_asm:
                        next_token();
-                       expect_void('(');
+                       expect('(');
                        if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
                                                     T_STRING_LITERAL);
-                               eat_paren();
+                               eat_until_matching_token('(');
                                break;
                        } else {
                                parse_string_literals();
                        }
-                       expect_void(')');
+                       expect(')');
                        break;
                default:
                        goto attributes_finished;
                }
        }
 
+end_error:
 attributes_finished:
        ;
 }
 
-#if 0
 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
 {
-       if(token.type != '[' && token.type != '.')
-               return NULL;
-
        designator_t *result = NULL;
        designator_t *last   = NULL;
 
-       while(1) {
+       while(true) {
                designator_t *designator;
                switch(token.type) {
                case '[':
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
+                       designator->source_position = token.source_position;
                        next_token();
-                       designator->array_access = parse_constant_expression();
+                       add_anchor_token(']');
+                       designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
+                       rem_anchor_token(']');
                        expect(']');
                        break;
                case '.':
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
+                       designator->source_position = token.source_position;
                        next_token();
                        if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
@@ -914,8 +1031,9 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                }
                last = designator;
        }
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
-#endif
 
 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
                                               const string_t *const string)
@@ -942,21 +1060,29 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
        return initializer;
 }
 
-static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *type,
+/**
+ * Build an initializer from a given expression.
+ */
+static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
                                                   expression_t *expression)
 {
        /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
 
        /* Â§ 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
-       type_t *const expr_type = expression->base.type;
+       type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
+       type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
        if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
                array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
                type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
 
                if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
+                       atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
                        switch (expression->kind) {
                                case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
-                                       if (element_type->atomic.akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) {
+                                       if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
+                                                       || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
+                                                       || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
                                                return initializer_from_string(array_type,
                                                        &expression->string.value);
                                        }
@@ -985,239 +1111,645 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *type,
        return result;
 }
 
-static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_t *type,
-                                            expression_t *expression);
+/**
+ * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
+ */
+static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       return is_constant_expression(expression)
+               || is_address_constant(expression);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses an scalar initializer.
+ *
+ * Â§ 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
+ */
+static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
+                                               bool must_be_constant)
+{
+       /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
+       int braces = 0;
+       while(token.type == '{') {
+               next_token();
+               if(braces == 0) {
+                       warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
+               }
+               braces++;
+       }
+
+       expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
+       if(must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
+               errorf(expression->base.source_position,
+                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
+                      expression);
+       }
+
+       initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
+
+       if(initializer == NULL) {
+               errorf(expression->base.source_position,
+                      "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
+                      expression, type);
+               /* TODO */
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
+       while(braces > 0) {
+               if(token.type == ',') {
+                       next_token();
+               }
+               if(token.type != '}') {
+                       if(!additional_warning_displayed) {
+                               warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
+                               additional_warning_displayed = true;
+                       }
+               }
+               eat_block();
+               braces--;
+       }
+
+       return initializer;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An entry in the type path.
+ */
+typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
+struct type_path_entry_t {
+       type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
+       union {
+               size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
+               declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
+       } v;
+};
+
+/**
+ * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
+ */
+typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
+struct type_path_t {
+       type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
+       type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
+       size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
+};
+
+/**
+ * Prints a type path for debugging.
+ */
+static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
+               const type_path_t *path)
+{
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+
+       for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+               const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
+
+               type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
+               if(is_type_compound(type)) {
+                       /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
+                       if(entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
+                               assert(i == len-1);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
+               } else if(is_type_array(type)) {
+                       fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", entry->v.index);
+               } else {
+                       fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
+               }
+       }
+       if(path->top_type != NULL) {
+               fprintf(stderr, "  (");
+               print_type(path->top_type);
+               fprintf(stderr, ")");
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
+ * (type).a.b returns the b.
+ */
+static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
+{
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+       assert(len > 0);
+       return &path->path[len-1];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
+ */
+static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
+{
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+       ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
+
+       type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
+       memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
+       return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
+ * top_type.
+ */
+static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
+{
+       type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
+       type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
+
+       assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));
+
+       type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
+       top->type              = top_type;
+
+       if(is_type_compound(top_type)) {
+               declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
+               declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
+               top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
+
+               if(entry != NULL) {
+                       path->top_type         = entry->type;
+               } else {
+                       path->top_type         = NULL;
+               }
+       } else {
+               assert(is_type_array(top_type));
+
+               top->v.index   = 0;
+               path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
+ * (type).a.b to (type).a
+ */
+static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
+{
+       type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
+
+       path->top_type = top->type;
+
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+       ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
+ * path level is reached.
+ */
+static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
+{
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+
+       while(len > top_path_level) {
+               ascend_from_subtype(path);
+               len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
+       }
+}
+
+static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
+                            bool used_in_offsetof)
+{
+       for( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
+               type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
+               type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
+
+               type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
+               if(designator->symbol != NULL) {
+                       symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
+                       if(!is_type_compound(type)) {
+                               if(is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                              "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
+                                              symbol, orig_type);
+                               }
+                               goto failed;
+                       }
+
+                       declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
+                       declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
+                       for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
+                               if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       if(iter == NULL) {
+                               errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                      "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
+                               goto failed;
+                       }
+                       if(used_in_offsetof) {
+                               type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+                               if(real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+                                       errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                              "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
+                                              symbol);
+                                       goto failed;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       top->type             = orig_type;
+                       top->v.compound_entry = iter;
+                       orig_type             = iter->type;
+               } else {
+                       expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
+                       assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
+
+                       if(!is_type_array(type)) {
+                               if(is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                              "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
+                                              array_index, orig_type);
+                               }
+                               goto failed;
+                       }
+                       if(!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
+                               goto failed;
+                       }
+
+                       long index = fold_constant(array_index);
+                       if(!used_in_offsetof) {
+                               if(index < 0) {
+                                       errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                              "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
+                                       goto failed;
+                               }
+                               if(type->array.size_constant == true) {
+                                       long array_size = type->array.size;
+                                       if(index >= array_size) {
+                                               errorf(designator->source_position,
+                                                               "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
+                                                               array_index, index, array_size);
+                                               goto failed;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       top->type    = orig_type;
+                       top->v.index = (size_t) index;
+                       orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
+               }
+               path->top_type = orig_type;
+
+               if(designator->next != NULL) {
+                       descend_into_subtype(path);
+               }
+       }
+       return true;
+
+failed:
+       return false;
+}
+
+static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
+{
+       type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
+
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
+       if(is_type_union(type)) {
+               /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
+               top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
+       } else if(is_type_struct(type)) {
+               declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
+
+               entry                 = entry->next;
+               top->v.compound_entry = entry;
+               if(entry != NULL) {
+                       path->top_type = entry->type;
+                       return;
+               }
+       } else {
+               assert(is_type_array(type));
+
+               top->v.index++;
+
+               if(!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
+                       return;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
+        * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
+       size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
 
-static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer_elem(type_t *type)
-{
-       if(token.type == '{') {
-               return parse_sub_initializer(type, NULL);
+       if(len > top_path_level) {
+               ascend_from_subtype(path);
+               advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
+       } else {
+               path->top_type = NULL;
        }
-
-       expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-       return parse_sub_initializer(type, expression);
 }
 
-static bool had_initializer_brace_warning;
+/**
+ * skip until token is found.
+ */
+static void skip_until(int type) {
+       while(token.type != type) {
+               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+                       return;
+               next_token();
+       }
+}
 
-static void skip_designator(void)
+/**
+ * skip any {...} blocks until a closing braket is reached.
+ */
+static void skip_initializers(void)
 {
-       while(1) {
-               if(token.type == '.') {
-                       next_token();
-                       if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER)
-                               next_token();
-               } else if(token.type == '[') {
-                       next_token();
-                       parse_constant_expression();
-                       if(token.type == ']')
-                               next_token();
-               } else {
-                       break;
+       if(token.type == '{')
+               next_token();
+
+       while(token.type != '}') {
+               if(token.type == T_EOF)
+                       return;
+               if(token.type == '{') {
+                       eat_block();
+                       continue;
                }
+               next_token();
        }
 }
 
-static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_t *type,
-                                            expression_t *expression)
+static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
 {
-       if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
-               /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
-               if(token.type == '{') {
-                       next_token();
-                       if(!had_initializer_brace_warning) {
-                               warningf(HERE, "braces around scalar initializer");
-                               had_initializer_brace_warning = true;
-                       }
-                       initializer_t *result = parse_sub_initializer(type, NULL);
-                       if(token.type == ',') {
-                               next_token();
-                               /* TODO: warn about excessive elements */
-                       }
-                       expect_block('}');
-                       return result;
-               }
+       static initializer_t empty_initializer
+               = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
+       return &empty_initializer;
+}
 
-               if(expression == NULL) {
-                       expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-               }
-               return initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
+/**
+ * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
+ */
+static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
+               type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
+               parse_initializer_env_t *env)
+{
+       if(token.type == '}') {
+               /* empty initializer */
+               return create_empty_initializer();
        }
 
-       /* does the expression match the currently looked at object to initialize */
-       if(expression != NULL) {
-               initializer_t *result = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
-               if(result != NULL)
-                       return result;
-       }
+       type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
+       type_t *type      = NULL;
 
-       bool read_paren = false;
-       if(token.type == '{') {
-               next_token();
-               read_paren = true;
-       }
+       if (orig_type == NULL) {
+               /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
+       } else {
+               type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-       /* descend into subtype */
-       initializer_t  *result = NULL;
-       initializer_t **elems;
-       if(is_type_array(type)) {
-               if(token.type == '.') {
-                       errorf(HERE,
-                              "compound designator in initializer for array type '%T'",
-                              type);
-                       skip_designator();
+               /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
+                * initializers in this case. */
+               if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       skip_initializers();
+                       return create_empty_initializer();
                }
+       }
 
-               type_t *const element_type = skip_typeref(type->array.element_type);
+       initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
+
+       while(true) {
+               designator_t *designator = NULL;
+               if(token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
+                       designator = parse_designation();
+
+                       /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
+                       ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
+                       if(!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
+                               /* can't continue after designation error */
+                               goto end_error;
+                       }
+
+                       initializer_t *designator_initializer
+                               = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
+                       designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
+                       ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
+               }
 
                initializer_t *sub;
-               had_initializer_brace_warning = false;
-               if(expression == NULL) {
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer_elem(element_type);
+
+               if(token.type == '{') {
+                       if(type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
+                               sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
+                       } else {
+                               eat('{');
+                               if(type == NULL) {
+                                       if (env->declaration != NULL)
+                                               errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
+                                               env->declaration->symbol);
+                               else
+                                               errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
+                               } else
+                                       descend_into_subtype(path);
+
+                               add_anchor_token('}');
+                               sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
+                                                           env);
+                               rem_anchor_token('}');
+
+                               if(type != NULL) {
+                                       ascend_from_subtype(path);
+                                       expect('}');
+                               } else {
+                                       expect('}');
+                                       goto error_parse_next;
+                               }
+                       }
                } else {
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer(element_type, expression);
-               }
+                       /* must be an expression */
+                       expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
 
-               /* didn't match the subtypes -> try the parent type */
-               if(sub == NULL) {
-                       assert(!read_paren);
-                       return NULL;
-               }
+                       if(env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
+                               errorf(expression->base.source_position,
+                                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
+                                      expression);
+                       }
 
-               elems = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
-               ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, elems, sub);
+                       if(type == NULL) {
+                               /* we are already outside, ... */
+                               goto error_excess;
+                       }
 
-               while(true) {
-                       if(token.type == '}')
-                               break;
-                       expect_block(',');
-                       if(token.type == '}')
-                               break;
+                       /* handle { "string" } special case */
+                       if((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
+                                       || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
+                                       && outer_type != NULL) {
+                               sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
+                               if(sub != NULL) {
+                                       if(token.type == ',') {
+                                               next_token();
+                                       }
+                                       if(token.type != '}') {
+                                               warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
+                                                                orig_type);
+                                       }
+                                       /* TODO: eat , ... */
+                                       return sub;
+                               }
+                       }
 
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer_elem(element_type);
-                       if(sub == NULL) {
-                               /* TODO error, do nicer cleanup */
-                               errorf(HERE, "member initializer didn't match");
-                               DEL_ARR_F(elems);
-                               return NULL;
+                       /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
+                       while(true) {
+                               orig_type = path->top_type;
+                               type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
+                               sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
+                               if(sub != NULL) {
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       goto end_error;
+                               }
+                               if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
+                                       errorf(expression->base.source_position,
+                                                       "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
+                                                       expression, orig_type);
+                                       goto end_error;
+                               }
+
+                               descend_into_subtype(path);
                        }
-                       ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, elems, sub);
                }
-       } else {
-               assert(is_type_compound(type));
-               scope_t *const scope = &type->compound.declaration->scope;
 
-               if(token.type == '[') {
-                       errorf(HERE,
-                              "array designator in initializer for compound type '%T'",
-                              type);
-                       skip_designator();
+               /* update largest index of top array */
+               const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
+               type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
+               first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
+               if(is_type_array(first_type)) {
+                       size_t index = first->v.index;
+                       if(index > path->max_index)
+                               path->max_index = index;
                }
 
-               declaration_t *first = scope->declarations;
-               if(first == NULL)
-                       return NULL;
-               type_t *first_type = first->type;
-               first_type         = skip_typeref(first_type);
-
-               initializer_t *sub;
-               had_initializer_brace_warning = false;
-               if(expression == NULL) {
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer_elem(first_type);
+               if(type != NULL) {
+                       /* append to initializers list */
+                       ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
                } else {
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer(first_type, expression);
+error_excess:
+                       if(env->declaration != NULL)
+                               warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
+                                env->declaration->symbol);
+                       else
+                               warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
+               }
+
+error_parse_next:
+               if(token.type == '}') {
+                       break;
+               }
+               expect(',');
+               if(token.type == '}') {
+                       break;
                }
 
-               /* didn't match the subtypes -> try our parent type */
-               if(sub == NULL) {
-                       assert(!read_paren);
-                       return NULL;
+               if(type != NULL) {
+                       /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
+                       advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
+                       orig_type = path->top_type;
+                       if(orig_type != NULL)
+                               type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                       else
+                               type = NULL;
                }
+       }
 
-               elems = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
-               ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, elems, sub);
+       size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
+       size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
+       initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
+       result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
+       result->list.len      = len;
+       memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
+              len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
 
-               declaration_t *iter  = first->next;
-               for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-                       if(iter->symbol == NULL)
-                               continue;
-                       if(iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
-                               continue;
+       DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
+       ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
 
-                       if(token.type == '}')
-                               break;
-                       expect_block(',');
-                       if(token.type == '}')
-                               break;
+       return result;
+
+end_error:
+       skip_initializers();
+       DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
+       ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
+       return NULL;
+}
 
-                       type_t *iter_type = iter->type;
-                       iter_type         = skip_typeref(iter_type);
+/**
+ * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
+ * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
+ */
+static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
+{
+       type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
+       initializer_t *result = NULL;
+       size_t         max_index;
 
-                       sub = parse_sub_initializer_elem(iter_type);
-                       if(sub == NULL) {
-                               /* TODO error, do nicer cleanup */
-                               errorf(HERE, "member initializer didn't match");
-                               DEL_ARR_F(elems);
-                               return NULL;
-                       }
-                       ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, elems, sub);
-               }
-       }
+       if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
+               result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
+       } else if(token.type == '{') {
+               eat('{');
 
-       int    len        = ARR_LEN(elems);
-       size_t elems_size = sizeof(initializer_t*) * len;
+               type_path_t path;
+               memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
+               path.top_type = env->type;
+               path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
 
-       initializer_list_t *init = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(init[0]) + elems_size);
+               descend_into_subtype(&path);
 
-       init->initializer.kind = INITIALIZER_LIST;
-       init->len              = len;
-       memcpy(init->initializers, elems, elems_size);
-       DEL_ARR_F(elems);
+               add_anchor_token('}');
+               result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
+               rem_anchor_token('}');
 
-       result = (initializer_t*) init;
+               max_index = path.max_index;
+               DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
 
-       if(read_paren) {
-               if(token.type == ',')
-                       next_token();
                expect('}');
+       } else {
+               /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
+                * have an expression without {} around it */
+               result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
        }
-       return result;
-}
 
-static initializer_t *parse_initializer(type_t *const orig_type)
-{
-       initializer_t *result;
+       /* Â§ 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
+        * the array type size */
+       if(is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
+                       && result != NULL) {
+               size_t size;
+               switch (result->kind) {
+               case INITIALIZER_LIST:
+                       size = max_index + 1;
+                       break;
 
-       type_t *const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+               case INITIALIZER_STRING:
+                       size = result->string.string.size;
+                       break;
 
-       if(token.type != '{') {
-               expression_t  *expression  = parse_assignment_expression();
-               initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
-               if(initializer == NULL) {
-                       errorf(HERE,
-                               "initializer expression '%E' of type '%T' is incompatible with type '%T'",
-                               expression, expression->base.type, orig_type);
-               }
-               return initializer;
-       }
+               case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
+                       size = result->wide_string.string.size;
+                       break;
 
-       if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
-               /* Â§ 6.7.8.11 */
-               eat('{');
+               default:
+                       internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
+               }
 
-               expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-               result = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
+               expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
+               cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
+               cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
 
-               if(token.type == ',')
-                       next_token();
+               type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
 
-               expect('}');
-               return result;
-       } else {
-               result = parse_sub_initializer(type, NULL);
+               new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
+               new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
+               new_type->array.size            = size;
+               env->type = new_type;
        }
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
@@ -1275,22 +1807,14 @@ static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
        if(token.type == '{') {
                if(declaration->init.is_defined) {
                        assert(symbol != NULL);
-                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definition of '%s %Y'",
+                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y'",
                               is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol);
                        declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
                }
                declaration->init.is_defined = true;
 
-               int       top        = environment_top();
-               scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
-               set_scope(&declaration->scope);
-
-               parse_compound_type_entries();
+               parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
                parse_attributes();
-
-               assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
-               set_scope(last_scope);
-               environment_pop_to(top);
        }
 
        return declaration;
@@ -1306,10 +1830,12 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
                return;
        }
 
+       add_anchor_token('}');
        do {
                if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                        parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
                        eat_block();
+                       rem_anchor_token('}');
                        return;
                }
 
@@ -1322,7 +1848,10 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
 
                if(token.type == '=') {
                        next_token();
-                       entry->init.enum_value = parse_constant_expression();
+                       expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
+
+                       value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
+                       entry->init.enum_value = value;
 
                        /* TODO semantic */
                }
@@ -1333,8 +1862,12 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
                        break;
                next_token();
        } while(token.type != '}');
+       rem_anchor_token('}');
+
+       expect('}');
 
-       expect_void('}');
+end_error:
+       ;
 }
 
 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
@@ -1366,7 +1899,7 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
                declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
        }
 
-       type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
+       type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, declaration->source_position);
        type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
 
        if(token.type == '{') {
@@ -1405,6 +1938,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
        type_t *type;
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
 
        expression_t *expression  = NULL;
 
@@ -1437,13 +1971,16 @@ restart:
                break;
        }
 
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
-       type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
+       type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF, expression->base.source_position);
        typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
        typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
 
        return typeof_type;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 typedef enum {
@@ -1467,7 +2004,7 @@ typedef enum {
 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
                                    type_t *const real_type)
 {
-       type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
+       type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN, builtin_source_position);
        type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
        type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
 
@@ -1486,12 +2023,168 @@ static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
                        || declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
                return NULL;
 
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, declaration->source_position);
        type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
 
        return type;
 }
 
+/**
+ * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
+ */
+static bool check_elignment_value(long long intvalue) {
+       if(intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
+               errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
+               return false;
+       }
+       unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
+       for(unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
+               if (i == v)
+                       return true;
+       }
+       errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
+       return false;
+}
+
+#define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
+       if(*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
+       *modifiers |= tag; \
+} while(0)
+
+static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
+{
+       decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+
+       while(true) {
+               if(token.type == T_restrict) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
+                       goto end_loop;
+               } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                       break;
+               symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
+               if(symbol == sym_align) {
+                       next_token();
+                       expect('(');
+                       if(token.type != T_INTEGER)
+                               goto end_error;
+                       if(check_elignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
+                               if(specifiers->alignment != 0)
+                                       warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
+                               specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
+                       }
+                       next_token();
+                       expect(')');
+               } else if(symbol == sym_allocate) {
+                       next_token();
+                       expect('(');
+                       if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                               goto end_error;
+                       (void)token.v.symbol;
+                       expect(')');
+               } else if(symbol == sym_dllimport) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_dllexport) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_thread) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_naked) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_noinline) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_noreturn) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_nothrow) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_novtable) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_property) {
+                       next_token();
+                       expect('(');
+                       for(;;) {
+                               bool is_get = false;
+                               if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                                       goto end_error;
+                               if(token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
+                                       is_get = true;
+                               } else if(token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
+                               } else {
+                                       errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
+                                       goto end_error;
+                               }
+                               next_token();
+                               expect('=');
+                               if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
+                                       goto end_error;
+                               if(is_get) {
+                                       if(specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
+                                               errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
+                                       } else {
+                                               specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if(specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
+                                               errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
+                                       } else {
+                                               specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               next_token();
+                           if(token.type == ',') {
+                                       next_token();
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       expect(')');
+               } else if(symbol == sym_selectany) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
+               } else if(symbol == sym_uuid) {
+                       next_token();
+                       expect('(');
+                       if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
+                               goto end_error;
+                       next_token();
+                       expect(')');
+               } else if(symbol == sym_deprecated) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(deprecated, DM_DEPRECATED);
+               if(token.type == '(') {
+                               next_token();
+                               if(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                                       specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
+                                       next_token();
+                               } else {
+                                       errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
+                               }
+                               expect(')');
+                       }
+               } else if(symbol == sym_noalias) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
+               } else {
+                       warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
+                       next_token();
+                       if(token.type == '(')
+                               skip_until(')');
+               }
+end_loop:
+               if (token.type == ',')
+                       next_token();
+       }
+end_error:
+       return;
+}
+
 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
        type_t   *type            = NULL;
@@ -1505,13 +2198,13 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                switch(token.type) {
 
                /* storage class */
-#define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                \
-               case token:                                                      \
-                       if(specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {        \
+#define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
+               case token:                                                        \
+                       if(specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
-                       }                                                            \
-                       specifiers->storage_class = class;                           \
-                       next_token();                                                \
+                       }                                                              \
+                       specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
+                       next_token();                                                  \
                        break;
 
                MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
@@ -1520,23 +2213,32 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
                MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
 
+               case T_declspec:
+                       next_token();
+                       expect('(');
+                       add_anchor_token(')');
+                       parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
+                       rem_anchor_token(')');
+                       expect(')');
+                       break;
+
                case T___thread:
-                       switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
-                               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-                                       specifiers->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
-                                       break;
+                       switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
+                       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
+                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
+                               break;
 
-                               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
-                                       specifiers->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
-                                       break;
+                       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
+                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
+                               break;
 
-                               case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
-                                       specifiers->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
-                                       break;
+                       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
+                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
+                               break;
 
-                               default:
-                                       errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
-                                       break;
+                       default:
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
+                               break;
                        }
                        next_token();
                        break;
@@ -1601,16 +2303,14 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        }
                        break;
 
-               /* TODO: if is_type_valid(type) for the following rules should issue
-                * an error */
                case T_struct: {
-                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
+                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT, HERE);
 
                        type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
                        break;
                }
                case T_union: {
-                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
+                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
 
                        type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
                        break;
@@ -1627,11 +2327,14 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        break;
 
                case T___attribute__:
-                       /* TODO */
                        parse_attributes();
                        break;
 
                case T_IDENTIFIER: {
+                       /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
+                       if(type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0)
+                               goto finish_specifiers;
+
                        type_t *typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
 
                        if(typedef_type == NULL)
@@ -1763,7 +2466,7 @@ finish_specifiers:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
                }
 
-               type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
+               type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, builtin_source_position);
                type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
                newtype            = 1;
        } else {
@@ -1780,6 +2483,8 @@ finish_specifiers:
        }
 
        specifiers->type = result;
+end_error:
+       return;
 }
 
 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
@@ -1829,10 +2534,10 @@ static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
 {
        /* TODO: improve error messages */
 
-       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
+       if(declaration->declared_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
                errorf(HERE, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
-       } else if(declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
-                       && declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
+       } else if(declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
+                       && declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
                errorf(HERE, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
        }
 
@@ -1850,7 +2555,7 @@ static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
        }
 
        if(is_type_incomplete(type)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "incomplete type ('%T') not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
+               errorf(HERE, "incomplete type '%T' not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
                       orig_type, declaration->symbol);
        }
 }
@@ -1935,11 +2640,11 @@ typedef enum {
        CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
        CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
        CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
-} construct_type_type_t;
+} construct_type_kind_t;
 
 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
 struct construct_type_t {
-       construct_type_type_t  type;
+       construct_type_kind_t  kind;
        construct_type_t      *next;
 };
 
@@ -1976,7 +2681,7 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
 
        parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
        memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
-       pointer->construct_type.type = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
+       pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
        pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
 
        return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
@@ -1985,10 +2690,11 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
 {
        eat('[');
+       add_anchor_token(']');
 
        parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
        memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
-       array->construct_type.type = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
+       array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
 
        if(token.type == T_static) {
                array->is_static = true;
@@ -2011,16 +2717,25 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
                array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
        }
 
+       rem_anchor_token(']');
        expect(']');
 
        return (construct_type_t*) array;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
 {
        eat('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
 
-       type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
+       type_t *type;
+       if(declaration != NULL) {
+               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, declaration->source_position);
+       } else {
+               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, token.source_position);
+       }
 
        declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
        if(declaration != NULL) {
@@ -2030,11 +2745,13 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
        construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
                obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
        memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
-       construct_function_type->construct_type.type = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
+       construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
        construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
 
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
+end_error:
        return (construct_type_t*) construct_function_type;
 }
 
@@ -2076,7 +2793,9 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                break;
        case '(':
                next_token();
+               add_anchor_token(')');
                inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
+               rem_anchor_token(')');
                expect(')');
                break;
        default:
@@ -2134,6 +2853,8 @@ declarator_finished:
        }
 
        return first;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
@@ -2141,9 +2862,9 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
 {
        construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
        for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-               switch(iter->type) {
+               switch(iter->kind) {
                case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
-                       panic("invalid type construction found");
+                       internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
                case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
                        construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
                                = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
@@ -2167,7 +2888,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
 
                case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
                        parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
-                       type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER);
+                       type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, (source_position_t){NULL, 0});
                        pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
                        pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
 
@@ -2177,13 +2898,29 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
 
                case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
                        parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
-                       type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
+                       type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, (source_position_t){NULL, 0});
 
-                       array_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
-                       array_type->array.element_type = type;
-                       array_type->array.is_static    = parsed_array->is_static;
-                       array_type->array.is_variable  = parsed_array->is_variable;
-                       array_type->array.size         = parsed_array->size;
+                       expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
+                       if(size_expression != NULL) {
+                               size_expression
+                                       = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
+                       }
+
+                       array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
+                       array_type->array.element_type    = type;
+                       array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
+                       array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
+                       array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
+
+                       if(size_expression != NULL) {
+                               if(is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
+                                       array_type->array.size_constant = true;
+                                       array_type->array.size
+                                               = fold_constant(size_expression);
+                               } else {
+                                       array_type->array.is_vla = true;
+                               }
+                       }
 
                        type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
                        if (is_type_atomic(skipped_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
@@ -2200,7 +2937,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                if(hashed_type != type) {
                        /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
                         * destroy other types... */
-                       if(iter->type != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
+                       if(iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
                                free_type(type);
                        }
                        type = hashed_type;
@@ -2213,10 +2950,24 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
 {
-       declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->storage_class  = specifiers->storage_class;
-       declaration->modifiers      = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
-       declaration->is_inline      = specifiers->is_inline;
+       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
+       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
+       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+       declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
+       declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
+       declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
+       declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
+
+       declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
+       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
+                       && scope != global_scope) {
+               declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
+       }
+
+       if(specifiers->alignment != 0) {
+               /* TODO: add checks here */
+               declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
+       }
 
        construct_type_t *construct_type
                = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
@@ -2329,7 +3080,9 @@ static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
                check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
        }
 
-       declaration_t *const previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
+       assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
+       declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
+
        assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
        if (previous_declaration != NULL) {
                if (previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
@@ -2347,8 +3100,13 @@ static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
                                errorf(previous_declaration->source_position,
                                       "previous declaration of '%Y' was here", symbol);
                        } else {
-                               unsigned old_storage_class
-                                       = previous_declaration->storage_class;
+                               unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
+                               if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
+                                       errorf(declaration->source_position, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y'", symbol);
+                                       errorf(previous_declaration->source_position, "previous declaration of '%Y' was here", symbol);
+                                       return previous_declaration;
+                               }
+
                                unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
 
                                if(is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
@@ -2406,6 +3164,7 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
                                                }
                                                if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
                                                        previous_declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                                       previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                                                }
                                        }
                                } else {
@@ -2445,7 +3204,6 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
        }
 
        assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
-       assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
        assert(scope != NULL);
 
        declaration->parent_scope = scope;
@@ -2497,46 +3255,30 @@ static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
        eat('=');
 
        type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
-       type_t *type      = type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
        if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
                parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, token.source_position);
        }
 
-       initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(type);
-
-       /* Â§ 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
-        * the array type size */
-       if(is_type_array(type) && initializer != NULL) {
-               array_type_t *array_type = &type->array;
-
-               if(array_type->size == NULL) {
-                       expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
-
-                       cnst->base.type = type_size_t;
-
-                       switch (initializer->kind) {
-                               case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
-                                       cnst->conste.v.int_value = initializer->list.len;
-                                       break;
-                               }
-
-                               case INITIALIZER_STRING: {
-                                       cnst->conste.v.int_value = initializer->string.string.size;
-                                       break;
-                               }
+       bool must_be_constant = false;
+       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
+                       || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
+                       || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
+               must_be_constant = true;
+       }
 
-                               case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING: {
-                                       cnst->conste.v.int_value = initializer->wide_string.string.size;
-                                       break;
-                               }
+       parse_initializer_env_t env;
+       env.type             = orig_type;
+       env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
+       env.declaration      = declaration;
 
-                               default:
-                                       panic("invalid initializer type");
-                       }
+       initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
 
-                       array_type->size = cnst;
-               }
+       if(env.type != orig_type) {
+               orig_type         = env.type;
+               type              = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+               declaration->type = env.type;
        }
 
        if(is_type_function(type)) {
@@ -2555,14 +3297,16 @@ static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
 {
        eat(';');
 
-       declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->type            = specifiers->type;
-       declaration->storage_class   = specifiers->storage_class;
-       declaration->source_position = specifiers->source_position;
+       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
+       declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
+       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
+       declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
+       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
 
-       if (declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+       if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
                warningf(declaration->source_position, "useless storage class in empty declaration");
        }
+       declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
 
        type_t *type = declaration->type;
        switch (type->kind) {
@@ -2589,6 +3333,9 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
                parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
 {
+       add_anchor_token(';');
+       add_anchor_token('=');
+       add_anchor_token(',');
        while(true) {
                declaration_t *declaration = finished_declaration(ndeclaration);
 
@@ -2612,7 +3359,12 @@ static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
 
                ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
        }
-       expect_void(';');
+       expect(';');
+
+end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
+       rem_anchor_token('=');
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
 }
 
 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
@@ -2636,9 +3388,10 @@ static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
        }
 
        if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
-               previous_declaration->type           = declaration->type;
-               previous_declaration->storage_class  = declaration->storage_class;
-               previous_declaration->parent_scope = scope;
+               previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
+               previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
+               previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
+               previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
                return previous_declaration;
        } else {
                return record_declaration(declaration);
@@ -2652,7 +3405,7 @@ static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
 
        if(token.type == ';') {
-               parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, finished_declaration);
+               parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
        } else {
                declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
                parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
@@ -2818,7 +3571,10 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
         * specifiers */
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
+
+       add_anchor_token(';');
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
 
        /* must be a declaration */
        if(token.type == ';') {
@@ -2826,9 +3582,17 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                return;
        }
 
+       add_anchor_token(',');
+       add_anchor_token('=');
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
+
        /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
        declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
 
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
+       rem_anchor_token('=');
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
+
        /* must be a declaration */
        if(token.type == ',' || token.type == '=' || token.type == ';') {
                parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
@@ -2840,7 +3604,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
 
        if(token.type != '{') {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', 0);
-               eat_statement();
+               eat_until_matching_token(';');
                return;
        }
 
@@ -2918,66 +3682,156 @@ end_of_parse_external_declaration:
        environment_pop_to(top);
 }
 
-static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base, expression_t *size)
+static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base, expression_t *size,
+                                  source_position_t source_position)
 {
-       type_t *type        = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
+       type_t *type        = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
        type->bitfield.base = base;
        type->bitfield.size = size;
 
        return type;
 }
 
-static void parse_struct_declarators(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
+static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
+                                          symbol_t *symbol)
+{
+       declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
+       for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
+               if(iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+                       continue;
+
+               if(iter->symbol == NULL) {
+                       type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+                       if(is_type_compound(type)) {
+                               declaration_t *result
+                                       = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
+                               if(result != NULL)
+                                       return result;
+                       }
+                       continue;
+               }
+
+               if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
+                       return iter;
+               }
+       }
+
+       return NULL;
+}
+
+static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
+               const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
-       /* TODO: check constraints for struct declarations (in specifiers) */
+       declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
+       if(last_declaration != NULL) {
+               while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
+                       last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
+               }
+       }
+
        while(1) {
                declaration_t *declaration;
 
                if(token.type == ':') {
+                       source_position_t source_position = HERE;
                        next_token();
 
                        type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
                        expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                       type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size);
+                       if(!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
+                                      base_type);
+                       }
 
-                       declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-                       declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
-                       declaration->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                       declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
-                       declaration->modifiers       = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
-                       declaration->type            = type;
+                       type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size, source_position);
+
+                       declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
+                       declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+                       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                       declaration->source_position        = source_position;
+                       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
+                       declaration->type                   = type;
                } else {
                        declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
 
+                       type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
+                       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
                        if(token.type == ':') {
+                               source_position_t source_position = HERE;
                                next_token();
                                expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                               type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(declaration->type, size);
-                               declaration->type = type;
+                               if(!is_type_integer(type)) {
+                                       errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an "
+                                              "integer type", orig_type);
+                               }
+
+                               type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size, source_position);
+                               declaration->type = bitfield_type;
+                       } else {
+                               /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
+                                * that they're at the end of the struct */
+                               if(is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
+                                       errorf(HERE,
+                                              "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
+                                              declaration->symbol, orig_type);
+                               } else if(is_type_function(type)) {
+                                       errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function "
+                                              "type '%T'", declaration->symbol, orig_type);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
+               symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
+               if(symbol != NULL) {
+                       declaration_t *prev_decl
+                               = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
+
+                       if(prev_decl != NULL) {
+                               assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
+                               errorf(declaration->source_position,
+                                      "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y'", symbol);
+                               errorf(prev_decl->source_position,
+                                      "previous declaration of '%Y' was here", symbol);
                        }
                }
-               record_declaration(declaration);
+
+               /* append declaration */
+               if(last_declaration != NULL) {
+                       last_declaration->next = declaration;
+               } else {
+                       struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
+               }
+               last_declaration = declaration;
 
                if(token.type != ',')
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
-       expect_void(';');
+       expect(';');
+
+end_error:
+       ;
 }
 
-static void parse_compound_type_entries(void)
+static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
 {
        eat('{');
+       add_anchor_token('}');
 
        while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
                declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
                memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
                parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
 
-               parse_struct_declarators(&specifiers);
+               parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
        }
+       rem_anchor_token('}');
+
        if(token.type == T_EOF) {
                errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
        }
@@ -2989,7 +3843,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typename(void)
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
-       if(specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+       if(specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
                /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
                 * storage class is...
                 */
@@ -3047,34 +3901,109 @@ static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
  */
 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
 {
-       expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
-       cnst->base.type    = type_char_ptr;
-       cnst->string.value = parse_string_literals();
+       wide_string_t wres;
+       if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+               string_t res = token.v.string;
+               next_token();
+               while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                       res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
+                       next_token();
+               }
+               if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                       expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
+                       /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
+                        * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
+                        * will construct the array type */
+                       cnst->base.type    = type_char_ptr;
+                       cnst->string.value = res;
+                       return cnst;
+               }
+
+               wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
+       } else {
+               wres = token.v.wide_string;
+       }
+       next_token();
+
+       for (;;) {
+               switch (token.type) {
+                       case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+                               wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
+                               break;
+
+                       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
+                               wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
+                               break;
+
+                       default: {
+                               expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
+                               cnst->base.type         = type_wchar_t_ptr;
+                               cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
+                               return cnst;
+                       }
+               }
+               next_token();
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse an integer constant.
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
+{
+       expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
+       cnst->base.source_position = HERE;
+       cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
+       cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
+
+       next_token();
 
        return cnst;
 }
 
 /**
- * Parse a wide string constant.
+ * Parse a character constant.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_wide_string_const(void)
+static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
 {
-       expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
-       cnst->base.type         = type_wchar_t_ptr;
-       cnst->wide_string.value = token.v.wide_string; /* TODO concatenate */
+       expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+
+       cnst->base.source_position = HERE;
+       cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
+       cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
+
+       if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
+               if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
+                       /* TODO */
+                       warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
+               } else {
+                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
+               }
+       }
        next_token();
+
        return cnst;
 }
 
 /**
- * Parse an integer constant.
+ * Parse a wide character constant.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
+static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
 {
-       expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
-       cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
-       cnst->conste.v.int_value = token.v.intvalue;
+       expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
 
+       cnst->base.source_position    = HERE;
+       cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
+       cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
+
+       if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
+               if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
+                       /* TODO */
+                       warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
+               } else {
+                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
+               }
+       }
        next_token();
 
        return cnst;
@@ -3097,7 +4026,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
 static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
                const source_position_t source_position)
 {
-       type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
+       type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, source_position);
        ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
        ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
 
@@ -3106,12 +4035,13 @@ static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
                free_type(ntype);
        }
 
-       declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-       declaration->type            = type;
-       declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-       declaration->source_position = source_position;
-       declaration->parent_scope  = global_scope;
+       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
+       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       declaration->type                   = type;
+       declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
+       declaration->source_position        = source_position;
+       declaration->parent_scope           = global_scope;
 
        scope_t *old_scope = scope;
        set_scope(global_scope);
@@ -3141,7 +4071,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
        memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
        parameter->type = argument_type;
 
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, builtin_source_position);
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = parameter;
 
@@ -3172,7 +4102,7 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
        case T___builtin_va_end:
                return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
        default:
-               panic("not implemented builtin symbol found");
+               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
        }
 }
 
@@ -3228,6 +4158,19 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                        return type_left->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
+               case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
+                       size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
+                       return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
+                       size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
+                       return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+                       return expression->compound_literal.type;
+
                default: break;
        }
 
@@ -3258,7 +4201,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
                                                               source_position);
                } else {
                        errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", ref->symbol);
-                       return expression;
+                       return create_invalid_expression();
                }
        }
 
@@ -3284,15 +4227,44 @@ static void check_cast_allowed(expression_t *expression, type_t *dest_type)
        /* TODO check if explicit cast is allowed and issue warnings/errors */
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
+static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
 {
-       expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
+       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
+
+       parse_initializer_env_t env;
+       env.type             = type;
+       env.declaration      = NULL;
+       env.must_be_constant = false;
+       initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
+       type = env.type;
 
-       cast->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+       expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
+       expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
+       expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
+
+       return expression;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a cast expression.
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
+{
+       source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
 
        type_t *type  = parse_typename();
 
+       /* matching add_anchor_token() is at call site */
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
+
+       if(token.type == '{') {
+               return parse_compound_literal(type);
+       }
+
+       expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
+       cast->base.source_position = source_position;
+
        expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
 
        check_cast_allowed(value, type);
@@ -3301,8 +4273,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
        cast->unary.value = value;
 
        return cast;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a statement expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
 {
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
@@ -3329,11 +4306,17 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
        expect(')');
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a braced expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_brace_expression(void)
 {
        eat('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
 
        switch(token.type) {
        case '{':
@@ -3350,9 +4333,12 @@ static expression_t *parse_brace_expression(void)
        }
 
        expression_t *result = parse_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
@@ -3387,12 +4373,12 @@ static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
 
 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
 {
-       designator_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
+       designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
+       result->source_position = HERE;
 
        if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
                                     T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
-               eat_paren();
                return NULL;
        }
        result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
@@ -3405,11 +4391,11 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                        if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
                                                     T_IDENTIFIER, 0);
-                               eat_paren();
                                return NULL;
                        }
-                       designator_t *designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
-                       designator->symbol       = token.v.symbol;
+                       designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
+                       designator->source_position = HERE;
+                       designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
                        next_token();
 
                        last_designator->next = designator;
@@ -3418,13 +4404,15 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                }
                if(token.type == '[') {
                        next_token();
-                       designator_t *designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
-                       designator->array_access = parse_expression();
-                       if(designator->array_access == NULL) {
-                               eat_paren();
+                       add_anchor_token(']');
+                       designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
+                       designator->source_position = HERE;
+                       designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
+                       rem_anchor_token(']');
+                       expect(']');
+                       if(designator->array_index == NULL) {
                                return NULL;
                        }
-                       expect(']');
 
                        last_designator->next = designator;
                        last_designator       = designator;
@@ -3434,8 +4422,13 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
        }
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
@@ -3444,14 +4437,39 @@ static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
        expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
 
        expect('(');
-       expression->offsetofe.type = parse_typename();
+       add_anchor_token(',');
+       type_t *type = parse_typename();
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
        expect(',');
-       expression->offsetofe.designator = parse_designator();
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+       designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
+       expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
+       expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
+
+       type_path_t path;
+       memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
+       path.top_type = type;
+       path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
+
+       descend_into_subtype(&path);
+
+       if(!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
+               return create_invalid_expression();
+       }
+
+       DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
+
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_va_start);
@@ -3459,7 +4477,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(',');
        expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
        expect(',');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
@@ -3474,10 +4494,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
                }
        }
        errorf(expr->base.source_position, "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
-
+end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
@@ -3491,6 +4514,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
        expect(')');
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
@@ -3509,6 +4534,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
        return expression;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
@@ -3516,13 +4544,20 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
@@ -3530,6 +4565,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (token.type == ',') {
                next_token();
@@ -3539,12 +4575,18 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
                next_token();
                expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
        }
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        expression->base.type = type_void;
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
 {
        expression_t *expression;
@@ -3569,7 +4611,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
                expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
                break;
        default:
-               panic("invalid compare builtin found");
+               internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
                break;
        }
        expression->base.source_position = HERE;
@@ -3596,8 +4638,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
        }
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_expect);
@@ -3614,8 +4661,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
        expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
 
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a MS assume() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_assume(void) {
        eat(T_assume);
 
@@ -3623,66 +4675,56 @@ static expression_t *parse_assume(void) {
                = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
        expression->base.type = type_void;
        return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a primary expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
 {
-       switch(token.type) {
-       case T_INTEGER:
-               return parse_int_const();
-       case T_FLOATINGPOINT:
-               return parse_float_const();
-       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
-               return parse_string_const();
-       case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
-               return parse_wide_string_const();
-       case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               return parse_reference();
-       case T___FUNCTION__:
-       case T___func__:
-               return parse_function_keyword();
-       case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:
-               return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
-       case T___builtin_offsetof:
-               return parse_offsetof();
-       case T___builtin_va_start:
-               return parse_va_start();
-       case T___builtin_va_arg:
-               return parse_va_arg();
-       case T___builtin_expect:
-               return parse_builtin_expect();
-       case T___builtin_alloca:
-       case T___builtin_nan:
-       case T___builtin_nand:
-       case T___builtin_nanf:
-       case T___builtin_va_end:
-               return parse_builtin_symbol();
-       case T___builtin_isgreater:
-       case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
-       case T___builtin_isless:
-       case T___builtin_islessequal:
-       case T___builtin_islessgreater:
-       case T___builtin_isunordered:
-               return parse_compare_builtin();
-       case T___builtin_constant_p:
-               return parse_builtin_constant();
-       case T___builtin_prefetch:
-               return parse_builtin_prefetch();
-       case T_assume:
-               return parse_assume();
-
-       case '(':
-               return parse_brace_expression();
-       }
-
-       errorf(HERE, "unexpected token '%K'", &token);
-       eat_statement();
-
+       switch (token.type) {
+               case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
+               case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
+               case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
+               case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
+               case T_STRING_LITERAL:
+               case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
+               case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
+               case T___FUNCTION__:
+               case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
+               case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
+               case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
+               case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
+               case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
+               case T___builtin_expect:         return parse_builtin_expect();
+               case T___builtin_alloca:
+               case T___builtin_nan:
+               case T___builtin_nand:
+               case T___builtin_nanf:
+               case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
+               case T___builtin_isgreater:
+               case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
+               case T___builtin_isless:
+               case T___builtin_islessequal:
+               case T___builtin_islessgreater:
+               case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
+               case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
+               case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
+               case T_assume:                   return parse_assume();
+
+               case '(':                        return parse_brace_expression();
+       }
+
+       errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
@@ -3706,6 +4748,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
        (void) precedence;
 
        eat('[');
+       add_anchor_token(']');
 
        expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
 
@@ -3741,6 +4784,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
                array_access->array_ref = create_invalid_expression();
        }
 
+       rem_anchor_token(']');
        if(token.type != ']') {
                parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', 0);
                return expression;
@@ -3760,7 +4804,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t kind, unsigned precedence)
 
        if(token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
                next_token();
+               add_anchor_token(')');
                tp_expression->typeprop.type = parse_typename();
+               rem_anchor_token(')');
                expect(')');
        } else {
                expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
@@ -3771,6 +4817,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t kind, unsigned precedence)
        }
 
        return tp_expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
@@ -3837,12 +4885,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
                return create_invalid_expression();
        }
 
-       declaration_t *iter = declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-               if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
+       declaration_t *iter = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
        if(iter == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                return create_invalid_expression();
@@ -3900,6 +4943,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
 
        /* parse arguments */
        eat('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+       add_anchor_token(',');
 
        if(token.type != ')') {
                call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
@@ -3920,6 +4965,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
                        next_token();
                }
        }
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
        if(function_type != NULL) {
@@ -3969,9 +5016,27 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
                } else {
                        check_format(&result->call);
                }
+
+               /* check deprecated */
+               if(expression->base.kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
+                       const reference_expression_t *ref = (reference_expression_t *)expression;
+                       const declaration_t *declaration = ref->declaration;
+                       if(declaration->modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
+                               if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
+                                       warningf(result->base.source_position,
+                                               "function '%Y' was declared 'deprecated(%s)'", declaration->symbol,
+                                               declaration->deprecated_string);
+                               } else {
+                                       warningf(result->base.source_position,
+                                               "function '%Y' was declared 'deprecated'", declaration->symbol);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
        }
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
@@ -3993,6 +5058,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                                                   expression_t *expression)
 {
        eat('?');
+       add_anchor_token(':');
 
        expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
 
@@ -4008,12 +5074,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
        }
 
        expression_t *true_expression = parse_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(':');
        expect(':');
        expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
 
-       conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
-       conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
-
        type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
        type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
@@ -4040,8 +5104,15 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                        && pointers_compatible(true_type, false_type)) {
                /* ok */
                result_type = true_type;
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type)
+                       && is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression)) {
+               result_type = true_type;
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(false_type)
+                       && is_null_pointer_constant(true_expression)) {
+               result_type = false_type;
        } else {
-               /* TODO */
+               /* TODO: one pointer to void*, other some pointer */
+
                if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
                        type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
                                                expression->base.source_position, true_type,
@@ -4050,8 +5121,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                result_type = type_error_type;
        }
 
+       conditional->true_expression
+               = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
+       conditional->false_expression
+               = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
        conditional->base.type = result_type;
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -4067,6 +5144,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
        return expression;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
+ */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
 {
        eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
@@ -4075,11 +5155,15 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
        result->base.type    = type_int;
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
@@ -4575,15 +5659,30 @@ static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
+ * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
+ * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
+ * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
+ * Examples:
+ *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
+ *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
+ *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
+ *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
+ * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
+ * analysis. */
 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
 {
        switch (expr->kind) {
                case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
-               case EXPR_INVALID:                   break;
+               case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
                case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
                case EXPR_CONST:                     return false;
+               case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
+               case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
                case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
                case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
+
                case EXPR_CALL: {
                        const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
                        if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
@@ -4594,12 +5693,16 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                                default:                 return false;
                        }
                }
+
+               /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
+                * conditional expression has no effect */
                case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
                        const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
                        return
                                expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
                                expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
                }
+
                case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
                case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
@@ -4615,6 +5718,7 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
                case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
                case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
+               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
                case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
@@ -4626,8 +5730,14 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
                case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
                case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
-                       return is_type_atomic(expr->base.type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
+
+               /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
+                * suppress the warning */
+               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
+                       type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
+                       return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
+               }
+
                case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
                case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
                case EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT:    return false;
@@ -4659,8 +5769,14 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
+
+               /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
+                * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
+                * hand side */
                case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
                case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
+               /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
+                * hand side has a separate warning */
                case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
                        return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
 
@@ -4673,7 +5789,7 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
        }
 
-       panic("unexpected statement");
+       internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
 }
 
 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
@@ -4962,6 +6078,8 @@ static asm_constraint_t *parse_asm_constraints(void)
        }
 
        return result;
+end_error:
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5009,28 +6127,40 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
        }
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+       add_anchor_token(':');
        asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
 
-       if(token.type != ':')
+       if(token.type != ':') {
+               rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
+       }
        eat(':');
 
        asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_constraints();
-       if(token.type != ':')
+       if(token.type != ':') {
+               rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
+       }
        eat(':');
 
        asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_constraints();
-       if(token.type != ':')
+       if(token.type != ':') {
+               rem_anchor_token(':');
                goto end_of_asm;
+       }
+       rem_anchor_token(':');
        eat(':');
 
        asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
 
 end_of_asm:
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        expect(';');
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5045,6 +6175,13 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
        statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
        statement->case_label.expression = parse_expression();
 
+       if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
+               if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
+                       next_token();
+                       statement->case_label.end_range = parse_expression();
+               }
+       }
+
        expect(':');
 
        if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.expression)) {
@@ -5068,6 +6205,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
        statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5076,9 +6215,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
 static case_label_statement_t *
 find_default_label(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       for (case_label_statement_t *label = statement->first_case;
-            label != NULL;
-                label = label->next) {
+       case_label_statement_t *label = statement->first_case;
+       for ( ; label != NULL; label = label->next) {
                if (label->expression == NULL)
                        return label;
        }
@@ -5116,9 +6254,11 @@ static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
                errorf(statement->base.source_position,
                        "'default' label not within a switch statement");
        }
-       statement->label.statement = parse_statement();
+       statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5175,13 +6315,20 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
 
        if(token.type == '}') {
                /* TODO only warn? */
-               errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
+               if(false) {
+                       warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
+                       statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
+               } else {
+                       errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
+                       statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
+               }
                return statement;
        } else {
                if (token.type == ';') {
                        /* eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
                         * after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label before
                         * a }. */
+                       statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
                        next_token();
                } else {
                        statement->label.statement = parse_statement();
@@ -5210,16 +6357,23 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
        statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        statement->ifs.condition = parse_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
+       add_anchor_token(T_else);
        statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
+       rem_anchor_token(T_else);
+
        if(token.type == T_else) {
                next_token();
                statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
        }
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5256,6 +6410,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
        }
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
@@ -5280,12 +6436,16 @@ static statement_t *parse_while(void)
        statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        statement->whiles.condition = parse_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
 
        statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5299,15 +6459,21 @@ static statement_t *parse_do(void)
 
        statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
+       add_anchor_token(T_while);
        statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_while);
 
        expect(T_while);
        expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
        statement->do_while.condition = parse_expression();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5320,17 +6486,23 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
        statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
-       expect('(');
-
        int      top        = environment_top();
        scope_t *last_scope = scope;
        set_scope(&statement->fors.scope);
 
+       expect('(');
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+
        if(token.type != ';') {
                if(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
                        parse_declaration(record_declaration);
                } else {
-                       statement->fors.initialisation = parse_expression();
+                       expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
+                       statement->fors.initialisation = init;
+                       if (warning.unused_value  && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
+                               warningf(init->base.source_position,
+                                        "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
+                       }
                        expect(';');
                }
        } else {
@@ -5342,8 +6514,14 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        }
        expect(';');
        if(token.type != ')') {
-               statement->fors.step = parse_expression();
+               expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
+               statement->fors.step = step;
+               if (warning.unused_value  && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
+                       warningf(step->base.source_position,
+                                "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
+               }
        }
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
        expect(')');
        statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
@@ -5352,6 +6530,14 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        return statement;
+
+end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
+       assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
+       set_scope(last_scope);
+       environment_pop_to(top);
+
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5387,6 +6573,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5408,6 +6596,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5429,6 +6619,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5436,7 +6628,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
  */
 static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
        switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
                const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
@@ -5455,25 +6646,11 @@ static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
  */
 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
-       switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: {
-               const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-               if(is_type_function(type)) {
-                       return false;
-               } else {
-                       return true;
-               }
-       }
-       default:
+       if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
                return false;
-       }
+
+       const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+       return !is_type_function(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5559,6 +6736,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
        statement->returns.value = return_value;
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5601,6 +6780,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
        expect(';');
 
        return statement;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -5611,6 +6792,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
        statement_t   *statement = NULL;
 
        /* declaration or statement */
+       add_anchor_token(';');
        switch(token.type) {
        case T_asm:
                statement = parse_asm_statement();
@@ -5665,11 +6847,11 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                break;
 
        case ';':
-               if (warning.empty_statement) {
+               if(warning.empty_statement) {
                        warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
                }
+               statement = create_empty_statement();
                next_token();
-               statement = NULL;
                break;
 
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
@@ -5703,9 +6885,10 @@ static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
                statement = parse_expression_statement();
                break;
        }
+       rem_anchor_token(';');
 
-       assert(statement == NULL
-                       || statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
+       assert(statement != NULL
+                       && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
 
        return statement;
 }
@@ -5720,6 +6903,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
        statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 
        eat('{');
+       add_anchor_token('}');
 
        int      top        = environment_top();
        scope_t *last_scope = scope;
@@ -5729,8 +6913,12 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
 
        while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
                statement_t *sub_statement = parse_statement();
-               if(sub_statement == NULL)
+               if(is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
+                       /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
+                       if(at_anchor())
+                               goto end_error;
                        continue;
+               }
 
                if(last_statement != NULL) {
                        last_statement->base.next = sub_statement;
@@ -5751,6 +6939,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(void)
                       "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
        }
 
+end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token('}');
        assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
        set_scope(last_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
@@ -5870,9 +7060,6 @@ translation_unit_t *parse(void)
        DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
        DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
 
-       if(error_count > 0)
-               return NULL;
-
        return unit;
 }
 
@@ -5881,6 +7068,29 @@ translation_unit_t *parse(void)
  */
 void init_parser(void)
 {
+       if(c_mode & _MS) {
+               /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
+               sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
+               sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
+               sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
+               sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
+               sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
+               sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
+               sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
+               sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
+               sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
+               sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
+               sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
+               sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
+               sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
+               sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
+               sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
+               sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
+               sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
+               sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
+       }
+       memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
+
        init_expression_parsers();
        obstack_init(&temp_obst);