Implement __builtin_types_compatible_p().
[cparser] / parser.c
index 6a8779d..b993871 100644 (file)
--- a/parser.c
+++ b/parser.c
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "type_t.h"
 #include "type_hash.h"
 #include "ast_t.h"
+#include "entity_t.h"
 #include "lang_features.h"
 #include "walk_statements.h"
 #include "warning.h"
 #include "adt/error.h"
 #include "adt/array.h"
 
-/** if wchar_t is equal to unsigned short. */
-bool opt_short_wchar_t =
-#ifdef _WIN32
-       true;
-#else
-       false;
-#endif
-
 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
-#define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
+#define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 1
 
 typedef struct {
-       declaration_t *old_declaration;
-       symbol_t      *symbol;
-       unsigned short namespc;
+       entity_t           *old_entity;
+       symbol_t           *symbol;
+       entity_namespace_t  namespc;
 } stack_entry_t;
 
 typedef struct argument_list_t argument_list_t;
@@ -65,14 +58,14 @@ struct argument_list_t {
 
 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
 struct gnu_attribute_t {
-       gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;           /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
+       gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;          /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
        gnu_attribute_t     *next;
-       bool                 invalid;        /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
-       bool                 have_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
+       bool                 invalid;       /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
+       bool                 has_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
        union {
                size_t              value;
                string_t            string;
-               atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
+               symbol_t           *symbol;
                long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
                argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
        } u;
@@ -81,10 +74,11 @@ struct gnu_attribute_t {
 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
        source_position_t  source_position;
-       unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
+       storage_class_t    storage_class;
        unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
-       unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
-       unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
+       bool               is_inline    : 1;
+       bool               thread_local : 1;  /**< GCC __thread */
+       bool               deprecated   : 1;
        decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
        gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
        const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
@@ -97,47 +91,54 @@ struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  */
 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
-       type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
-                                        array type with unspecified size this gets
-                                        adjusted to the actual size. */
-       declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
-       bool           must_be_constant;
+       type_t     *type;   /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
+                                array type with unspecified size this gets
+                                adjusted to the actual size. */
+       entity_t   *entity; /**< the variable that is initialized if any */
+       bool        must_be_constant;
 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 
-typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
+/**
+ * Capture a MS __base extension.
+ */
+typedef struct based_spec_t {
+       source_position_t  source_position;
+       variable_t        *base_variable;
+} based_spec_t;
+
+typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 
 /** The current token. */
-static token_t             token;
+static token_t              token;
 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
-static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
+static token_t              lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
-static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
-static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
-static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
-static stack_entry_t      *local_label_stack = NULL;
-/** The global file scope. */
-static scope_t            *file_scope        = NULL;
-/** The current scope. */
-static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
-static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
+static size_t               lookahead_bufpos;
+static stack_entry_t       *environment_stack = NULL;
+static stack_entry_t       *label_stack       = NULL;
+static scope_t             *file_scope        = NULL;
+static scope_t             *current_scope     = NULL;
 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
-static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
-static declaration_t      *current_init_decl = NULL;
-static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
-static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
-static statement_t        *current_parent    = NULL;
-static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
-static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
-static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
-static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
-static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
+static function_t          *current_function  = NULL;
+static entity_t            *current_init_decl = NULL;
+static switch_statement_t  *current_switch    = NULL;
+static statement_t         *current_loop      = NULL;
+static statement_t         *current_parent    = NULL;
+static ms_try_statement_t  *current_try       = NULL;
+static linkage_kind_t       current_linkage   = LINKAGE_INVALID;
+static goto_statement_t    *goto_first        = NULL;
+static goto_statement_t   **goto_anchor       = NULL;
+static label_statement_t   *label_first       = NULL;
+static label_statement_t  **label_anchor      = NULL;
 /** current translation unit. */
-static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
+static translation_unit_t  *unit              = NULL;
 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
-static bool                in_type_prop      = false;
+static bool                 in_type_prop      = false;
 /** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
-static bool                in_gcc_extension  = false;
-static struct obstack      temp_obst;
+static bool                 in_gcc_extension  = false;
+static struct obstack       temp_obst;
+static entity_t            *anonymous_entity;
+static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 
 
 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
@@ -145,30 +146,29 @@ static struct obstack      temp_obst;
        ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 
-static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
-
 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 
 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
-static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
-static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_align         = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_allocate      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_naked         = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noinline      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_returns_twice = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow       = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_novtable      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_property      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_get           = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_put           = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_selectany     = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_thread        = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_uuid          = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated    = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_restrict      = NULL;
+static const symbol_t *sym_noalias       = NULL;
 
 /** The token anchor set */
 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
@@ -184,20 +184,34 @@ static type_t *type_valist;
 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 
-static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
+static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
+static void          parse_externals(void);
+static void          parse_external(void);
+
+static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound_declaration);
 
-static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
-static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
-               const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
-static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
+typedef enum declarator_flags_t {
+       DECL_FLAGS_NONE             = 0,
+       DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT        = 1U << 0,
+       DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER = 1U << 1,
+       DECL_IS_PARAMETER           = 1U << 2
+} declarator_flags_t;
+
+static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
+                                  declarator_flags_t flags);
+
+static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition);
 
 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 
-#define STORAGE_CLASSES     \
+#define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
+       STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
+       case T_extern:
+
+#define STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
        case T_typedef:         \
-       case T_extern:          \
        case T_static:          \
        case T_auto:            \
        case T_register:        \
@@ -211,33 +225,30 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
        case T__forceinline:    \
        case T___attribute__:
 
-#ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
        case T__Complex:
 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
        case T__Imaginary:
-#else
-#define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS
-#define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
-#endif
 
 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
-       case T_void:              \
+       case T__Bool:             \
+       case T___builtin_va_list: \
+       case T___typeof__:        \
+       case T__declspec:         \
+       case T_bool:              \
        case T_char:              \
-       case T_short:             \
+       case T_double:            \
+       case T_enum:              \
+       case T_float:             \
        case T_int:               \
        case T_long:              \
-       case T_float:             \
-       case T_double:            \
+       case T_short:             \
        case T_signed:            \
-       case T_unsigned:          \
-       case T__Bool:             \
        case T_struct:            \
        case T_union:             \
-       case T_enum:              \
-       case T___typeof__:        \
-       case T___builtin_va_list: \
-       case T__declspec:         \
+       case T_unsigned:          \
+       case T_void:              \
+       case T_wchar_t:           \
        COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
        IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 
@@ -246,10 +257,68 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
        TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
        TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 
+#define DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN \
+       STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN       \
+       TYPE_QUALIFIERS                 \
+       TYPE_SPECIFIERS
+
 #define TYPENAME_START      \
        TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
        TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 
+#define EXPRESSION_START           \
+       case '!':                        \
+       case '&':                        \
+       case '(':                        \
+       case '*':                        \
+       case '+':                        \
+       case '-':                        \
+       case '~':                        \
+       case T_ANDAND:                   \
+       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       \
+       case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            \
+       case T_INTEGER:                  \
+       case T_MINUSMINUS:               \
+       case T_PLUSPLUS:                 \
+       case T_STRING_LITERAL:           \
+       case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  \
+       case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      \
+       case T___FUNCDNAME__:            \
+       case T___FUNCSIG__:              \
+       case T___FUNCTION__:             \
+       case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
+       case T___alignof__:              \
+       case T___builtin_alloca:         \
+       case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
+       case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
+       case T___builtin_expect:         \
+       case T___builtin_huge_val:       \
+       case T___builtin_inf:            \
+       case T___builtin_inff:           \
+       case T___builtin_infl:           \
+       case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
+       case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
+       case T___builtin_isless:         \
+       case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
+       case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
+       case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
+       case T___builtin_nan:            \
+       case T___builtin_nanf:           \
+       case T___builtin_nanl:           \
+       case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
+       case T___builtin_prefetch:       \
+       case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
+       case T___builtin_va_end:         \
+       case T___builtin_va_start:       \
+       case T___func__:                 \
+       case T___noop:                   \
+       case T__assume:                  \
+       case T_delete:                   \
+       case T_false:                    \
+       case T_sizeof:                   \
+       case T_throw:                    \
+       case T_true:
+
 /**
  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
  * initialize all fields with zero.
@@ -261,12 +330,42 @@ static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
        return res;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
+/**
+ * Returns the size of an entity node.
+ *
+ * @param kind  the entity kind
+ */
+static size_t get_entity_struct_size(entity_kind_t kind)
+{
+       static const size_t sizes[] = {
+               [ENTITY_VARIABLE]        = sizeof(variable_t),
+               [ENTITY_PARAMETER]       = sizeof(parameter_t),
+               [ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER] = sizeof(compound_member_t),
+               [ENTITY_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_t),
+               [ENTITY_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_t),
+               [ENTITY_STRUCT]          = sizeof(compound_t),
+               [ENTITY_UNION]           = sizeof(compound_t),
+               [ENTITY_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_t),
+               [ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE]      = sizeof(enum_value_t),
+               [ENTITY_LABEL]           = sizeof(label_t),
+               [ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL]     = sizeof(label_t),
+               [ENTITY_NAMESPACE]       = sizeof(namespace_t)
+       };
+       assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
+       assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
+       return sizes[kind];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocate an entity of given kind and initialize all
+ * fields with zero.
+ */
+static entity_t *allocate_entity_zero(entity_kind_t kind)
 {
-       declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
-       declaration->type      = type_error_type;
-       declaration->alignment = 0;
-       return declaration;
+       size_t    size   = get_entity_struct_size(kind);
+       entity_t *entity = allocate_ast_zero(size);
+       entity->kind     = kind;
+       return entity;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -297,7 +396,7 @@ static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
                [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
                [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
        };
-       assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
+       assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
        return sizes[kind];
 }
@@ -310,32 +409,34 @@ static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 {
        static const size_t sizes[] = {
-               [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
-               [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
-               [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]           = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_INVALID]                    = sizeof(expression_base_t),
+               [EXPR_REFERENCE]                  = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]       = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CONST]                      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]         = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]    = sizeof(const_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]             = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]        = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]           = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CALL]                       = sizeof(call_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]                = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]               = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_SELECT]                     = sizeof(select_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]               = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_SIZEOF]                     = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]             = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = sizeof(builtin_types_compatible_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]           = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_VA_START]                   = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_VA_ARG]                     = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_STATEMENT]                  = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
+               [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]              = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
        };
        if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
                return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
@@ -343,14 +444,15 @@ static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
        if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
                return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
        }
-       assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
+       assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
        return sizes[kind];
 }
 
 /**
  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
- * fields with zero.
+ * fields with zero. Sets its source position to the position
+ * of the current token.
  */
 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 {
@@ -372,19 +474,19 @@ static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
        size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
        expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 
-       res->base.kind = kind;
-       res->base.type = type_error_type;
+       res->base.kind            = kind;
+       res->base.type            = type_error_type;
+       res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
        return res;
 }
 
 /**
- * Creates a new invalid expression.
+ * Creates a new invalid expression at the source position
+ * of the current token.
  */
 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 {
-       expression_t *expression         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
-       expression->base.source_position = token.source_position;
-       return expression;
+       return allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -425,7 +527,7 @@ static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
                [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
                [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
        };
-       assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
+       assert(lengthof(sizes) == (int)TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
        assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
        return sizes[kind];
@@ -436,16 +538,14 @@ static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
  * fields with zero.
  *
  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
- * @param source_position  the source position of the type definition
  */
-static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind, const source_position_t *source_position)
+static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
 {
        size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
        type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
        memset(res, 0, size);
+       res->base.kind = kind;
 
-       res->base.kind            = kind;
-       res->base.source_position = *source_position;
        return res;
 }
 
@@ -463,7 +563,7 @@ static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
                [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
                [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
        };
-       assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
+       assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
        assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
        return sizes[kind];
 }
@@ -480,14 +580,6 @@ static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
        return result;
 }
 
-/**
- * Free a type from the type obstack.
- */
-static void free_type(void *type)
-{
-       obstack_free(type_obst, type);
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
  */
@@ -504,14 +596,6 @@ static size_t label_top(void)
        return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 }
 
-/**
- * Returns the index of the top element of the local label stack.
- */
-static size_t local_label_top(void)
-{
-       return ARR_LEN(local_label_stack);
-}
-
 /**
  * Return the next token.
  */
@@ -521,7 +605,7 @@ static inline void next_token(void)
        lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
        lexer_next_token();
 
-       lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos+1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
+       lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos + 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 
 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
        print_token(stderr, &token);
@@ -532,15 +616,15 @@ static inline void next_token(void)
 /**
  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
  */
-static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
+static inline const token_t *look_ahead(size_t num)
 {
-       assert(num > 0 && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
-       int pos = (lookahead_bufpos+num-1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
+       assert(0 < num && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
+       size_t pos = (lookahead_bufpos + num - 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
        return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 }
 
 /**
- * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
+ * Adds a token type to the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
  */
 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 {
@@ -548,6 +632,10 @@ static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
        ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Set the number of tokens types of the given type
+ * to zero and return the old count.
+ */
 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 {
        assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
@@ -556,6 +644,9 @@ static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
        return count;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Restore the number of token types to the given count.
+ */
 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 {
        assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
@@ -563,7 +654,7 @@ static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 }
 
 /**
- * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
+ * Remove a token type from the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
  */
 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 {
@@ -572,6 +663,10 @@ static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
        --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 }
 
+/**
+ * Return true if the token type of the current token is
+ * in the anchor set.
+ */
 static bool at_anchor(void)
 {
        if (token.type < 0)
@@ -580,7 +675,7 @@ static bool at_anchor(void)
 }
 
 /**
- * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
+ * Eat tokens until a matching token type is found.
  */
 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 {
@@ -645,6 +740,9 @@ static void eat_until_anchor(void)
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Eat a whole block from input tokens.
+ */
 static void eat_block(void)
 {
        eat_until_matching_token('{');
@@ -652,7 +750,7 @@ static void eat_block(void)
                next_token();
 }
 
-#define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while (0)
+#define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 
 /**
  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
@@ -672,15 +770,6 @@ void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
        va_end(ap);
 }
 
-/**
- * Report a type error.
- */
-static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position,
-                       type_t *type)
-{
-       errorf(source_position, "%s, but found type '%T'", msg, type);
-}
-
 /**
  * Report an incompatible type.
  */
@@ -692,11 +781,11 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 }
 
 /**
- * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
+ * Expect the current token is the expected token.
  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
  * and goto the end_error label.
  */
-#define expect(expected)                                  \
+#define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
        do {                                                  \
                if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
                        parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
@@ -705,89 +794,91 @@ static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
                        if (token.type == expected)                   \
                                next_token();                             \
                        rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
-                       goto end_error;                               \
+                       goto error_label;                             \
                }                                                 \
                next_token();                                     \
        } while (0)
 
-static void scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
+/**
+ * Push a given scope on the scope stack and make it the
+ * current scope
+ */
+static scope_t *scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 {
-       if (scope != NULL) {
-               scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
-               new_scope->depth        = scope->depth + 1;
+       if (current_scope != NULL) {
+               new_scope->depth = current_scope->depth + 1;
        }
-       new_scope->parent = scope;
-       scope             = new_scope;
 
-       last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
+       scope_t *old_scope = current_scope;
+       current_scope      = new_scope;
+       return old_scope;
 }
 
-static void scope_pop(void)
+/**
+ * Pop the current scope from the scope stack.
+ */
+static void scope_pop(scope_t *old_scope)
 {
-       scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
-       scope = scope->parent;
-       last_declaration = scope->last_declaration;
+       current_scope = old_scope;
 }
 
 /**
- * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
- * NULL if this symbol was not found.
+ * Search an entity by its symbol in a given namespace.
  */
-static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
-                                      const namespace_t namespc)
+static entity_t *get_entity(const symbol_t *const symbol,
+                            namespace_tag_t namespc)
 {
-       declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
-       for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
-               if (declaration->namespc == namespc)
-                       return declaration;
+       entity_t *entity = symbol->entity;
+       for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.symbol_next) {
+               if (entity->base.namespc == namespc)
+                       return entity;
        }
 
        return NULL;
 }
 
 /**
- * pushs an environment_entry on the environment stack and links the
- * corresponding symbol to the new entry
+ * pushs an entity on the environment stack and links the corresponding symbol
+ * it.
  */
-static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
+static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, entity_t *entity)
 {
-       symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
-       namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
+       symbol_t           *symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
+       entity_namespace_t  namespc = entity->base.namespc;
+       assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 
-       /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
-       declaration_t **anchor;
-       declaration_t  *iter;
-       for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
+       /* replace/add entity into entity list of the symbol */
+       entity_t **anchor;
+       entity_t  *iter;
+       for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
                iter = *anchor;
                if (iter == NULL)
                        break;
 
                /* replace an entry? */
-               if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
-                       declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
+               if (iter->base.namespc == namespc) {
+                       entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
                        break;
                }
        }
-       *anchor = declaration;
+       *anchor = entity;
 
        /* remember old declaration */
        stack_entry_t entry;
-       entry.symbol          = symbol;
-       entry.old_declaration = iter;
-       entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
+       entry.symbol     = symbol;
+       entry.old_entity = iter;
+       entry.namespc    = namespc;
        ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 }
 
 /**
- * Push a declaration on the environment stack.
- *
- * @param declaration  the declaration
+ * Push an entity on the environment stack.
  */
-static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
+static void environment_push(entity_t *entity)
 {
-       assert(declaration->source_position.input_name != NULL);
-       assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
-       stack_push(&environment_stack, declaration);
+       assert(entity->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
+       assert(entity->base.parent_scope != NULL);
+       stack_push(&environment_stack, entity);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -795,21 +886,11 @@ static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
  *
  * @param declaration  the declaration
  */
-static void label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
-{
-       declaration->parent_scope = &current_function->scope;
-       stack_push(&label_stack, declaration);
-}
-
-/**
- * Push a declaration of the local label stack.
- *
- * @param declaration  the declaration
- */
-static void local_label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
+static void label_push(entity_t *label)
 {
-       assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
-       stack_push(&local_label_stack, declaration);
+       /* we abuse the parameters scope as parent for the labels */
+       label->base.parent_scope = &current_function->parameters;
+       stack_push(&label_stack, label);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -825,31 +906,31 @@ static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
        if (new_top == top)
                return;
 
-       for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
+       for (i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
                stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 
-               declaration_t *old_declaration = entry->old_declaration;
-               symbol_t      *symbol          = entry->symbol;
-               namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
+               entity_t           *old_entity = entry->old_entity;
+               symbol_t           *symbol     = entry->symbol;
+               entity_namespace_t  namespc    = entry->namespc;
 
-               /* replace/remove declaration */
-               declaration_t **anchor;
-               declaration_t  *iter;
-               for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
+               /* replace with old_entity/remove */
+               entity_t **anchor;
+               entity_t  *iter;
+               for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
                        iter = *anchor;
                        assert(iter != NULL);
                        /* replace an entry? */
-                       if (iter->namespc == namespc)
+                       if (iter->base.namespc == namespc)
                                break;
                }
 
-               /* Not all declarations adhere scopes (e.g. jump labels), so this
-                * correction is necessary */
-               if (old_declaration != NULL) {
-                       old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
-                       *anchor = old_declaration;
+               /* restore definition from outer scopes (if there was one) */
+               if (old_entity != NULL) {
+                       old_entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
+                       *anchor                      = old_entity;
                } else {
-                       *anchor = iter->symbol_next;
+                       /* remove entry from list */
+                       *anchor = iter->base.symbol_next;
                }
        }
 
@@ -878,38 +959,30 @@ static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
        stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 }
 
-/**
- * Pop all entries from the local label stack until the new_top
- * is reached.
- *
- * @param new_top  the new stack top
- */
-static void local_label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
-{
-       stack_pop_to(&local_label_stack, new_top);
-}
-
-
 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 {
        return (int) akind;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Return the type rank for an atomic type.
+ */
 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 {
        assert(!is_typeref(type));
-       /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
-        * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
-        * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
-        * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
-        *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
        if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
-               return get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT);
+               return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 
        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
        return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Do integer promotion for a given type.
+ *
+ * @param type  the type to promote
+ * @return the promoted type
+ */
 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 {
        if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
@@ -939,26 +1012,25 @@ static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 }
 
 /**
- * Check if a given expression represents the 0 pointer constant.
+ * Check if a given expression represents a null pointer constant.
+ *
+ * @param expression  the expression to check
  */
 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        /* skip void* cast */
-       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
-                       || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
-               expression = expression->unary.value;
+       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
+                       expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
+               type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+               if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
+                       expression = expression->unary.value;
        }
 
-       /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
-        * which evaluates to 0 */
-       if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
-               return false;
-
        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
-       if (!is_type_integer(type))
-               return false;
-
-       return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
+       return
+               is_type_integer(type)              &&
+               is_constant_expression(expression) &&
+               fold_constant(expression) == 0;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1006,36 +1078,42 @@ static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
                return;
 
        case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
-               type_t *points_to_left
-                       = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
-               type_t *points_to_right
-                       = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
-
-               /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
-               unsigned missing_qualifiers
-                       = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
-               warningf(source_position,
-                        "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
-                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
+               if (warning.other) {
+                       type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
+                       type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
+
+                       /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
+                       unsigned missing_qualifiers
+                               = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
+                       warningf(source_position,
+                                       "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
+                                       orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
+               }
                return;
        }
 
        case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
-               warningf(source_position,
-                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
-                                orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
+               if (warning.other) {
+                       warningf(source_position,
+                                       "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
+                                       orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
+               }
                return;
 
        case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
-               warningf(source_position,
-                        "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
-                                context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               if (warning.other) {
+                       warningf(source_position,
+                                       "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
+                                       context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               }
                return;
 
        case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
-               warningf(source_position,
-                               "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
-                               context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               if (warning.other) {
+                       warningf(source_position,
+                                       "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
+                                       context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
+               }
                return;
 
        default:
@@ -1071,9 +1149,12 @@ static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
                        points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
                        points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
 
-                       if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
-                                       is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                       if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
                                return res;
+
+                       if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:6 */
+                               return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
                        }
 
                        if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
@@ -1107,12 +1188,11 @@ static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
 
 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
 {
-       /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
-       expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
+       expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 
        if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
                errorf(&result->base.source_position,
-                      "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
+                      "expression '%E' is not constant", result);
        }
 
        return result;
@@ -1120,29 +1200,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
 
 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
 {
-       /* start parsing at precedence 2 (assignment expression) */
-       return parse_sub_expression(2);
-}
-
-static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
-{
-       symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
-
-       declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
-       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
-       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
-       declaration->type                   = type;
-       declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
-       declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
-       declaration->implicit               = true;
-
-       record_declaration(declaration, false);
-
-       type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
-       typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
-
-       return typedef_type;
+       return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 }
 
 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
@@ -1168,6 +1226,7 @@ static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
        [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
        [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
        [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
+       [GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE]          = "returns_twice",
        [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
        [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
        [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
@@ -1245,7 +1304,7 @@ static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
 }
 
 /**
- * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute.
+ * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute of given kind.
  */
 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
 {
@@ -1253,13 +1312,13 @@ static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
        attribute->kind            = kind;
        attribute->next            = NULL;
        attribute->invalid         = false;
-       attribute->have_arguments  = false;
+       attribute->has_arguments   = false;
 
        return attribute;
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one constant expression argument.
+ * Parse one constant expression argument of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1267,7 +1326,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression = parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
        return;
 end_error:
@@ -1275,7 +1334,7 @@ end_error:
 }
 
 /**
- * parse a list of constant expressions arguments.
+ * Parse a list of constant expressions arguments of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1297,14 +1356,14 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one string literal argument.
+ * Parse one string literal argument of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
                                            string_t *string)
@@ -1317,14 +1376,14 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
        }
        *string = parse_string_literals();
        rem_anchor_token('(');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one tls model.
+ * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1337,7 +1396,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
        if (string.begin != NULL) {
-               for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                        if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
@@ -1349,7 +1408,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one tls model.
+ * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1362,7 +1421,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
        if (string.begin != NULL) {
-               for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                        if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
@@ -1374,7 +1433,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one (code) model.
+ * Parse one (code) model of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1386,7 +1445,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
        if (string.begin != NULL) {
-               for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+               for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
                        if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
@@ -1397,47 +1456,29 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse one mode of the given attribute.
+ */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
-       /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
-
-       /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
-        * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
        add_anchor_token(')');
 
        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
+               expect(T_IDENTIFIER, end_error);
        }
 
-       /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
-        * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
-       const char *symbol_str = token.v.symbol->string;
-       if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
-           strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
-               || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
-               || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
-       } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
-               attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
-       } else {
-               warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
-               attribute->invalid = true;
-       }
+       attribute->u.symbol = token.v.symbol;
        next_token();
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->invalid = true;
 }
 
 /**
- * parse one interrupt argument.
+ * Parse one interrupt argument of the given attribute.
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1451,7 +1492,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
        parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
        if (string.begin != NULL) {
-               for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
                        if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
                                attribute->u.value = i;
                                return;
@@ -1463,7 +1504,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 }
 
 /**
- * parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
+ * Parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
  */
 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
 {
@@ -1480,7 +1521,7 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
                goto end_error;
        }
        const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
-       for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+       for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
                if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
                        break;
        }
@@ -1490,26 +1531,29 @@ static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
        }
        next_token();
 
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        add_anchor_token(',');
        parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
 
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        parse_constant_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        return;
 end_error:
        attribute->u.value = true;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Check that a given GNU attribute has no arguments.
+ */
 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
 {
-       if (!attribute->have_arguments)
+       if (!attribute->has_arguments)
                return;
 
        /* should have no arguments */
@@ -1604,8 +1648,8 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
 
        eat(T___attribute__);
-       expect('(');
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
+       expect('(', end_error);
 
        if (token.type != ')') {
                /* find the end of the list */
@@ -1635,7 +1679,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                        next_token();
 
                        int i;
-                       for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
+                       for (i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
                                if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
                                        break;
                        }
@@ -1659,10 +1703,10 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                                /* empty args are allowed */
                                                next_token();
                                        } else
-                                               attribute->have_arguments = true;
+                                               attribute->has_arguments = true;
                                }
 
-                               switch(kind) {
+                               switch (kind) {
                                case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
                                case GNU_AK_NAKED:
                                case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
@@ -1708,6 +1752,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
+                               case GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE:     modifiers |= DM_RETURNS_TWICE;     goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
                                case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
@@ -1717,7 +1762,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 
                                case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
                                        /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        }
                                        break;
@@ -1725,7 +1770,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
                                case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
                                case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1735,7 +1780,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
                                case GNU_AK_SECTION:
                                case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1743,7 +1788,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                                attribute->invalid = true;
@@ -1752,29 +1797,29 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_MODEL:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else {
@@ -1782,7 +1827,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        }
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_MODE:
-                                       if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
+                                       if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
                                                /* should have arguments */
                                                errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
                                        } else {
@@ -1791,12 +1836,12 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
                                        /* may have one string argument */
-                                       if (attribute->have_arguments)
+                                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
                                                parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
                                        break;
                                case GNU_AK_LAST:
@@ -1821,8 +1866,8 @@ no_arg:
                        next_token();
                }
        }
-       expect(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(')', end_error);
 end_error:
        *attributes = head;
 
@@ -1837,14 +1882,14 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
        decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
 
        while (true) {
-               switch(token.type) {
+               switch (token.type) {
                case T___attribute__:
                        modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
                        continue;
 
                case T_asm:
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                                parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
                                                     T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
@@ -1853,7 +1898,7 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
                        } else {
                                parse_string_literals();
                        }
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                        continue;
 
                case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
@@ -1862,7 +1907,8 @@ static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
 
                case T___thiscall:
                        /* TODO record modifier */
-                       warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
+                       if (warning.other)
+                               warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
                        break;
 
 end_error:
@@ -1873,34 +1919,40 @@ end_error:
        }
 }
 
-static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl);
+static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *expr, entity_t *lhs_ent);
 
-static declaration_t *determine_lhs_decl(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
+static entity_t *determine_lhs_ent(expression_t *const expr,
+                                   entity_t *lhs_ent)
 {
        switch (expr->kind) {
                case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
-                       declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
-                       return decl;
+                       entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
+                       /* we should only find variables as lvalues... */
+                       if (entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
+                                       && entity->base.kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
+                               return NULL;
+
+                       return entity;
                }
 
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
-                       expression_t  *const ref  = expr->array_access.array_ref;
-                       declaration_t *      decl = NULL;
-                       if (is_type_array(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref))) {
-                               decl     = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
-                               lhs_decl = decl;
+                       expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
+                       entity_t     *      ent = NULL;
+                       if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
+                               ent     = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
+                               lhs_ent = ent;
                        } else {
-                               mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                               mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
                        }
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
-                       return decl;
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
+                       return ent;
                }
 
                case EXPR_SELECT: {
                        if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
-                               return determine_lhs_decl(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                               return determine_lhs_ent(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
                        } else {
-                               mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                               mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                }
@@ -1909,23 +1961,23 @@ static declaration_t *determine_lhs_decl(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t
                        expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
                        if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
                                /* *&x is a NOP */
-                               return determine_lhs_decl(val->unary.value, lhs_decl);
+                               return determine_lhs_ent(val->unary.value, lhs_ent);
                        } else {
-                               mark_decls_read(val, NULL);
+                               mark_vars_read(val, NULL);
                                return NULL;
                        }
                }
 
                default:
-                       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
                        return NULL;
        }
 }
 
-#define DECL_ANY ((declaration_t*)-1)
+#define ENT_ANY ((entity_t*)-1)
 
 /**
- * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to deted variables, which
+ * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to detect variables, which
  * are never read.
  * Example:
  * x = x + 1;
@@ -1936,59 +1988,76 @@ static declaration_t *determine_lhs_decl(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t
  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
  *   involved.
  */
-static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
+static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *const expr, entity_t *lhs_ent)
 {
        switch (expr->kind) {
                case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
-                       declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
-                       if (lhs_decl != decl && lhs_decl != DECL_ANY)
-                               decl->read = true;
+                       entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
+                       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
+                                       && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
+                               return;
+
+                       if (lhs_ent != entity && lhs_ent != ENT_ANY) {
+                               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+                                       entity->variable.read = true;
+                               } else {
+                                       entity->parameter.read = true;
+                               }
+                       }
                        return;
                }
 
                case EXPR_CALL:
                        // TODO respect pure/const
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
                        for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
-                               mark_decls_read(arg->expression, NULL);
+                               mark_vars_read(arg->expression, NULL);
                        }
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
                        // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
                        if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
-                               mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_decl);
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_decl);
+                               mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_ent);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_SELECT:
-                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
-                               lhs_decl = NULL;
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
+                       if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY
+                                       && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
+                               lhs_ent = NULL;
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
                        expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
-                       mark_decls_read(ref, lhs_decl);
-                       lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_vars_read(ref, lhs_ent);
+                       lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
                        return;
                }
 
                case EXPR_VA_ARG:
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
                        /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
                        if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
-                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+                               lhs_ent = NULL;
                        goto unary;
 
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
+                       if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
+                               return;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
-                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
-                               lhs_decl = NULL;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
+                       if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
+                               lhs_ent = NULL;
                        goto unary;
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
@@ -2003,7 +2072,7 @@ static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
                case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
                case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 unary:
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
@@ -2031,8 +2100,8 @@ unary:
                case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
                case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
                case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_decl);
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_ent);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
@@ -2046,15 +2115,15 @@ unary:
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
                case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
-                       if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
-                               lhs_decl = NULL;
-                       lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(expr->binary.left, lhs_decl);
-                       mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
+                       if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
+                               lhs_ent = NULL;
+                       lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(expr->binary.left, lhs_ent);
+                       mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
                        return;
                }
 
                case EXPR_VA_START:
-                       determine_lhs_decl(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_decl);
+                       determine_lhs_ent(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_ent);
                        return;
 
                case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
@@ -2071,11 +2140,12 @@ unary:
                case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
                case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
                case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
                case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
                case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
                        return;
        }
 
@@ -2089,7 +2159,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
 
        while (true) {
                designator_t *designator;
-               switch(token.type) {
+               switch (token.type) {
                case '[':
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
                        designator->source_position = token.source_position;
@@ -2097,7 +2167,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                        add_anchor_token(']');
                        designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
                        rem_anchor_token(']');
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                        break;
                case '.':
                        designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
@@ -2112,7 +2182,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
                        next_token();
                        break;
                default:
-                       expect('=');
+                       expect('=', end_error);
                        return result;
                }
 
@@ -2179,6 +2249,7 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
                                                return initializer_from_string(array_type,
                                                        &expression->string.value);
                                        }
+                                       break;
 
                                case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
                                        type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
@@ -2186,6 +2257,7 @@ static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
                                                return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
                                                        &expression->wide_string.value);
                                        }
+                                       break;
                                }
 
                                default:
@@ -2231,7 +2303,8 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
        /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
        int braces = 0;
        if (token.type == '{') {
-               warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
+               if (warning.other)
+                       warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
                do {
                        ++braces;
                        next_token();
@@ -2239,10 +2312,10 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
        }
 
        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
-       mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
+       mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
        if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
+                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
                       expression);
        }
 
@@ -2262,7 +2335,7 @@ static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
                        next_token();
                }
                if (token.type != '}') {
-                       if (!additional_warning_displayed) {
+                       if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
                                warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
                                additional_warning_displayed = true;
                        }
@@ -2304,7 +2377,7 @@ static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
 {
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
 
-       for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
 
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
@@ -2314,9 +2387,10 @@ static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
                                assert(i == len-1);
                                continue;
                        }
-                       fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
+                       fprintf(stderr, ".%s",
+                               entry->v.compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
                } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
-                       fprintf(stderr, "[%zu]", entry->v.index);
+                       fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->v.index);
                } else {
                        fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
                }
@@ -2353,8 +2427,7 @@ static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
 }
 
 /**
- * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
- * top_type.
+ * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current top_type.
  */
 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
 {
@@ -2365,14 +2438,15 @@ static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
        top->type              = top_type;
 
        if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
-               declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
-               declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
-               top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
+               compound_t *compound  = top_type->compound.compound;
+               entity_t   *entry     = compound->members.entities;
 
                if (entry != NULL) {
-                       path->top_type         = entry->type;
+                       assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+                       top->v.compound_entry = &entry->declaration;
+                       path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
                } else {
-                       path->top_type         = NULL;
+                       path->top_type = NULL;
                }
        } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
                top->v.index   = 0;
@@ -2413,7 +2487,7 @@ static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                             bool used_in_offsetof)
 {
-       for; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
+       for (; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
                type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
                type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
 
@@ -2432,10 +2506,10 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                                top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
                                orig_type             = type_error_type;
                        } else {
-                               declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
-                               declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
-                               for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-                                       if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
+                               compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
+                               entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
+                               for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
+                                       if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
                                                break;
                                        }
                                }
@@ -2444,8 +2518,9 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                                               "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                                        goto failed;
                                }
+                               assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                                if (used_in_offsetof) {
-                                       type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+                                       type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
                                        if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
                                                errorf(&designator->source_position,
                                                       "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
@@ -2455,8 +2530,8 @@ static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
                                }
 
                                top->type             = orig_type;
-                               top->v.compound_entry = iter;
-                               orig_type             = iter->type;
+                               top->v.compound_entry = &iter->declaration;
+                               orig_type             = iter->declaration.type;
                        }
                } else {
                        expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
@@ -2513,7 +2588,14 @@ static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
        } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
                declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
 
-               entry                 = entry->next;
+               entity_t *next_entity = entry->base.next;
+               if (next_entity != NULL) {
+                       assert(is_declaration(next_entity));
+                       entry = &next_entity->declaration;
+               } else {
+                       entry = NULL;
+               }
+
                top->v.compound_entry = entry;
                if (entry != NULL) {
                        path->top_type = entry->type;
@@ -2643,9 +2725,10 @@ finish_designator:
                        } else {
                                eat('{');
                                if (type == NULL) {
-                                       if (env->declaration != NULL) {
-                                               errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
-                                                      env->declaration->symbol);
+                                       if (env->entity != NULL) {
+                                               errorf(HERE,
+                                                    "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
+                                                    env->entity->base.symbol);
                                        } else {
                                                errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
                                        }
@@ -2659,19 +2742,20 @@ finish_designator:
 
                                if (type != NULL) {
                                        ascend_from_subtype(path);
-                                       expect('}');
+                                       expect('}', end_error);
                                } else {
-                                       expect('}');
+                                       expect('}', end_error);
                                        goto error_parse_next;
                                }
                        }
                } else {
                        /* must be an expression */
                        expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
+                       mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
 
                        if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
                                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
+                                      "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
                                       expression);
                        }
 
@@ -2679,7 +2763,7 @@ finish_designator:
                                /* we are already outside, ... */
                                type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
                                if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
-                                   !outer_type_skip->compound.declaration->init.complete) {
+                                   !outer_type_skip->compound.compound->complete) {
                                        goto error_parse_next;
                                }
                                goto error_excess;
@@ -2694,7 +2778,7 @@ finish_designator:
                                        if (token.type == ',') {
                                                next_token();
                                        }
-                                       if (token.type != '}') {
+                                       if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
                                                warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
                                                                 orig_type);
                                        }
@@ -2741,18 +2825,21 @@ finish_designator:
                        ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
                } else {
 error_excess:
-                       if (env->declaration != NULL)
-                               warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
-                                env->declaration->symbol);
-                       else
-                               warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
+                       if (warning.other) {
+                               if (env->entity != NULL) {
+                                       warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
+                                          env->entity->base.symbol);
+                               } else {
+                                       warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
+                               }
+                       }
                }
 
 error_parse_next:
                if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
-               expect(',');
+               expect(',', end_error);
                if (token.type == '}') {
                        break;
                }
@@ -2794,9 +2881,9 @@ end_error:
  */
 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
 {
-       type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
-       initializer_t *result = NULL;
-       size_t         max_index;
+       type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
+       size_t         max_index = 0xdeadbeaf;   // TODO: Resolve this uninitialized variable problem
+       initializer_t *result;
 
        if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
@@ -2817,20 +2904,21 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
                max_index = path.max_index;
                DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
 
-               expect('}');
+               expect('}', end_error);
        } else {
                /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
                 * have an expression without {} around it */
                result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
        }
 
-       /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
+       /* § 6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
         * the array type size */
        if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
                        && result != NULL) {
                size_t size;
                switch (result->kind) {
                case INITIALIZER_LIST:
+                       assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
                        size = max_index + 1;
                        break;
 
@@ -2858,9 +2946,10 @@ static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
 
                type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
 
-               new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
-               new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
-               new_type->array.size            = size;
+               new_type->array.size_expression   = cnst;
+               new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
+               new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
+               new_type->array.size              = size;
                env->type = new_type;
        }
 
@@ -2869,9 +2958,18 @@ end_error:
        return NULL;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
+static void append_entity(scope_t *scope, entity_t *entity)
+{
+       if (scope->last_entity != NULL) {
+               scope->last_entity->base.next = entity;
+       } else {
+               scope->entities = entity;
+       }
+       scope->last_entity = entity;
+}
+
 
-static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
+static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
 {
        gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
        decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
@@ -2881,8 +2979,8 @@ static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
                eat(T_union);
        }
 
-       symbol_t      *symbol      = NULL;
-       declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
+       symbol_t   *symbol   = NULL;
+       compound_t *compound = NULL;
 
        if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
                modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
@@ -2892,20 +2990,24 @@ static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
                symbol = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
-               namespace_t const namespc =
+               namespace_tag_t const namespc =
                        is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION;
-               declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
-               if (declaration != NULL) {
-                       if (declaration->parent_scope != scope &&
+               entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
+               if (entity != NULL) {
+                       assert(entity->kind == (is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION));
+                       compound = &entity->compound;
+                       if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
                            (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
-                               declaration = NULL;
-                       } else if (declaration->init.complete &&
-                                  token.type == '{') {
+                               /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
+                                * existing definition in outer scope */
+                               compound = NULL;
+                       } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
                                assert(symbol != NULL);
-                               errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition %P)",
                                       is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
-                                      &declaration->source_position);
-                               declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
+                                      &compound->base.source_position);
+                               /* clear members in the hope to avoid further errors */
+                               compound->members.entities = NULL;
                        }
                }
        } else if (token.type != '{') {
@@ -2920,28 +3022,34 @@ static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
                return NULL;
        }
 
-       if (declaration == NULL) {
-               declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-               declaration->namespc         =
+       if (compound == NULL) {
+               entity_kind_t  kind   = is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION;
+               entity_t      *entity = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
+               compound              = &entity->compound;
+
+               compound->base.namespc =
                        (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
-               declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
-               declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-               declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
+               compound->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+               compound->base.symbol          = symbol;
+               compound->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
                if (symbol != NULL) {
-                       environment_push(declaration);
+                       environment_push(entity);
                }
-               append_declaration(declaration);
+               append_entity(current_scope, entity);
        }
 
        if (token.type == '{') {
-               declaration->init.complete = true;
-
-               parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
+               parse_compound_type_entries(compound);
                modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
+
+               if (symbol == NULL) {
+                       assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
+                       anonymous_entity = (entity_t*)compound;
+               }
        }
 
-       declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
-       return declaration;
+       compound->modifiers |= modifiers;
+       return compound;
 }
 
 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
@@ -2949,8 +3057,8 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
        eat('{');
 
        if (token.type == '}') {
-               next_token();
                errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
+               next_token();
                return;
        }
 
@@ -2963,11 +3071,10 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
                        return;
                }
 
-               declaration_t *const entry = allocate_declaration_zero();
-               entry->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
-               entry->type            = enum_type;
-               entry->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
-               entry->source_position = token.source_position;
+               entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE);
+               entity->enum_value.enum_type = enum_type;
+               entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
+               entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
                next_token();
 
                if (token.type == '=') {
@@ -2975,12 +3082,12 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
                        expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
 
                        value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
-                       entry->init.enum_value = value;
+                       entity->enum_value.value = value;
 
                        /* TODO semantic */
                }
 
-               record_declaration(entry, false);
+               record_entity(entity, false);
 
                if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
@@ -2988,7 +3095,7 @@ static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
        } while (token.type != '}');
        rem_anchor_token('}');
 
-       expect('}');
+       expect('}', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        ;
@@ -2997,7 +3104,7 @@ end_error:
 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
 {
        gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
-       declaration_t   *declaration;
+       entity_t        *entity;
        symbol_t        *symbol;
 
        eat(T_enum);
@@ -3005,39 +3112,57 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
                symbol = token.v.symbol;
                next_token();
 
-               declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
+               entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
+               if (entity != NULL) {
+                       assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
+                       if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
+                                       (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
+                               /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
+                                * existing definition in outer scope */
+                               entity = NULL;
+                       } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
+                                               symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
+                       }
+               }
        } else if (token.type != '{') {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
                                     T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
                return NULL;
        } else {
-               declaration = NULL;
-               symbol      = NULL;
+               entity  = NULL;
+               symbol  = NULL;
        }
 
-       if (declaration == NULL) {
-               declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-               declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
-               declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
-               declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-               declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
+       if (entity == NULL) {
+               entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM);
+               entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
+               entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+               entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
+               entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
        }
 
-       type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, &declaration->source_position);
-       type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
+       type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
+       type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
+       type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
 
        if (token.type == '{') {
-               if (declaration->init.complete) {
-                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
-               }
                if (symbol != NULL) {
-                       environment_push(declaration);
+                       environment_push(entity);
                }
-               append_declaration(declaration);
-               declaration->init.complete = true;
+               append_entity(current_scope, entity);
+               entity->enume.complete = true;
 
                parse_enum_entries(type);
                parse_attributes(&attributes);
+
+               if (symbol == NULL) {
+                       assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
+                       anonymous_entity = entity;
+               }
+       } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
+               errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
+                      symbol);
        }
 
        return type;
@@ -3048,11 +3173,8 @@ static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
  */
 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       const declaration_t *const declaration =
-               get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
-       return
-               declaration != NULL &&
-               declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
+       const entity_t *const entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       return entity != NULL && entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF;
 }
 
 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
@@ -3061,7 +3183,7 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
 
        type_t *type;
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
 
        expression_t *expression  = NULL;
@@ -3098,9 +3220,9 @@ static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
        in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
-       type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF, &expression->base.source_position);
+       type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
        typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
        typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
 
@@ -3116,44 +3238,38 @@ typedef enum specifiers_t {
        SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
        SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
        SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
-       SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
-       SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
-       SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
-       SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
-       SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
-       SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
-       SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
-       SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
-       SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
-       SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
-       SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
-       SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
+       SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
+       SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
+       SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
+       SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
+       SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
+       SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
+       SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
+       SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
+       SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
+       SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
+       SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
+       SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
+       SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
 } specifiers_t;
 
 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
                                    type_t *const real_type)
 {
-       type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN, &builtin_source_position);
+       type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
        type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
        type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
-
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (type != result) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
-       if (declaration == NULL ||
-          declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
+       entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       if (entity == NULL || entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
                return NULL;
 
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &declaration->source_position);
-       type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
+       type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
+       type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
 
        return type;
 }
@@ -3177,7 +3293,7 @@ static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
 }
 
 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
-       if (*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
+       if (*modifiers & tag && warning.other) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
        *modifiers |= tag; \
 } while (0)
 
@@ -3195,23 +3311,23 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
                if (symbol == sym_align) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
                                goto end_error;
                        if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
-                               if (specifiers->alignment != 0)
+                               if (specifiers->alignment != 0 && warning.other)
                                        warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
                                specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
                        }
                        next_token();
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                goto end_error;
                        (void)token.v.symbol;
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
@@ -3227,6 +3343,9 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
+               } else if (symbol == sym_returns_twice) {
+                       next_token();
+                       DET_MOD(returns_twice, DM_RETURNS_TWICE);
                } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
@@ -3238,7 +3357,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                        DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
                } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        for (;;) {
                                bool is_get = false;
                                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
@@ -3251,7 +3370,7 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                        goto end_error;
                                }
                                next_token();
-                               expect('=');
+                               expect('=', end_error);
                                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
                                        goto end_error;
                                if (is_get) {
@@ -3274,22 +3393,22 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                }
                                break;
                        }
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
                } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
                                goto end_error;
                        next_token();
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
                        next_token();
-                       if (specifiers->deprecated != 0)
+                       if (specifiers->deprecated != 0 && warning.other)
                                warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
-                       specifiers->deprecated = 1;
+                       specifiers->deprecated = true;
                        if (token.type == '(') {
                                next_token();
                                if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
@@ -3298,13 +3417,14 @@ static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *spe
                                } else {
                                        errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
                                }
-                               expect(')');
+                               expect(')', end_error);
                        }
                } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
                        next_token();
                        DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
                } else {
-                       warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
+                       if (warning.other)
+                               warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier '%Y' ignored", token.v.symbol);
                        next_token();
                        if (token.type == '(')
                                skip_until(')');
@@ -3317,29 +3437,68 @@ end_error:
        return;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *create_error_declaration(symbol_t *symbol, storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
+static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
+{
+       entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
+       entity->base.source_position = *HERE;
+       entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
+       if (is_declaration(entity)) {
+               entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
+               entity->declaration.implicit = true;
+       } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+               entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
+               entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
+       }
+       if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
+               record_entity(entity, false);
+       return entity;
+}
+
+static void parse_microsoft_based(based_spec_t *based_spec)
 {
-       declaration_t *const decl    = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       decl->source_position        = *HERE;
-       decl->declared_storage_class = storage_class;
-       decl->storage_class          =
-               storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE || scope == file_scope ?
-                       storage_class : STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
-       decl->symbol                 = symbol;
-       decl->implicit               = true;
-       record_declaration(decl, false);
-       return decl;
+       if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               parse_error_expected("while parsing __based", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
+               return;
+       }
+       symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
+       entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+
+       if (entity == NULL || entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+               errorf(HERE, "'%Y' is not a variable name.", symbol);
+               entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
+       } else {
+               variable_t *variable = &entity->variable;
+
+               if (based_spec->base_variable != NULL) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "__based type qualifier specified more than once");
+               }
+               based_spec->source_position = token.source_position;
+               based_spec->base_variable   = variable;
+
+               type_t *const type = variable->base.type;
+
+               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       if (! is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(type))) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "variable in __based modifier must have pointer type instead of '%T'", type);
+                       }
+                       if (variable->base.base.parent_scope != file_scope) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "a nonstatic local variable may not be used in a __based specification");
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       next_token();
 }
 
 /**
  * Finish the construction of a struct type by calculating
  * its size, offsets, alignment.
  */
-static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
-       if (type->declaration == NULL)
-               return;
-       declaration_t *struct_decl = type->declaration;
-       if (! struct_decl->init.complete)
+static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type)
+{
+       assert(type->compound != NULL);
+
+       compound_t *compound = type->compound;
+       if (!compound->complete)
                return;
 
        il_size_t      size           = 0;
@@ -3347,12 +3506,12 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
        il_alignment_t alignment      = 1;
        bool           need_pad       = false;
 
-       declaration_t *entry = struct_decl->scope.declarations;
-       for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->next) {
-               if (entry->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+       entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
+       for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
+               if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
                        continue;
 
-               type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
+               type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
                if (! is_type_valid(m_type)) {
                        /* simply ignore errors here */
                        continue;
@@ -3365,7 +3524,7 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
 
                if (offset > size)
                        need_pad = true;
-               entry->offset = offset;
+               entry->compound_member.offset = offset;
                size = offset + m_type->base.size;
        }
        if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
@@ -3376,14 +3535,15 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
        if (offset > size)
                need_pad = true;
 
-       if (warning.padded && need_pad) {
-               warningf(&struct_decl->source_position,
-                       "'%#T' needs padding", type, struct_decl->symbol);
-       }
-       if (warning.packed && !need_pad) {
-               warningf(&struct_decl->source_position,
-                       "superfluous packed attribute on '%#T'",
-                       type, struct_decl->symbol);
+       if (need_pad) {
+               if (warning.padded) {
+                       warningf(&compound->base.source_position, "'%T' needs padding", type);
+               }
+       } else {
+               if (compound->modifiers & DM_PACKED && warning.packed) {
+                       warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
+                                       "superfluous packed attribute on '%T'", type);
+               }
        }
 
        type->base.size      = offset;
@@ -3394,26 +3554,27 @@ static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
  * Finish the construction of an union type by calculating
  * its size and alignment.
  */
-static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type) {
-       if (type->declaration == NULL)
-               return;
-       declaration_t *union_decl = type->declaration;
-       if (! union_decl->init.complete)
+static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type)
+{
+       assert(type->compound != NULL);
+
+       compound_t *compound = type->compound;
+       if (! compound->complete)
                return;
 
        il_size_t      size      = 0;
        il_alignment_t alignment = 1;
 
-       declaration_t *entry = union_decl->scope.declarations;
-       for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->next) {
-               if (entry->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+       entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
+       for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
+               if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
                        continue;
 
-               type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
+               type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
                if (! is_type_valid(m_type))
                        continue;
 
-               entry->offset = 0;
+               entry->compound_member.offset = 0;
                if (m_type->base.size > size)
                        size = m_type->base.size;
                if (m_type->base.alignment > alignment)
@@ -3427,33 +3588,104 @@ static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type) {
        type->base.alignment = alignment;
 }
 
-static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
+static type_t *handle_attribute_mode(const gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
+                                     type_t *orig_type)
 {
-       type_t            *type              = NULL;
-       type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
-       type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
-       unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
-       bool               newtype           = false;
-       bool               saw_error         = false;
-       bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-       specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
+       /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
+        * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
 
-       while (true) {
-               specifiers->modifiers
-                       |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
-               if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
-                       modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
+       /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
+        * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
+       const char         *symbol_str = attribute->u.symbol->string;
+       bool                sign       = is_type_signed(type);
+       atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
+       if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
+           strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR : ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT : ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
+               || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_INT : ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
+       } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
+               akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG : ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
+       } else {
+               if (warning.other)
+                       warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
+               return orig_type;
+       }
 
-               switch (token.type) {
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
+               type_t *copy       = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->atomic.akind = akind;
+               return identify_new_type(copy);
+       } else if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM) {
+               type_t *copy      = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->enumt.akind = akind;
+               return identify_new_type(copy);
+       } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
+               warningf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) on pointers not implemented yet (ignored)");
+               return type;
+       }
 
-               /* storage class */
-#define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
-               case token:                                                        \
-                       if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
-                               errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
+       errorf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) only allowed on integer, enum or pointer type");
+       return orig_type;
+}
+
+static type_t *handle_type_attributes(const gnu_attribute_t *attributes,
+                                      type_t *type)
+{
+       const gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
+       for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
+               if (attribute->invalid)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
+                       type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
+               } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
+                       int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum useful alignment for
+                                              target machine */
+                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
+                               alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+
+                       type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
+                       copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+                       type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
+               }
+       }
+
+       return type;
+}
+
+static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
+{
+       type_t            *type              = NULL;
+       type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
+       type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
+       unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
+       bool               newtype           = false;
+       bool               saw_error         = false;
+       bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
+
+       specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
+
+       while (true) {
+               specifiers->modifiers
+                       |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
+
+               switch (token.type) {
+               /* storage class */
+#define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
+               case token:                                                        \
+                       if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {         \
+                               errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
                        }                                                              \
-                       specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
+                       specifiers->storage_class = class;                             \
+                       if (specifiers->thread_local)                                  \
+                               goto check_thread_storage_class;                           \
                        next_token();                                                  \
                        break;
 
@@ -3465,30 +3697,33 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 
                case T__declspec:
                        next_token();
-                       expect('(');
+                       expect('(', end_error);
                        add_anchor_token(')');
                        parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
                        rem_anchor_token(')');
-                       expect(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                        break;
 
                case T___thread:
-                       switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
-                       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
-                               break;
-
-                       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
-                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
-                               break;
-
-                       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
-                               specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
-                               break;
+                       if (specifiers->thread_local) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "duplicate '__thread'");
+                       } else {
+                               specifiers->thread_local = true;
+check_thread_storage_class:
+                               switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
+                                               break;
 
-                       default:
-                               errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
-                               break;
+                                               char const* wrong;
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     wrong = "auto";     goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: wrong = "register"; goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
+                                       case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  wrong = "typedef";  goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
+wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
+                                               errorf(HERE, "'__thread' used with '%s'", wrong);
+                                               break;
+                               }
                        }
                        next_token();
                        break;
@@ -3517,30 +3752,32 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                /* type specifiers */
 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
                case token:                                                     \
-                       next_token();                                               \
                        if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
                        } else {                                                    \
                                type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
                        }                                                           \
+                       next_token();                                               \
                        break
 
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
                MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
-               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_bool,       SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "bool");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
+               MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
 
                case T__forceinline:
                        /* only in microsoft mode */
@@ -3553,7 +3790,6 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        break;
 
                case T_long:
-                       next_token();
                        if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
                                errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
                        } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
@@ -3561,19 +3797,20 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                        } else {
                                type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
                        }
+                       next_token();
                        break;
 
                case T_struct: {
-                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT, HERE);
+                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
 
-                       type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
+                       type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
                        finish_struct_type(&type->compound);
                        break;
                }
                case T_union: {
-                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
-                       type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
-                       if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+                       type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
+                       type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
+                       if (type->compound.compound->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
                                modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
                        finish_union_type(&type->compound);
                        break;
@@ -3604,6 +3841,7 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                                        case T_inline:
                                        case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
                                        case T_IDENTIFIER:
+                                       case '&':
                                        case '*':
                                                errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
                                                next_token();
@@ -3623,18 +3861,19 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
                                switch (la1_type) {
                                        DECLARATION_START
                                        case T_IDENTIFIER:
+                                       case '&':
                                        case '*': {
                                                errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
 
-                                               declaration_t *const decl =
-                                                       create_error_declaration(token.v.symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF);
+                                               entity_t *entity =
+                                                       create_error_entity(token.v.symbol, ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
 
-                                               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, HERE);
-                                               type->typedeft.declaration = decl;
+                                               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
+                                               type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
 
                                                next_token();
                                                saw_error = true;
-                                               if (la1_type == '*')
+                                               if (la1_type == '&' || la1_type == '*')
                                                        goto finish_specifiers;
                                                continue;
                                        }
@@ -3656,16 +3895,22 @@ static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
        }
 
 finish_specifiers:
+       specifiers->modifiers
+               |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
+
        in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
 
        if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
                atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
 
                /* match valid basic types */
-               switch(type_specifiers) {
+               switch (type_specifiers) {
                case SPECIFIER_VOID:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
                        break;
+               case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
+                       atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
+                       break;
                case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
                        atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
                        break;
@@ -3799,7 +4044,8 @@ warn_about_long_long:
                                if (saw_error)
                                        goto end_error;
 
-                               if (!strict_mode) {
+                               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.5:4 */
+                               if (!(c_mode & _CXX) && !strict_mode) {
                                        if (warning.implicit_int) {
                                                warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
                                        }
@@ -3820,15 +4066,19 @@ warn_about_long_long:
                }
 
                if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
-                       type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
+                       type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
                        type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
                } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
-                       type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
+                       type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
                        type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
                } else {
-                       type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
-                       type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
+                       type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
+                       type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
                }
+               type->base.alignment = get_atomic_type_alignment(atomic_type);
+               unsigned const size  = get_atomic_type_size(atomic_type);
+               type->base.size      =
+                       type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX ? size * 2 : size;
                newtype = true;
        } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
                errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
@@ -3836,15 +4086,19 @@ warn_about_long_long:
 
        /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
 
+       if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+               modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
        type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
        type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (newtype && result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
+       if (newtype) {
+               type = identify_new_type(type);
+       } else {
+               type = typehash_insert(type);
        }
 
-       specifiers->type = result;
+       type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->gnu_attributes, type);
+       specifiers->type = type;
        return;
 
 end_error:
@@ -3857,7 +4111,7 @@ static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
        type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
 
        while (true) {
-               switch(token.type) {
+               switch (token.type) {
                /* type qualifiers */
                MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
                MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
@@ -3876,98 +4130,63 @@ static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
 }
 
 /**
- * Parses an K&R identifier list and return a list of declarations.
- *
- * @param last  points to the last declaration in the list
- * @return the list of declarations
+ * Parses an K&R identifier list
  */
-static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(declaration_t **last)
+static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
 {
-       declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
-       declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
        do {
-               declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-               declaration->type            = NULL; /* a K&R parameter list has no types, yet */
-               declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
-               declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
+               entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
+               entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+               entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+               entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
+               /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
                next_token();
 
-               if (last_declaration != NULL) {
-                       last_declaration->next = declaration;
-               } else {
-                       declarations = declaration;
-               }
-               last_declaration = declaration;
+               if (scope != NULL)
+                       append_entity(scope, entity);
 
                if (token.type != ',') {
                        break;
                }
                next_token();
        } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
-
-       *last = last_declaration;
-       return declarations;
-}
-
-static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
-
-static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
-{
-       /* TODO: improve error messages */
-       source_position_t const* const pos = &declaration->source_position;
-
-       switch (declaration->declared_storage_class) {
-               case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
-                       errorf(pos, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
-                       break;
-
-               /* Allowed storage classes */
-               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-               case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
-                       break;
-
-               default:
-                       errorf(pos, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
-                       break;
-       }
-
-       type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
-       /* §6.7.5.3(7): Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic
-        * sugar.  Turn it into a pointer.
-        * §6.7.5.3(8): A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning type''
-        * shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1.
-        */
-       type_t *const type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
-       declaration->type = type;
-
-       if (is_type_incomplete(skip_typeref(type))) {
-               errorf(pos, "parameter '%#T' is of incomplete type",
-                      orig_type, declaration->symbol);
-       }
 }
 
-static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
+static entity_t *parse_parameter(void)
 {
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
 
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
 
-       declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
+       entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers,
+                       DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
+       anonymous_entity = NULL;
+       return entity;
+}
+
+static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
+{
+       assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
 
-       return declaration;
+       /* §6.7.5.3:4  After adjustment, the parameters in a parameter type
+        *             list in a function declarator that is part of a
+        *             definition of that function shall not have
+        *             incomplete type. */
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
+       if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
+               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                      "parameter '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'", entity->base.symbol,
+                      entity->declaration.type);
+       }
 }
 
 /**
- * Parses a function type parameter list and return a list of declarations.
- *
- * @param last  point to the last element of the list
- * @return the parameter list
+ * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
+ * for them in a scope)
  */
-static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, declaration_t **last)
+static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
 {
-       declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
-
        eat('(');
        add_anchor_token(')');
        int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
@@ -3976,57 +4195,67 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, declaration_t **la
            !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
                if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
-                       type->kr_style_parameters = true;
-                       declarations = parse_identifier_list(last);
+                       type->kr_style_parameters    = true;
+                       type->unspecified_parameters = true;
+                       parse_identifier_list(scope);
                        goto parameters_finished;
                }
        }
 
        if (token.type == ')') {
-               type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
+               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
+               if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
+                       type->unspecified_parameters = true;
                goto parameters_finished;
        }
 
-       declaration_t        *declaration;
-       declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
        function_parameter_t *parameter;
        function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
 
        while (true) {
-               switch(token.type) {
+               switch (token.type) {
                case T_DOTDOTDOT:
                        next_token();
-                       type->variadic = 1;
+                       type->variadic = true;
                        goto parameters_finished;
 
                case T_IDENTIFIER:
                case T___extension__:
                DECLARATION_START
-                       declaration = parse_parameter();
+               {
+                       entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                      "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       assert(is_declaration(entity));
 
                        /* func(void) is not a parameter */
                        if (last_parameter == NULL
                                        && token.type == ')'
-                                       && declaration->symbol == NULL
-                                       && skip_typeref(declaration->type) == type_void) {
+                                       && entity->base.symbol == NULL
+                                       && skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type) == type_void) {
                                goto parameters_finished;
                        }
-                       semantic_parameter(declaration);
+                       semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
 
-                       parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
+                       parameter = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
                        memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
-                       parameter->type = declaration->type;
+                       parameter->type = entity->declaration.type;
+
+                       if (scope != NULL) {
+                               append_entity(scope, entity);
+                       }
 
                        if (last_parameter != NULL) {
-                               last_declaration->next = declaration;
-                               last_parameter->next   = parameter;
+                               last_parameter->next = parameter;
                        } else {
                                type->parameters = parameter;
-                               declarations     = declaration;
                        }
                        last_parameter   = parameter;
-                       last_declaration = declaration;
                        break;
+               }
 
                default:
                        goto parameters_finished;
@@ -4040,21 +4269,16 @@ static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, declaration_t **la
 
 parameters_finished:
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-
-       restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
-       *last = last_declaration;
-       return declarations;
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
-       *last = NULL;
-       return NULL;
 }
 
 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
        CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
        CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
+       CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE,
        CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
        CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
 } construct_type_kind_t;
@@ -4069,6 +4293,12 @@ typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
 struct parsed_pointer_t {
        construct_type_t  construct_type;
        type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
+       variable_t        *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
+};
+
+typedef struct parsed_reference_t parsed_reference_t;
+struct parsed_reference_t {
+       construct_type_t construct_type;
 };
 
 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
@@ -4092,7 +4322,7 @@ struct construct_base_type_t {
        type_t           *type;
 };
 
-static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
+static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(variable_t *base_variable)
 {
        eat('*');
 
@@ -4100,8 +4330,20 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
        memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
        pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
        pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
+       pointer->base_variable       = base_variable;
+
+       return &pointer->construct_type;
+}
 
-       return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
+static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
+{
+       eat('&');
+
+       parsed_reference_t *reference = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(reference[0]));
+       memset(reference, 0, sizeof(reference[0]));
+       reference->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
+
+       return (construct_type_t*)reference;
 }
 
 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
@@ -4131,66 +4373,39 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
                array->is_variable = true;
                next_token();
        } else if (token.type != ']') {
-               array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
+               expression_t *const size = parse_assignment_expression();
+               array->size = size;
+               mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
        }
 
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       expect(']');
+       expect(']', end_error);
 
 end_error:
-       return (construct_type_t*) array;
+       return &array->construct_type;
 }
 
-static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
+static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope,
+                                                   decl_modifiers_t modifiers)
 {
-       type_t *type;
-       if (declaration != NULL) {
-               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &declaration->source_position);
+       type_t          *type  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
+       function_type_t *ftype = &type->function;
 
-               unsigned mask = declaration->modifiers & (DM_CDECL|DM_STDCALL|DM_FASTCALL|DM_THISCALL);
+       ftype->linkage = current_linkage;
 
-               if (mask & (mask-1)) {
-                       const char *first = NULL, *second = NULL;
+       switch (modifiers & (DM_CDECL | DM_STDCALL | DM_FASTCALL | DM_THISCALL)) {
+               case DM_NONE:     break;
+               case DM_CDECL:    ftype->calling_convention = CC_CDECL;    break;
+               case DM_STDCALL:  ftype->calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;  break;
+               case DM_FASTCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL; break;
+               case DM_THISCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_THISCALL; break;
 
-                       /* more than one calling convention set */
-                       if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL) {
-                               if (first == NULL)       first = "cdecl";
-                               else if (second == NULL) second = "cdecl";
-                       }
-                       if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL) {
-                               if (first == NULL)       first = "stdcall";
-                               else if (second == NULL) second = "stdcall";
-                       }
-                       if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL) {
-                               if (first == NULL)       first = "fastcall";
-                               else if (second == NULL) second = "fastcall";
-                       }
-                       if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL) {
-                               if (first == NULL)       first = "thiscall";
-                               else if (second == NULL) second = "thiscall";
-                       }
-                       errorf(&declaration->source_position, "%s and %s attributes are not compatible", first, second);
-               }
-
-               if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL)
-                       type->function.calling_convention = CC_CDECL;
-               else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL)
-                       type->function.calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;
-               else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL)
-                       type->function.calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL;
-               else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL)
-                       type->function.calling_convention = CC_THISCALL;
-       } else {
-               type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
+               default:
+                       errorf(HERE, "multiple calling conventions in declaration");
+                       break;
        }
 
-       declaration_t *last;
-       declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function, &last);
-       if (declaration != NULL) {
-               declaration->scope.declarations     = parameters;
-               declaration->scope.last_declaration = last;
-               declaration->scope.is_parameter     = true;
-       }
+       parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
 
        construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
                obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
@@ -4201,42 +4416,61 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
        return &construct_function_type->construct_type;
 }
 
-static void fix_declaration_type(declaration_t *declaration)
-{
-       decl_modifiers_t declaration_modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
-       type_modifiers_t type_modifiers        = declaration->type->base.modifiers;
-
-       if (declaration_modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
-               type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
-
-       if (declaration->type->base.modifiers == type_modifiers)
-               return;
-
-       type_t *copy = duplicate_type(declaration->type);
-       copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
-
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(copy);
-       if (result != copy) {
-               obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
-       }
-
-       declaration->type = result;
-}
+typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
+       decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;
+       symbol_t          *symbol;
+       source_position_t  source_position;
+       scope_t            parameters;
+} parse_declarator_env_t;
 
-static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
+static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env,
                bool may_be_abstract)
 {
        /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
         * how to construct the final declarator type */
-       construct_type_t *first = NULL;
-       construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
+       construct_type_t *first      = NULL;
+       construct_type_t *last       = NULL;
        gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
 
        decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
 
-       /* pointers */
-       while (token.type == '*') {
-               construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
+       /* MS __based extension */
+       based_spec_t base_spec;
+       base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
+
+       for (;;) {
+               construct_type_t *type;
+               switch (token.type) {
+                       case '&':
+                               if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
+                                       errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
+                               if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
+                                                "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
+                               }
+                               type = parse_reference_declarator();
+                               /* consumed */
+                               base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
+                               break;
+
+                       case '*':
+                               type = parse_pointer_declarator(base_spec.base_variable);
+                               /* consumed */
+                               base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
+                               break;
+
+                       case T__based:
+                               next_token();
+                               expect('(', end_error);
+                               add_anchor_token(')');
+                               parse_microsoft_based(&base_spec);
+                               rem_anchor_token(')');
+                               expect(')', end_error);
+                               continue;
+
+                       default:
+                               goto ptr_operator_end;
+               }
 
                if (last == NULL) {
                        first = type;
@@ -4249,32 +4483,44 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
                /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
                modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
        }
+ptr_operator_end:
+       if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
+               warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
+                        "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
+       }
 
-       if (declaration != NULL)
-               declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
+       if (env != NULL) {
+               modifiers      |= env->modifiers;
+               env->modifiers  = modifiers;
+       }
 
        construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
 
-       switch(token.type) {
+       switch (token.type) {
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
-               if (declaration == NULL) {
+               if (env == NULL) {
                        errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
                } else {
-                       declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
-                       declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
+                       env->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
+                       env->source_position = token.source_position;
                }
                next_token();
                break;
        case '(':
-               next_token();
-               add_anchor_token(')');
-               inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
-               if (inner_types != NULL) {
-                       /* All later declarators only modify the return type, not declaration */
-                       declaration = NULL;
+               /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
+                * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
+                * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
+               if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
+                       next_token();
+                       add_anchor_token(')');
+                       inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env, may_be_abstract);
+                       if (inner_types != NULL) {
+                               /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
+                               env = NULL;
+                       }
+                       rem_anchor_token(')');
+                       expect(')', end_error);
                }
-               rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
                break;
        default:
                if (may_be_abstract)
@@ -4286,12 +4532,17 @@ static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
 
        construct_type_t *p = last;
 
-       while(true) {
+       while (true) {
                construct_type_t *type;
-               switch(token.type) {
-               case '(':
-                       type = parse_function_declarator(declaration);
+               switch (token.type) {
+               case '(': {
+                       scope_t *scope = NULL;
+                       if (env != NULL)
+                               scope = &env->parameters;
+
+                       type = parse_function_declarator(scope, modifiers);
                        break;
+               }
                case '[':
                        type = parse_array_declarator();
                        break;
@@ -4327,47 +4578,74 @@ end_error:
        return NULL;
 }
 
-static void parse_declaration_attributes(declaration_t *declaration)
+static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
 {
        gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
        decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
 
-       if (declaration == NULL)
+       if (entity == NULL)
                return;
 
-       declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
-       /* check if we have these stupid mode attributes... */
-       type_t *old_type = declaration->type;
-       if (old_type == NULL)
+       type_t *type;
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+               modifiers |= entity->typedefe.modifiers;
+               type       = entity->typedefe.type;
+       } else {
+               assert(is_declaration(entity));
+               modifiers |= entity->declaration.modifiers;
+               type       = entity->declaration.type;
+       }
+       if (type == NULL)
                return;
 
        gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
        for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
-               if (attribute->kind != GNU_AK_MODE || attribute->invalid)
+               if (attribute->invalid)
                        continue;
 
-               atomic_type_kind_t  akind = attribute->u.akind;
-               if (!is_type_signed(old_type)) {
-                       switch(akind) {
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT; break;
-                       case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG; break;
-                       default:
-                               panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
+               if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
+                       type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
+               } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
+                       int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum usefull alignment for target machine */
+                       if (attribute->has_arguments)
+                               alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                               type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
+                               copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
+                               type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
+                       } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+                               entity->variable.alignment = alignment;
+                       } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
+                               entity->compound_member.alignment = alignment;
                        }
                }
-               declaration->type
-                       = make_atomic_type(akind, old_type->base.qualifiers);
+       }
+
+       type_modifiers_t type_modifiers = type->base.modifiers;
+       if (modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
+               type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
+
+       if (type->base.modifiers != type_modifiers) {
+               type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
+               type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
+       }
+
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+               entity->typedefe.type      = type;
+               entity->typedefe.modifiers = modifiers;
+       } else {
+               entity->declaration.type      = type;
+               entity->declaration.modifiers = modifiers;
        }
 }
 
-static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
-                                         type_t *type)
+static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_t *type)
 {
        construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
-       for; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-               switch(iter->kind) {
+       for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
+               switch (iter->kind) {
                case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
                        internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
                case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
@@ -4379,13 +4657,13 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        function_type->function.return_type = type;
 
                        type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
-                       /* §6.7.5.3(1) */
+                       /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
                        if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
                        } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
                        } else {
-                               if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0) {
+                               if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
                                        warningf(HERE,
                                                "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
                                }
@@ -4396,18 +4674,27 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                }
 
                case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
-                       parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
-                       type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, &null_position);
-                       pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
-                       pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
+                       if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
+                               errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
 
-                       type = pointer_type;
-                       break;
+                       parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
+                       type = make_based_pointer_type(type, parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers, parsed_pointer->base_variable);
+                       continue;
                }
 
+               case CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE:
+                       if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
+                               errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a reference to reference");
+
+                       type = make_reference_type(type);
+                       continue;
+
                case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
+                       if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
+                               errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
+
                        parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
-                       type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, &null_position);
+                       type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
 
                        expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
                        if (size_expression != NULL) {
@@ -4432,7 +4719,7 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                        }
 
                        type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
-                       /* §6.7.5.2(1) */
+                       /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
                        if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
                                errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
                        } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
@@ -4443,57 +4730,186 @@ static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
                }
                }
 
-               type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
-               if (hashed_type != type) {
-                       /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
-                        * destroy other types... */
-                       if (iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
-                               free_type(type);
-                       }
-                       type = hashed_type;
+               /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
+                * destroy other types. */
+               if (iter->kind == CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
+                       type = typehash_insert(type);
+               } else {
+                       type = identify_new_type(type);
                }
        }
 
        return type;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
-               const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
-{
-       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
-       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
-       declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
-       declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
-       declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
-       declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
+static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
+
+static type_t *semantic_parameter(const source_position_t *pos,
+                                  type_t *type,
+                                  const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
+                                  symbol_t *symbol)
+{
+       /* §6.7.5.3:7  A declaration of a parameter as ``array of type''
+        *             shall be adjusted to ``qualified pointer to type'',
+        *             [...]
+        * §6.7.5.3:8  A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning
+        *             type'' shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function
+        *             returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1. */
+       type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
 
-       declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE &&
-           scope != file_scope) {
-               declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
+       if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
+               errorf(pos, "parameter '%Y' declared 'inline'", symbol);
        }
 
-       if (specifiers->alignment != 0) {
-               /* TODO: add checks here */
-               declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
+       /* §6.9.1:6  The declarations in the declaration list shall contain
+        *           no storage-class specifier other than register and no
+        *           initializations. */
+       if (specifiers->thread_local || (
+                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
+                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
+          ) {
+               errorf(pos, "invalid storage class for parameter '%Y'", symbol);
        }
 
-       construct_type_t *construct_type
-               = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
-       type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
-       declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
+       /* delay test for incomplete type, because we might have (void)
+        * which is legal but incomplete... */
 
-       parse_declaration_attributes(declaration);
+       return type;
+}
 
-       fix_declaration_type(declaration);
+static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
+                                  declarator_flags_t flags)
+{
+       parse_declarator_env_t env;
+       memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
+       env.modifiers = specifiers->modifiers;
+
+       construct_type_t *construct_type =
+               parse_inner_declarator(&env, (flags & DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT) != 0);
+       type_t           *orig_type      =
+               construct_declarator_type(construct_type, specifiers->type);
+       type_t           *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
        if (construct_type != NULL) {
                obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
        }
 
-       return declaration;
+       entity_t *entity;
+       if (specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
+               entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
+               entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
+               entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
+               entity->typedefe.type        = orig_type;
+
+               if (anonymous_entity != NULL) {
+                       if (is_type_compound(type)) {
+                               assert(anonymous_entity->compound.alias == NULL);
+                               assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_STRUCT ||
+                                      anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_UNION);
+                               anonymous_entity->compound.alias = entity;
+                               anonymous_entity = NULL;
+                       } else if (is_type_enum(type)) {
+                               assert(anonymous_entity->enume.alias == NULL);
+                               assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
+                               anonymous_entity->enume.alias = entity;
+                               anonymous_entity = NULL;
+                       }
+               }
+       } else {
+               /* create a declaration type entity */
+               if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
+                               }
+
+                               if (specifiers->thread_local ||
+                                               specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
+                                                       env.symbol);
+                               }
+                       }
+               } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
+                       orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
+                                                      specifiers, env.symbol);
+
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
+               } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
+
+                       entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
+                       entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
+
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->thread_local || (
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
+                                               )) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
+                               }
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
+
+                       entity->variable.get_property_sym = specifiers->get_property_sym;
+                       entity->variable.put_property_sym = specifiers->put_property_sym;
+
+                       entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
+
+                       if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                               if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
+                               }
+
+                               bool invalid_storage_class = false;
+                               if (current_scope == file_scope) {
+                                       if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                                               invalid_storage_class = true;
+                                       }
+                               } else {
+                                       if (specifiers->thread_local &&
+                                                       specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                                               invalid_storage_class = true;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               if (invalid_storage_class) {
+                                       errorf(&env.source_position,
+                                                       "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (env.symbol != NULL) {
+                       entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
+                       entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
+               } else {
+                       entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
+               }
+               entity->base.namespc                  = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+               entity->declaration.type              = orig_type;
+               entity->declaration.modifiers         = env.modifiers;
+               entity->declaration.deprecated_string = specifiers->deprecated_string;
+
+               storage_class_t storage_class = specifiers->storage_class;
+               entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = storage_class;
+
+               if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && current_scope != file_scope)
+                       storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
+               entity->declaration.storage_class = storage_class;
+       }
+
+       parse_declaration_attributes(entity);
+
+       return entity;
 }
 
 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
@@ -4508,17 +4924,6 @@ static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
        return result;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
-{
-       if (last_declaration != NULL) {
-               last_declaration->next = declaration;
-       } else {
-               scope->declarations = declaration;
-       }
-       last_declaration = declaration;
-       return declaration;
-}
-
 /**
  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
@@ -4529,37 +4934,45 @@ static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
  * @param decl    the declaration to check
  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
  */
-static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_type_t *const func_type)
+static void check_type_of_main(const entity_t *entity)
 {
-       if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-               warningf(&decl->source_position,
-                        "'main' is normally a non-static function");
+       const source_position_t *pos = &entity->base.source_position;
+       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+               warningf(pos, "'main' is not a function");
+               return;
        }
+
+       if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+               warningf(pos, "'main' is normally a non-static function");
+       }
+
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
+       assert(is_type_function(type));
+
+       function_type_t *func_type = &type->function;
        if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
-               warningf(&decl->source_position,
-                        "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
+               warningf(pos, "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
                         func_type->return_type);
        }
        const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
        if (parm != NULL) {
                type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
                if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
-                       warningf(&decl->source_position,
-                                "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'", first_type);
+                       warningf(pos,
+                                "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
+                                first_type);
                }
                parm = parm->next;
                if (parm != NULL) {
                        type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
                        if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
-                               warningf(&decl->source_position,
-                                        "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
+                               warningf(pos, "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
                        }
                        parm = parm->next;
                        if (parm != NULL) {
                                type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
                                if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
-                                       warningf(&decl->source_position,
-                                                "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
+                                       warningf(pos, "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
                                }
                                parm = parm->next;
                                if (parm != NULL)
@@ -4567,7 +4980,7 @@ static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_t
                        }
                } else {
 warn_arg_count:
-                       warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
+                       warningf(pos, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
                }
        }
 }
@@ -4580,95 +4993,151 @@ static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
        return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *record_declaration(
-       declaration_t *const declaration,
-       const bool is_definition)
+static void error_redefined_as_different_kind(const source_position_t *pos,
+               const entity_t *old, entity_kind_t new_kind)
+{
+       errorf(pos, "redeclaration of %s '%Y' as %s (declared %P)",
+              get_entity_kind_name(old->kind), old->base.symbol,
+              get_entity_kind_name(new_kind), &old->base.source_position);
+}
+
+static bool is_error_entity(entity_t *const ent)
+{
+       if (is_declaration(ent)) {
+               return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->declaration.type));
+       } else if (ent->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+               return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->typedefe.type));
+       }
+       return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * record entities for the NAMESPACE_NORMAL, and produce error messages/warnings
+ * for various problems that occur for multiple definitions
+ */
+static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
 {
-       const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
-       const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
+       const symbol_t *const    symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
+       const namespace_tag_t    namespc = (namespace_tag_t)entity->base.namespc;
+       const source_position_t *pos     = &entity->base.source_position;
 
-       assert(symbol != NULL);
-       declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
+       /* can happen in error cases */
+       if (symbol == NULL)
+               return entity;
 
-       type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
-       type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       if (is_type_function(type) &&
-                       type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
-                       warning.strict_prototypes &&
-                       previous_declaration == NULL) {
-               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                        "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
-                        orig_type, symbol);
-       }
-
-       if (warning.main && is_type_function(type) && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-               check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
-       }
-
-       if (warning.nested_externs                             &&
-           declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
-           scope                      != file_scope) {
-               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                        "nested extern declaration of '%#T'", declaration->type, symbol);
-       }
-
-       assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
-       if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
-           previous_declaration->parent_scope->is_parameter &&
-           scope->depth == previous_declaration->parent_scope->depth + 1) {
-               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                       "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
-                       orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
-                       &previous_declaration->source_position);
+       entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
+       /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
+       assert(previous_entity != entity);
+
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+               type_t *const orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
+               type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
+               assert(is_type_function(type));
+               if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
+                               warning.strict_prototypes &&
+                               previous_entity == NULL) {
+                       warningf(pos, "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
+                                        orig_type, symbol);
+               }
+
+               if (warning.main && current_scope == file_scope
+                               && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
+                       check_type_of_main(entity);
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (is_declaration(entity) &&
+                       warning.nested_externs &&
+                       entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
+                       current_scope != file_scope) {
+               warningf(pos, "nested extern declaration of '%#T'",
+                        entity->declaration.type, symbol);
+       }
+
+       if (previous_entity != NULL &&
+                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
+                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
+               assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
+               errorf(pos,
+                      "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
+                                        entity->declaration.type, symbol,
+                                        previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
+                                        &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                goto finish;
        }
-       if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
-           previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
-               /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
-               if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
-                       previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
+
+       if (previous_entity != NULL &&
+                       previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
+               if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
+                       if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
+                               error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
+                                               entity->kind);
+                       }
+                       goto finish;
+               }
+               if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
+                       errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                  symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                       goto finish;
                }
+               if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                       /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
+                       errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
+                       goto finish;
+               }
+
+               /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
+               assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
+
+               declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
+               declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
+
+               /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
+               if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
+                               previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
+                               entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
+                       prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
+                       prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
+                       prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
+                       prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
+                       prev_decl->deprecated_string      = decl->deprecated_string;
+                       return previous_entity;
+               }
+
+               type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
+               assert(orig_type != NULL);
+               type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+               type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
 
-               const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
                if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
-                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                       errorf(pos,
                                   "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
-                                  orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
-                                  &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                                  orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
+                                  &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                } else {
-                       unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
-                       if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
-                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                          "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
-                               return previous_declaration;
-                       }
-
-                       if (warning.redundant_decls                                     &&
-                           is_definition                                               &&
-                           previous_declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
-                           !(previous_declaration->modifiers & DM_USED)                &&
-                           !previous_declaration->used) {
-                               warningf(&previous_declaration->source_position,
+                       unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
+                       if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
+                                       is_definition                     &&
+                                       !prev_decl->used                  &&
+                                       !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
+                                       prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                               warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
                                         "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
-                                        previous_declaration->type, symbol);
+                                        prev_decl->type, symbol);
                        }
 
-                       unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
-
-                       if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
-                               previous_declaration->type = type;
-                               prev_type                  = type;
-                       }
+                       storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
 
                        /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
                         * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
                         * none nor extern) */
-                       if (is_type_function(type)) {
-                               if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
-                                       previous_declaration->type = type;
-                                       prev_type                  = type;
-                               }
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+                               /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
+                                * be a typedef, so use the new type */
+                               if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
+                                       prev_decl->type = type;
 
                                switch (old_storage_class) {
                                case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
@@ -4680,8 +5149,7 @@ static declaration_t *record_declaration(
                                                if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
                                                    prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
                                                    !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-                                                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                                                        "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
+                                                       warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
                                                                         orig_type, symbol);
                                                }
                                        } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
@@ -4692,6 +5160,8 @@ static declaration_t *record_declaration(
                                default:
                                        break;
                                }
+                       } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
+                               prev_decl->type = type;
                        }
 
                        if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
@@ -4700,76 +5170,85 @@ warn_redundant_declaration:
                                if (!is_definition           &&
                                    warning.redundant_decls  &&
                                    is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
-                                   strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
-                                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                   strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
+                                          "<builtin>") != 0) {
+                                       warningf(pos,
                                                 "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                                }
                        } else if (current_function == NULL) {
                                if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
                                    new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
-                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                       errorf(pos,
                                               "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                                } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
-                                       previous_declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                                       previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                       prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                                       prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
                                } else {
+                                       /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
+                                       if (c_mode & _CXX)
+                                               goto error_redeclaration;
                                        goto warn_redundant_declaration;
                                }
                        } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
                                if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
-                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                              "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+error_redeclaration:
+                                       errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                                } else {
-                                       errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+                                       errorf(pos,
                                               "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
-                                              symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
+                                              symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
                                }
                        }
                }
 
-               previous_declaration->modifiers |= declaration->modifiers;
-               previous_declaration->is_inline |= declaration->is_inline;
-               return previous_declaration;
-       } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
+               prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
+               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+                       previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
+               }
+               return previous_entity;
+       }
+
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                if (is_definition &&
-                   declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
+                               entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
                        if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-                               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                        "no previous prototype for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
+                               warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
+                                        entity->declaration.type, symbol);
                        } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
-                               warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                        "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type,
-                                        symbol);
+                               warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
+                                        entity->declaration.type, symbol);
                        }
                }
-       } else {
-               if (warning.missing_declarations &&
-                   scope == file_scope && (
-                     declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
-                     declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
-                   )) {
-                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
+       } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
+                       entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
+                       current_scope == file_scope) {
+               declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
+               if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+                       warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
+                                declaration->type, symbol);
                }
        }
+
 finish:
-       assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
-       assert(scope != NULL);
+       assert(entity->base.parent_scope == NULL);
+       assert(current_scope != NULL);
 
-       declaration->parent_scope = scope;
+       entity->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
+       entity->base.namespc      = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+       environment_push(entity);
+       append_entity(current_scope, entity);
 
-       environment_push(declaration);
-       return append_declaration(declaration);
+       return entity;
 }
 
-static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
+static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
                const source_position_t *source_position)
 {
-       errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
-              declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
+       errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
+              entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
 }
 
 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
@@ -4791,44 +5270,48 @@ static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
        }
 }
 
-static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
+static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
 {
+       assert(is_declaration(entity));
+       declaration_t *const declaration = &entity->declaration;
+
        eat('=');
 
        type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
        type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-       if (declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
-               parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
+                       && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
+               parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
        }
 
        bool must_be_constant = false;
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC        ||
-           declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC ||
-           declaration->parent_scope  == file_scope) {
+       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
+           entity->base.parent_scope  == file_scope) {
                must_be_constant = true;
        }
 
        if (is_type_function(type)) {
-               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
+               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
                       "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
-                      orig_type, declaration->symbol);
+                      orig_type, entity->base.symbol);
                orig_type = type_error_type;
        }
 
        parse_initializer_env_t env;
        env.type             = orig_type;
        env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
-       env.declaration      = current_init_decl = declaration;
+       env.entity           = entity;
+       current_init_decl    = entity;
 
        initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
        current_init_decl = NULL;
 
-       if (!is_type_function(type)) {
-               /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
-                * the array type size */
-               declaration->type             = env.type;
-               declaration->init.initializer = initializer;
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+               /* § 6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
+                * determine the array type size */
+               declaration->type            = env.type;
+               entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
        }
 }
 
@@ -4837,118 +5320,134 @@ static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
        eat(';');
+       anonymous_entity = NULL;
+
+       if (warning.other) {
+               if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
+                               specifiers->thread_local) {
+                       warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
+                                "useless storage class in empty declaration");
+               }
+
+               type_t *type = specifiers->type;
+               switch (type->kind) {
+                       case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
+                       case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
+                               if (type->compound.compound->base.symbol == NULL) {
+                                       warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
+                                                "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       }
 
-       if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
-               warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
-                        "useless storage class in empty declaration");
-       }
+                       case TYPE_ENUM:
+                               break;
 
-       type_t *type = specifiers->type;
-       switch (type->kind) {
-               case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
-               case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
-                       if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
-                               warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
-                                        "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
-                       }
-                       break;
+                       default:
+                               warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
+                               break;
                }
+       }
+}
 
-               case TYPE_ENUM:
-                       break;
+static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
+{
+       if (ent->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
+               return;
 
-               default:
-                       warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
-                       break;
-       }
+       /* §6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
+        *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
+       declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
+       if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE)
+               return;
 
-#ifdef RECORD_EMPTY_DECLARATIONS
-       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
-       declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
-       declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
-       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
-       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+       type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
+       type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
+               return;
 
-       append_declaration(declaration);
-#endif
+       /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
+        * are given length one. */
+       if (is_type_array(type) && ent->base.parent_scope == file_scope) {
+               ARR_APP1(declaration_t*, incomplete_arrays, decl);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       errorf(&ent->base.source_position, "variable '%#T' has incomplete type",
+                       orig_type, ent->base.symbol);
 }
 
-static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
+
+static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
-               parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
+               parsed_declaration_func         finished_declaration,
+               declarator_flags_t              flags)
 {
        add_anchor_token(';');
        add_anchor_token(',');
-       while(true) {
-               declaration_t *declaration =
-                       finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
-
-               type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
-               type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-
-               if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION &&
-                   declaration->is_inline &&
-                   is_type_valid(type)) {
-                       warningf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
-               }
+       while (true) {
+               entity_t *entity = finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
 
                if (token.type == '=') {
-                       parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
+                       parse_init_declarator_rest(entity);
+               } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+                       /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.5.3:3  The initializer can be omitted
+                        * [...] where the extern specifier is explicitly used. */
+                       declaration_t *decl = &entity->declaration;
+                       if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
+                               type_t *type = decl->type;
+                               if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type))) {
+                                       errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                       "reference '%#T' must be initialized",
+                                                       type, entity->base.symbol);
+                               }
+                       }
                }
 
+               check_variable_type_complete(entity);
+
                if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                eat(',');
 
                add_anchor_token('=');
-               ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
+               ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
                rem_anchor_token('=');
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
+       anonymous_entity = NULL;
        rem_anchor_token(';');
        rem_anchor_token(',');
 }
 
-static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition)
+static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
 {
-       symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
+       symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
        if (symbol == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
-               return declaration;
-       }
-       namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
-       if (namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
-               return record_declaration(declaration, false);
+               return entity;
        }
 
-       declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
-       if (previous_declaration == NULL ||
-                       previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
+       assert(entity->base.namespc == NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       if (previous_entity == NULL
+                       || previous_entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
                errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
                       symbol);
-               return declaration;
+               return entity;
        }
 
        if (is_definition) {
-               errorf(HERE, "parameter %Y is initialised", declaration->symbol);
+               errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
        }
 
-       if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
-               previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
-               previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
-               previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
-               previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
-               return previous_declaration;
-       } else {
-               return record_declaration(declaration, false);
-       }
+       return record_entity(entity, false);
 }
 
-static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
+static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration,
+                              declarator_flags_t      flags)
 {
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
@@ -4960,8 +5459,8 @@ static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
        if (token.type == ';') {
                parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
        } else {
-               declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
-               parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
+               entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers, flags);
+               parse_declaration_rest(entity, &specifiers, finished_declaration, flags);
        }
 }
 
@@ -4979,36 +5478,50 @@ static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
        return result;
 }
 
-static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
+static void parse_kr_declaration_list(entity_t *entity)
 {
-       type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-       if (!is_type_function(type))
+       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
                return;
 
+       type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
+       assert(is_type_function(type));
        if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
                return;
 
+
        add_anchor_token('{');
 
        /* push function parameters */
-       size_t const top = environment_top();
-       scope_push(&declaration->scope);
+       size_t const  top       = environment_top();
+       scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->function.parameters);
 
-       declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
-               assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
-               parameter->parent_scope = scope;
+       entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
+       for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
+               assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL);
+               parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
                environment_push(parameter);
        }
 
        /* parse declaration list */
-       while (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
-               parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
+       for (;;) {
+               switch (token.type) {
+                       DECLARATION_START
+                       case T___extension__:
+                       /* This covers symbols, which are no type, too, and results in
+                        * better error messages.  The typical cases are misspelled type
+                        * names and missing includes. */
+                       case T_IDENTIFIER:
+                               parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration, DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
+                               break;
+                       default:
+                               goto decl_list_end;
+               }
        }
+decl_list_end:
 
        /* pop function parameters */
-       assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
-       scope_pop();
+       assert(current_scope == &entity->function.parameters);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        /* update function type */
@@ -5017,26 +5530,28 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
        function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
        function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
 
-       declaration_t *parameter_declaration = declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
-                       parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
-               type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
+       parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
+       for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
+               if (parameter->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
+                       continue;
+
+               type_t *parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
                if (parameter_type == NULL) {
                        if (strict_mode) {
                                errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
-                                      parameter_declaration->symbol);
+                                      parameter->base.symbol);
                        } else {
                                if (warning.implicit_int) {
                                        warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
-                                               parameter_declaration->symbol);
+                                                parameter->base.symbol);
                                }
                                parameter_type              = type_int;
-                               parameter_declaration->type = parameter_type;
+                               parameter->declaration.type = parameter_type;
                        }
                }
 
-               semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
-               parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
+               semantic_parameter_incomplete(parameter);
+               parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
 
                /*
                 * we need the default promoted types for the function type
@@ -5061,12 +5576,9 @@ static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
        new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
        new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
 
-       type = typehash_insert(new_type);
-       if (type != new_type) {
-               obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
-       }
+       new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
 
-       declaration->type = type;
+       entity->declaration.type = new_type;
 
        rem_anchor_token('{');
 }
@@ -5082,8 +5594,8 @@ static void print_in_function(void)
        if (first_err) {
                first_err = false;
                diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
-                       current_function->source_position.input_name,
-                       current_function->symbol);
+                           current_function->base.base.source_position.input_name,
+                           current_function->base.base.symbol);
        }
 }
 
@@ -5100,96 +5612,228 @@ static void check_labels(void)
                if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
                        continue;
 
-               declaration_t *label = goto_statement->label;
+               label_t *label = goto_statement->label;
 
                label->used = true;
-               if (label->source_position.input_name == NULL) {
+               if (label->base.source_position.input_name == NULL) {
                        print_in_function();
                        errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
-                              "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->symbol);
+                              "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->base.symbol);
                 }
        }
-       goto_first = goto_last = NULL;
 
        if (warning.unused_label) {
                for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
                         label_statement != NULL;
                         label_statement = label_statement->next) {
-                       const declaration_t *label = label_statement->label;
+                       label_t *label = label_statement->label;
 
                        if (! label->used) {
                                print_in_function();
                                warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
-                                       "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->symbol);
+                                        "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->base.symbol);
                        }
                }
        }
-       label_first = label_last = NULL;
 }
 
-static void warn_unused_decl(declaration_t *decl, declaration_t *end, char const *const what)
-{
-       for (; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
-               if (decl->implicit)
-                       continue;
+static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
+{
+       entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
+       for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
+               if (!is_declaration(entity))
+                       continue;
+
+               declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
+               if (declaration->implicit)
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!declaration->used) {
+                       print_in_function();
+                       const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
+                       warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused",
+                                what, entity->base.symbol);
+               } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE && !entity->variable.read) {
+                       print_in_function();
+                       const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
+                       warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
+                                what, entity->base.symbol);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
+{
+       (void)env;
+
+       switch (stmt->kind) {
+               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
+                       declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
+                       warn_unused_entity(decls->declarations_begin,
+                                          decls->declarations_end);
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               case STATEMENT_FOR:
+                       warn_unused_entity(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
+                       return;
+
+               default:
+                       return;
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
+ */
+static void check_declarations(void)
+{
+       if (warning.unused_parameter) {
+               const scope_t *scope = &current_function->parameters;
+
+               /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
+               if (!is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
+                       warn_unused_entity(scope->entities, NULL);
+               }
+       }
+       if (warning.unused_variable) {
+               walk_statements(current_function->statement, check_unused_variables,
+                               NULL);
+       }
+}
+
+static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
+{
+       return
+               !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
+               fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
+               -1;
+}
+
+static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
+static bool reaches_end;
+
+static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
+{
+       switch (expr->kind) {
+               case EXPR_CALL: {
+                       expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
+                       if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
+                               entity_t *entity = func->reference.entity;
+                               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
+                                               && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
+                                       return false;
+                       }
+
+                       if (!expression_returns(func))
+                               return false;
+
+                       for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
+                               if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
+                                       return false;
+                       }
+
+                       return true;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE:
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
+               case EXPR_CONST:
+               case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
+               case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
+               case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
+               case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
+               case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
+               case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
+               case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
+               case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
+               case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
+               case EXPR_INVALID:
+                       return true;
+
+               case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
+                       bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
+                       reaches_end = false;
+                       check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
+                       bool returns = reaches_end;
+                       reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
+                       return returns;
+               }
+
+               case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
+                       // TODO handle constant expression
+
+                       if (!expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition))
+                               return false;
 
-               if (!decl->used) {
-                       print_in_function();
-                       warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused", what, decl->symbol);
-               } else if (!decl->read) {
-                       print_in_function();
-                       warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read", what, decl->symbol);
-               }
+                       if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL
+                                       && expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression))
+                               return true;
 
-               if (decl == end)
-                       break;
-       }
-}
+                       return expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression);
 
-static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
-{
-       (void)env;
+               case EXPR_SELECT:
+                       return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
 
-       switch (stmt->kind) {
-               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
-                       declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
-                       warn_unused_decl(decls->declarations_begin, decls->declarations_end, "variable");
-                       return;
-               }
+               case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
+                       return
+                               expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
+                               expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
 
-               case STATEMENT_FOR:
-                       warn_unused_decl(stmt->fors.scope.declarations, NULL, "variable");
-                       return;
+               case EXPR_VA_START:
+                       return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
 
-               default:
-                       return;
-       }
-}
+               case EXPR_VA_ARG:
+                       return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
 
-/**
- * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
- */
-static void check_declarations(void)
-{
-       if (warning.unused_parameter) {
-               const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
+               EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
+                       return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
 
-               /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
-               if (!is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
-                       warn_unused_decl(scope->declarations, NULL, "parameter");
-               }
-       }
-       if (warning.unused_variable) {
-               walk_statements(current_function->init.statement, check_unused_variables, NULL);
+               case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
+                       return false;
+
+               EXPR_BINARY_CASES
+                       // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
+                       return
+                               expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
+                               expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
+
+               case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
+                       break;
        }
+
+       panic("unhandled expression");
 }
 
-static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
+static bool initializer_returns(initializer_t const *const init)
 {
-       return
-               !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
-               fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
-               -1;
+       switch (init->kind) {
+               case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
+                       return expression_returns(init->value.value);
+
+               case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
+                       initializer_t * const*       i       = init->list.initializers;
+                       initializer_t * const* const end     = i + init->list.len;
+                       bool                         returns = true;
+                       for (; i != end; ++i) {
+                               if (!initializer_returns(*i))
+                                       returns = false;
+                       }
+                       return returns;
+               }
+
+               case INITIALIZER_STRING:
+               case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
+               case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR: // designators have no payload
+                       return true;
+       }
+       panic("unhandled initializer");
 }
 
 static bool noreturn_candidate;
@@ -5206,22 +5850,50 @@ static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
        switch (stmt->kind) {
                case STATEMENT_INVALID:
                case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
-               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
                case STATEMENT_ASM:
                        next = stmt->base.next;
                        break;
 
+               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
+                       declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
+                       entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
+                       entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
+                       if (ent != NULL) {
+                               for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
+                                       if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
+                                                       ent->variable.initializer != NULL            &&
+                                                       !initializer_returns(ent->variable.initializer)) {
+                                               return;
+                                       }
+                                       if (ent == last)
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       next = stmt->base.next;
+                       break;
+               }
+
                case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
                        next = stmt->compound.statements;
+                       if (next == NULL)
+                               next = stmt->base.next;
                        break;
 
-               case STATEMENT_RETURN:
-                       noreturn_candidate = false;
+               case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
+                       expression_t const *const val = stmt->returns.value;
+                       if (val == NULL || expression_returns(val))
+                               noreturn_candidate = false;
                        return;
+               }
 
                case STATEMENT_IF: {
-                       if_statement_t const* const ifs = &stmt->ifs;
-                       int            const        val = determine_truth(ifs->condition);
+                       if_statement_t const *const ifs  = &stmt->ifs;
+                       expression_t   const *const cond = ifs->condition;
+
+                       if (!expression_returns(cond))
+                               return;
+
+                       int const val = determine_truth(cond);
 
                        if (val >= 0)
                                check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
@@ -5242,6 +5914,9 @@ static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
                        switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
                        expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
 
+                       if (!expression_returns(expr))
+                               return;
+
                        if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
                                long                    const val      = fold_constant(expr);
                                case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
@@ -5281,15 +5956,8 @@ static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
                case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
                        /* Check for noreturn function call */
                        expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
-                       if (expr->kind == EXPR_CALL) {
-                               expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
-                               if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
-                                       declaration_t const *const decl = func->reference.declaration;
-                                       if (decl != NULL && decl->modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
-                                               return;
-                                       }
-                               }
-                       }
+                       if (!expression_returns(expr))
+                               return;
 
                        next = stmt->base.next;
                        break;
@@ -5338,12 +6006,15 @@ found_break_parent:
 
                case STATEMENT_GOTO:
                        if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
+                               if (!expression_returns(stmt->gotos.expression))
+                                       return;
+
                                statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
                                if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
                                        return;
                                next = parent;
                        } else {
-                               next = stmt->gotos.label->init.statement;
+                               next = stmt->gotos.label->statement;
                                if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
                                        return;
                        }
@@ -5359,7 +6030,12 @@ found_break_parent:
 
                case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
                        while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
-                       int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
+                       expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
+
+                       if (!expression_returns(cond))
+                               return;
+
+                       int const val = determine_truth(cond);
 
                        if (val >= 0)
                                check_reachable(whiles->body);
@@ -5383,8 +6059,15 @@ found_break_parent:
                        fors->condition_reachable = true;
 
                        expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
-                       int          const        val  =
-                               cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
+
+                       int val;
+                       if (cond == NULL) {
+                               val = 1;
+                       } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
+                               val = determine_truth(cond);
+                       } else {
+                               return;
+                       }
 
                        if (val >= 0)
                                check_reachable(fors->body);
@@ -5418,6 +6101,9 @@ found_break_parent:
                        }
                        break;
                }
+
+               default:
+                       panic("invalid statement kind");
        }
 
        while (next == NULL) {
@@ -5425,13 +6111,13 @@ found_break_parent:
                if (next == NULL) {
                        noreturn_candidate = false;
 
-                       type_t *const type = current_function->type;
+                       type_t *const type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
                        assert(is_type_function(type));
                        type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
                        if (warning.return_type                    &&
                            !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
                            is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
-                           !is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
+                           !is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
                                warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
                                         "control reaches end of non-void function");
                        }
@@ -5452,6 +6138,11 @@ found_break_parent:
                                panic("invalid control flow in function");
 
                        case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
+                               if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
+                                       reaches_end = true;
+                                       return;
+                               }
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
                        case STATEMENT_IF:
                        case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
                        case STATEMENT_LABEL:
@@ -5467,7 +6158,12 @@ continue_while:
                                next->base.reachable = true;
 
                                while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
-                               int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
+                               expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
+
+                               if (!expression_returns(cond))
+                                       return;
+
+                               int const val = determine_truth(cond);
 
                                if (val >= 0)
                                        check_reachable(whiles->body);
@@ -5486,8 +6182,13 @@ continue_do_while:
                                        return;
                                next->base.reachable = true;
 
-                               do_while_statement_t const *const dw  = &next->do_while;
-                               int                  const        val = determine_truth(dw->condition);
+                               do_while_statement_t const *const dw   = &next->do_while;
+                               expression_t         const *const cond = dw->condition;
+
+                               if (!expression_returns(cond))
+                                       return;
+
+                               int const val = determine_truth(cond);
 
                                if (val >= 0)
                                        check_reachable(dw->body);
@@ -5511,8 +6212,15 @@ continue_for:;
                                fors->condition_reachable = true;
 
                                expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
-                               int          const        val  =
-                                       cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
+
+                               int val;
+                               if (cond == NULL) {
+                                       val = 1;
+                               } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
+                                       val = determine_truth(cond);
+                               } else {
+                                       return;
+                               }
 
                                if (val >= 0)
                                        check_reachable(fors->body);
@@ -5532,14 +6240,6 @@ continue_for:;
                }
        }
 
-       if (next == NULL) {
-               next = stmt->base.parent;
-               if (next == NULL) {
-                       warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
-                                "control reaches end of non-void function");
-               }
-       }
-
        check_reachable(next);
 }
 
@@ -5586,9 +6286,28 @@ static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
                case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
                        if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
                                return;
-                       /* FALLTHROUGH*/
+                       goto warn_unreachable;
+
+               case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
+                       /* Only warn if there is at least one declarator with an initializer.
+                        * This typically occurs in switch statements. */
+                       declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
+                       entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
+                       entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
+                       if (ent != NULL) {
+                               for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
+                                       if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
+                                                       ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
+                                               goto warn_unreachable;
+                                       }
+                                       if (ent == last)
+                                               return;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
 
                default:
+warn_unreachable:
                        if (!stmt->base.reachable)
                                warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
                        return;
@@ -5618,7 +6337,7 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
        add_anchor_token('{');
 
        /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
-       declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
+       entity_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
 
        rem_anchor_token('{');
        rem_anchor_token(';');
@@ -5630,7 +6349,8 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                case ',':
                case ';':
                case '=':
-                       parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
+                       parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_entity,
+                                       DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
                        return;
        }
 
@@ -5643,112 +6363,125 @@ static void parse_external_declaration(void)
                return;
        }
 
-       type_t *type = ndeclaration->type;
+       assert(is_declaration(ndeclaration));
+       type_t *const orig_type = ndeclaration->declaration.type;
+       type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
 
-       /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
-        * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
-       if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
+       if (!is_type_function(type)) {
                if (is_type_valid(type)) {
                        errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
-                              type, ndeclaration->symbol);
+                              type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
                }
                eat_block();
                return;
+       } else if (is_typeref(orig_type)) {
+               /* §6.9.1:2 */
+               errorf(&ndeclaration->base.source_position,
+                               "type of function definition '%#T' is a typedef",
+                               orig_type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
        }
 
        if (warning.aggregate_return &&
            is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
                warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
-                        ndeclaration->symbol);
+                        ndeclaration->base.symbol);
        }
        if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
                warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
-                       ndeclaration->symbol);
+                       ndeclaration->base.symbol);
        }
        if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
                warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
-                       ndeclaration->symbol);
+                       ndeclaration->base.symbol);
        }
 
-       /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
+       /* § 6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
         * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
-       if (type->function.unspecified_parameters
-                       && type->function.parameters == NULL
-                       && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
-               type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
-               duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
+       if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
+                       type->function.parameters == NULL     &&
+                       !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
+               type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
+               copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
+               type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
 
-               type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
-               if (type != duplicate) {
-                       obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
-               }
-               ndeclaration->type = type;
+               ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
        }
 
-       declaration_t *const declaration = record_declaration(ndeclaration, true);
-       if (ndeclaration != declaration) {
-               declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
+       entity_t *const entity = record_entity(ndeclaration, true);
+       assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
+       assert(ndeclaration->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
+
+       function_t *function = &entity->function;
+       if (ndeclaration != entity) {
+               function->parameters = ndeclaration->function.parameters;
        }
-       type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+       assert(is_declaration(entity));
+       type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
 
        /* push function parameters and switch scope */
-       size_t const top = environment_top();
-       scope_push(&declaration->scope);
-
-       declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
-               if (parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
-                       parameter->parent_scope = scope;
-               }
-               assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
-                               || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
-               parameter->parent_scope = scope;
-               if (parameter->symbol == NULL) {
-                       errorf(&parameter->source_position, "parameter name omitted");
+       size_t const  top       = environment_top();
+       scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&function->parameters);
+
+       entity_t *parameter = function->parameters.entities;
+       for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
+               if (parameter->base.parent_scope == &ndeclaration->function.parameters) {
+                       parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
+               }
+               assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL
+                               || parameter->base.parent_scope == current_scope);
+               parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
+               if (parameter->base.symbol == NULL) {
+                       errorf(&parameter->base.source_position, "parameter name omitted");
                        continue;
                }
                environment_push(parameter);
        }
 
-       if (declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
-               parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
+       if (function->statement != NULL) {
+               parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
                eat_block();
        } else {
                /* parse function body */
-               int            label_stack_top      = label_top();
-               declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
-               current_function                    = declaration;
-               current_parent                      = NULL;
+               int         label_stack_top      = label_top();
+               function_t *old_current_function = current_function;
+               current_function                 = function;
+               current_parent                   = NULL;
+
+               goto_first   = NULL;
+               goto_anchor  = &goto_first;
+               label_first  = NULL;
+               label_anchor = &label_first;
 
                statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
-               declaration->init.statement = body;
+               function->statement = body;
                first_err = true;
                check_labels();
                check_declarations();
                if (warning.return_type      ||
                    warning.unreachable_code ||
-                   (warning.missing_noreturn && !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
+                   (warning.missing_noreturn
+                    && !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
                        noreturn_candidate = true;
                        check_reachable(body);
                        if (warning.unreachable_code)
                                walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
                        if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
                            noreturn_candidate       &&
-                           !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
+                           !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
                                warningf(&body->base.source_position,
                                         "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
-                                        type, declaration->symbol);
+                                        type, entity->base.symbol);
                        }
                }
 
                assert(current_parent   == NULL);
-               assert(current_function == declaration);
+               assert(current_function == function);
                current_function = old_current_function;
                label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
        }
 
-       assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
-       scope_pop();
+       assert(current_scope == &function->parameters);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
 }
 
@@ -5756,7 +6489,7 @@ static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
                                   source_position_t *source_position,
                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
+       type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
 
        type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
        type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
@@ -5775,14 +6508,11 @@ static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
                long v = fold_constant(size);
 
                if (v < 0) {
-                       errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'",
-                               symbol);
+                       errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
                } else if (v == 0) {
-                       errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'",
-                               symbol);
+                       errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
                } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
-                       errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type",
-                               symbol);
+                       errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type", symbol);
                } else {
                        type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
                }
@@ -5791,45 +6521,35 @@ static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
        return type;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
-                                          symbol_t *symbol)
+static entity_t *find_compound_entry(compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
-       for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
-               if (iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+       entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
+       for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
+               if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
                        continue;
 
-               if (iter->symbol == NULL) {
-                       type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
+               if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
+                       return iter;
+               } else if (iter->base.symbol == NULL) {
+                       type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
                        if (is_type_compound(type)) {
-                               declaration_t *result
-                                       = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
+                               entity_t *result
+                                       = find_compound_entry(type->compound.compound, symbol);
                                if (result != NULL)
                                        return result;
                        }
                        continue;
                }
-
-               if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
-                       return iter;
-               }
        }
 
        return NULL;
 }
 
-static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
+static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
                const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
 {
-       declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
-       if (last_declaration != NULL) {
-               while (last_declaration->next != NULL) {
-                       last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
-               }
-       }
-
        while (true) {
-               declaration_t *declaration;
+               entity_t *entity;
 
                if (token.type == ':') {
                        source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
@@ -5841,74 +6561,79 @@ static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
                        type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
                                        &source_position, sym_anonymous);
 
-                       declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
-                       declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
-                       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
-                       declaration->source_position        = source_position;
-                       declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
-                       declaration->type                   = type;
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+                       entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+                       entity->base.source_position               = source_position;
+                       entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                       entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
+                       entity->declaration.modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
+                       entity->declaration.type                   = type;
+                       append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
                } else {
-                       declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
-
-                       type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
-                       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                       entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
+                                       DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+                       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                               "typedef not allowed as compound member");
+                       } else {
+                               assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
+
+                               /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
+                               symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
+                               if (symbol != NULL) {
+                                       entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
+                                       if (prev != NULL) {
+                                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                               "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
+                                                               symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
+                                       }
+                               }
 
-                       if (token.type == ':') {
-                               source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
-                               next_token();
-                               expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
+                               if (token.type == ':') {
+                                       source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
+                                       next_token();
+                                       expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
 
-                               type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size,
-                                               &source_position, declaration->symbol);
-                               declaration->type = bitfield_type;
-                       } else {
-                               /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
-                                * that they're at the end of the struct */
-                               if (is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
-                                       errorf(HERE,
-                                              "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
-                                              declaration->symbol, orig_type);
-                               } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
-                                       errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
-                                              declaration->symbol, orig_type);
+                                       type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
+                                       type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
+                                                       &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
+                                       entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
+                               } else {
+                                       type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
+                                       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                                       if (is_type_function(type)) {
+                                               errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                               "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
+                                                               entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
+                                       } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
+                                               /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
+                                               if (is_type_array(type) &&
+                                                               token.type == ';'   &&
+                                                               look_ahead(1)->type == '}') {
+                                                       compound->has_flexible_member = true;
+                                               } else {
+                                                       errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
+                                                                       "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
+                                                                       entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
+                                               }
+                                       }
                                }
-                       }
-               }
 
-               /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
-               symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
-               if (symbol != NULL) {
-                       declaration_t *prev_decl
-                               = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
-
-                       if (prev_decl != NULL) {
-                               assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
-                               errorf(&declaration->source_position,
-                                      "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                                      symbol, &prev_decl->source_position);
+                               append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
                        }
                }
 
-               /* append declaration */
-               if (last_declaration != NULL) {
-                       last_declaration->next = declaration;
-               } else {
-                       struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
-               }
-               last_declaration = declaration;
-
                if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
                next_token();
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
-       ;
+       anonymous_entity = NULL;
 }
 
-static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
+static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound)
 {
        eat('{');
        add_anchor_token('}');
@@ -5922,10 +6647,13 @@ static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
                memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
                parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
 
-               parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
+               parse_compound_declarators(compound, &specifiers);
        }
        rem_anchor_token('}');
        next_token();
+
+       /* §6.7.2.1:7 */
+       compound->complete = true;
 }
 
 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
@@ -5933,7 +6661,8 @@ static type_t *parse_typename(void)
        declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
        memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
        parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
-       if (specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
+       if (specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
+                       specifiers.thread_local) {
                /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
                 * storage class is...
                 */
@@ -5948,15 +6677,13 @@ static type_t *parse_typename(void)
 
 
 
-typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function) (unsigned precedence);
-typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function) (unsigned precedence,
-                                                          expression_t *left);
+typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
+typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
 
 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
 struct expression_parser_function_t {
-       unsigned                         precedence;
        parse_expression_function        parser;
-       unsigned                         infix_precedence;
+       precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
        parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
 };
 
@@ -5969,7 +6696,7 @@ static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
 {
        /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
        if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
-               errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token '%K'", &token);
+               errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token %K", &token);
        }
        next_token();
 
@@ -6026,15 +6753,28 @@ static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a boolean constant.
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_bool_const(bool value)
+{
+       expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
+       cnst->base.type          = type_bool;
+       cnst->conste.v.int_value = value;
+
+       next_token();
+
+       return cnst;
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse an integer constant.
  */
 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
 {
-       expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
-       cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
-       cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
-       cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
+       expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
+       cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
+       cnst->conste.v.int_value = token.v.intvalue;
 
        next_token();
 
@@ -6047,16 +6787,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
 {
        expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
-
-       cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
-       cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
-       cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
+       cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
+       cnst->conste.v.character = token.v.string;
 
        if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
-               if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
+               if (!GNU_MODE) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
+               } else if (warning.multichar) {
                        warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
-               } else {
-                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
                }
        }
        next_token();
@@ -6070,16 +6808,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
 {
        expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
-
-       cnst->base.source_position    = *HERE;
        cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
        cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
 
        if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
-               if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
+               if (!GNU_MODE) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
+               } else if (warning.multichar) {
                        warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
-               } else {
-                       errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
                }
        }
        next_token();
@@ -6101,32 +6837,29 @@ static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
        return cnst;
 }
 
-static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
+static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
                const source_position_t *source_position)
 {
-       type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, source_position);
+       type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
        ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
+       ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
+       type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
 
-       type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
-       if (type != ntype) {
-               free_type(ntype);
-       }
-
-       declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-       declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
-       declaration->type                   = type;
-       declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
-       declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
-       declaration->implicit               = true;
+       entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
+       entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
+       entity->declaration.type                   = type;
+       entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
+       entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
+       entity->base.source_position               = *source_position;
 
        bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
        warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
-       record_declaration(declaration, false);
+       record_entity(entity, false);
        warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
 
-       return declaration;
+       return entity;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6147,16 +6880,11 @@ static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
        parameter1->type = argument_type1;
        parameter1->next = parameter2;
 
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6173,30 +6901,20 @@ static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
        memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
        parameter->type = argument_type;
 
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = parameter;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
 {
-       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
+       type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
        type->function.return_type = return_type;
        type->function.parameters  = NULL;
 
-       type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
-       if (result != type) {
-               free_type(type);
-       }
-
-       return result;
+       return identify_new_type(type);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6206,7 +6924,7 @@ static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
  */
 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       switch(symbol->ID) {
+       switch (symbol->ID) {
        case T___builtin_alloca:
                return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
        case T___builtin_huge_val:
@@ -6227,8 +6945,11 @@ static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
                return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
        case T___builtin_expect:
                return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
+       case T___builtin_return_address:
+       case T___builtin_frame_address:
+               return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int);
        default:
-               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
+               internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin identifier found");
        }
 }
 
@@ -6262,16 +6983,30 @@ static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        switch (expression->kind) {
-               case EXPR_REFERENCE: return expression->reference.declaration->type;
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+                       entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
+                       if (is_declaration(entity)) {
+                               return entity->declaration.type;
+                       } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
+                               return entity->enum_value.enum_type;
+                       } else {
+                               panic("no declaration or enum in reference");
+                       }
+               }
 
-               case EXPR_SELECT:
-                       return get_qualified_type(expression->select.compound_entry->type,
-                                                 expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
+               case EXPR_SELECT: {
+                       entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
+                       assert(is_declaration(entity));
+                       type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
+                       return get_qualified_type(type,
+                                       expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
+               }
 
                case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
                        const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
                        type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
-                       assert(is_type_pointer(type));
+                       if (!is_type_pointer(type))
+                               return type_error_type;
                        return type->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
@@ -6281,9 +7016,8 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
                        const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
                        type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
-                       if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
-                               return type_left;
-                       assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
+                       if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
+                               return type_error_type;
                        return type_left->pointer.points_to;
                }
 
@@ -6300,76 +7034,101 @@ type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
                case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
                        return expression->compound_literal.type;
 
-               default: break;
+               default:
+                       return expression->base.type;
        }
-
-       return expression->base.type;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
 {
-       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
-
-       reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
        symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
 
-       declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+       entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
 
-       if (declaration == NULL) {
+       if (entity == NULL) {
                if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
                        /* an implicitly declared function */
-                       if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
-                               warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
-                                       symbol);
+                       if (warning.error_implicit_function_declaration) {
+                               errorf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
+                       } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
+                               warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
                        }
 
-                       declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
+                       entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
                } else {
-                       errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
-                       declaration = create_error_declaration(symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_NONE);
+                       errorf(HERE, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
+                       entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
                }
        }
 
-       type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
+       type_t *orig_type;
+
+       if (is_declaration(entity)) {
+               orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
+       } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
+               orig_type = entity->enum_value.enum_type;
+       } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
+               errorf(HERE, "encountered typedef name '%Y' while parsing expression",
+                       symbol);
+               next_token();
+               return create_invalid_expression();
+       } else {
+               panic("expected declaration or enum value in reference");
+       }
 
        /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
         * code to revert this! */
        type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
 
-       ref->declaration = declaration;
-       ref->base.type   = type;
+       expression_kind_t kind = EXPR_REFERENCE;
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
+               kind = EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE;
+
+       expression_t *expression     = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
+       expression->reference.entity = entity;
+       expression->base.type        = type;
 
        /* this declaration is used */
-       declaration->used = true;
-
-       if (declaration->parent_scope != file_scope                          &&
-           declaration->parent_scope->depth < current_function->scope.depth &&
-           is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
-               /* access of a variable from an outer function */
-               declaration->address_taken     = true;
-               ref->is_outer_ref              = true;
+       if (is_declaration(entity)) {
+               entity->declaration.used = true;
+       }
+
+       if (entity->base.parent_scope != file_scope
+               && entity->base.parent_scope->depth < current_function->parameters.depth
+               && is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
+               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+                       /* access of a variable from an outer function */
+                       entity->variable.address_taken = true;
+               } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
+                       entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
+               }
                current_function->need_closure = true;
        }
 
        /* check for deprecated functions */
-       if (warning.deprecated_declarations &&
-           declaration->modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
-               char const *const prefix = is_type_function(declaration->type) ?
+       if (warning.deprecated_declarations
+               && is_declaration(entity)
+               && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
+               declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
+
+               char const *const prefix = entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION ?
                        "function" : "variable";
 
                if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
                        warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
-                               prefix, declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position,
-                               declaration->deprecated_string);
+                                prefix, entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position,
+                                declaration->deprecated_string);
                } else {
                        warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
-                               declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
+                                entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
                }
        }
-       if (warning.init_self && declaration == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop) {
+
+       if (warning.init_self && entity == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop
+           && entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
                current_init_decl = NULL;
                warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
-                       declaration->type, declaration->symbol);
+                        entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
        }
 
        next_token();
@@ -6430,7 +7189,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
 
        parse_initializer_env_t env;
        env.type             = type;
-       env.declaration      = NULL;
+       env.entity           = NULL;
        env.must_be_constant = false;
        initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
        type = env.type;
@@ -6451,10 +7210,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
 
        source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
 
-       type_t *type  = parse_typename();
+       type_t *type = parse_typename();
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        if (token.type == '{') {
                return parse_compound_literal(type);
@@ -6463,7 +7222,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
        expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
        cast->base.source_position = source_position;
 
-       expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
+       expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
        cast->base.type   = type;
        cast->unary.value = value;
 
@@ -6485,9 +7244,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
 
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
 
-       statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
-       expression->statement.statement  = statement;
-       expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
+       statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
+       statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
+       expression->statement.statement = statement;
 
        /* find last statement and use its type */
        type_t *type = type_void;
@@ -6499,13 +7258,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
                if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
                        type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
                }
-       } else {
+       } else if (warning.other) {
                warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
        }
        expression->base.type = type;
 
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return expression;
@@ -6518,7 +7277,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
 {
        eat('(');
 
-       switch(token.type) {
+       switch (token.type) {
        case '{':
                /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
                return parse_statement_expression();
@@ -6534,8 +7293,9 @@ static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
 
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *result = parse_expression();
+       result->base.parenthesized = true;
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return result;
@@ -6543,7 +7303,6 @@ end_error:
 
 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
 {
-       next_token();
        /* TODO */
 
        if (current_function == NULL) {
@@ -6554,13 +7313,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
        expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
        expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
 
+       next_token();
+
        return expression;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
 {
-       eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
-
        if (current_function == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
        }
@@ -6569,13 +7328,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
        expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
        expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
 
+       eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+
        return expression;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
 {
-       eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
-
        if (current_function == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
        }
@@ -6584,13 +7343,13 @@ static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
        expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
        expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
 
+       eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
+
        return expression;
 }
 
 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
 {
-       eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
-
        if (current_function == NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
        }
@@ -6599,6 +7358,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
        expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
        expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
 
+       eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
+
        return expression;
 }
 
@@ -6616,7 +7377,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
        next_token();
 
        designator_t *last_designator = result;
-       while(true) {
+       while (true) {
                if (token.type == '.') {
                        next_token();
                        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
@@ -6640,7 +7401,7 @@ static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
                        designator->source_position = *HERE;
                        designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
                        rem_anchor_token(']');
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                        if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
                                return NULL;
                        }
@@ -6662,20 +7423,20 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
-
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
        expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(',');
        type_t *type = parse_typename();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
        expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
@@ -6703,27 +7464,30 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_va_start);
-
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_va_start);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(',');
        expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(',');
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
-               declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
-               if (decl->parent_scope != &current_function->scope || decl->next != NULL) {
+               entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
+               if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_function->parameters
+                               || entity->base.next != NULL
+                               || entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
                        errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
                               "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
+               } else {
+                       expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
                }
-               expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
                return expression;
        }
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
@@ -6733,15 +7497,15 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
-
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->base.type = parse_typename();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        return expression;
 end_error:
@@ -6765,19 +7529,44 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
 }
 
 /**
- * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
+ * Parses a __builtin_constant_p() expression.
  */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
-
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expression->base.type = type_int;
+
+       return expression;
+end_error:
+       return create_invalid_expression();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a __builtin_types_compatible_p() expression.
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_builtin_types_compatible(void)
+{
+       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P);
+
+       eat(T___builtin_types_compatible_p);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
+       add_anchor_token(')');
+       add_anchor_token(',');
+       expression->builtin_types_compatible.left = parse_typename();
+       rem_anchor_token(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
+       expression->builtin_types_compatible.right = parse_typename();
+       rem_anchor_token(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        expression->base.type = type_int;
 
        return expression;
@@ -6790,11 +7579,11 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
-
        expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
        if (token.type == ',') {
@@ -6806,7 +7595,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
                expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
        }
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        expression->base.type = type_void;
 
        return expression;
@@ -6821,7 +7610,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
 {
        expression_t *expression;
 
-       switch(token.type) {
+       switch (token.type) {
        case T___builtin_isgreater:
                expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
                break;
@@ -6846,11 +7635,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
        expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
        next_token();
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
@@ -6873,20 +7662,20 @@ end_error:
 
 #if 0
 /**
- * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
+ * Parses a __builtin_expect(, end_error) expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
+static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void, end_error)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_expect);
-
        expression_t *expression
                = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_expect);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
-       expect(',');
+       expect(',', end_error);
        expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
 
@@ -6901,16 +7690,15 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
 {
-       eat(T__assume);
+       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
 
-       expression_t *expression
-               = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
+       eat(T__assume);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        expression->base.type = type_void;
        return expression;
@@ -6923,37 +7711,37 @@ end_error:
  *
  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
  */
-static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
+static label_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
 {
-       declaration_t *candidate;
+       entity_t *label;
        assert(current_function != NULL);
 
-       candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL);
+       label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
        /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
-       if (candidate != NULL) {
-               if (candidate->parent_scope != scope) {
-                       assert(candidate->parent_scope->depth < scope->depth);
+       if (label != NULL && label->kind == ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL) {
+               if (label->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
+                       assert(label->base.parent_scope->depth < current_scope->depth);
                        current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
                }
-               return candidate;
+               return &label->label;
        }
 
-       candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
+       label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
        /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
         * declaration */
-       if (candidate != NULL
-                       && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
-               return candidate;
+       if (label != NULL
+                       && label->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters) {
+               return &label->label;
        }
 
        /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
-       declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-       declaration->namespc       = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
-       declaration->symbol        = symbol;
+       label               = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LABEL);
+       label->base.namespc = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
+       label->base.symbol  = symbol;
 
-       label_push(declaration);
+       label_push(label);
 
-       return declaration;
+       return &label->label;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -6970,8 +7758,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
        symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
        next_token();
 
-       declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
-
+       label_t *label       = get_label(symbol);
        label->used          = true;
        label->address_taken = true;
 
@@ -6979,8 +7766,8 @@ static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
        expression->base.source_position = source_position;
 
        /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
-       expression->base.type                 = type_void_ptr;
-       expression->label_address.declaration = label;
+       expression->base.type           = type_void_ptr;
+       expression->label_address.label = label;
        return expression;
 end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
@@ -6991,7 +7778,12 @@ end_error:
  */
 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
 {
-       source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
+       /* the result is a (int)0 */
+       expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
+       cnst->base.type            = type_int;
+       cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
+       cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
+
        eat(T___noop);
 
        if (token.type == '(') {
@@ -7001,7 +7793,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
                add_anchor_token(',');
 
                if (token.type != ')') {
-                       while(true) {
+                       while (true) {
                                (void)parse_assignment_expression();
                                if (token.type != ',')
                                        break;
@@ -7011,19 +7803,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-
-       /* the result is a (int)0 */
-       expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
-       cnst->base.source_position = source_position;
-       cnst->base.type            = type_int;
-       cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
-       cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
-
-       return cnst;
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
+       return cnst;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -7032,21 +7815,23 @@ end_error:
 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
 {
        switch (token.type) {
-               case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
-               case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
-               case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
-               case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
+               case T_false:                        return parse_bool_const(false);
+               case T_true:                         return parse_bool_const(true);
+               case T_INTEGER:                      return parse_int_const();
+               case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:           return parse_character_constant();
+               case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:      return parse_wide_character_constant();
+               case T_FLOATINGPOINT:                return parse_float_const();
                case T_STRING_LITERAL:
-               case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
-               case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
+               case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:          return parse_string_const();
+               case T_IDENTIFIER:                   return parse_reference();
                case T___FUNCTION__:
-               case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
-               case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
-               case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
-               case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
-               case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
-               case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
-               case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
+               case T___func__:                     return parse_function_keyword();
+               case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:          return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
+               case T___FUNCSIG__:                  return parse_funcsig_keyword();
+               case T___FUNCDNAME__:                return parse_funcdname_keyword();
+               case T___builtin_offsetof:           return parse_offsetof();
+               case T___builtin_va_start:           return parse_va_start();
+               case T___builtin_va_arg:             return parse_va_arg();
                case T___builtin_expect:
                case T___builtin_alloca:
                case T___builtin_inf:
@@ -7056,23 +7841,26 @@ static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
                case T___builtin_nanf:
                case T___builtin_nanl:
                case T___builtin_huge_val:
-               case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
+               case T___builtin_va_end:
+               case T___builtin_return_address:
+               case T___builtin_frame_address:      return parse_builtin_symbol();
                case T___builtin_isgreater:
                case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
                case T___builtin_isless:
                case T___builtin_islessequal:
                case T___builtin_islessgreater:
-               case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
-               case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
-               case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
-               case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
+               case T___builtin_isunordered:        return parse_compare_builtin();
+               case T___builtin_constant_p:         return parse_builtin_constant();
+               case T___builtin_prefetch:           return parse_builtin_prefetch();
+               case T___builtin_types_compatible_p: return parse_builtin_types_compatible();
+               case T__assume:                      return parse_assume();
                case T_ANDAND:
                        if (GNU_MODE)
                                return parse_label_address();
                        break;
 
-               case '(':                        return parse_parenthesized_expression();
-               case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
+               case '(':                            return parse_parenthesized_expression();
+               case T___noop:                       return parse_noop_expression();
        }
 
        errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
@@ -7094,27 +7882,23 @@ static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
        }
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                            expression_t *left)
+static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
+       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
 
        eat('[');
        add_anchor_token(']');
 
        expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
 
-       expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
-
-       array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
-
        type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
 
        type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
        type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
 
-       type_t *return_type;
+       type_t                    *return_type;
+       array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
        if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
                return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
                array_access->array_ref = left;
@@ -7140,64 +7924,60 @@ static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
        expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
 
        rem_anchor_token(']');
-       if (token.type == ']') {
-               next_token();
-       } else {
-               parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
-       }
+       expect(']', end_error);
+end_error:
        return expression;
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
-                                    source_position_t const pos,
-                                    unsigned const precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
 {
        expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
-       tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
-       tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
+       tp_expression->base.type     = type_size_t;
 
-       char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
+       eat(kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? T_sizeof : T___alignof__);
 
        /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
        bool old     = in_type_prop;
        in_type_prop = true;
+
+       type_t       *orig_type;
+       expression_t *expression;
        if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
                next_token();
                add_anchor_token(')');
-               type_t* const orig_type = parse_typename();
-               tp_expression->typeprop.type = orig_type;
+               orig_type = parse_typename();
+               rem_anchor_token(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
 
-               type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-               char const* const wrong_type =
-                       is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
-                       type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
-                       type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
-                       NULL;
-               if (wrong_type != NULL) {
-                       errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be %s type '%T'",
-                              what, wrong_type, type);
+               if (token.type == '{') {
+                       /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
+                        * starting with a compound literal */
+                       expression = parse_compound_literal(orig_type);
+                       goto typeprop_expression;
                }
-
-               rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
        } else {
-               expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+               expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
 
-               type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
-               expression->base.type = orig_type;
+typeprop_expression:
+               tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
 
-               type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-               char const* const wrong_type =
-                       is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
-                       type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
-                       type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
-                       NULL;
-               if (wrong_type != NULL) {
-                       errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be expression of %s type '%T'", what, wrong_type, type);
-               }
+               orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
+               expression->base.type = orig_type;
+       }
 
-               tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
-               tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
+       tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
+       type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       char   const* const wrong_type =
+               GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
+               is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
+               type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
+               type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
+               NULL;
+       if (wrong_type != NULL) {
+               char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
+               errorf(&tp_expression->base.source_position,
+                               "operand of %s expression must not be of %s type '%T'",
+                               what, wrong_type, orig_type);
        }
 
 end_error:
@@ -7205,32 +7985,25 @@ end_error:
        return tp_expression;
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
 {
-       source_position_t pos = *HERE;
-       eat(T_sizeof);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF);
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
 {
-       source_position_t pos = *HERE;
-       eat(T___alignof__);
-       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos, precedence);
+       return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 }
 
-static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                             expression_t *compound)
+static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
-       assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
+       expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
+       select->select.compound = compound;
 
+       assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
        bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
        next_token();
 
-       expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
-       select->select.compound = compound;
-
        if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
                parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                return select;
@@ -7259,18 +8032,18 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
                type_left = type;
        }
 
-       declaration_t *entry;
+       entity_t *entry;
        if (type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT ||
            type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
-               declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
+               compound_t *compound = type_left->compound.compound;
 
-               if (!declaration->init.complete) {
+               if (!compound->complete) {
                        errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
                               symbol, type_left);
                        goto create_error_entry;
                }
 
-               entry = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
+               entry = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
                if (entry == NULL) {
                        errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
                        goto create_error_entry;
@@ -7282,14 +8055,15 @@ static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
                               symbol, type_left);
                }
 create_error_entry:
-               entry         = allocate_declaration_zero();
-               entry->symbol = symbol;
+               entry = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
        }
 
+       assert(is_declaration(entry));
        select->select.compound_entry = entry;
 
-       type_t *const res_type =
-               get_qualified_type(entry->type, type_left->base.qualifiers);
+       type_t *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
+       type_t *res_type
+               = get_qualified_type(entry_type, type_left->base.qualifiers);
 
        /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
         * code to revert this! */
@@ -7316,12 +8090,12 @@ static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
        if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
                        && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
                                & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
-               declaration_t  *union_decl = expected_type_skip->compound.declaration;
-
-               declaration_t *declaration = union_decl->scope.declarations;
-               type_t        *best_type   = NULL;
-               for ( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
-                       type_t *decl_type = declaration->type;
+               compound_t *union_decl  = expected_type_skip->compound.compound;
+               type_t     *best_type   = NULL;
+               entity_t   *entry       = union_decl->members.entities;
+               for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
+                       assert(is_declaration(entry));
+                       type_t *decl_type = entry->declaration.type;
                        error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
                        if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
                                || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
@@ -7362,20 +8136,38 @@ static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Handle the semantic restrictions of builtin calls
+ */
+static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
+       switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
+               case T___builtin_return_address:
+               case T___builtin_frame_address: {
+                       /* argument must be constant */
+                       call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
+
+                       if (! is_constant_expression(argument->expression)) {
+                               errorf(&call->base.source_position,
+                                      "argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
+                                      call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol);
+                       }
+                       break;
+               }
+               default:
+                       break;
+       }
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
  *
  * @param expression  the function address
  */
-static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                           expression_t *expression)
+static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
 {
-       (void) precedence;
-       expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
-       result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
-
-       call_expression_t *call = &result->call;
-       call->function          = expression;
+       expression_t      *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
+       call_expression_t *call   = &result->call;
+       call->function            = expression;
 
        type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
        type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
@@ -7420,7 +8212,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
        }
        rem_anchor_token(',');
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        if (function_type == NULL)
                return result;
@@ -7441,7 +8233,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
        }
 
        /* do default promotion */
-       for; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
+       for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
                type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
 
                type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
@@ -7458,6 +8250,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
                         "function call has aggregate value");
        }
 
+       if (call->function->kind == EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
+               handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(&result->call);
+       }
+
 end_error:
        return result;
 }
@@ -7469,7 +8265,74 @@ static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
        return
                is_type_compound(type1) &&
                type1->kind == type2->kind &&
-               type1->compound.declaration == type2->compound.declaration;
+               type1->compound.compound == type2->compound.compound;
+}
+
+static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
+{
+       bool regular_take_address = true;
+       for (;;) {
+               if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+                       expr = expr->unary.value;
+               } else {
+                       regular_take_address = false;
+               }
+
+               if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
+                       break;
+
+               expr = expr->unary.value;
+       }
+
+       if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
+               return NULL;
+
+       /* special case for functions which are automatically converted to a
+        * pointer to function without an extra TAKE_ADDRESS operation */
+       if (!regular_take_address &&
+                       expr->reference.entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+               return NULL;
+       }
+
+       return expr;
+}
+
+static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
+{
+       if (!warning.address)
+               return;
+
+       expr = get_reference_address(expr);
+       if (expr != NULL) {
+               warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                        "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
+                        expr->reference.entity->base.symbol);
+       }
+}
+
+static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (!warning.parentheses)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
+}
+
+static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
+                               char const *const context)
+{
+       type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
+       if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
+               warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
+               warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
+       } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
+               errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                               "%s must have scalar type", context);
+       }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -7477,35 +8340,31 @@ static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
  *
  * @param expression  the conditional expression
  */
-static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
-                                                  expression_t *expression)
+static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
 {
        expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
 
        conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
-       conditional->base.source_position = *HERE;
-       conditional->condition            = expression;
+       conditional->condition                = expression;
 
        eat('?');
        add_anchor_token(':');
 
-       /* 6.5.15.2 */
-       type_t *const condition_type_orig = expression->base.type;
-       type_t *const condition_type      = skip_typeref(condition_type_orig);
-       if (!is_type_scalar(condition_type) && is_type_valid(condition_type)) {
-               type_error("expected a scalar type in conditional condition",
-                          &expression->base.source_position, condition_type_orig);
-       }
+       /* §6.5.15:2  The first operand shall have scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(expression, "condition of conditional operator");
 
        expression_t *true_expression = expression;
        bool          gnu_cond = false;
        if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
                gnu_cond = true;
-       } else
+       } else {
                true_expression = parse_expression();
+       }
        rem_anchor_token(':');
-       expect(':');
-       expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       expect(':', end_error);
+end_error:;
+       expression_t *false_expression =
+               parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 
        type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
        type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
@@ -7514,14 +8373,23 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
 
        /* 6.5.15.3 */
        type_t *result_type;
-       if (is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
-               is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-               if (!is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
-                   || !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                       warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
-                                       "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
-               }
-               result_type = type_void;
+       if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
+                       is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
+               if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
+                       result_type = false_type;
+               } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
+                       result_type = true_type;
+               } else {
+                       if (warning.other && (
+                                               !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
+                                               !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
+                                       )) {
+                               warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
+                                               "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
+                       }
+                       result_type = type_void;
+               }
        } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
                   && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
                result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
@@ -7564,9 +8432,11 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                                                    get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
                                to = to1;
                        } else {
-                               warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
-                                       "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
-                                       true_type, false_type);
+                               if (warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
+                                                       "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
+                                                       true_type, false_type);
+                               }
                                to = type_void;
                        }
 
@@ -7574,8 +8444,10 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                                get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
                        result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
                } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
-                       warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
-                                       "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
+                       if (warning.other) {
+                               warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
+                                               "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
+                       }
                        result_type = pointer_type;
                } else {
                        if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
@@ -7599,20 +8471,18 @@ static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
                = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
        conditional->base.type = result_type;
        return result;
-end_error:
-       return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
 /**
  * Parse an extension expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
 {
        eat(T___extension__);
 
        bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
        in_gcc_extension         = true;
-       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
        in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
        return expression;
 }
@@ -7620,18 +8490,18 @@ static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
 /**
  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
  */
-static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
+static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
 {
-       eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
-
        expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
        result->base.type    = type_int;
 
-       expect('(');
+       eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
+
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
-       expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
+       expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
 
        return result;
@@ -7639,6 +8509,81 @@ end_error:
        return create_invalid_expression();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a delete expression
+ * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.3.5
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
+{
+       expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_DELETE);
+       result->base.type          = type_void;
+
+       eat(T_delete);
+
+       if (token.type == '[') {
+               next_token();
+               result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
+               expect(']', end_error);
+end_error:;
+       }
+
+       expression_t *const value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
+       result->unary.value = value;
+
+       type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
+       if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
+               if (is_type_valid(type)) {
+                       errorf(&value->base.source_position,
+                                       "operand of delete must have pointer type");
+               }
+       } else if (warning.other &&
+                       is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+               warningf(&value->base.source_position,
+                               "deleting 'void*' is undefined");
+       }
+
+       return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a throw expression
+ * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
+ */
+static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
+{
+       expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
+       result->base.type          = type_void;
+
+       eat(T_throw);
+
+       expression_t *value = NULL;
+       switch (token.type) {
+               EXPRESSION_START {
+                       value = parse_assignment_expression();
+                       /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
+                       type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
+                       type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+                       if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
+                               errorf(&value->base.source_position,
+                                               "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
+                       } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
+                               type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
+                               if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
+                                               !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                                       errorf(&value->base.source_position,
+                                                       "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               default:
+                       break;
+       }
+       result->unary.value = value;
+
+       return result;
+}
+
 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
                                      type_t *pointer_type,
                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
@@ -7674,18 +8619,25 @@ static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
 
 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
 {
+       /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
        switch (expression->kind) {
-       case EXPR_REFERENCE:
        case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
+       case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE:
        case EXPR_SELECT:
        case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
                return true;
 
-       default:
+       default: {
+         type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+         return
+               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §3.10:3 */
+               is_type_reference(type) ||
                /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
                 * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
                 * lvalue. */
-               return !is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type));
+               !is_type_valid(type);
+       }
        }
 }
 
@@ -7735,58 +8687,11 @@ static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
                        "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
 }
 
-static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
-{
-       bool regular_take_address = true;
-       for (;;) {
-               if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
-                       expr = expr->unary.value;
-               } else {
-                       regular_take_address = false;
-               }
-
-               if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
-                       break;
-
-               expr = expr->unary.value;
-       }
-
-       if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
-               return NULL;
-
-       if (!regular_take_address &&
-           !is_type_function(skip_typeref(expr->reference.declaration->type))) {
-               return NULL;
-       }
-
-       return expr;
-}
-
-static void warn_function_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
-{
-       if (!warning.address)
-               return;
-
-       expr = get_reference_address(expr);
-       if (expr != NULL) {
-               warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
-                       "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
-                       expr->reference.declaration->symbol);
-       }
-}
-
 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
-       type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
-       if (!is_type_scalar(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
-               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                      "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
-       }
-
-       warn_function_address_as_bool(expression->value);
-
-       expression->base.type = type_int;
+       /* §6.5.3.3:1  The operand [...] of the ! operator, scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(expression->value, "operand of !");
+       expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
 }
 
 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
@@ -7832,17 +8737,23 @@ static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
        if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
                return;
 
-       declaration_t *const declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
-       /* happens for parse errors */
-       if (declaration == NULL)
+       entity_t *const entity = expression->reference.entity;
+
+       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
                return;
 
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER && !may_be_register) {
+       if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER
+                       && !may_be_register) {
                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                               "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
-                               declaration->symbol);
+                               "address of register %s '%Y' requested",
+                               get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind),     entity->base.symbol);
+       }
+
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+               entity->variable.address_taken = true;
        } else {
-               declaration->address_taken = 1;
+               assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
+               entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
        }
 }
 
@@ -7855,26 +8766,36 @@ static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
        value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
 
        type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
-       if (!is_type_valid(skip_typeref(orig_type)))
+       type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+       if (!is_type_valid(type))
                return;
 
+       /* §6.5.3.2 */
+       if (!is_lvalue(value)) {
+               errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "'&' requires an lvalue");
+       }
+       if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
+               errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                      "'&' not allowed on object with bitfield type '%T'",
+                      type);
+       }
+
        set_address_taken(value, false);
 
        expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
 }
 
-#define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc)   \
-static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence)            \
-{                                                                              \
-       expression_t *unary_expression                                             \
-               = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                         \
-       unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                            \
-       eat(token_type);                                                           \
-       unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(precedence);          \
-                                                                                  \
-       sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                           \
-                                                                                  \
-       return unary_expression;                                                   \
+#define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
+static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
+{                                                                            \
+       expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
+               = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
+       eat(token_type);                                                         \
+       unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
+                                                                                \
+       sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
+                                                                                \
+       return unary_expression;                                                 \
 }
 
 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
@@ -7896,16 +8817,12 @@ CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
 
 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
                                                sfunc)                         \
-static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence,           \
-                                               expression_t *left)            \
+static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
 {                                                                             \
-       (void) precedence;                                                        \
-                                                                              \
        expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
                = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
-       unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                           \
        eat(token_type);                                                          \
-       unary_expression->unary.value          = left;                            \
+       unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
                                                                                  \
        sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
                                                                               \
@@ -8028,11 +8945,28 @@ static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
 /**
  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
  */
-static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression) {
+static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
+{
        semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
        warn_div_by_zero(expression);
 }
 
+static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+
+       char op;
+       switch (expr->kind) {
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
+               default:              return;
+       }
+
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
+}
+
 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
 {
        expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
@@ -8051,6 +8985,11 @@ static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
                return;
        }
 
+       if (warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
+               warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
+       }
+
        type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
        type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
 
@@ -8074,7 +9013,6 @@ static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
-               return;
        } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
                check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
                                         type_left, orig_type_left);
@@ -8106,7 +9044,6 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
-               return;
        } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
                check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
                                         type_left, orig_type_left);
@@ -8119,11 +9056,11 @@ static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
                               "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
                               orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
                } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
-                       if (is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                               warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
-                       } else {
+                       if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                                errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
                                       orig_type_left);
+                       } else if (warning.other) {
+                               warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
                        }
                }
                expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
@@ -8149,6 +9086,32 @@ static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       switch (expr->base.kind) {
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
+               case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
+                       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                                       "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       break;
+       }
+}
+
+static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
+{
+       return
+               !is_constant_expression(expr) ||
+               fold_constant(expr) < 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
  *
@@ -8166,18 +9129,23 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
                expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
                if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
                        warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                               "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
-                               func_left->reference.declaration->symbol);
+                                "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
+                                func_left->reference.entity->base.symbol);
                }
 
                expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
                if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
                        warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                               "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
-                               func_right->reference.declaration->symbol);
+                                "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
+                                func_right->reference.entity->base.symbol);
                }
        }
 
+       if (warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
+               warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
+       }
+
        type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
        type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
        type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
@@ -8185,37 +9153,23 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
 
        /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
        if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
-               /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
-               if (warning.sign_compare &&
-                   (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
-                    expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
-                   (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
-
-                       /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
-                        * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
-                        * the type of the other operand. */
-                       expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
-                       expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
-
-                       if (is_constant_expression(left)) {
-                               const_expr = left;
-                               other_expr = right;
-                       } else if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
-                               const_expr = right;
-                               other_expr = left;
-                       }
+               type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
 
-                       if (const_expr != NULL) {
-                               type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
-                               long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
-                               /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
-                               (void) other_type;
-                               (void) val;
+               /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
+               if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
+                       bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
+                       bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
+                       if (signed_left != signed_right) {
+                               /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
+                               /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
+                               if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
+                                               (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
+                                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
+                                                       "comparison between signed and unsigned");
+                               }
                        }
-                       warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                                "comparison between signed and unsigned");
                }
-               type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
+
                expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
                expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
                expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
@@ -8237,7 +9191,7 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
                                        &expression->base.source_position,
                                        type_left, type_right);
        }
-       expression->base.type = type_int;
+       expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8245,18 +9199,18 @@ static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
  */
 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
 {
-       const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
-       const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
+       compound_t *compound = type->compound;
+       entity_t   *entry    = compound->members.entities;
 
-       for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
-               if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
+       for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
+               if (!is_declaration(entry))
                        continue;
 
-               const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+               const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
                if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
                        return true;
        }
-       /* TODO */
+
        return false;
 }
 
@@ -8271,8 +9225,14 @@ static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
                return false;
        }
 
+       if (left->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE
+                       && left->reference.entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to function '%E'", left);
+               return false;
+       }
+
        if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
-               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
+               errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to array '%E'", left);
                return false;
        }
        if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
@@ -8362,31 +9322,31 @@ static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
        }
 }
 
+static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
+               return;
+       if (expr->base.parenthesized)
+               return;
+       warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
+                       "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
+}
+
 /**
  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
  */
 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
-       expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
-       type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
-       type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
-       type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
-       type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
-
-       warn_function_address_as_bool(left);
-       warn_function_address_as_bool(right);
-
-       if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
-               /* TODO: improve error message */
-               if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
-                       errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
-                              "operation needs scalar types");
-               }
-               return;
+       /* §6.5.13:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type.
+        * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
+       semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
+       if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
+                       warning.parentheses) {
+               warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
+               warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
        }
-
-       expression->base.type = type_int;
+       expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8422,16 +9382,17 @@ static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
 {
        switch (expr->kind) {
-               case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
-               case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
-               case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                    break;
+               case EXPR_INVALID:                    return true; /* do NOT warn */
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE:                  return false;
+               case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:       return false;
                /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
-               case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
-               case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
-               case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
-               case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
-               case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
-               case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:             return false;
+               case EXPR_CONST:                      return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
+               case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:         return false;
+               case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:    return false;
+               case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:             return false;
+               case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:        return false;
+               case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              return false;
 
                case EXPR_CALL: {
                        const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
@@ -8447,38 +9408,40 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
                 * conditional expression has no effect */
                case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
-                       const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
+                       conditional_expression_t const *const cond = &expr->conditional;
+                       expression_t             const *const t    = cond->true_expression;
                        return
-                               expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
+                               (t == NULL || expression_has_effect(t)) &&
                                expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
                }
 
-               case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
-               case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
-               case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
-               case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
-               case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
-
-               case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
-               case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
-               case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
-               case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
-               case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
-               case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
-               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
-
-               case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
+               case EXPR_SELECT:                     return false;
+               case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               return false;
+               case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     return false;
+               case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              return false;
+               case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                    return false;
+
+               case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   return false;
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:             break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         return false;
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: return false;
+               case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:           return true;
+               case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   return false;
+               case EXPR_VA_START:                   return true;
+               case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     return true;
+               case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  return true; // TODO
+               case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           return false;
+
+               case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:               return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:       return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                  return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:          return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:         return false;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:     return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:     return true;
 
                /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
                 * suppress the warning */
@@ -8487,36 +9450,39 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                        return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
                }
 
-               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
-               case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
-
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:        return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:               return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:               return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:         return true;
+               case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:                return true;
+
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                 return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:               return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:            return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:                return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:           return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:             return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:        return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:         return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:          return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:         return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:           return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:          return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:              return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:          return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:          return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:          return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:          return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:          return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:    return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:   return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:  return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:  return true;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:   return true;
 
                /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
                 * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
@@ -8528,13 +9494,12 @@ static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
                case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
                        return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
 
-               case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:     return true;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
-               case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:           return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:      return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:              return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:         return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:       return false;
+               case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:         return false;
        }
 
        internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
@@ -8552,78 +9517,57 @@ static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
        expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
 }
 
-#define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, sfunc, lr)  \
-static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(unsigned precedence,      \
-                                                expression_t *left)       \
-{                                                                         \
-       expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type); \
-       binexpr->base.source_position = *HERE;                                \
-       binexpr->binary.left          = left;                                 \
-       eat(token_type);                                                      \
-                                                                          \
-       expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(precedence + lr);          \
-                                                                          \
-       binexpr->binary.right = right;                                        \
-       sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                              \
-                                                                          \
-       return binexpr;                                                       \
-}
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',', EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,    semantic_comma, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*', EXPR_BINARY_MUL,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/', EXPR_BINARY_DIV,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%', EXPR_BINARY_MOD,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+', EXPR_BINARY_ADD,      semantic_add, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-', EXPR_BINARY_SUB,      semantic_sub, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<', EXPR_BINARY_LESS,     semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>', EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,  semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=', EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,   semantic_binexpr_assign, 0)
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,
-                      semantic_comparison, 1)
-
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,
-                      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,
-                      semantic_logical_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,
-                      semantic_logical_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,
-                      semantic_shift_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,
-                      semantic_shift_op, 1)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
-                      semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
-
-static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
+/**
+ * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
+ */
+#define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
+static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
+{                                                                            \
+       expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
+       binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                            \
+       eat(token_type);                                                         \
+                                                                             \
+       expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
+                                                                             \
+       binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
+       sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
+                                                                             \
+       return binexpr;                                                          \
+}
+
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
+CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
+
+
+static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
 {
        if (token.type < 0) {
                return expected_expression_error();
@@ -8635,14 +9579,14 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
        expression_t                 *left;
 
        if (parser->parser != NULL) {
-               left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
+               left = parser->parser();
        } else {
                left = parse_primary_expression();
        }
        assert(left != NULL);
        left->base.source_position = source_position;
 
-       while(true) {
+       while (true) {
                if (token.type < 0) {
                        return expected_expression_error();
                }
@@ -8653,7 +9597,7 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
                if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
                        break;
 
-               left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
+               left = parser->infix_parser(left);
 
                assert(left != NULL);
                assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
@@ -8668,18 +9612,17 @@ static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
  */
 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
 {
-       return parse_sub_expression(1);
+       return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
 }
 
 /**
- * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator with given precedence.
+ * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
  *
  * @param parser      the parser function
  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
- * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
  */
 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
-                                       int token_type, unsigned precedence)
+                                       int token_type)
 {
        expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
 
@@ -8687,8 +9630,7 @@ static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
                diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
                panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
        }
-       entry->parser     = parser;
-       entry->precedence = precedence;
+       entry->parser = parser;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8699,7 +9641,7 @@ static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
  */
 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
-               int token_type, unsigned precedence)
+               int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
 {
        expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
 
@@ -8719,69 +9661,58 @@ static void init_expression_parsers(void)
 {
        memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
 
-       register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,         '[',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,          '(',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        '.',              30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        T_MINUSGREATER,   30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
-                                                             T_PLUSPLUS,       30);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
-                                                             T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
-
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              17);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              16);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       15);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 15);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL, T_GREATEREQUAL,   14);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,        T_EQUALEQUAL,     13);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
-                                                    T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, 13);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,  '&',              12);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,  '^',              11);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,   '|',              10);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,  T_ANDAND,          9);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,   T_PIPEPIPE,        8);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,   '?',               7);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,       '=',               2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,   T_PLUSEQUAL,       2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,   T_MINUSEQUAL,      2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,   T_ASTERISKEQUAL,   2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,   T_SLASHEQUAL,      2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,   T_PERCENTEQUAL,    2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
-                                                               T_LESSLESSEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
-                                                         T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
-                                                                    T_ANDEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
-                                                                   T_PIPEEQUAL, 2);
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
-                                                                  T_CARETEQUAL, 2);
-
-       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,        ',',               1);
-
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',      25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
-                                                                 T_PLUSPLUS,   25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
-                                                                 T_MINUSMINUS, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                T___alignof__, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_extension,            T___extension__, 25);
-       register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,
-                                                    T___builtin_classify_type, 25);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+       register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
+
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_delete,                      T_delete);
+       register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -8789,8 +9720,8 @@ static void init_expression_parsers(void)
  */
 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
 {
-       asm_argument_t *result = NULL;
-       asm_argument_t *last   = NULL;
+       asm_argument_t  *result = NULL;
+       asm_argument_t **anchor = &result;
 
        while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
                asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
@@ -8805,11 +9736,11 @@ static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
                        }
                        argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
 
-                       expect(']');
+                       expect(']', end_error);
                }
 
                argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
-               expect('(');
+               expect('(', end_error);
                add_anchor_token(')');
                expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
                rem_anchor_token(')');
@@ -8864,21 +9795,17 @@ static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
                        }
 
                        if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
-                               mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
+                               mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
                } else {
-                       mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
+                       mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
                }
                argument->expression = expression;
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
 
                set_address_taken(expression, true);
 
-               if (last != NULL) {
-                       last->next = argument;
-               } else {
-                       result = argument;
-               }
-               last = argument;
+               *anchor = argument;
+               anchor  = &argument->next;
 
                if (token.type != ',')
                        break;
@@ -8898,7 +9825,7 @@ static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
        asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
        asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
 
-       while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+       while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
                asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
                clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
 
@@ -8932,7 +9859,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
                asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
        }
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        add_anchor_token(':');
        asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
@@ -8962,8 +9889,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
 
 end_of_asm:
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
                /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
@@ -9019,7 +9946,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
                                long const val = fold_constant(end_range);
                                statement->case_label.last_case = val;
 
-                               if (val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
+                               if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
                                        statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
                                        warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
                                }
@@ -9029,7 +9956,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect(':');
+       expect(':', end_error);
+end_error:
 
        if (current_switch != NULL) {
                if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
@@ -9066,9 +9994,6 @@ static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
-end_error:
-       POP_PARENT;
-       return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -9082,7 +10007,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect(':');
+       expect(':', end_error);
        if (current_switch != NULL) {
                const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
                if (def_label != NULL) {
@@ -9123,8 +10048,8 @@ end_error:
 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
 {
        assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
-       symbol_t      *symbol = token.v.symbol;
-       declaration_t *label  = get_label(symbol);
+       symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
+       label_t  *label  = get_label(symbol);
 
        statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
        statement->label.label       = label;
@@ -9134,20 +10059,21 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
        /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
-        * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far */
-       if (label->init.statement != NULL) {
+        * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far
+        */
+       if (label->statement != NULL) {
                errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
-                      symbol, &label->source_position);
+                      symbol, &label->base.source_position);
        } else {
-               label->source_position = token.source_position;
-               label->init.statement  = statement;
+               label->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+               label->statement            = statement;
        }
 
        eat(':');
 
        if (token.type == '}') {
                /* TODO only warn? */
-               if (false) {
+               if (warning.other && false) {
                        warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
                        statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
                } else {
@@ -9169,12 +10095,8 @@ static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
        }
 
        /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
-       if (label_last == NULL) {
-               label_first = &statement->label;
-       } else {
-               label_last->next = &statement->label;
-       }
-       label_last = &statement->label;
+       *label_anchor = &statement->label;
+       label_anchor  = &statement->label.next;
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
@@ -9193,24 +10115,33 @@ static statement_t *parse_if(void)
 
        add_anchor_token('{');
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
        statement->ifs.condition = expr;
-       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
+       /* §6.8.4.1:1  The controlling expression of an if statement shall have
+        *             scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
+       mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        rem_anchor_token('{');
 
        add_anchor_token(T_else);
-       statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
+       statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
+       statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
        rem_anchor_token(T_else);
 
        if (token.type == T_else) {
                next_token();
                statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
+       } else if (warning.parentheses &&
+                       true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
+                       true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
+               warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
+                               "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
        }
 
        POP_PARENT;
@@ -9222,7 +10153,8 @@ end_error:
  *
  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
  */
-static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
+static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement)
+{
        const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
        if (! is_type_enum(type))
                return;
@@ -9233,12 +10165,12 @@ static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
                return;
 
        /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
-       const declaration_t *declaration;
-       long last_value = -1;
-       for (declaration = enumt->declaration->next;
-            declaration != NULL && declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
-                declaration = declaration->next) {
-               const expression_t *expression = declaration->init.enum_value;
+       /* TODO: quadratic algorithm here. Change to an n log n one */
+       long            last_value = -1;
+       const entity_t *entry      = enumt->enume->base.next;
+       for (; entry != NULL && entry->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE;
+            entry = entry->base.next) {
+               const expression_t *expression = entry->enum_value.value;
                long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant(expression) : last_value + 1;
                bool                found      = false;
                for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
@@ -9251,7 +10183,8 @@ static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
                }
                if (! found) {
                        warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                               "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch", declaration->symbol);
+                                "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch",
+                                entry->base.symbol);
                }
                last_value = value;
        }
@@ -9268,10 +10201,10 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
-       mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
+       mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
        type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
        if (is_type_integer(type)) {
                type = promote_integer(type);
@@ -9288,7 +10221,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
                type = type_error_type;
        }
        statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
 
        switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
@@ -9332,13 +10265,16 @@ static statement_t *parse_while(void)
 
        PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
        statement->whiles.condition = cond;
-       mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
+       /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
+        *             have scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
+       mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
+       expect(')', end_error);
 
        statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
@@ -9364,15 +10300,18 @@ static statement_t *parse_do(void)
        statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
        rem_anchor_token(T_while);
 
-       expect(T_while);
-       expect('(');
+       expect(T_while, end_error);
+       expect('(', end_error);
        add_anchor_token(')');
        expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
        statement->do_while.condition = cond;
-       mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
+       /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
+        *             have scalar type. */
+       semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
+       mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
@@ -9390,68 +10329,71 @@ static statement_t *parse_for(void)
 
        eat(T_for);
 
-       PUSH_PARENT(statement);
+       expect('(', end_error1);
+       add_anchor_token(')');
 
-       size_t const top = environment_top();
-       scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
+       PUSH_PARENT(statement);
 
-       expect('(');
-       add_anchor_token(')');
+       size_t const  top       = environment_top();
+       scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
 
-       if (token.type != ';') {
-               if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
-                       parse_declaration(record_declaration);
-               } else {
-                       add_anchor_token(';');
-                       expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
-                       statement->fors.initialisation = init;
-                       mark_decls_read(init, DECL_ANY);
-                       if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
-                               warningf(&init->base.source_position,
-                                        "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
-                       }
-                       rem_anchor_token(';');
-                       expect(';');
-               }
+       if (token.type == ';') {
+               next_token();
+       } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
+               parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
        } else {
-               expect(';');
+               add_anchor_token(';');
+               expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
+               statement->fors.initialisation = init;
+               mark_vars_read(init, ENT_ANY);
+               if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
+                       warningf(&init->base.source_position,
+                                       "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
+               }
+               rem_anchor_token(';');
+               expect(';', end_error2);
        }
 
        if (token.type != ';') {
                add_anchor_token(';');
                expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
                statement->fors.condition = cond;
-               mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
+               /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement
+                *             shall have scalar type. */
+               semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'for'-statement");
+               mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
                rem_anchor_token(';');
        }
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error2);
        if (token.type != ')') {
                expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
                statement->fors.step = step;
-               mark_decls_read(step, DECL_ANY);
+               mark_vars_read(step, ENT_ANY);
                if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
                        warningf(&step->base.source_position,
                                 "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
                }
        }
+       expect(')', end_error2);
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       expect(')');
        statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
 
-       assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
-       scope_pop();
+       assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
 
-end_error:
+end_error2:
        POP_PARENT;
        rem_anchor_token(')');
-       assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
-       scope_pop();
+       assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
+       /* fallthrough */
 
+end_error1:
        return create_invalid_statement();
 }
 
@@ -9466,17 +10408,17 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
        if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
                next_token();
                expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
-               mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
+               mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
 
-               /* Argh: although documentation say the expression must be of type void *,
-                * gcc excepts anything that can be casted into void * without error */
+               /* Argh: although documentation says the expression must be of type void*,
+                * gcc accepts anything that can be casted into void* without error */
                type_t *type = expression->base.type;
 
                if (type != type_error_type) {
                        if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
                                errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                        "cannot convert to a pointer type");
-                       } else if (type != type_void_ptr) {
+                       } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
                                warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
                                        "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
                        }
@@ -9497,21 +10439,13 @@ static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
                next_token();
 
                statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
-
-               if (statement->gotos.label->parent_scope->depth < current_function->scope.depth) {
-                       statement->gotos.outer_fkt_jmp = true;
-               }
        }
 
        /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
-       if (goto_last == NULL) {
-               goto_first = &statement->gotos;
-       } else {
-               goto_last->next = &statement->gotos;
-       }
-       goto_last = &statement->gotos;
+       *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
+       goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
        return statement;
 end_error:
@@ -9530,7 +10464,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
 
        eat(T_continue);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -9548,7 +10482,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_break(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
 
        eat(T_break);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -9566,21 +10500,24 @@ static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
 
        eat(T___leave);
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
 }
 
 /**
- * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
+ * Check if a given entity represents a local variable.
  */
-static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
+static bool is_local_variable(const entity_t *entity)
 {
-       switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
+       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
+               return false;
+
+       switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
        case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
-               const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
+               const type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
                if (is_type_function(type)) {
                        return false;
                } else {
@@ -9592,43 +10529,32 @@ static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
        }
 }
 
-/**
- * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
- */
-static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
-{
-       if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
-               return false;
-
-       const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
-       return !is_type_function(type);
-}
-
 /**
  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
  */
-static bool is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
+static bool expression_is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                return false;
        }
-       const declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
-       return is_local_var_declaration(declaration);
+       const entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
+       return is_local_variable(entity);
 }
 
 /**
  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
  */
-declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
+entity_t *expression_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
 {
        if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                return NULL;
        }
-       declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
-       if (is_var_declaration(declaration))
-               return declaration;
-       return NULL;
+       entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
+       if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
+               return NULL;
+
+       return entity;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -9643,45 +10569,65 @@ static statement_t *parse_return(void)
        expression_t *return_value = NULL;
        if (token.type != ';') {
                return_value = parse_expression();
-               mark_decls_read(return_value, NULL);
+               mark_vars_read(return_value, NULL);
        }
 
-       const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
+       const type_t *const func_type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
        assert(is_type_function(func_type));
        type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
 
+       source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
        if (return_value != NULL) {
                type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
 
-               if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
-                               && !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                       warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
-                       return_value = NULL;
+               if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                       if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+                               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
+                               /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
+                               if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
+                                       errorf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
+                               } else if (warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
+                               }
+                       } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
+                               /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
+                               if (strict_mode) {
+                                       errorf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
+                               } else if (warning.other) {
+                                       warningf(pos,
+                                                       "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
+                               }
+                       }
                } else {
                        assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
                        report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
-                                           &statement->base.source_position);
-                       return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
+                                       pos);
                }
+               return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
                /* check for returning address of a local var */
-               if (return_value != NULL &&
-                               return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
+               if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
+                               && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
                        const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
-                       if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
-                               warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                        "function returns address of local variable");
+                       if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
+                               warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
                        }
                }
-       } else {
-               if (!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
-                       warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
-                                "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
+       } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
+               /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
+               if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
+                       errorf(pos,
+                                       "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
+               } else {
+                       warningf(pos,
+                                       "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
                }
        }
        statement->returns.value = return_value;
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -9694,18 +10640,18 @@ static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
 {
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
 
-       declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
-       if (GNU_MODE)
+       entity_t *before = current_scope->last_entity;
+       if (GNU_MODE) {
                parse_external_declaration();
-       else
-               parse_declaration(record_declaration);
-
-       if (before == NULL) {
-               statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
        } else {
-               statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
+               parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
        }
-       statement->declaration.declarations_end = last_declaration;
+
+       declaration_statement_t *const decl  = &statement->declaration;
+       entity_t                *const begin =
+               before != NULL ? before->base.next : current_scope->entities;
+       decl->declarations_begin = begin;
+       decl->declarations_end   = begin != NULL ? current_scope->last_entity : NULL;
 
        return statement;
 }
@@ -9719,9 +10665,9 @@ static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
 
        expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
        statement->expression.expression = expr;
-       mark_decls_read(expr, DECL_ANY);
+       mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
 
-       expect(';');
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:
        return statement;
@@ -9747,10 +10693,10 @@ static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
 
        if (token.type == T___except) {
                eat(T___except);
-               expect('(');
+               expect('(', end_error);
                add_anchor_token(')');
                expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
-               mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
+               mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
                type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
                if (is_type_integer(type)) {
                        type = promote_integer(type);
@@ -9761,7 +10707,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
                }
                statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
                rem_anchor_token(')');
-               expect(')');
+               expect(')', end_error);
                statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
        } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
                eat(T___finally);
@@ -9785,12 +10731,13 @@ static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
        return statement;
 }
 
-static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void) {
+static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void)
+{
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
 
        eat(T___label__);
 
-       declaration_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
+       entity_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
 
        while (true) {
                if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
@@ -9798,26 +10745,26 @@ static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void) {
                                T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
                        goto end_error;
                }
-               symbol_t      *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
-               declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL);
-               if (declaration != NULL) {
-                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
-                               symbol, &declaration->source_position);
+               symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
+               entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
+               if (entity != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
+                       errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition %P)",
+                              symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
                } else {
-                       declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
-                       declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL;
-                       declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
-                       declaration->symbol          = symbol;
-                       declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
-                       declaration->init.statement  = NULL;
+                       entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL);
+
+                       entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
+                       entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
+                       entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+                       entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
 
                        if (end != NULL)
-                               end->next = declaration;
-                       end = declaration;
+                               end->base.next = entity;
+                       end = entity;
                        if (begin == NULL)
-                               begin = declaration;
+                               begin = entity;
 
-                       local_label_push(declaration);
+                       environment_push(entity);
                }
                next_token();
 
@@ -9832,6 +10779,58 @@ end_error:
        return statement;
 }
 
+static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
+{
+       eat(T_namespace);
+
+       entity_t *entity = NULL;
+       symbol_t *symbol = NULL;
+
+       if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               symbol = token.v.symbol;
+               next_token();
+
+               entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
+               if (entity       != NULL             &&
+                               entity->kind != ENTITY_NAMESPACE &&
+                               entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
+                       if (!is_error_entity(entity)) {
+                               error_redefined_as_different_kind(&token.source_position,
+                                               entity, ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
+                       }
+                       entity = NULL;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (entity == NULL) {
+               entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
+               entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
+               entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
+               entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
+               entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
+       }
+
+       if (token.type == '=') {
+               /* TODO: parse namespace alias */
+               panic("namespace alias definition not supported yet");
+       }
+
+       environment_push(entity);
+       append_entity(current_scope, entity);
+
+       size_t const  top       = environment_top();
+       scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
+
+       expect('{', end_error);
+       parse_externals();
+       expect('}', end_error);
+
+end_error:
+       assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
+       environment_pop_to(top);
+}
+
 /**
  * Parse a statement.
  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
@@ -9850,9 +10849,15 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
                        statement = parse_label_statement();
                } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
                        statement = parse_declaration_statement();
-               } else switch (la1_type) {
+               } else {
+                       /* it's an identifier, the grammar says this must be an
+                        * expression statement. However it is common that users mistype
+                        * declaration types, so we guess a bit here to improve robustness
+                        * for incorrect programs */
+                       switch (la1_type) {
+                       case '&':
                        case '*':
-                               if (get_declaration(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
+                               if (get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
                                        goto expression_statment;
                                /* FALLTHROUGH */
 
@@ -9865,6 +10870,7 @@ static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
 expression_statment:
                                statement = parse_expression_statement();
                                break;
+                       }
                }
                break;
        }
@@ -9877,7 +10883,7 @@ expression_statment:
                } while (token.type == T___extension__);
                bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
                in_gcc_extension       = true;
-               statement = parse_statement();
+               statement = intern_parse_statement();
                in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
                break;
 
@@ -9889,68 +10895,24 @@ expression_statment:
                statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
                break;
 
-       case ';':        statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
-       case '{':        statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
-       case T___leave:  statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
-       case T___try:    statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
-       case T_asm:      statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
-       case T_break:    statement = parse_break();                   break;
-       case T_case:     statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
-       case T_continue: statement = parse_continue();                break;
-       case T_default:  statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
-       case T_do:       statement = parse_do();                      break;
-       case T_for:      statement = parse_for();                     break;
-       case T_goto:     statement = parse_goto();                    break;
-       case T_if:       statement = parse_if();                      break;
-       case T_return:   statement = parse_return();                  break;
-       case T_switch:   statement = parse_switch();                  break;
-       case T_while:    statement = parse_while();                   break;
-
-       case '!':
-       case '&':
-       case '(':
-       case '*':
-       case '+':
-       case '-':
-       case '~':
-       case T_ANDAND:
-       case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
-       case T_FLOATINGPOINT:
-       case T_INTEGER:
-       case T_MINUSMINUS:
-       case T_PLUSPLUS:
-       case T_STRING_LITERAL:
-       case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
-       case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
-       case T___FUNCDNAME__:
-       case T___FUNCSIG__:
-       case T___FUNCTION__:
-       case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:
-       case T___builtin_alloca:
-       case T___builtin_classify_type:
-       case T___builtin_constant_p:
-       case T___builtin_expect:
-       case T___builtin_huge_val:
-       case T___builtin_isgreater:
-       case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
-       case T___builtin_isless:
-       case T___builtin_islessequal:
-       case T___builtin_islessgreater:
-       case T___builtin_isunordered:
-       case T___builtin_inf:
-       case T___builtin_inff:
-       case T___builtin_infl:
-       case T___builtin_nan:
-       case T___builtin_nanf:
-       case T___builtin_nanl:
-       case T___builtin_offsetof:
-       case T___builtin_prefetch:
-       case T___builtin_va_arg:
-       case T___builtin_va_end:
-       case T___builtin_va_start:
-       case T___func__:
-       case T___noop:
-       case T__assume:
+       case ';':         statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
+       case '{':         statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
+       case T___leave:   statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
+       case T___try:     statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
+       case T_asm:       statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
+       case T_break:     statement = parse_break();                   break;
+       case T_case:      statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
+       case T_continue:  statement = parse_continue();                break;
+       case T_default:   statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
+       case T_do:        statement = parse_do();                      break;
+       case T_for:       statement = parse_for();                     break;
+       case T_goto:      statement = parse_goto();                    break;
+       case T_if:        statement = parse_if();                      break;
+       case T_return:    statement = parse_return();                  break;
+       case T_switch:    statement = parse_switch();                  break;
+       case T_while:     statement = parse_while();                   break;
+
+       EXPRESSION_START
                statement = parse_expression_statement();
                break;
 
@@ -10001,10 +10963,97 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
 
        eat('{');
        add_anchor_token('}');
+       /* tokens, which can start a statement */
+       /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
+       add_anchor_token('!');
+       add_anchor_token('&');
+       add_anchor_token('(');
+       add_anchor_token('*');
+       add_anchor_token('+');
+       add_anchor_token('-');
+       add_anchor_token('{');
+       add_anchor_token('~');
+       add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
+       add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
+       add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
+       add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
+       add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
+       add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
+       add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
+       add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
+       add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
+       add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___func__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___label__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___real__);
+       add_anchor_token(T___thread);
+       add_anchor_token(T_asm);
+       add_anchor_token(T_auto);
+       add_anchor_token(T_bool);
+       add_anchor_token(T_break);
+       add_anchor_token(T_case);
+       add_anchor_token(T_char);
+       add_anchor_token(T_class);
+       add_anchor_token(T_const);
+       add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_continue);
+       add_anchor_token(T_default);
+       add_anchor_token(T_delete);
+       add_anchor_token(T_double);
+       add_anchor_token(T_do);
+       add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_enum);
+       add_anchor_token(T_extern);
+       add_anchor_token(T_false);
+       add_anchor_token(T_float);
+       add_anchor_token(T_for);
+       add_anchor_token(T_goto);
+       add_anchor_token(T_if);
+       add_anchor_token(T_inline);
+       add_anchor_token(T_int);
+       add_anchor_token(T_long);
+       add_anchor_token(T_new);
+       add_anchor_token(T_operator);
+       add_anchor_token(T_register);
+       add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
+       add_anchor_token(T_return);
+       add_anchor_token(T_short);
+       add_anchor_token(T_signed);
+       add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
+       add_anchor_token(T_static);
+       add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
+       add_anchor_token(T_struct);
+       add_anchor_token(T_switch);
+       add_anchor_token(T_template);
+       add_anchor_token(T_this);
+       add_anchor_token(T_throw);
+       add_anchor_token(T_true);
+       add_anchor_token(T_try);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typename);
+       add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
+       add_anchor_token(T_union);
+       add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
+       add_anchor_token(T_using);
+       add_anchor_token(T_void);
+       add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
+       add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
+       add_anchor_token(T_while);
 
-       size_t const top       = environment_top();
-       size_t const top_local = local_label_top();
-       scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
+       size_t const  top       = environment_top();
+       scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
 
        statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
        bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
@@ -10043,7 +11092,7 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
        /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
        if (warning.unused_value) {
                statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
-               for; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
+               for (; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
                        if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
                                continue;
                        /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
@@ -10060,43 +11109,101 @@ static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
        }
 
 end_error:
+       rem_anchor_token(T_while);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_void);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_using);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_union);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_try);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_true);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_this);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_template);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_static);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_short);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_return);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_register);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_new);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_long);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_int);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_if);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_for);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_float);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_false);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_do);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_double);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_default);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_const);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_class);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_char);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_case);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_break);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
+       rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
+       rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
+       rem_anchor_token('~');
+       rem_anchor_token('{');
+       rem_anchor_token('-');
+       rem_anchor_token('+');
+       rem_anchor_token('*');
+       rem_anchor_token('(');
+       rem_anchor_token('&');
+       rem_anchor_token('!');
        rem_anchor_token('}');
-       assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
-       scope_pop();
+       assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
+       scope_pop(old_scope);
        environment_pop_to(top);
-       local_label_pop_to(top_local);
 
        POP_PARENT;
        return statement;
 }
 
-/**
- * Initialize builtin types.
- */
-static void initialize_builtin_types(void)
-{
-       type_intmax_t    = make_global_typedef("__intmax_t__",      type_long_long);
-       type_size_t      = make_global_typedef("__SIZE_TYPE__",     type_unsigned_long);
-       type_ssize_t     = make_global_typedef("__SSIZE_TYPE__",    type_long);
-       type_ptrdiff_t   = make_global_typedef("__PTRDIFF_TYPE__",  type_long);
-       type_uintmax_t   = make_global_typedef("__uintmax_t__",     type_unsigned_long_long);
-       type_uptrdiff_t  = make_global_typedef("__UPTRDIFF_TYPE__", type_unsigned_long);
-       type_wchar_t     = make_global_typedef("__WCHAR_TYPE__",    opt_short_wchar_t ? type_unsigned_short : type_int);
-       type_wint_t      = make_global_typedef("__WINT_TYPE__",     type_int);
-
-       type_intmax_t_ptr  = make_pointer_type(type_intmax_t,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
-       type_ptrdiff_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_ptrdiff_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
-       type_ssize_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_ssize_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
-       type_wchar_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_wchar_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
-
-       /* const version of wchar_t */
-       type_const_wchar_t = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
-       type_const_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration  = type_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration;
-       type_const_wchar_t->base.qualifiers      |= TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST;
-
-       type_const_wchar_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_const_wchar_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
-}
-
 /**
  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
  */
@@ -10105,29 +11212,32 @@ static void check_unused_globals(void)
        if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
                return;
 
-       for (const declaration_t *decl = file_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
-               if (decl->used                  ||
-                   decl->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
-                   decl->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
-                   decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
+       for (const entity_t *entity = file_scope->entities; entity != NULL;
+            entity = entity->base.next) {
+               if (!is_declaration(entity))
                        continue;
 
-               type_t *const type = decl->type;
+               const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
+               if (declaration->used                  ||
+                   declaration->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
+                   declaration->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
+                   declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
+                       continue;
+
+               type_t *const type = declaration->type;
                const char *s;
-               if (is_type_function(skip_typeref(type))) {
-                       if (!warning.unused_function || decl->is_inline)
+               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+                       /* inhibit warning for static inline functions */
+                       if (entity->function.is_inline)
                                continue;
 
-                       s = (decl->init.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared");
+                       s = entity->function.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared";
                } else {
-                       if (!warning.unused_variable)
-                               continue;
-
                        s = "defined";
                }
 
-               warningf(&decl->source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
-                       type, decl->symbol, s);
+               warningf(&declaration->base.source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
+                       type, declaration->base.symbol, s);
        }
 }
 
@@ -10136,30 +11246,109 @@ static void parse_global_asm(void)
        statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
 
        eat(T_asm);
-       expect('(');
+       expect('(', end_error);
 
        statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
        statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
        unit->global_asm         = statement;
 
-       expect(')');
-       expect(';');
+       expect(')', end_error);
+       expect(';', end_error);
 
 end_error:;
 }
 
-/**
- * Parse a translation unit.
- */
-static void parse_translation_unit(void)
+static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
+{
+       eat(T_extern);
+       assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
+
+       const char *linkage = parse_string_literals().begin;
+
+       linkage_kind_t old_linkage = current_linkage;
+       linkage_kind_t new_linkage;
+       if (strcmp(linkage, "C") == 0) {
+               new_linkage = LINKAGE_C;
+       } else if (strcmp(linkage, "C++") == 0) {
+               new_linkage = LINKAGE_CXX;
+       } else {
+               errorf(HERE, "linkage string \"%s\" not recognized", linkage);
+               new_linkage = LINKAGE_INVALID;
+       }
+       current_linkage = new_linkage;
+
+       if (token.type == '{') {
+               next_token();
+               parse_externals();
+               expect('}', end_error);
+       } else {
+               parse_external();
+       }
+
+end_error:
+       assert(current_linkage == new_linkage);
+       current_linkage = old_linkage;
+}
+
+static void parse_external(void)
+{
+       switch (token.type) {
+               DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN
+               case T_IDENTIFIER:
+               case T___extension__:
+               /* tokens below are for implicit int */
+               case '&': /* & x; -> int& x; (and error later, because C++ has no
+                            implicit int) */
+               case '*': /* * x; -> int* x; */
+               case '(': /* (x); -> int (x); */
+                       parse_external_declaration();
+                       return;
+
+               case T_extern:
+                       if (look_ahead(1)->type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+                               parse_linkage_specification();
+                       } else {
+                               parse_external_declaration();
+                       }
+                       return;
+
+               case T_asm:
+                       parse_global_asm();
+                       return;
+
+               case T_namespace:
+                       parse_namespace_definition();
+                       return;
+
+               case ';':
+                       if (!strict_mode) {
+                               if (warning.other)
+                                       warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
+                               next_token();
+                               return;
+                       }
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+               default:
+                       errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
+                       if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
+                               eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
+                       next_token();
+                       return;
+       }
+}
+
+static void parse_externals(void)
 {
+       add_anchor_token('}');
        add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
        unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
        memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
 #endif
-       for (;;) {
+
+       while (token.type != T_EOF && token.type != '}') {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
                bool anchor_leak = false;
                for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
@@ -10178,36 +11367,30 @@ static void parse_translation_unit(void)
                        abort();
 #endif
 
-               switch (token.type) {
-                       DECLARATION_START
-                       case T_IDENTIFIER:
-                       case T___extension__:
-                               parse_external_declaration();
-                               break;
+               parse_external();
+       }
 
-                       case T_asm:
-                               parse_global_asm();
-                               break;
+       rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
+       rem_anchor_token('}');
+}
 
-                       case T_EOF:
-                               rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
-                               return;
+/**
+ * Parse a translation unit.
+ */
+static void parse_translation_unit(void)
+{
+       add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
 
-                       case ';':
-                               if (!strict_mode) {
-                                       warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
-                                       next_token();
-                                       break;
-                               }
-                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       while (true) {
+               parse_externals();
 
-                       default:
-                               errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
-                               if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
-                                       eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
-                               next_token();
-                               break;
-               }
+               if (token.type == T_EOF)
+                       break;
+
+               errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
+               if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
+                       eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
+               next_token();
        }
 }
 
@@ -10220,7 +11403,6 @@ void start_parsing(void)
 {
        environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
        label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
-       local_label_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
        diagnostic_count  = 0;
        error_count       = 0;
        warning_count     = 0;
@@ -10234,18 +11416,14 @@ void start_parsing(void)
        assert(file_scope == NULL);
        file_scope = &unit->scope;
 
-       assert(scope == NULL);
+       assert(current_scope == NULL);
        scope_push(&unit->scope);
-
-       initialize_builtin_types();
 }
 
 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
 {
-       /* do NOT use scope_pop() here, this will crash, will it by hand */
-       assert(scope == &unit->scope);
-       scope            = NULL;
-       last_declaration = NULL;
+       assert(current_scope == &unit->scope);
+       scope_pop(NULL);
 
        assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
        check_unused_globals();
@@ -10253,20 +11431,54 @@ translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
 
        DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
        DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
-       DEL_ARR_F(local_label_stack);
 
        translation_unit_t *result = unit;
        unit = NULL;
        return result;
 }
 
+/* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
+ * are given length one. */
+static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
+{
+       size_t n = ARR_LEN(incomplete_arrays);
+       for (size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
+               declaration_t *const decl      = incomplete_arrays[i];
+               type_t        *const orig_type = decl->type;
+               type_t        *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
+
+               if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
+                       continue;
+
+               if (warning.other) {
+                       warningf(&decl->base.source_position,
+                                       "array '%#T' assumed to have one element",
+                                       orig_type, decl->base.symbol);
+               }
+
+               type_t *const new_type = duplicate_type(type);
+               new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
+               new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
+               new_type->array.size              = 1;
+
+               type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
+
+               decl->type = result;
+       }
+}
+
 void parse(void)
 {
        lookahead_bufpos = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
                next_token();
        }
+       current_linkage   = c_mode & _CXX ? LINKAGE_CXX : LINKAGE_C;
+       incomplete_arrays = NEW_ARR_F(declaration_t*, 0);
        parse_translation_unit();
+       complete_incomplete_arrays();
+       DEL_ARR_F(incomplete_arrays);
+       incomplete_arrays = NULL;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -10278,24 +11490,25 @@ void init_parser(void)
 
        if (c_mode & _MS) {
                /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
-               sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
-               sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
-               sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
-               sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
-               sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
-               sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
-               sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
-               sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
-               sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
-               sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
-               sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
-               sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
-               sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
-               sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
-               sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
-               sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
-               sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
-               sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
+               sym_align         = symbol_table_insert("align");
+               sym_allocate      = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
+               sym_dllimport     = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
+               sym_dllexport     = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
+               sym_naked         = symbol_table_insert("naked");
+               sym_noinline      = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
+               sym_returns_twice = symbol_table_insert("returns_twice");
+               sym_noreturn      = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
+               sym_nothrow       = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
+               sym_novtable      = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
+               sym_property      = symbol_table_insert("property");
+               sym_get           = symbol_table_insert("get");
+               sym_put           = symbol_table_insert("put");
+               sym_selectany     = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
+               sym_thread        = symbol_table_insert("thread");
+               sym_uuid          = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
+               sym_deprecated    = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
+               sym_restrict      = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
+               sym_noalias       = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
        }
        memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));