Include string encoding in string_t.
[cparser] / lexer.c
diff --git a/lexer.c b/lexer.c
index 6a6a945..d368aed 100644 (file)
--- a/lexer.c
+++ b/lexer.c
@@ -1,7 +1,29 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of cparser.
+ * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
+ * 02111-1307, USA.
+ */
 #include <config.h>
 
+#include "adt/strutil.h"
+#include "input.h"
 #include "diagnostic.h"
 #include "lexer.h"
+#include "symbol_t.h"
 #include "token_t.h"
 #include "symbol_table_t.h"
 #include "adt/error.h"
@@ -9,8 +31,9 @@
 #include "adt/util.h"
 #include "types.h"
 #include "type_t.h"
-#include "target_architecture.h"
 #include "parser.h"
+#include "warning.h"
+#include "lang_features.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
-//#define DEBUG_CHARS
-#define MAX_PUTBACK 3
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-/* No strtold on windows and no replacement yet */
-#define strtold(s, e) strtod(s, e)
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <strings.h>
 #endif
 
-#if defined HAS_SIGNED_CHAR
-typedef signed char char_type;
-#elif defined HAS_UNSIGNED_CHAR
-typedef unsigned char char_type;
-#else
-#      error signedness of char not determined
-#endif
+#define MAX_PUTBACK 16    // 3 would be enough, but 16 gives a nicer alignment
+#define BUF_SIZE    1024
 
-static int         c;
-token_t            lexer_token;
-symbol_t          *symbol_L;
-static FILE       *input;
-static char        buf[1024 + MAX_PUTBACK];
-static const char *bufend;
-static const char *bufpos;
-static strset_t    stringset;
-
-static void error_prefix_at(const char *input_name, unsigned linenr)
-{
-       fprintf(stderr, "%s:%u: Error: ", input_name, linenr);
-}
+static input_t           *input;
+static utf32              input_buf[BUF_SIZE + MAX_PUTBACK];
+static const utf32       *bufpos;
+static const utf32       *bufend;
+static utf32              c;
+static source_position_t  lexer_pos;
+token_t                   lexer_token;
+static symbol_t          *symbol_L;
+static strset_t           stringset;
+bool                      allow_dollar_in_symbol = true;
 
-static void error_prefix(void)
+/**
+ * Prints a parse error message at the current token.
+ *
+ * @param msg   the error message
+ */
+static void parse_error(const char *msg)
 {
-       error_prefix_at(lexer_token.source_position.input_name,
-                       lexer_token.source_position.linenr);
+       errorf(&lexer_pos, "%s", msg);
 }
 
-static void parse_error(const char *msg)
+/**
+ * Prints an internal error message at the current token.
+ *
+ * @param msg   the error message
+ */
+static NORETURN internal_error(const char *msg)
 {
-       error_prefix();
-       fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+       internal_errorf(&lexer_pos, "%s", msg);
 }
 
 static inline void next_real_char(void)
 {
        assert(bufpos <= bufend);
        if (bufpos >= bufend) {
-               size_t s = fread(buf + MAX_PUTBACK, 1, sizeof(buf) - MAX_PUTBACK,
-                                input);
-               if(s == 0) {
+               size_t n = decode(input, input_buf+MAX_PUTBACK, BUF_SIZE);
+               if (n == 0) {
                        c = EOF;
                        return;
                }
-               bufpos = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
-               bufend = buf + MAX_PUTBACK + s;
+               bufpos = input_buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+               bufend = bufpos + n;
        }
        c = *bufpos++;
+       ++lexer_pos.colno;
 }
 
-static inline void put_back(int pc)
+/**
+ * Put a character back into the buffer.
+ *
+ * @param pc  the character to put back
+ */
+static inline void put_back(utf32 const pc)
 {
-       assert(bufpos > buf);
-       *(--bufpos - buf + buf) = (char) pc;
-
-#ifdef DEBUG_CHARS
-       printf("putback '%c'\n", pc);
-#endif
+       *(--bufpos - input_buf + input_buf) = pc;
+       --lexer_pos.colno;
 }
 
 static inline void next_char(void);
 
-#define MATCH_NEWLINE(code)                   \
-       case '\r':                                \
-               next_char();                          \
-               if(c == '\n') {                       \
-                       next_char();                      \
-               }                                     \
-               lexer_token.source_position.linenr++; \
-               code;                                 \
-       case '\n':                                \
-               next_char();                          \
-               lexer_token.source_position.linenr++; \
-               code;
-
-#define eat(c_type)  do { assert(c == c_type); next_char(); } while(0)
+#define NEWLINE  \
+       '\r': \
+               next_char(); \
+               if (c == '\n') { \
+       case '\n': \
+                       next_char(); \
+               } \
+               lexer_pos.lineno++; \
+               lexer_pos.colno = 1; \
+               goto newline; \
+               newline // Let it look like an ordinary case label.
+
+#define eat(c_type) (assert(c == c_type), next_char())
 
 static void maybe_concat_lines(void)
 {
        eat('\\');
 
-       switch(c) {
-       MATCH_NEWLINE(return;)
+       switch (c) {
+       case NEWLINE:
+               return;
 
        default:
                break;
@@ -118,28 +138,32 @@ static void maybe_concat_lines(void)
        c = '\\';
 }
 
+/**
+ * Set c to the next input character, ie.
+ * after expanding trigraphs.
+ */
 static inline void next_char(void)
 {
        next_real_char();
 
        /* filter trigraphs */
-       if(UNLIKELY(c == '\\')) {
+       if (UNLIKELY(c == '\\')) {
                maybe_concat_lines();
-               goto end_of_next_char;
+               return;
        }
 
-       if(LIKELY(c != '?'))
-               goto end_of_next_char;
+       if (LIKELY(c != '?'))
+               return;
 
        next_real_char();
-       if(LIKELY(c != '?')) {
+       if (LIKELY(c != '?')) {
                put_back(c);
                c = '?';
-               goto end_of_next_char;
+               return;
        }
 
        next_real_char();
-       switch(c) {
+       switch (c) {
        case '=': c = '#'; break;
        case '(': c = '['; break;
        case '/': c = '\\'; maybe_concat_lines(); break;
@@ -155,14 +179,10 @@ static inline void next_char(void)
                c = '?';
                break;
        }
-
-end_of_next_char:;
-#ifdef DEBUG_CHARS
-       printf("nchar '%c'\n", c);
-#endif
 }
 
 #define SYMBOL_CHARS  \
+       case '$': if (!allow_dollar_in_symbol) goto dollar_sign; \
        case 'a':         \
        case 'b':         \
        case 'c':         \
@@ -229,23 +249,141 @@ end_of_next_char:;
        case '8':         \
        case '9':
 
-static void parse_symbol(void)
+static bool is_universal_char_valid(utf32 const v)
 {
-       symbol_t *symbol;
-       char     *string;
+       /* C11 §6.4.3:2 */
+       if (v < 0xA0U && v != 0x24 && v != 0x40 && v != 0x60)
+               return false;
+       if (0xD800 <= v && v <= 0xDFFF)
+               return false;
+       return true;
+}
 
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
-       next_char();
+static int digit_value(utf32 digit);
+
+static utf32 parse_universal_char(unsigned const n_digits)
+{
+       utf32 v = 0;
+       for (unsigned k = n_digits; k != 0; --k) {
+               if (isxdigit(c)) {
+                       v = 16 * v + digit_value(c);
+                       next_char();
+               } else {
+                       errorf(&lexer_pos, "short universal character name, expected %u more digits", k);
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+       if (!is_universal_char_valid(v)) {
+               errorf(&lexer_pos, "\\%c%0*X is not a valid universal character name", n_digits == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n_digits, v);
+       }
+       return v;
+}
 
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
+static bool is_universal_char_valid_identifier(utf32 const v)
+{
+       /* C11 Annex D.1 */
+       if (                v == 0x000A8) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AA) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AD) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x000AF) return true;
+       if (0x000B2 <= v && v <= 0x000B5) return true;
+       if (0x000B7 <= v && v <= 0x000BA) return true;
+       if (0x000BC <= v && v <= 0x000BE) return true;
+       if (0x000C0 <= v && v <= 0x000D6) return true;
+       if (0x000D8 <= v && v <= 0x000F6) return true;
+       if (0x000F8 <= v && v <= 0x000FF) return true;
+       if (0x00100 <= v && v <= 0x0167F) return true;
+       if (0x01681 <= v && v <= 0x0180D) return true;
+       if (0x0180F <= v && v <= 0x01FFF) return true;
+       if (0x0200B <= v && v <= 0x0200D) return true;
+       if (0x0202A <= v && v <= 0x0202E) return true;
+       if (0x0203F <= v && v <= 0x02040) return true;
+       if (                v == 0x02054) return true;
+       if (0x02060 <= v && v <= 0x0206F) return true;
+       if (0x02070 <= v && v <= 0x0218F) return true;
+       if (0x02460 <= v && v <= 0x024FF) return true;
+       if (0x02776 <= v && v <= 0x02793) return true;
+       if (0x02C00 <= v && v <= 0x02DFF) return true;
+       if (0x02E80 <= v && v <= 0x02FFF) return true;
+       if (0x03004 <= v && v <= 0x03007) return true;
+       if (0x03021 <= v && v <= 0x0302F) return true;
+       if (0x03031 <= v && v <= 0x0303F) return true;
+       if (0x03040 <= v && v <= 0x0D7FF) return true;
+       if (0x0F900 <= v && v <= 0x0FD3D) return true;
+       if (0x0FD40 <= v && v <= 0x0FDCF) return true;
+       if (0x0FDF0 <= v && v <= 0x0FE44) return true;
+       if (0x0FE47 <= v && v <= 0x0FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x10000 <= v && v <= 0x1FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x20000 <= v && v <= 0x2FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x30000 <= v && v <= 0x3FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x40000 <= v && v <= 0x4FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x50000 <= v && v <= 0x5FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x60000 <= v && v <= 0x6FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x70000 <= v && v <= 0x7FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x80000 <= v && v <= 0x8FFFD) return true;
+       if (0x90000 <= v && v <= 0x9FFFD) return true;
+       if (0xA0000 <= v && v <= 0xAFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xB0000 <= v && v <= 0xBFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xC0000 <= v && v <= 0xCFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xD0000 <= v && v <= 0xDFFFD) return true;
+       if (0xE0000 <= v && v <= 0xEFFFD) return true;
+       return false;
+}
+
+static bool is_universal_char_valid_identifier_start(utf32 const v)
+{
+       /* C11 Annex D.2 */
+       if (0x0300 <= v && v <= 0x036F) return false;
+       if (0x1DC0 <= v && v <= 0x1DFF) return false;
+       if (0x20D0 <= v && v <= 0x20FF) return false;
+       if (0xFE20 <= v && v <= 0xFE2F) return false;
+       return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read a symbol from the input and build
+ * the lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_symbol(void)
+{
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
                DIGITS
                SYMBOL_CHARS
                        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
                        next_char();
                        break;
 
+               case '\\':
+                       next_char();
+                       switch (c) {
+                       {
+                               unsigned n;
+                       case 'U': n = 8; goto universal;
+                       case 'u': n = 4; goto universal;
+universal:
+                               next_char();
+                               utf32 const v = parse_universal_char(n);
+                               if (!is_universal_char_valid_identifier(v)) {
+                                       if (is_universal_char_valid(v)) {
+                                               errorf(&lexer_pos, "universal character \\%c%0*X is not valid in an identifier", n == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n, v);
+                                       }
+                               } else if (obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0 && !is_universal_char_valid_identifier_start(v)) {
+                                       errorf(&lexer_pos, "universal character \\%c%0*X is not valid as start of an identifier", n == 4 ? 'u' : 'U', (int)n, v);
+                               } else {
+                                       obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, v);
+                               }
+                               break;
+                       }
+
+                       default:
+                               put_back(c);
+                               c = '\\';
+                               goto end_symbol;
+                       }
+
                default:
+dollar_sign:
                        goto end_symbol;
                }
        }
@@ -253,392 +391,312 @@ static void parse_symbol(void)
 end_symbol:
        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
 
-       string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-       symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
+       char     *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
 
-       lexer_token.type     = symbol->ID;
-       lexer_token.v.symbol = symbol;
+       lexer_token.kind        = symbol->ID;
+       lexer_token.base.symbol = symbol;
 
-       if(symbol->string != string) {
+       if (symbol->string != string) {
                obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
        }
 }
 
-static void parse_integer_suffix(bool is_oct_hex)
+static string_t sym_make_string(string_encoding_t const enc)
 {
-       bool is_unsigned  = false;
-       bool min_long     = false;
-       bool min_longlong = false;
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       size_t const len    = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
+       char  *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
 
-       if(c == 'U' || c == 'u') {
-               is_unsigned = true;
-               next_char();
-               if(c == 'L' || c == 'l') {
-                       min_long = true;
-                       next_char();
-                       if(c == 'L' || c == 'l') {
-                               min_longlong = true;
-                               next_char();
-                       }
-               }
-       } else if(c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
-               min_long = true;
-               next_char();
-               if(c == 'l' || c == 'L') {
-                       min_longlong = true;
-                       next_char();
-                       if(c == 'u' || c == 'U') {
-                               is_unsigned = true;
-                               next_char();
-                       }
-               } else if(c == 'u' || c == 'U') {
-                       is_unsigned = true;
-                       next_char();
-                       lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_long;
-               }
+       /* TODO hash */
+#if 0
+       const char *result = strset_insert(&stringset, concat);
+       if (result != concat) {
+               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, concat);
        }
+#else
+       const char *result = string;
+#endif
+       return (string_t){ result, len, enc };
+}
 
-       if(!is_unsigned) {
-               long long v = lexer_token.v.intvalue;
-               if(!min_long) {
-                       if(v >= TARGET_INT_MIN && v <= TARGET_INT_MAX) {
-                               lexer_token.datatype = type_int;
-                               return;
-                       } else if(is_oct_hex && v >= 0 && v <= TARGET_UINT_MAX) {
-                               lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_int;
-                               return;
-                       }
-               }
-               if(!min_longlong) {
-                       if(v >= TARGET_LONG_MIN && v <= TARGET_LONG_MAX) {
-                               lexer_token.datatype = type_long;
-                               return;
-                       } else if(is_oct_hex && v >= 0 && v <= TARGET_ULONG_MAX) {
-                               lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_long;
-                               return;
-                       }
-               }
-               unsigned long long uv = (unsigned long long) v;
-               if(is_oct_hex && uv > (unsigned long long) TARGET_LONGLONG_MAX) {
-                       lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_long_long;
-                       return;
-               }
-
-               lexer_token.datatype = type_long_long;
-       } else {
-               unsigned long long v = (unsigned long long) lexer_token.v.intvalue;
-               if(!min_long && v <= TARGET_UINT_MAX) {
-                       lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_int;
-                       return;
-               }
-               if(!min_longlong && v <= TARGET_ULONG_MAX) {
-                       lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_long;
-                       return;
+/**
+ * parse suffixes like 'LU' or 'f' after numbers
+ */
+static void parse_number_suffix(void)
+{
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               SYMBOL_CHARS
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
+               default:
+               dollar_sign:
+                       goto finish_suffix;
                }
-               lexer_token.datatype = type_unsigned_long_long;
        }
+finish_suffix:
+       if (obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0) {
+               lexer_token.number.suffix.begin = NULL;
+               lexer_token.number.suffix.size  = 0;
+               return;
+       }
+
+       lexer_token.number.suffix = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
 }
 
-static void parse_floating_suffix(void)
+static void parse_exponent(void)
 {
-       switch(c) {
-       /* TODO: do something usefull with the suffixes... */
-       case 'f':
-       case 'F':
+       if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
                next_char();
-               lexer_token.datatype = type_float;
-               break;
-       case 'l':
-       case 'L':
-               next_char();
-               lexer_token.datatype = type_long_double;
-               break;
-       default:
-               lexer_token.datatype = type_double;
-               break;
        }
-}
 
-/**
- * A replacement for strtoull. Only those parts needed for
- * our parser are implemented.
- */
-static unsigned long long parse_int_string(const char *s, const char **endptr, int base) {
-       unsigned long long v = 0;
-
-       switch (base) {
-       case 16:
-               for (;; ++s) {
-                       /* check for overrun */
-                       if (v >= 0x1000000000000000ULL)
-                               break;
-                       switch (tolower(*s)) {
-                       case '0': v <<= 4; break;
-                       case '1': v <<= 4; v |= 0x1; break;
-                       case '2': v <<= 4; v |= 0x2; break;
-                       case '3': v <<= 4; v |= 0x3; break;
-                       case '4': v <<= 4; v |= 0x4; break;
-                       case '5': v <<= 4; v |= 0x5; break;
-                       case '6': v <<= 4; v |= 0x6; break;
-                       case '7': v <<= 4; v |= 0x7; break;
-                       case '8': v <<= 4; v |= 0x8; break;
-                       case '9': v <<= 4; v |= 0x9; break;
-                       case 'a': v <<= 4; v |= 0xa; break;
-                       case 'b': v <<= 4; v |= 0xb; break;
-                       case 'c': v <<= 4; v |= 0xc; break;
-                       case 'd': v <<= 4; v |= 0xd; break;
-                       case 'e': v <<= 4; v |= 0xe; break;
-                       case 'f': v <<= 4; v |= 0xf; break;
-                       default:
-                               goto end;
-                       }
-               }
-               break;
-       case 8:
-               for (;; ++s) {
-                       /* check for overrun */
-                       if (v >= 0x2000000000000000ULL)
-                               break;
-                       switch (tolower(*s)) {
-                       case '0': v <<= 3; break;
-                       case '1': v <<= 3; v |= 1; break;
-                       case '2': v <<= 3; v |= 2; break;
-                       case '3': v <<= 3; v |= 3; break;
-                       case '4': v <<= 3; v |= 4; break;
-                       case '5': v <<= 3; v |= 5; break;
-                       case '6': v <<= 3; v |= 6; break;
-                       case '7': v <<= 3; v |= 7; break;
-                       default:
-                               goto end;
-                       }
-               }
-               break;
-       case 10:
-               for (;; ++s) {
-                       /* check for overrun */
-                       if (v > 0x1999999999999999ULL)
-                               break;
-                       switch (tolower(*s)) {
-                       case '0': v *= 10; break;
-                       case '1': v *= 10; v += 1; break;
-                       case '2': v *= 10; v += 2; break;
-                       case '3': v *= 10; v += 3; break;
-                       case '4': v *= 10; v += 4; break;
-                       case '5': v *= 10; v += 5; break;
-                       case '6': v *= 10; v += 6; break;
-                       case '7': v *= 10; v += 7; break;
-                       case '8': v *= 10; v += 8; break;
-                       case '9': v *= 10; v += 9; break;
-                       default:
-                               goto end;
-                       }
-               }
-               break;
-       default:
-               assert(0);
-               break;
+       if (isdigit(c)) {
+               do {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
+                       next_char();
+               } while (isdigit(c));
+       } else {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "exponent has no digits");
        }
-end:
-       *endptr = s;
-       return v;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parses a hex number including hex floats and set the
+ * lexer_token.
+ */
 static void parse_number_hex(void)
 {
-       assert(c == 'x' || c == 'X');
-       next_char();
+       bool is_float   = false;
+       bool has_digits = false;
 
-       while(isxdigit(c)) {
+       while (isxdigit(c)) {
+               has_digits = true;
                obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
                next_char();
        }
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       char *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
 
-       if(c == '.' || c == 'p' || c == 'P') {
+       if (c == '.') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
                next_char();
-               panic("Hex floating point numbers not implemented yet");
+
+               while (isxdigit(c)) {
+                       has_digits = true;
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+               }
        }
-       if(*string == '\0') {
-               parse_error("invalid hex number");
-               lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
+       if (c == 'p' || c == 'P') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+               next_char();
+               parse_exponent();
+       } else if (is_float) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position,
+                      "hexadecimal floatingpoint constant requires an exponent");
        }
 
-       const char *endptr;
-       lexer_token.type       = T_INTEGER;
-       lexer_token.v.intvalue = parse_int_string(string, &endptr, 16);
-       if(*endptr != '\0') {
-               parse_error("hex number literal too long");
+       lexer_token.number.number = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
+
+       lexer_token.kind = is_float ? T_FLOATINGPOINT : T_INTEGER;
+
+       if (!has_digits) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "invalid number literal '%S'", &lexer_token.number.number);
+               lexer_token.number.number.begin = "0";
+               lexer_token.number.number.size  = 1;
        }
 
-       obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-       parse_integer_suffix(true);
+       parse_number_suffix();
 }
 
-static inline bool is_octal_digit(int chr)
+static void parse_number_bin(void)
 {
-       return '0' <= chr && chr <= '7';
-}
+       bool has_digits = false;
 
-static void parse_number_oct(void)
-{
-       while(is_octal_digit(c)) {
-               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+       while (c == '0' || c == '1') {
+               has_digits = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
                next_char();
        }
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       char *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
 
-       const char *endptr;
-       lexer_token.type       = T_INTEGER;
-       lexer_token.v.intvalue = parse_int_string(string, &endptr, 8);
-       if(*endptr != '\0') {
-               parse_error("octal number literal too long");
+       lexer_token.number.number = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
+       lexer_token.kind          = T_INTEGER;
+
+       if (!has_digits) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "invalid number literal '%S'", &lexer_token.number.number);
+               lexer_token.number.number.begin = "0";
+               lexer_token.number.number.size  = 1;
        }
 
-       obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-       parse_integer_suffix(true);
+       parse_number_suffix();
 }
 
-static void parse_number_dec(void)
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given char is a octal digit.
+ *
+ * @param char  the character to check
+ */
+static bool is_octal_digit(utf32 chr)
+{
+       return '0' <= chr && chr <= '7';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a number and sets the lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_number(void)
 {
-       bool is_float = false;
-       while(isdigit(c)) {
+       bool is_float   = false;
+       bool has_digits = false;
+
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+       if (c == '0') {
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
+               next_char();
+               if (c == 'x' || c == 'X') {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
+                       next_char();
+                       parse_number_hex();
+                       return;
+               } else if (c == 'b' || c == 'B') {
+                       /* GCC extension: binary constant 0x[bB][01]+.  */
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char)c);
+                       next_char();
+                       parse_number_bin();
+                       return;
+               }
+               has_digits = true;
+       }
+
+       while (isdigit(c)) {
+               has_digits = true;
                obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
                next_char();
        }
 
-       if(c == '.') {
+       if (c == '.') {
+               is_float = true;
                obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '.');
                next_char();
 
-               while(isdigit(c)) {
+               while (isdigit(c)) {
+                       has_digits = true;
                        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
                        next_char();
                }
-               is_float = true;
        }
-       if(c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
+       if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
+               is_float = true;
                obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, 'e');
                next_char();
-
-               if(c == '-' || c == '+') {
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
-                       next_char();
-               }
-
-               while(isdigit(c)) {
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
-                       next_char();
-               }
-               is_float = true;
+               parse_exponent();
        }
 
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       char *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-       if(is_float) {
-               char *endptr;
-               lexer_token.type         = T_FLOATINGPOINT;
-               lexer_token.v.floatvalue = strtold(string, &endptr);
-
-               if(*endptr != '\0') {
-                       parse_error("invalid number literal");
-               }
+       lexer_token.number.number = sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
 
-               parse_floating_suffix();
+       if (is_float) {
+               lexer_token.kind = T_FLOATINGPOINT;
        } else {
-               const char *endptr;
-               lexer_token.type       = T_INTEGER;
-               lexer_token.v.intvalue = parse_int_string(string, &endptr, 10);
-
-               if(*endptr != '\0') {
-                       parse_error("invalid number literal");
+               lexer_token.kind = T_INTEGER;
+
+               if (lexer_token.number.number.begin[0] == '0') {
+                       /* check for invalid octal digits */
+                       for (size_t i= 0; i < lexer_token.number.number.size; ++i) {
+                               char t = lexer_token.number.number.begin[i];
+                               if (t >= '8')
+                                       errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "invalid digit '%c' in octal number", t);
+                       }
                }
+       }
 
-               parse_integer_suffix(false);
+       if (!has_digits) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "invalid number literal '%S'",
+                      &lexer_token.number.number);
        }
-       obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
+
+       parse_number_suffix();
 }
 
-static void parse_number(void)
+/**
+ * Returns the value of a digit.
+ * The only portable way to do it ...
+ */
+static int digit_value(utf32 const digit)
 {
-       if (c == '0') {
-               next_char();
-               switch (c) {
-                       case 'X':
-                       case 'x':
-                               parse_number_hex();
-                               break;
-                       case '0':
-                       case '1':
-                       case '2':
-                       case '3':
-                       case '4':
-                       case '5':
-                       case '6':
-                       case '7':
-                               parse_number_oct();
-                               break;
-                       case '8':
-                       case '9':
-                               next_char();
-                               parse_error("invalid octal number");
-                               lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                               return;
-                       case '.':
-                       case 'e':
-                       case 'E':
-                       default:
-                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '0');
-                               parse_number_dec();
-                               return;
-               }
-       } else {
-               parse_number_dec();
+       switch (digit) {
+       case '0': return 0;
+       case '1': return 1;
+       case '2': return 2;
+       case '3': return 3;
+       case '4': return 4;
+       case '5': return 5;
+       case '6': return 6;
+       case '7': return 7;
+       case '8': return 8;
+       case '9': return 9;
+       case 'a':
+       case 'A': return 10;
+       case 'b':
+       case 'B': return 11;
+       case 'c':
+       case 'C': return 12;
+       case 'd':
+       case 'D': return 13;
+       case 'e':
+       case 'E': return 14;
+       case 'f':
+       case 'F': return 15;
+       default:
+               internal_error("wrong character given");
        }
 }
 
-static int parse_octal_sequence(const int first_digit)
+/**
+ * Parses an octal character sequence.
+ *
+ * @param first_digit  the already read first digit
+ */
+static utf32 parse_octal_sequence(utf32 const first_digit)
 {
        assert(is_octal_digit(first_digit));
-       int value = first_digit - '0';
+       utf32 value = digit_value(first_digit);
        if (!is_octal_digit(c)) return value;
-       value = 8 * value + c - '0';
+       value = 8 * value + digit_value(c);
        next_char();
        if (!is_octal_digit(c)) return value;
-       value = 8 * value + c - '0';
+       value = 8 * value + digit_value(c);
        next_char();
-       return (char_type)value;
+       return value;
 }
 
-static int parse_hex_sequence(void)
+/**
+ * Parses a hex character sequence.
+ */
+static utf32 parse_hex_sequence(void)
 {
-       int value = 0;
-       while(1) {
-               if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
-                       value = 16 * value + c - '0';
-               } else if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') {
-                       value = 16 * value + c - 'A' + 10;
-               } else if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') {
-                       value = 16 * value + c - 'a' + 10;
-               } else {
-                       break;
-               }
+       utf32 value = 0;
+       while (isxdigit(c)) {
+               value = 16 * value + digit_value(c);
                next_char();
        }
-
-       return (char_type)value;
+       return value;
 }
 
-static int parse_escape_sequence(void)
+/**
+ * Parse an escape sequence.
+ */
+static utf32 parse_escape_sequence(void)
 {
        eat('\\');
 
-       int ec = c;
+       utf32 const ec = c;
        next_char();
 
-       switch(ec) {
+       switch (ec) {
        case '"':  return '"';
        case '\'': return '\'';
        case '\\': return '\\';
@@ -664,251 +722,124 @@ static int parse_escape_sequence(void)
        case EOF:
                parse_error("reached end of file while parsing escape sequence");
                return EOF;
-       default:
-               parse_error("unknown escape sequence");
-               return EOF;
-       }
-}
-
-const char *concat_strings(const char *s1, const char *s2)
-{
-       size_t  len1   = strlen(s1);
-       size_t  len2   = strlen(s2);
+       /* \E is not documented, but handled, by GCC.  It is acceptable according
+        * to §6.11.4, whereas \e is not. */
+       case 'E':
+       case 'e':
+               if (c_mode & _GNUC)
+                       return 27;   /* hopefully 27 is ALWAYS the code for ESCAPE */
+               break;
 
-       char   *concat = obstack_alloc(&symbol_obstack, len1 + len2 + 1);
-       memcpy(concat, s1, len1);
-       memcpy(concat + len1, s2, len2 + 1);
+       case 'U': return parse_universal_char(8);
+       case 'u': return parse_universal_char(4);
 
-       const char *result = strset_insert(&stringset, concat);
-       if(result != concat) {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, concat);
+       default:
+               break;
        }
-
-       return result;
+       /* §6.4.4.4:8 footnote 64 */
+       parse_error("unknown escape sequence");
+       return EOF;
 }
 
-static void parse_string_literal(void)
+string_t make_string(const char *string)
 {
-       unsigned    start_linenr = lexer_token.source_position.linenr;
-       char       *string;
-       const char *result;
-
-       assert(c == '"');
-       next_char();
-
-       int tc;
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
-               case '\\':
-                       tc = parse_escape_sequence();
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) tc);
-                       break;
-
-               case EOF:
-                       error_prefix_at(lexer_token.source_position.input_name,
-                                       start_linenr);
-                       fprintf(stderr, "string has no end\n");
-                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                       return;
-
-               case '"':
-                       next_char();
-                       goto end_of_string;
-
-               default:
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
-                       next_char();
-                       break;
-               }
-       }
-
-end_of_string:
-
-       /* TODO: concatenate multiple strings separated by whitespace... */
-
-       /* add finishing 0 to the string */
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-       /* check if there is already a copy of the string */
-       result = strset_insert(&stringset, string);
-       if(result != string) {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-       }
-
-       lexer_token.type     = T_STRING_LITERAL;
-       lexer_token.v.string = result;
+       obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, string, strlen(string));
+       return sym_make_string(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
 }
 
-static void parse_wide_character_constant(void)
+static void parse_string(utf32 const delim, token_kind_t const kind, string_encoding_t const enc, char const *const context)
 {
-       eat('\'');
-
-       int found_char = 0;
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
-               case '\\':
-                       found_char = parse_escape_sequence();
-                       break;
-
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       parse_error("newline while parsing character constant");
-                       break;
-               )
-
-               case '\'':
-                       next_char();
-                       goto end_of_wide_char_constant;
-
-               case EOF:
-                       parse_error("EOF while parsing character constant");
-                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                       return;
+       eat(delim);
 
-               default:
-                       if(found_char != 0) {
-                               parse_error("more than 1 characters in character "
-                                           "constant");
-                               goto end_of_wide_char_constant;
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '\\': {
+                       utf32 const tc = parse_escape_sequence();
+                       if (enc == STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+                               if (tc >= 0x100) {
+                                       warningf(WARN_OTHER, &lexer_pos, "escape sequence out of range");
+                               }
+                               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, tc);
                        } else {
-                               found_char = c;
-                               next_char();
+                               obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, tc);
                        }
                        break;
                }
-       }
-
-end_of_wide_char_constant:
-       lexer_token.type       = T_INTEGER;
-       lexer_token.v.intvalue = found_char;
-       lexer_token.datatype   = type_wchar_t;
-}
-
-static void parse_wide_string_literal(void)
-{
-       const unsigned start_linenr = lexer_token.source_position.linenr;
 
-       assert(c == '"');
-       next_char();
-
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
-                       case '\\': {
-                               wchar_rep_t tc = parse_escape_sequence();
-                               obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, &tc, sizeof(tc));
-                               break;
-                       }
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       errorf(&lexer_pos, "newline while parsing %s", context);
+                       break;
 
-                       case EOF:
-                               error_prefix_at(lexer_token.source_position.input_name,
-                                               start_linenr);
-                               fprintf(stderr, "string has no end\n");
-                               lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                               return;
+               case EOF:
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "EOF while parsing %s", context);
+                       goto end_of_string;
 
-                       case '"':
+               default:
+                       if (c == delim) {
                                next_char();
                                goto end_of_string;
-
-                       default: {
-                               wchar_rep_t tc = c;
-                               obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, &tc, sizeof(tc));
+                       } else {
+                               obstack_grow_symbol(&symbol_obstack, c);
                                next_char();
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
 
-end_of_string:;
-
-       /* TODO: concatenate multiple strings separated by whitespace... */
-
-       /* add finishing 0 to the string */
-       wchar_rep_t nul = L'\0';
-       obstack_grow(&symbol_obstack, &nul, sizeof(nul));
-       const size_t             size   = (size_t)obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) / sizeof(wchar_rep_t);
-       const wchar_rep_t *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-#if 0 /* TODO hash */
-       /* check if there is already a copy of the string */
-       const wchar_rep_t *const result = strset_insert(&stringset, string);
-       if(result != string) {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-       }
-#else
-       const wchar_rep_t *const result = string;
-#endif
-
-       lexer_token.type                = T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL;
-       lexer_token.v.wide_string.begin = result;
-       lexer_token.v.wide_string.size  = size;
+end_of_string:
+       lexer_token.kind          = kind;
+       lexer_token.string.string = sym_make_string(enc);
 }
 
-static void parse_character_constant(void)
+/**
+ * Parse a string literal and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_string_literal(string_encoding_t const enc)
 {
-       eat('\'');
-
-       int found_char = 0;
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
-               case '\\':
-                       found_char = parse_escape_sequence();
-                       break;
-
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       parse_error("newline while parsing character constant");
-                       break;
-               )
-
-               case '\'':
-                       next_char();
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
-
-               case EOF:
-                       parse_error("EOF while parsing character constant");
-                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                       return;
+       parse_string('"', T_STRING_LITERAL, enc, "string literal");
+}
 
-               default:
-                       if(found_char != 0) {
-                               parse_error("more than 1 characters in character "
-                                           "constant");
-                               goto end_of_char_constant;
-                       } else {
-                               found_char = c;
-                               next_char();
-                       }
-                       break;
-               }
+/**
+ * Parse a character constant and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_character_constant(string_encoding_t const enc)
+{
+       parse_string('\'', T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT, enc, "character constant");
+       if (lexer_token.string.string.size == 0) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position, "empty character constant");
        }
-
-end_of_char_constant:
-       lexer_token.type       = T_INTEGER;
-       lexer_token.v.intvalue = found_char;
-       lexer_token.datatype   = type_int;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Skip a multiline comment.
+ */
 static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
 {
-       unsigned start_linenr = lexer_token.source_position.linenr;
-
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '/':
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == '*') {
+                               /* nested comment, warn here */
+                               warningf(WARN_COMMENT, &lexer_pos, "'/*' within comment");
+                       }
+                       break;
                case '*':
                        next_char();
-                       if(c == '/') {
+                       if (c == '/') {
                                next_char();
                                return;
                        }
                        break;
 
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(break;)
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       break;
 
-               case EOF:
-                       error_prefix_at(lexer_token.source_position.input_name,
-                                       start_linenr);
-                       fprintf(stderr, "at end of file while looking for comment end\n");
+               case EOF: {
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.base.source_position,
+                              "at end of file while looking for comment end");
                        return;
+               }
 
                default:
                        next_char();
@@ -917,10 +848,13 @@ static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Skip a single line comment.
+ */
 static void skip_line_comment(void)
 {
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
                case EOF:
                        return;
 
@@ -928,6 +862,14 @@ static void skip_line_comment(void)
                case '\r':
                        return;
 
+               case '\\':
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == '\n' || c == '\r') {
+                               warningf(WARN_COMMENT, &lexer_pos, "multi-line comment");
+                               return;
+                       }
+                       break;
+
                default:
                        next_char();
                        break;
@@ -935,117 +877,169 @@ static void skip_line_comment(void)
        }
 }
 
+/** The current preprocessor token. */
 static token_t pp_token;
 
+/**
+ * Read the next preprocessor token.
+ */
 static inline void next_pp_token(void)
 {
        lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
        pp_token = lexer_token;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Eat all preprocessor tokens until newline.
+ */
 static void eat_until_newline(void)
 {
-       while(pp_token.type != '\n' && pp_token.type != T_EOF) {
+       while (pp_token.kind != '\n' && pp_token.kind != T_EOF) {
                next_pp_token();
        }
 }
 
-static void error_directive(void)
+/**
+ * Parse the line directive.
+ */
+static void parse_line_directive(void)
 {
-       error_prefix();
-       fprintf(stderr, "#error directive: \n");
-
-       /* parse pp-tokens until new-line */
-}
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_INTEGER) {
+               parse_error("expected integer");
+       } else {
+               /* use offset -1 as this is about the next line */
+               lexer_pos.lineno = atoi(pp_token.number.number.begin) - 1;
+               next_pp_token();
+       }
+       if (pp_token.kind == T_STRING_LITERAL && pp_token.string.string.encoding == STRING_ENCODING_CHAR) {
+               lexer_pos.input_name       = pp_token.string.string.begin;
+               lexer_pos.is_system_header = false;
+               next_pp_token();
 
-static void define_directive(void)
-{
-       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
-       if(lexer_token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
-               parse_error("expected identifier after #define\n");
-               eat_until_newline();
+               /* attempt to parse numeric flags as outputted by gcc preprocessor */
+               while (pp_token.kind == T_INTEGER) {
+                       /* flags:
+                        * 1 - indicates start of a new file
+                        * 2 - indicates return from a file
+                        * 3 - indicates system header
+                        * 4 - indicates implicit extern "C" in C++ mode
+                        *
+                        * currently we're only interested in "3"
+                        */
+                       if (streq(pp_token.number.number.begin, "3")) {
+                               lexer_pos.is_system_header = true;
+                       }
+                       next_pp_token();
+               }
        }
-}
 
-static void ifdef_directive(int is_ifndef)
-{
-       (void) is_ifndef;
-       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
-       //expect_identifier();
-       //extect_newline();
+       eat_until_newline();
 }
 
-static void endif_directive(void)
-{
-       //expect_newline();
-}
+/**
+ * STDC pragmas.
+ */
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_kind_t {
+       STDC_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_FP_CONTRACT,
+       STDC_FENV_ACCESS,
+       STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE
+} stdc_pragma_kind_t;
 
-static void parse_line_directive(void)
+/**
+ * STDC pragma values.
+ */
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_value_kind_t {
+       STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_VALUE_ON,
+       STDC_VALUE_OFF,
+       STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT
+} stdc_pragma_value_kind_t;
+
+/**
+ * Parse a pragma directive.
+ */
+static void parse_pragma(void)
 {
-       if(pp_token.type != T_INTEGER) {
-               parse_error("expected integer");
-       } else {
-               lexer_token.source_position.linenr = (unsigned int)(pp_token.v.intvalue - 1);
-               next_pp_token();
+       next_pp_token();
+       if (pp_token.kind != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               warningf(WARN_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS, &pp_token.base.source_position,
+                        "expected identifier after #pragma");
+               eat_until_newline();
+               return;
        }
-       if(pp_token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
-               lexer_token.source_position.input_name = pp_token.v.string;
+
+       stdc_pragma_kind_t kind = STDC_UNKNOWN;
+       if (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID == TP_STDC && c_mode & _C99) {
+               /* a STDC pragma */
                next_pp_token();
-       }
 
+               switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
+               case TP_FP_CONTRACT:      kind = STDC_FP_CONTRACT;      break;
+               case TP_FENV_ACCESS:      kind = STDC_FENV_ACCESS;      break;
+               case TP_CX_LIMITED_RANGE: kind = STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE; break;
+               default:                  break;
+               }
+               if (kind != STDC_UNKNOWN) {
+                       next_pp_token();
+                       stdc_pragma_value_kind_t value;
+                       switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
+                       case TP_ON:      value = STDC_VALUE_ON;      break;
+                       case TP_OFF:     value = STDC_VALUE_OFF;     break;
+                       case TP_DEFAULT: value = STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT; break;
+                       default:         value = STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN; break;
+                       }
+                       if (value == STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN) {
+                               kind = STDC_UNKNOWN;
+                               errorf(&pp_token.base.source_position, "bad STDC pragma argument");
+                       }
+               }
+       }
        eat_until_newline();
+       if (kind == STDC_UNKNOWN) {
+               warningf(WARN_UNKNOWN_PRAGMAS, &pp_token.base.source_position,
+                        "encountered unknown #pragma");
+       }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a preprocessor non-null directive.
+ */
 static void parse_preprocessor_identifier(void)
 {
-       assert(pp_token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
-       symbol_t *symbol = pp_token.v.symbol;
-
-       switch(symbol->pp_ID) {
-       case TP_include:
-               printf("include - enable header name parsing!\n");
-               break;
-       case TP_define:
-               define_directive();
-               break;
-       case TP_ifdef:
-               ifdef_directive(0);
-               break;
-       case TP_ifndef:
-               ifdef_directive(1);
-               break;
-       case TP_endif:
-               endif_directive();
-               break;
+       assert(pp_token.kind == T_IDENTIFIER);
+       switch (pp_token.base.symbol->pp_ID) {
        case TP_line:
                next_pp_token();
                parse_line_directive();
                break;
-       case TP_if:
-       case TP_else:
-       case TP_elif:
-       case TP_undef:
-       case TP_error:
-               error_directive();
-               break;
        case TP_pragma:
-               warningf(lexer_token.source_position, "encountered unknown #pragma");
-               eat_until_newline();
+               parse_pragma();
+               break;
+       case TP_error:
+               /* TODO; output the rest of the line */
+               parse_error("#error directive");
                break;
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Parse a preprocessor directive.
+ */
 static void parse_preprocessor_directive(void)
 {
        next_pp_token();
 
-       switch(pp_token.type) {
+       switch (pp_token.kind) {
        case T_IDENTIFIER:
                parse_preprocessor_identifier();
                break;
        case T_INTEGER:
                parse_line_directive();
                break;
+       case '\n':
+               /* NULL directive, see §6.10.7 */
+               break;
        default:
                parse_error("invalid preprocessor directive");
                eat_until_newline();
@@ -1055,82 +1049,84 @@ static void parse_preprocessor_directive(void)
 
 #define MAYBE_PROLOG                                       \
                        next_char();                                   \
-                       while(1) {                                     \
-                               switch(c) {
+                       while (true) {                                 \
+                               switch (c) {
 
 #define MAYBE(ch, set_type)                                \
                                case ch:                                   \
                                        next_char();                           \
-                                       lexer_token.type = set_type;           \
+                                       lexer_token.kind = set_type;           \
                                        return;
 
+/* must use this as last thing */
+#define MAYBE_MODE(ch, set_type, mode)                     \
+                               case ch:                                   \
+                                       if (c_mode & mode) {                   \
+                                               next_char();                       \
+                                               lexer_token.kind = set_type;       \
+                                               return;                            \
+                                       }                                      \
+                                       /* fallthrough */
+
 #define ELSE_CODE(code)                                    \
                                default:                                   \
-                                       code;                                  \
+                                       code                                   \
+                                       return;                                \
                                }                                          \
-                       } /* end of while(1) */                        \
-                       break;
+                       } /* end of while (true) */                    \
 
 #define ELSE(set_type)                                     \
                ELSE_CODE(                                         \
-                       lexer_token.type = set_type;                   \
-                       return;                                        \
+                       lexer_token.kind = set_type;                   \
                )
 
 void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
 {
-       while(1) {
-               switch(c) {
+       while (true) {
+               lexer_token.base.source_position = lexer_pos;
+               lexer_token.base.symbol          = NULL;
+
+               switch (c) {
                case ' ':
                case '\t':
                        next_char();
                        break;
 
-               MATCH_NEWLINE(
-                       lexer_token.type = '\n';
+               case NEWLINE:
+                       lexer_token.kind = '\n';
                        return;
-               )
 
-               SYMBOL_CHARS
+               SYMBOL_CHARS {
                        parse_symbol();
                        /* might be a wide string ( L"string" ) */
-                       if(lexer_token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
-                           lexer_token.v.symbol == symbol_L) {
-                           if(c == '"') {
-                                       parse_wide_string_literal();
-                               } else if(c == '\'') {
-                                       parse_wide_character_constant();
+                       string_encoding_t const enc = STRING_ENCODING_WIDE;
+                       if (lexer_token.base.symbol == symbol_L) {
+                               switch (c) {
+                               case '"':  parse_string_literal(enc);     break;
+                               case '\'': parse_character_constant(enc); break;
                                }
                        }
                        return;
+               }
 
                DIGITS
                        parse_number();
                        return;
 
                case '"':
-                       parse_string_literal();
+                       parse_string_literal(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
                        return;
 
                case '\'':
-                       parse_character_constant();
+                       parse_character_constant(STRING_ENCODING_CHAR);
                        return;
 
                case '.':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                               case '0':
-                               case '1':
-                               case '2':
-                               case '3':
-                               case '4':
-                               case '5':
-                               case '6':
-                               case '7':
-                               case '8':
-                               case '9':
+                               DIGITS
                                        put_back(c);
                                        c = '.';
-                                       parse_number_dec();
+                                       parse_number();
                                        return;
 
                                case '.':
@@ -1139,8 +1135,7 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
                                        ELSE_CODE(
                                                put_back(c);
                                                c = '.';
-                                               lexer_token.type = '.';
-                                               return;
+                                               lexer_token.kind = '.';
                                        )
                        ELSE('.')
                case '&':
@@ -1183,25 +1178,24 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
                        ELSE('/')
                case '%':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE('>', T_PERCENTGREATER)
+                       MAYBE('>', '}')
                        MAYBE('=', T_PERCENTEQUAL)
                                case ':':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                                                case '%':
                                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                                                       MAYBE(':', T_PERCENTCOLONPERCENTCOLON)
+                                                       MAYBE(':', T_HASHHASH)
                                                        ELSE_CODE(
                                                                put_back(c);
                                                                c = '%';
-                                                               lexer_token.type = T_PERCENTCOLON;
-                                                               return;
+                                                               lexer_token.kind = '#';
                                                        )
-                                       ELSE(T_PERCENTCOLON)
+                                       ELSE('#')
                        ELSE('%')
                case '<':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE(':', T_LESSCOLON)
-                       MAYBE('%', T_LESSPERCENT)
+                       MAYBE(':', '[')
+                       MAYBE('%', '{')
                        MAYBE('=', T_LESSEQUAL)
                                case '<':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
@@ -1227,7 +1221,8 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
                        ELSE('|')
                case ':':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE('>', T_COLONGREATER)
+                       MAYBE('>', ']')
+                       MAYBE_MODE(':', T_COLONCOLON, _CXX)
                        ELSE(':')
                case '=':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
@@ -1238,6 +1233,17 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
                        MAYBE('#', T_HASHHASH)
                        ELSE('#')
 
+               case '\\':
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == 'U' || c == 'u') {
+                               put_back(c);
+                               c = '\\';
+                               parse_symbol();
+                       } else {
+                               lexer_token.kind = '\\';
+                       }
+                       return;
+
                case '?':
                case '[':
                case ']':
@@ -1248,21 +1254,19 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
                case '~':
                case ';':
                case ',':
-               case '\\':
-                       lexer_token.type = c;
+                       lexer_token.kind = c;
                        next_char();
                        return;
 
                case EOF:
-                       lexer_token.type = T_EOF;
+                       lexer_token.kind = T_EOF;
                        return;
 
                default:
+dollar_sign:
+                       errorf(&lexer_pos, "unknown character '%c' found", c);
                        next_char();
-                       error_prefix();
-                       fprintf(stderr, "unknown character '%c' found\n", c);
-                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
-                       return;
+                       break;
                }
        }
 }
@@ -1270,15 +1274,13 @@ void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
 void lexer_next_token(void)
 {
        lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
-       if(lexer_token.type != '\n')
-               return;
 
+       while (lexer_token.kind == '\n') {
 newline_found:
-       do {
                lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
-       } while(lexer_token.type == '\n');
+       }
 
-       if(lexer_token.type == '#') {
+       if (lexer_token.kind == '#') {
                parse_preprocessor_directive();
                goto newline_found;
        }
@@ -1287,15 +1289,25 @@ newline_found:
 void init_lexer(void)
 {
        strset_init(&stringset);
+       symbol_L = symbol_table_insert("L");
+}
+
+static void input_error(unsigned delta_lines, unsigned delta_cols,
+                        const char *message)
+{
+       lexer_pos.lineno += delta_lines;
+       lexer_pos.colno  += delta_cols;
+       errorf(&lexer_pos, "%s", message);
 }
 
-void lexer_open_stream(FILE *stream, const char *input_name)
+void lexer_switch_input(input_t *new_input, const char *input_name)
 {
-       input                                  = stream;
-       lexer_token.source_position.linenr     = 0;
-       lexer_token.source_position.input_name = input_name;
+       lexer_pos.lineno     = 0;
+       lexer_pos.colno      = 0;
+       lexer_pos.input_name = input_name;
 
-       symbol_L = symbol_table_insert("L");
+       set_input_error_callback(input_error);
+       input  = new_input;
        bufpos = NULL;
        bufend = NULL;
 
@@ -1312,7 +1324,7 @@ void exit_lexer(void)
 static __attribute__((unused))
 void dbg_pos(const source_position_t source_position)
 {
-       fprintf(stdout, "%s:%u\n", source_position.input_name,
-               source_position.linenr);
+       fprintf(stdout, "%s:%u:%u\n", source_position.input_name,
+               source_position.lineno, (unsigned)source_position.colno);
        fflush(stdout);
 }