Feature: Show the column number in diagnostic messages.
[cparser] / lexer.c
diff --git a/lexer.c b/lexer.c
index 7e3ee4b..363149f 100644 (file)
--- a/lexer.c
+++ b/lexer.c
+/*
+ * This file is part of cparser.
+ * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
+ * 02111-1307, USA.
+ */
 #include <config.h>
 
-#include "lexer_t.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+#include "lexer.h"
+#include "symbol_t.h"
 #include "token_t.h"
 #include "symbol_table_t.h"
 #include "adt/error.h"
+#include "adt/strset.h"
+#include "adt/util.h"
+#include "types.h"
+#include "type_t.h"
+#include "target_architecture.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "warning.h"
+#include "lang_features.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <strings.h>
+#endif
+
 //#define DEBUG_CHARS
-#define MAX_PUTBACK 2
+#define MAX_PUTBACK 3
+#define BUF_SIZE    1024
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+/* No strtold on windows and no replacement yet */
+#define strtold(s, e) strtod(s, e)
+#endif
 
-static
-void error_prefix_at(lexer_t *this, const char *input_name, unsigned linenr)
+static utf32             c;
+static source_position_t lexer_pos;
+token_t                  lexer_token;
+symbol_t                *symbol_L;
+static FILE             *input;
+static utf32             buf[BUF_SIZE + MAX_PUTBACK];
+static const utf32      *bufend;
+static const utf32      *bufpos;
+static strset_t          stringset;
+bool                     allow_dollar_in_symbol = true;
+
+/**
+ * Prints a parse error message at the current token.
+ *
+ * @param msg   the error message
+ */
+static void parse_error(const char *msg)
 {
-       (void) this;
-       fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Error: ", input_name, linenr);
+       errorf(&lexer_pos, "%s", msg);
 }
 
-static
-void error_prefix(lexer_t *this)
+/**
+ * Prints an internal error message at the current token.
+ *
+ * @param msg   the error message
+ */
+static NORETURN internal_error(const char *msg)
 {
-       error_prefix_at(this, this->source_position.input_name,
-                       this->source_position.linenr);
+       internal_errorf(&lexer_pos, "%s", msg);
 }
 
-static
-void parse_error(lexer_t *this, const char *msg)
+static size_t read_block(unsigned char *const read_buf, size_t const n)
 {
-       error_prefix(this);
-       fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+       size_t const s = fread(read_buf, 1, n, input);
+       if (s == 0) {
+               /* on OS/X ferror appears to return true on eof as well when running
+                * the application in gdb... */
+               if (!feof(input) && ferror(input))
+                       parse_error("read from input failed");
+               buf[MAX_PUTBACK] = EOF;
+               bufpos           = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+               bufend           = buf + MAX_PUTBACK + 1;
+       }
+       return s;
 }
 
-static inline
-void next_char(lexer_t *this)
+static void decode_iso_8859_1(void)
 {
-       this->bufpos++;
-       if(this->bufpos >= this->bufend) {
-               size_t s = fread(this->buf + MAX_PUTBACK, 1,
-                                sizeof(this->buf) - MAX_PUTBACK, this->input);
-               if(s == 0) {
-                       this->c = EOF;
+       unsigned char read_buf[BUF_SIZE];
+       size_t const s = read_block(read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+       if (s == 0)
+               return;
+
+       unsigned char const *src = read_buf;
+       unsigned char const *end = read_buf + s;
+       utf32               *dst = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       while (src != end)
+               *dst++ = *src++;
+
+       bufpos = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       bufend = dst;
+}
+
+static void decode_iso_8859_15(void)
+{
+       unsigned char read_buf[BUF_SIZE];
+       size_t const s = read_block(read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+       if (s == 0)
+               return;
+
+       unsigned char const *src = read_buf;
+       unsigned char const *end = read_buf + s;
+       utf32               *dst = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       while (src != end) {
+               utf32 tc = *src++;
+               switch (tc) {
+                       case 0xA4: tc = 0x20AC; break; // €
+                       case 0xA6: tc = 0x0160; break; // Š
+                       case 0xA8: tc = 0x0161; break; // š
+                       case 0xB4: tc = 0x017D; break; // Ž
+                       case 0xB8: tc = 0x017E; break; // ž
+                       case 0xBC: tc = 0x0152; break; // Œ
+                       case 0xBD: tc = 0x0153; break; // œ
+                       case 0xBE: tc = 0x0178; break; // Ÿ
+               }
+               *dst++ = tc;
+       }
+
+       bufpos = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       bufend = dst;
+}
+
+static void decode_utf8(void)
+{
+       static utf32  part_decoded_min_code;
+       static utf32  part_decoded_char;
+       static size_t part_decoded_rest_len;
+
+       do {
+               unsigned char read_buf[BUF_SIZE];
+               size_t const s = read_block(read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+               if (s == 0) {
+                       if (part_decoded_rest_len > 0)
+                               parse_error("incomplete input char at end of input");
                        return;
                }
-               this->bufpos = this->buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
-               this->bufend = this->buf + MAX_PUTBACK + s;
+
+               unsigned char const *src = read_buf;
+               unsigned char const *end = read_buf + s;
+               utf32               *dst = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+               utf32                decoded;
+               utf32                min_code;
+
+               if (part_decoded_rest_len != 0) {
+                       min_code              = part_decoded_min_code;
+                       decoded               = part_decoded_char;
+                       size_t const rest_len = part_decoded_rest_len;
+                       part_decoded_rest_len = 0;
+                       switch (rest_len) {
+                               case 4:  goto realign;
+                               case 3:  goto three_more;
+                               case 2:  goto two_more;
+                               default: goto one_more;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               while (src != end) {
+                       if ((*src & 0x80) == 0) {
+                               decoded = *src++;
+                       } else if ((*src & 0xE0) == 0xC0) {
+                               min_code = 0x80;
+                               decoded  = *src++ & 0x1F;
+one_more:
+                               if (src == end) {
+                                       part_decoded_min_code = min_code;
+                                       part_decoded_char     = decoded;
+                                       part_decoded_rest_len = 1;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if ((*src & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                                       decoded = (decoded << 6) | (*src++ & 0x3F);
+                               } else {
+                                       goto invalid_char;
+                               }
+                               if (decoded < min_code                      ||
+                                               decoded > 0x10FFFF                      ||
+                                               (0xD800 <= decoded && decoded < 0xE000) || // high/low surrogates
+                                               (0xFDD0 <= decoded && decoded < 0xFDF0) || // noncharacters
+                                               (decoded & 0xFFFE) == 0xFFFE) {            // noncharacters
+                                       parse_error("invalid byte sequence in input");
+                               }
+                       } else if ((*src & 0xF0) == 0xE0) {
+                               min_code = 0x800;
+                               decoded  = *src++ & 0x0F;
+two_more:
+                               if (src == end) {
+                                       part_decoded_min_code = min_code;
+                                       part_decoded_char     = decoded;
+                                       part_decoded_rest_len = 2;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if ((*src & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                                       decoded = (decoded << 6) | (*src++ & 0x3F);
+                               } else {
+                                       goto invalid_char;
+                               }
+                               goto one_more;
+                       } else if ((*src & 0xF8) == 0xF0) {
+                               min_code = 0x10000;
+                               decoded  = *src++ & 0x07;
+three_more:
+                               if (src == end) {
+                                       part_decoded_min_code = min_code;
+                                       part_decoded_char     = decoded;
+                                       part_decoded_rest_len = 3;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if ((*src & 0xC0) == 0x80) {
+                                       decoded = (decoded << 6) | (*src++ & 0x3F);
+                               } else {
+                                       goto invalid_char;
+                               }
+                               goto two_more;
+                       } else {
+invalid_char:
+                               parse_error("invalid byte sequence in input");
+realign:
+                               do {
+                                       ++src;
+                                       if (src == end) {
+                                               part_decoded_rest_len = 4;
+                                               break;
+                                       }
+                               } while ((*src & 0xC0) == 0x80 || (*src & 0xF8) == 0xF8);
+                               continue;
+                       }
+                       *dst++ = decoded;
+               }
+
+               bufpos = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+               bufend = dst;
+       } while (bufpos == bufend);
+}
+
+static void decode_windows_1252(void)
+{
+       unsigned char read_buf[BUF_SIZE];
+       size_t const s = read_block(read_buf, sizeof(read_buf));
+       if (s == 0)
+               return;
+
+       unsigned char const *src = read_buf;
+       unsigned char const *end = read_buf + s;
+       utf32               *dst = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       while (src != end) {
+               utf32 tc = *src++;
+               switch (tc) {
+                       case 0x80: tc = 0x20AC; break; // €
+                       case 0x82: tc = 0x201A; break; // ‚
+                       case 0x83: tc = 0x0192; break; // ƒ
+                       case 0x84: tc = 0x201E; break; // „
+                       case 0x85: tc = 0x2026; break; // …
+                       case 0x86: tc = 0x2020; break; // †
+                       case 0x87: tc = 0x2021; break; // ‡
+                       case 0x88: tc = 0x02C6; break; // ˆ
+                       case 0x89: tc = 0x2030; break; // ‰
+                       case 0x8A: tc = 0x0160; break; // Š
+                       case 0x8B: tc = 0x2039; break; // ‹
+                       case 0x8C: tc = 0x0152; break; // Œ
+                       case 0x8E: tc = 0x017D; break; // Ž
+                       case 0x91: tc = 0x2018; break; // ‘
+                       case 0x92: tc = 0x2019; break; // ’
+                       case 0x93: tc = 0x201C; break; // “
+                       case 0x94: tc = 0x201D; break; // ”
+                       case 0x95: tc = 0x2022; break; // •
+                       case 0x96: tc = 0x2013; break; // –
+                       case 0x97: tc = 0x2014; break; // —
+                       case 0x98: tc = 0x02DC; break; // ˜
+                       case 0x99: tc = 0x2122; break; // ™
+                       case 0x9A: tc = 0x0161; break; // š
+                       case 0x9B: tc = 0x203A; break; // ›
+                       case 0x9C: tc = 0x0153; break; // œ
+                       case 0x9E: tc = 0x017E; break; // ž
+                       case 0x9F: tc = 0x0178; break; // Ÿ
+               }
+               *dst++ = tc;
        }
-       this->c = *(this->bufpos);
-#ifdef DEBUG_CHARS
-       printf("nchar '%c'\n", this->c);
-#endif
+
+       bufpos = buf + MAX_PUTBACK;
+       bufend = dst;
+}
+
+typedef void (*decoder_t)(void);
+
+static decoder_t decoder = decode_utf8;
+
+typedef struct named_decoder_t {
+       char const *name;
+       decoder_t   decoder;
+} named_decoder_t;
+
+static named_decoder_t const decoders[] = {
+       { "CP819",           decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "IBM819",          decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "ISO-8859-1",      decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "ISO-8859-15",     decode_iso_8859_15  }, // offical name
+       { "ISO8859-1",       decode_iso_8859_1   },
+       { "ISO8859-15",      decode_iso_8859_15  },
+       { "ISO_8859-1",      decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "ISO_8859-15",     decode_iso_8859_15  }, // offical alias
+       { "ISO_8859-1:1987", decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical name
+       { "Latin-9",         decode_iso_8859_15  }, // offical alias
+       { "UTF-8",           decode_utf8         }, // offical name
+       { "csISOLatin1",     decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "cp1252",          decode_windows_1252 },
+       { "iso-ir-100",      decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "l1",              decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "latin1",          decode_iso_8859_1   }, // offical alias
+       { "windows-1252",    decode_windows_1252 }, // official name
+
+       { NULL,              NULL                }
+};
+
+/** strcasecmp is not part of C99 so we need our own implementation here */
+static int my_strcasecmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)
+{
+       for ( ; *s1 != 0; ++s1, ++s2) {
+               if (tolower(*s1) != tolower(*s2))
+                       break;
+       }
+       return (unsigned char)*s1 - (unsigned char)*s2;
 }
 
-static inline
-void put_back(lexer_t *this, int c)
+void select_input_encoding(char const* const encoding)
 {
-       char *p = (char*) this->bufpos - 1;
-       this->bufpos--;
-       assert(p >= this->buf);
-       *p = c;
+       for (named_decoder_t const *i = decoders; i->name != NULL; ++i) {
+               if (my_strcasecmp(encoding, i->name) != 0)
+                       continue;
+               decoder = i->decoder;
+               return;
+       }
+       fprintf(stderr, "error: input encoding \"%s\" not supported\n", encoding);
+}
+
+static inline void next_real_char(void)
+{
+       assert(bufpos <= bufend);
+       if (bufpos >= bufend) {
+               if (input == NULL) {
+                       c = EOF;
+                       return;
+               }
+               decoder();
+       }
+       c = *bufpos++;
+       ++lexer_pos.colno;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Put a character back into the buffer.
+ *
+ * @param pc  the character to put back
+ */
+static inline void put_back(utf32 const pc)
+{
+       assert(bufpos > buf);
+       *(--bufpos - buf + buf) = pc;
+       --lexer_pos.colno;
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_CHARS
-       printf("putback '%c'\n", c);
+       printf("putback '%lc'\n", pc);
 #endif
 }
 
-static
-int replace_trigraph(lexer_t *this)
-{
-#define MATCH_TRIGRAPH(ch,replacement)           \
-       case ch:                                     \
-               this->c = replacement;                   \
-               return 1;
-
-       switch(this->c) {
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('=', '#')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('(', '[')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('/', '\\')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH(')', ']')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('\'', '^')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('<', '{')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('!', '|')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('>', '}')
-       MATCH_TRIGRAPH('-', '~')
+static inline void next_char(void);
+
+#define MATCH_NEWLINE(code)  \
+       case '\r':               \
+               next_char();         \
+               if (c == '\n') {     \
+       case '\n':               \
+                       next_char();     \
+               }                    \
+               lexer_pos.lineno++;  \
+               lexer_pos.colno = 1; \
+               code
+
+#define eat(c_type)  do { assert(c == c_type); next_char(); } while (0)
+
+static void maybe_concat_lines(void)
+{
+       eat('\\');
+
+       switch (c) {
+       MATCH_NEWLINE(return;)
+
        default:
                break;
        }
 
-       return 0;
+       put_back(c);
+       c = '\\';
 }
 
-static
-void parse_symbol(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Set c to the next input character, ie.
+ * after expanding trigraphs.
+ */
+static inline void next_char(void)
 {
-       symbol_t *symbol;
-       char     *string;
+       next_real_char();
 
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, this->c);
-       next_char(this);
+       /* filter trigraphs */
+       if (UNLIKELY(c == '\\')) {
+               maybe_concat_lines();
+               goto end_of_next_char;
+       }
 
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
-               case '\\':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '\n') {
-                               next_char(this);
-                               this->source_position.linenr++;
-                               break;
-                       }
+       if (LIKELY(c != '?'))
+               goto end_of_next_char;
 
-               case 'A' ... 'Z':
-               case 'a' ... 'z':
-               case '_':
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, this->c);
-                       next_char(this);
-                       break;
+       next_real_char();
+       if (LIKELY(c != '?')) {
+               put_back(c);
+               c = '?';
+               goto end_of_next_char;
+       }
 
-               case '?':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c != '?') {
-                               put_back(this, this->c);
-                               this->c = '?';
-                               goto end_symbol;
-                       }
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(replace_trigraph(this))
-                               break;
-                       put_back(this, '?');
-                       put_back(this, this->c);
-                       this->c = '?';
-                       goto end_symbol;
+       next_real_char();
+       switch (c) {
+       case '=': c = '#'; break;
+       case '(': c = '['; break;
+       case '/': c = '\\'; maybe_concat_lines(); break;
+       case ')': c = ']'; break;
+       case '\'': c = '^'; break;
+       case '<': c = '{'; break;
+       case '!': c = '|'; break;
+       case '>': c = '}'; break;
+       case '-': c = '~'; break;
+       default:
+               put_back(c);
+               put_back('?');
+               c = '?';
+               break;
+       }
+
+end_of_next_char:;
+#ifdef DEBUG_CHARS
+       printf("nchar '%c'\n", c);
+#endif
+}
+
+#define SYMBOL_CHARS  \
+       case '$': if (!allow_dollar_in_symbol) goto dollar_sign; \
+       case 'a':         \
+       case 'b':         \
+       case 'c':         \
+       case 'd':         \
+       case 'e':         \
+       case 'f':         \
+       case 'g':         \
+       case 'h':         \
+       case 'i':         \
+       case 'j':         \
+       case 'k':         \
+       case 'l':         \
+       case 'm':         \
+       case 'n':         \
+       case 'o':         \
+       case 'p':         \
+       case 'q':         \
+       case 'r':         \
+       case 's':         \
+       case 't':         \
+       case 'u':         \
+       case 'v':         \
+       case 'w':         \
+       case 'x':         \
+       case 'y':         \
+       case 'z':         \
+       case 'A':         \
+       case 'B':         \
+       case 'C':         \
+       case 'D':         \
+       case 'E':         \
+       case 'F':         \
+       case 'G':         \
+       case 'H':         \
+       case 'I':         \
+       case 'J':         \
+       case 'K':         \
+       case 'L':         \
+       case 'M':         \
+       case 'N':         \
+       case 'O':         \
+       case 'P':         \
+       case 'Q':         \
+       case 'R':         \
+       case 'S':         \
+       case 'T':         \
+       case 'U':         \
+       case 'V':         \
+       case 'W':         \
+       case 'X':         \
+       case 'Y':         \
+       case 'Z':         \
+       case '_':
+
+#define DIGITS        \
+       case '0':         \
+       case '1':         \
+       case '2':         \
+       case '3':         \
+       case '4':         \
+       case '5':         \
+       case '6':         \
+       case '7':         \
+       case '8':         \
+       case '9':
+
+/**
+ * Read a symbol from the input and build
+ * the lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_symbol(void)
+{
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+       next_char();
+
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               DIGITS
+               SYMBOL_CHARS
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
 
                default:
+dollar_sign:
                        goto end_symbol;
                }
        }
+
 end_symbol:
        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
 
-       string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-       symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
+       char     *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
 
-       if(symbol->ID > 0) {
-               token->type = symbol->ID;
-       } else {
-               token->type = T_IDENTIFIER;
-       }
-       token->v.symbol = symbol;
+       lexer_token.type   = symbol->ID;
+       lexer_token.symbol = symbol;
 
-       if(symbol->string != string) {
+       if (symbol->string != string) {
                obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
        }
 }
 
-#if 0
-static
-preprocessor_token_type_t parse_pp_symbol(lexer_t *this)
+/**
+ * parse suffixes like 'LU' or 'f' after numbers
+ */
+static void parse_number_suffix(void)
 {
-       do {
-               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, this->c);
-               next_char(this);
-       } while(is_ident_char(this->c));
-       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               SYMBOL_CHARS
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
+               default:
+               dollar_sign:
+                       goto finish_suffix;
+               }
+       }
+finish_suffix:
+       if (obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0) {
+               lexer_token.symbol = NULL;
+               return;
+       }
 
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
        char     *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-       symbol_t *symbol = preprocessor_symbol_table_find(string);
-       obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-
-       if(symbol == 0)
-               return TP_ERROR;
+       symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(string);
 
-       return symbol->ID;
+       if (symbol->string != string) {
+               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
+       }
+       lexer_token.symbol = symbol;
 }
+
+static string_t identify_string(char *string, size_t len)
+{
+       /* TODO hash */
+#if 0
+       const char *result = strset_insert(&stringset, concat);
+       if (result != concat) {
+               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, concat);
+       }
+#else
+       const char *result = string;
 #endif
+       return (string_t) {result, len};
+}
 
-static
-void parse_number_hex(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Parses a hex number including hex floats and set the
+ * lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_number_hex(void)
 {
-       assert(this->c == 'x' || this->c == 'X');
-       next_char(this);
+       bool is_float   = false;
+       bool has_digits = false;
+
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+       while (isxdigit(c)) {
+               has_digits = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+               next_char();
+       }
 
-       if (!isdigit(this->c) &&
-               !('A' <= this->c && this->c <= 'F') &&
-               !('a' <= this->c && this->c <= 'f')) {
-               parse_error(this, "premature end of hex number literal");
-               token->type = T_ERROR;
-               return;
+       if (c == '.') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+               next_char();
+
+               while (isxdigit(c)) {
+                       has_digits = true;
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+               }
        }
+       if (c == 'p' || c == 'P') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+               next_char();
+
+               if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+               }
 
-       int value = 0;
-       for(;;) {
-               if (isdigit(this->c)) {
-                       value = 16 * value + this->c - '0';
-               } else if ('A' <= this->c && this->c <= 'F') {
-                       value = 16 * value + this->c - 'A' + 10;
-               } else if ('a' <= this->c && this->c <= 'f') {
-                       value = 16 * value + this->c - 'a' + 10;
-               } else {
-                       token->type     = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = value;
-                       return;
+               while (isxdigit(c)) {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
                }
-               next_char(this);
+       } else if (is_float) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.source_position,
+                      "hexadecimal floatingpoint constant requires an exponent");
        }
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+
+       size_t  size   = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
+       char   *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       lexer_token.literal = identify_string(string, size);
+
+       lexer_token.type    =
+               is_float ? T_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL : T_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL;
+
+       if (!has_digits) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "invalid number literal '0x%S'",
+                      &lexer_token.literal);
+               lexer_token.literal.begin = "0";
+               lexer_token.literal.size  = 1;
+       }
+
+       parse_number_suffix();
 }
 
-static
-void parse_number_oct(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Returns true if the given char is a octal digit.
+ *
+ * @param char  the character to check
+ */
+static bool is_octal_digit(utf32 chr)
 {
-       assert(this->c == 'o' || this->c == 'O');
-       next_char(this);
+       switch (chr) {
+       case '0':
+       case '1':
+       case '2':
+       case '3':
+       case '4':
+       case '5':
+       case '6':
+       case '7':
+               return true;
+       default:
+               return false;
+       }
+}
 
-       int value = 0;
-       for(;;) {
-               if ('0' <= this->c && this->c <= '7') {
-                       value = 8 * value + this->c - '0';
-               } else {
-                       token->type     = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = value;
+/**
+ * Parses a number and sets the lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_number(void)
+{
+       bool is_float   = false;
+       bool has_digits = false;
+
+       assert(obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) == 0);
+       if (c == '0') {
+               next_char();
+               if (c == 'x' || c == 'X') {
+                       next_char();
+                       parse_number_hex();
                        return;
+               } else {
+                       has_digits = true;
                }
-               next_char(this);
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '0');
        }
-}
 
-static
-void parse_number_dec(lexer_t *this, token_t *token, int first_char)
-{
-       int value = 0;
-       if(first_char > 0) {
-               assert(first_char >= '0' && first_char <= '9');
-               value = first_char - '0';
+       while (isdigit(c)) {
+               has_digits = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+               next_char();
        }
 
-       for(;;) {
-               if (isdigit(this->c)) {
-                       value = 10 * value + this->c - '0';
-               } else {
-                       token->type     = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = value;
-                       return;
+       if (c == '.') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '.');
+               next_char();
+
+               while (isdigit(c)) {
+                       has_digits = true;
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
                }
-               next_char(this);
        }
-}
+       if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
+               is_float = true;
+               obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, 'e');
+               next_char();
+
+               if (c == '-' || c == '+') {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+               }
 
-static
-void parse_number(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
-{
-       // TODO check for overflow
-       // TODO check for various invalid inputs sequences
+               while (isdigit(c)) {
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, (char) c);
+                       next_char();
+               }
+       }
 
-       if (this->c == '0') {
-               next_char(this);
-               switch (this->c) {
-                       case 'X':
-                       case 'x': parse_number_hex(this, token); break;
-                       case 'o':
-                       case 'O': parse_number_oct(this, token); break;
-                       default:  parse_number_dec(this, token, '0');
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       size_t  size   = obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
+       char   *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+       lexer_token.literal = identify_string(string, size);
+
+       /* is it an octal number? */
+       if (is_float) {
+               lexer_token.type = T_FLOATINGPOINT;
+       } else if (string[0] == '0') {
+               lexer_token.type = T_INTEGER_OCTAL;
+
+               /* check for invalid octal digits */
+               for (size_t i= 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                       char t = string[i];
+                       if (t >= '8')
+                               errorf(&lexer_token.source_position,
+                                      "invalid digit '%c' in octal number", t);
                }
        } else {
-               parse_number_dec(this, token, 0);
+               lexer_token.type = T_INTEGER;
+       }
+
+       if (!has_digits) {
+               errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "invalid number literal '%S'",
+                      &lexer_token.literal);
        }
+
+       parse_number_suffix();
 }
 
-static
-int parse_escape_sequence(lexer_t *this)
+/**
+ * Returns the value of a digit.
+ * The only portable way to do it ...
+ */
+static int digit_value(utf32 const digit)
 {
-       int c = this->c;
-       next_char(this);
+       switch (digit) {
+       case '0': return 0;
+       case '1': return 1;
+       case '2': return 2;
+       case '3': return 3;
+       case '4': return 4;
+       case '5': return 5;
+       case '6': return 6;
+       case '7': return 7;
+       case '8': return 8;
+       case '9': return 9;
+       case 'a':
+       case 'A': return 10;
+       case 'b':
+       case 'B': return 11;
+       case 'c':
+       case 'C': return 12;
+       case 'd':
+       case 'D': return 13;
+       case 'e':
+       case 'E': return 14;
+       case 'f':
+       case 'F': return 15;
+       default:
+               internal_error("wrong character given");
+       }
+}
 
-       switch(c) {
-       case '"': return '"';
-       case '\'': return'\'';
-       case '\\':
-               if(this->c == '\n') {
-                       this->source_position.linenr++;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       return parse_escape_sequence(this);
-               }
-               return '\\';
+/**
+ * Parses an octal character sequence.
+ *
+ * @param first_digit  the already read first digit
+ */
+static utf32 parse_octal_sequence(utf32 const first_digit)
+{
+       assert(is_octal_digit(first_digit));
+       utf32 value = digit_value(first_digit);
+       if (!is_octal_digit(c)) return value;
+       value = 8 * value + digit_value(c);
+       next_char();
+       if (!is_octal_digit(c)) return value;
+       value = 8 * value + digit_value(c);
+       next_char();
+       return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parses a hex character sequence.
+ */
+static utf32 parse_hex_sequence(void)
+{
+       utf32 value = 0;
+       while (isxdigit(c)) {
+               value = 16 * value + digit_value(c);
+               next_char();
+       }
+       return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse an escape sequence.
+ */
+static utf32 parse_escape_sequence(void)
+{
+       eat('\\');
+
+       utf32 const ec = c;
+       next_char();
+
+       switch (ec) {
+       case '"':  return '"';
+       case '\'': return '\'';
+       case '\\': return '\\';
+       case '?': return '\?';
        case 'a': return '\a';
        case 'b': return '\b';
        case 'f': return '\f';
@@ -290,92 +874,114 @@ int parse_escape_sequence(lexer_t *this)
        case 'r': return '\r';
        case 't': return '\t';
        case 'v': return '\v';
-       case 'x': /* TODO parse hex number ... */
-               parse_error(this, "hex escape sequences not implemented yet");
-               return EOF;
-       case 0 ... 8: /* TODO parse octal number ... */
-               parse_error(this, "octal escape sequences not implemented yet");
-               return EOF;
-       case '?':
-               if(this->c != '?') {
-                       return '?';
-               }
-               /* might be a trigraph */
-               next_char(this);
-               if(replace_trigraph(this)) {
-                       return parse_escape_sequence(this);
-               }
-               put_back(this, this->c);
-               this->c = '?';
-               return '?';
-
+       case 'x':
+               return parse_hex_sequence();
+       case '0':
+       case '1':
+       case '2':
+       case '3':
+       case '4':
+       case '5':
+       case '6':
+       case '7':
+               return parse_octal_sequence(ec);
        case EOF:
-               parse_error(this, "reached end of file while parsing escape sequence");
+               parse_error("reached end of file while parsing escape sequence");
                return EOF;
-       default:
-               parse_error(this, "unknown escape sequence\n");
+       /* \E is not documented, but handled, by GCC.  It is acceptable according
+        * to §6.11.4, whereas \e is not. */
+       case 'E':
+       case 'e':
+               if (c_mode & _GNUC)
+                       return 27;   /* hopefully 27 is ALWAYS the code for ESCAPE */
+               break;
+       case 'u':
+       case 'U':
+               parse_error("universal character parsing not implemented yet");
                return EOF;
+       default:
+               break;
        }
+       /* §6.4.4.4:8 footnote 64 */
+       parse_error("unknown escape sequence");
+       return EOF;
 }
 
-#define SKIP_TRIGRAPHS(no_trigraph_code)       \
-       case '?':                                  \
-               next_char(this);                       \
-               if(this->c != '?') {                   \
-                       put_back(this, this->c);           \
-                       this->c = '?';                     \
-                       no_trigraph_code;                  \
-               }                                      \
-               next_char(this);                       \
-               if(replace_trigraph(this))             \
-                       break;                             \
-               put_back(this, '?');                   \
-               put_back(this, this->c);               \
-               this->c = '?';                         \
-               no_trigraph_code;                      \
-
-static
-void parse_string_literal(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
-{
-       unsigned    start_linenr = this->source_position.linenr;
-       char       *string;
-       const char *result;
-
-       assert(this->c == '"');
-       next_char(this);
-
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
-               SKIP_TRIGRAPHS(
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '?');
-                       break;
-               )
+/**
+ * Concatenate two strings.
+ */
+string_t concat_strings(const string_t *const s1, const string_t *const s2)
+{
+       const size_t len1 = s1->size - 1;
+       const size_t len2 = s2->size - 1;
 
-               case '\\':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '\n') {
-                               next_char(this);
-                               this->source_position.linenr++;
-                               break;
+       char *const concat = obstack_alloc(&symbol_obstack, len1 + len2 + 1);
+       memcpy(concat, s1->begin, len1);
+       memcpy(concat + len1, s2->begin, len2 + 1);
+
+       return identify_string(concat, len1 + len2 + 1);
+}
+
+string_t make_string(const char *string)
+{
+       size_t      len   = strlen(string) + 1;
+       char *const space = obstack_alloc(&symbol_obstack, len);
+       memcpy(space, string, len);
+
+       return identify_string(space, len);
+}
+
+static void grow_symbol(utf32 const tc)
+{
+       struct obstack *const o  = &symbol_obstack;
+       if (tc < 0x80U) {
+               obstack_1grow(o, tc);
+       } else if (tc < 0x800) {
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0xC0 | (tc >> 6));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | (tc & 0x3F));
+       } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0xE0 | ( tc >> 12));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F));
+       } else {
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0xF0 | ( tc >> 18));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F));
+               obstack_1grow(o, 0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F));
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a string literal and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_string_literal(void)
+{
+       eat('"');
+
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '\\': {
+                       utf32 const tc = parse_escape_sequence();
+                       if (tc >= 0x100) {
+                               warningf(&lexer_pos, "escape sequence out of range");
                        }
-                       int c = parse_escape_sequence(this);
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, c);
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, tc);
                        break;
+               }
 
-               case EOF:
-                       error_prefix_at(this, this->source_position.input_name,
-                                       start_linenr);
-                       fprintf(stderr, "string has no end\n");
-                       token->type = T_ERROR;
+               case EOF: {
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "string has no end");
+                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
                        return;
+               }
 
                case '"':
-                       next_char(this);
+                       next_char();
                        goto end_of_string;
 
                default:
-                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, this->c);
-                       next_char(this);
+                       grow_symbol(c);
+                       next_char();
                        break;
                }
        }
@@ -386,273 +992,501 @@ end_of_string:
 
        /* add finishing 0 to the string */
        obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
-       string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
-
-       /* check if there is already a copy of the string */
-       result = strset_insert(&this->stringset, string);
-       if(result != string) {
-               obstack_free(&symbol_obstack, string);
-       }
+       const size_t  size   = (size_t)obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack);
+       char         *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
 
-       token->type     = T_STRING_LITERAL;
-       token->v.string = result;
+       lexer_token.type    = T_STRING_LITERAL;
+       lexer_token.literal = identify_string(string, size);
 }
 
-static
-void parse_character_constant(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Parse a wide character constant and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_wide_character_constant(void)
 {
-       assert(this->c == '\'');
-       next_char(this);
+       eat('\'');
 
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
-               SKIP_TRIGRAPHS(
-                       token->type       = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = '?';
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '\\': {
+                       const utf32 tc = parse_escape_sequence();
+                       grow_symbol(tc);
+                       break;
+               }
+
+               MATCH_NEWLINE(
+                       parse_error("newline while parsing character constant");
+                       break;
                )
 
-               case '\\':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '\n') {
-                               this->source_position.linenr++;
-                               break;
+               case '\'':
+                       next_char();
+                       goto end_of_wide_char_constant;
+
+               case EOF: {
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "EOF while parsing character constant");
+                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               default:
+                       grow_symbol(c);
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
+               }
+       }
+
+end_of_wide_char_constant:;
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       size_t  size   = (size_t) obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack) - 1;
+       char   *string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+
+       lexer_token.type     = T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT;
+       lexer_token.literal  = identify_string(string, size);
+
+       if (size == 0) {
+               parse_error("empty character constant");
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a wide string literal and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_wide_string_literal(void)
+{
+       parse_string_literal();
+       if (lexer_token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL)
+               lexer_token.type = T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a character constant and set lexer_token.
+ */
+static void parse_character_constant(void)
+{
+       eat('\'');
+
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '\\': {
+                       utf32 const tc = parse_escape_sequence();
+                       if (tc >= 0x100) {
+                               warningf(&lexer_pos, "escape sequence out of range");
                        }
-                       token->type       = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = parse_escape_sequence(this);
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
+                       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, tc);
+                       break;
+               }
 
-               case '\n':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       parse_error(this, "newline while parsing character constant");
-                       this->source_position.linenr++;
+               MATCH_NEWLINE(
+                       parse_error("newline while parsing character constant");
+                       break;
+               )
+
+               case '\'':
+                       next_char();
                        goto end_of_char_constant;
 
-               case EOF:
-                       parse_error(this, "EOF while parsing character constant");
-                       token->type = T_ERROR;
+               case EOF: {
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "EOF while parsing character constant");
+                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
                        return;
+               }
 
                default:
-                       token->type       = T_INTEGER;
-                       token->v.intvalue = this->c;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       goto end_of_char_constant;
+                       grow_symbol(c);
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
+
                }
        }
 
-end_of_char_constant:
-       if(this->c != '\'') {
-               parse_error(this, "multibyte character constant");
-       } else {
-               next_char(this);
+end_of_char_constant:;
+       obstack_1grow(&symbol_obstack, '\0');
+       const size_t        size   = (size_t)obstack_object_size(&symbol_obstack)-1;
+       char         *const string = obstack_finish(&symbol_obstack);
+
+       lexer_token.type    = T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT;
+       lexer_token.literal = identify_string(string, size);
+
+       if (size == 0) {
+               parse_error("empty character constant");
        }
 }
 
-static
-void skip_multiline_comment(lexer_t *this)
+/**
+ * Skip a multiline comment.
+ */
+static void skip_multiline_comment(void)
 {
-       unsigned start_linenr = this->source_position.linenr;
-
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case '/':
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == '*') {
+                               /* nested comment, warn here */
+                               if (warning.comment) {
+                                       warningf(&lexer_pos, "'/*' within comment");
+                               }
+                       }
+                       break;
                case '*':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '/') {
-                               next_char(this);
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == '/') {
+                               next_char();
                                return;
                        }
                        break;
-               case '?':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c != '?')
-                               break;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(replace_trigraph(this))
-                               break;
-                       put_back(this, '?');
-                       /* we don't put back the 2nd ? as the comment text is discarded
-                        * anyway */
-                       break;
 
-               case '\n':
-                       this->source_position.linenr++;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       break;
-               case EOF:
-                       error_prefix_at(this, this->source_position.input_name,
-                                       start_linenr);
-                       fprintf(stderr, "at end of file while looking for comment end\n");
+               MATCH_NEWLINE(break;)
+
+               case EOF: {
+                       errorf(&lexer_token.source_position, "at end of file while looking for comment end");
                        return;
+               }
+
                default:
-                       next_char(this);
+                       next_char();
                        break;
                }
        }
 }
 
-static
-void skip_line_comment(lexer_t *this)
+/**
+ * Skip a single line comment.
+ */
+static void skip_line_comment(void)
 {
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
-               case '?':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c != '?')
-                               break;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(replace_trigraph(this))
-                               break;
-                       put_back(this, '?');
-                       /* we don't put back the 2nd ? as the comment text is discarded
-                        * anyway */
-                       break;
+       while (true) {
+               switch (c) {
+               case EOF:
+                       return;
+
+               case '\n':
+               case '\r':
+                       return;
 
                case '\\':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '\n') {
-                               next_char(this);
-                               this->source_position.linenr++;
+                       next_char();
+                       if (c == '\n' || c == '\r') {
+                               if (warning.comment)
+                                       warningf(&lexer_pos, "multi-line comment");
+                               return;
                        }
                        break;
 
-               case EOF:
-               case '\n':
-                       return;
                default:
-                       next_char(this);
+                       next_char();
                        break;
                }
        }
 }
 
-#if 0
-static
-void eat_until_newline(lexer_t *this)
+/** The current preprocessor token. */
+static token_t pp_token;
+
+/**
+ * Read the next preprocessor token.
+ */
+static inline void next_pp_token(void)
 {
-       while(this->c != '\n') {
-               next_char(this);
-       }
+       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
+       pp_token = lexer_token;
 }
-#endif
 
-#if 0
-static
-void parse_preprocessor_directive(lexer_t *this, token_t *result_token)
+/**
+ * Eat all preprocessor tokens until newline.
+ */
+static void eat_until_newline(void)
 {
-       (void) result_token;
-       /* skip whitespaces */
-       while(this->c == ' ' || this->c == '\t' || this->c == '\r') {
-               next_char(this);
+       while (pp_token.type != '\n' && pp_token.type != T_EOF) {
+               next_pp_token();
        }
 }
-#endif
 
-void preprocessor_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Handle the define directive.
+ */
+static void define_directive(void)
 {
-       /* skip whitespaces */
-       while(this->c == ' ' || this->c == '\t' || this->c == '\r') {
-               next_char(this);
+       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
+       if (lexer_token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
+               parse_error("expected identifier after #define\n");
+               eat_until_newline();
        }
+}
 
-       switch(this->c) {
-       case 'A' ... 'Z':
-       case 'a' ... 'z':
-       case '_':
-               parse_symbol(this, token);
-       }
+/**
+ * Handle the ifdef directive.
+ */
+static void ifdef_directive(int is_ifndef)
+{
+       (void) is_ifndef;
+       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
+       //expect_identifier();
+       //extect_newline();
 }
 
-void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
+/**
+ * Handle the endif directive.
+ */
+static void endif_directive(void)
 {
-       while(1) {
-               switch(this->c) {
-               case ' ':
-               case '\t':
-               case '\r':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       break;
+       //expect_newline();
+}
 
-               case '\n':
-                       this->source_position.linenr++;
-                       next_char(this);
-                       break;
+/**
+ * Parse the line directive.
+ */
+static void parse_line_directive(void)
+{
+       if (pp_token.type != T_INTEGER) {
+               parse_error("expected integer");
+       } else {
+               /* use offset -1 as this is about the next line */
+               lexer_pos.lineno = atoi(pp_token.literal.begin) - 1;
+               next_pp_token();
+       }
+       if (pp_token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
+               lexer_pos.input_name = pp_token.literal.begin;
+               next_pp_token();
+       }
 
-               case 'A' ... 'Z':
-               case 'a' ... 'z':
-               case '_':
-                       parse_symbol(this, token);
-                       return;
+       eat_until_newline();
+}
 
-               case '0' ... '9':
-                       parse_number(this, token);
-                       return;
+/**
+ * STDC pragmas.
+ */
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_kind_t {
+       STDC_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_FP_CONTRACT,
+       STDC_FENV_ACCESS,
+       STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE
+} stdc_pragma_kind_t;
+
+/**
+ * STDC pragma values.
+ */
+typedef enum stdc_pragma_value_kind_t {
+       STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN,
+       STDC_VALUE_ON,
+       STDC_VALUE_OFF,
+       STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT
+} stdc_pragma_value_kind_t;
+
+/**
+ * Parse a pragma directive.
+ */
+static void parse_pragma(void)
+{
+       bool unknown_pragma = true;
+
+       next_pp_token();
+       if (pp_token.symbol->pp_ID == TP_STDC) {
+               stdc_pragma_kind_t kind = STDC_UNKNOWN;
+               /* a STDC pragma */
+               if (c_mode & _C99) {
+                       next_pp_token();
+
+                       switch (pp_token.symbol->pp_ID) {
+                       case TP_FP_CONTRACT:
+                               kind = STDC_FP_CONTRACT;
+                               break;
+                       case TP_FENV_ACCESS:
+                               kind = STDC_FENV_ACCESS;
+                               break;
+                       case TP_CX_LIMITED_RANGE:
+                               kind = STDC_CX_LIMITED_RANGE;
+                               break;
+                       default:
+                               break;
+                       }
+                       if (kind != STDC_UNKNOWN) {
+                               stdc_pragma_value_kind_t value = STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN;
+                               next_pp_token();
+                               switch (pp_token.symbol->pp_ID) {
+                               case TP_ON:
+                                       value = STDC_VALUE_ON;
+                                       break;
+                               case TP_OFF:
+                                       value = STDC_VALUE_OFF;
+                                       break;
+                               case TP_DEFAULT:
+                                       value = STDC_VALUE_DEFAULT;
+                                       break;
+                               default:
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if (value != STDC_VALUE_UNKNOWN) {
+                                       unknown_pragma = false;
+                               } else {
+                                       errorf(&pp_token.source_position, "bad STDC pragma argument");
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       } else {
+               unknown_pragma = true;
+       }
+       eat_until_newline();
+       if (unknown_pragma && warning.unknown_pragmas) {
+               warningf(&pp_token.source_position, "encountered unknown #pragma");
+       }
+}
 
-               case '"':
-                       parse_string_literal(this, token);
-                       return;
+/**
+ * Parse a preprocessor non-null directive.
+ */
+static void parse_preprocessor_identifier(void)
+{
+       assert(pp_token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
+       symbol_t *symbol = pp_token.symbol;
 
-               case '\'':
-                       parse_character_constant(this, token);
-                       return;
+       switch (symbol->pp_ID) {
+       case TP_include:
+               printf("include - enable header name parsing!\n");
+               break;
+       case TP_define:
+               define_directive();
+               break;
+       case TP_ifdef:
+               ifdef_directive(0);
+               break;
+       case TP_ifndef:
+               ifdef_directive(1);
+               break;
+       case TP_endif:
+               endif_directive();
+               break;
+       case TP_line:
+               next_pp_token();
+               parse_line_directive();
+               break;
+       case TP_if:
+       case TP_else:
+       case TP_elif:
+       case TP_undef:
+       case TP_error:
+               /* TODO; output the rest of the line */
+               parse_error("#error directive: ");
+               break;
+       case TP_pragma:
+               parse_pragma();
+               break;
+       }
+}
 
-               case '\\':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(this->c == '\n') {
-                               next_char(this);
-                               this->source_position.linenr++;
-                               break;
-                       } else {
-                               parse_error(this, "unexpected '\\' found");
-                               token->type = T_ERROR;
-                       }
-                       return;
+/**
+ * Parse a preprocessor directive.
+ */
+static void parse_preprocessor_directive(void)
+{
+       next_pp_token();
+
+       switch (pp_token.type) {
+       case T_IDENTIFIER:
+               parse_preprocessor_identifier();
+               break;
+       case T_INTEGER:
+               parse_line_directive();
+               break;
+       case '\n':
+               /* NULL directive, see §6.10.7 */
+               break;
+       default:
+               parse_error("invalid preprocessor directive");
+               eat_until_newline();
+               break;
+       }
+}
 
 #define MAYBE_PROLOG                                       \
-                       next_char(this);                               \
-                       while(1) {                                     \
-                               switch(this->c) {
+                       next_char();                                   \
+                       while (true) {                                 \
+                               switch (c) {
 
 #define MAYBE(ch, set_type)                                \
                                case ch:                                   \
-                                       next_char(this);                       \
-                                       token->type = set_type;                \
+                                       next_char();                           \
+                                       lexer_token.type = set_type;           \
                                        return;
 
-#define ELSE_CODE(code)                                    \
-                               SKIP_TRIGRAPHS(                            \
-                                       code;                                  \
-                               )                                          \
-                                                                                                                  \
-                               case '\\':                                 \
-                                       next_char(this);                       \
-                                       if(this->c == '\n') {                  \
-                                               next_char(this);                   \
-                                               this->source_position.linenr++;    \
-                                               break;                             \
+/* must use this as last thing */
+#define MAYBE_MODE(ch, set_type, mode)                     \
+                               case ch:                                   \
+                                       if (c_mode & mode) {                   \
+                                               next_char();                       \
+                                               lexer_token.type = set_type;       \
+                                               return;                            \
                                        }                                      \
-                                       /* fallthrough */                      \
+                                       /* fallthrough */
+
+#define ELSE_CODE(code)                                    \
                                default:                                   \
-                                       code;                                  \
+                                       code                                   \
                                }                                          \
-                       } /* end of while(1) */                        \
+                       } /* end of while (true) */                    \
                        break;
 
 #define ELSE(set_type)                                     \
                ELSE_CODE(                                         \
-                       token->type = set_type;                        \
+                       lexer_token.type = set_type;                   \
                        return;                                        \
                )
 
+void lexer_next_preprocessing_token(void)
+{
+       while (true) {
+               lexer_token.source_position = lexer_pos;
+
+               switch (c) {
+               case ' ':
+               case '\t':
+                       next_char();
+                       break;
+
+               MATCH_NEWLINE(
+                       lexer_token.type = '\n';
+                       return;
+               )
+
+               SYMBOL_CHARS
+                       parse_symbol();
+                       /* might be a wide string ( L"string" ) */
+                       if (lexer_token.symbol == symbol_L) {
+                               switch (c) {
+                                       case '"':  parse_wide_string_literal();     break;
+                                       case '\'': parse_wide_character_constant(); break;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return;
+
+               DIGITS
+                       parse_number();
+                       return;
+
+               case '"':
+                       parse_string_literal();
+                       return;
+
+               case '\'':
+                       parse_character_constant();
+                       return;
+
                case '.':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
+                               DIGITS
+                                       put_back(c);
+                                       c = '.';
+                                       parse_number();
+                                       return;
+
                                case '.':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                                        MAYBE('.', T_DOTDOTDOT)
                                        ELSE_CODE(
-                                               put_back(this, this->c);
-                                               this->c = '.';
-                                               token->type = '.';
+                                               put_back(c);
+                                               c = '.';
+                                               lexer_token.type = '.';
                                                return;
                                        )
                        ELSE('.')
@@ -672,6 +1506,7 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                        ELSE('+')
                case '-':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
+                       MAYBE('>', T_MINUSGREATER)
                        MAYBE('-', T_MINUSMINUS)
                        MAYBE('=', T_MINUSEQUAL)
                        ELSE('-')
@@ -683,37 +1518,38 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                        MAYBE('=', T_SLASHEQUAL)
                                case '*':
-                                       next_char(this);
-                                       skip_multiline_comment(this);
-                                       lexer_next_token(this, token);
+                                       next_char();
+                                       skip_multiline_comment();
+                                       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
                                        return;
                                case '/':
-                                       next_char(this);
-                                       skip_line_comment(this);
-                                       lexer_next_token(this, token);
+                                       next_char();
+                                       skip_line_comment();
+                                       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
                                        return;
                        ELSE('/')
                case '%':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE('>', T_PERCENTGREATER)
+                       MAYBE('>', '}')
                        MAYBE('=', T_PERCENTEQUAL)
                                case ':':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                                                case '%':
                                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                                                       MAYBE(':', T_PERCENTCOLONPERCENTCOLON)
+                                                       MAYBE(':', T_HASHHASH)
                                                        ELSE_CODE(
-                                                               put_back(this, this->c);
-                                                               this->c = '%';
-                                                               token->type = T_PERCENTCOLON;
+                                                               put_back(c);
+                                                               c = '%';
+                                                               lexer_token.type = '#';
                                                                return;
                                                        )
-                                       ELSE(T_PERCENTCOLON)
+                                       ELSE('#')
                        ELSE('%')
                case '<':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE(':', T_LESSCOLON)
-                       MAYBE('%', T_LESSPERCENT)
+                       MAYBE(':', '[')
+                       MAYBE('%', '{')
+                       MAYBE('=', T_LESSEQUAL)
                                case '<':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                                        MAYBE('=', T_LESSLESSEQUAL)
@@ -721,6 +1557,7 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                        ELSE('<')
                case '>':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
+                       MAYBE('=', T_GREATEREQUAL)
                                case '>':
                                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                                        MAYBE('=', T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL)
@@ -737,7 +1574,8 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                        ELSE('|')
                case ':':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
-                       MAYBE('>', T_COLONGREATER)
+                       MAYBE('>', ']')
+                       MAYBE_MODE(':', T_COLONCOLON, _CXX)
                        ELSE(':')
                case '=':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
@@ -746,35 +1584,9 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                case '#':
                        MAYBE_PROLOG
                        MAYBE('#', T_HASHHASH)
-#if 0
-                       else {
-                               if(line_begin) {
-                                       parse_preprocessor_directive(this, token);
-                                       return;
-                               } else {
-                                       token->type = '#';
-                               }
-#else
                        ELSE('#')
-#endif
 
                case '?':
-                       next_char(this);
-                       /* just a simple ? */
-                       if(this->c != '?') {
-                               token->type = '?';
-                               return;
-                       }
-                       /* might be a trigraph */
-                       next_char(this);
-                       if(replace_trigraph(this)) {
-                               break;
-                       }
-                       put_back(this, this->c);
-                       this->c = '?';
-                       token->type = '?';
-                       return;
-
                case '[':
                case ']':
                case '(':
@@ -784,47 +1596,91 @@ void lexer_next_token(lexer_t *this, token_t *token)
                case '~':
                case ';':
                case ',':
-                       token->type = this->c;
-                       next_char(this);
+               case '\\':
+                       lexer_token.type = c;
+                       next_char();
                        return;
 
                case EOF:
-                       token->type = T_EOF;
+                       lexer_token.type = T_EOF;
                        return;
 
                default:
-                       next_char(this);
-                       error_prefix(this);
-                       fprintf(stderr, "unknown character '%c' found\n", this->c);
-                       token->type = T_ERROR;
+dollar_sign:
+                       errorf(&lexer_pos, "unknown character '%c' found", c);
+                       next_char();
+                       lexer_token.type = T_ERROR;
                        return;
                }
        }
 }
 
-void lexer_init(lexer_t *this, FILE *stream, const char *input_name)
+void lexer_next_token(void)
+{
+       lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
+
+       while (lexer_token.type == '\n') {
+newline_found:
+               lexer_next_preprocessing_token();
+       }
+
+       if (lexer_token.type == '#') {
+               parse_preprocessor_directive();
+               goto newline_found;
+       }
+}
+
+void init_lexer(void)
+{
+       strset_init(&stringset);
+       symbol_L = symbol_table_insert("L");
+}
+
+void lexer_open_stream(FILE *stream, const char *input_name)
 {
-       memset(this, 0, sizeof(this[0]));
+       input                = stream;
+       lexer_pos.lineno     = 0;
+       lexer_pos.colno      = 0;
+       lexer_pos.input_name = input_name;
 
-       this->input = stream;
+       bufpos = NULL;
+       bufend = NULL;
 
-       this->source_position.linenr     = 0;
-       this->source_position.input_name = input_name;
-       strset_init(&this->stringset);
+       /* place a virtual \n at the beginning so the lexer knows that we're
+        * at the beginning of a line */
+       c = '\n';
+}
 
-       /* we place a virtual '\n' at the beginning so the lexer knows we're at the
-        * beginning of a line */
-       this->c = '\n';
+void lexer_open_buffer(const char *buffer, size_t len, const char *input_name)
+{
+       input                = NULL;
+       lexer_pos.lineno     = 0;
+       lexer_pos.colno      = 0;
+       lexer_pos.input_name = input_name;
+
+#if 0 // TODO
+       bufpos = buffer;
+       bufend = buffer + len;
+
+       /* place a virtual \n at the beginning so the lexer knows that we're
+        * at the beginning of a line */
+       c = '\n';
+#else
+       (void)buffer;
+       (void)len;
+       panic("builtin lexing not done yet");
+#endif
 }
 
-void lexer_destroy(lexer_t *this)
+void exit_lexer(void)
 {
-       (void) this;
+       strset_destroy(&stringset);
 }
 
 static __attribute__((unused))
 void dbg_pos(const source_position_t source_position)
 {
-       fprintf(stdout, "%s:%d\n", source_position.input_name, source_position.linenr);
+       fprintf(stdout, "%s:%u:%u\n", source_position.input_name,
+               source_position.lineno, source_position.colno);
        fflush(stdout);
 }