Use print_char('x') instead of print_string("x").
[cparser] / ast.c
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
index 0ba0492..c62110a 100644 (file)
--- a/ast.c
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -1,21 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of cparser.
+ * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
+ * 02111-1307, USA.
+ */
 #include <config.h>
 
 #include "ast_t.h"
+#include "symbol_t.h"
 #include "type_t.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "lang_features.h"
+#include "entity_t.h"
+#include "printer.h"
+#include "types.h"
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#include <mathimf.h>
+#elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#include "win32/cygwin_math_ext.h"
+#else
+#include <math.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "adt/error.h"
+#include "adt/util.h"
 
 struct obstack ast_obstack;
 
-static FILE *out;
-static int   indent;
+static int indent;
+static int case_indent;
+
+bool print_implicit_casts = false;
+bool print_parenthesis = false;
 
 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
+static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
 
 void change_indent(int delta)
 {
@@ -25,503 +63,1114 @@ void change_indent(int delta)
 
 void print_indent(void)
 {
-       for(int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
-               fprintf(out, "\t");
+       for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
+               print_char('\t');
 }
 
-static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
+static void print_stringrep(const string_t *string)
 {
-       if(cnst->expression.datatype == NULL)
-               return;
+       for (size_t i = 0; i < string->size; ++i) {
+               print_char(string->begin[i]);
+       }
+}
 
-       if(is_type_integer(cnst->expression.datatype)) {
-               fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
-       } else if(is_type_floating(cnst->expression.datatype)) {
-               fprintf(out, "%Lf", cnst->v.float_value);
+/**
+ * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
+ * associativity, else 0.
+ *
+ * @param precedence   the operator precedence
+ */
+static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
+{
+       switch (precedence) {
+       case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
+       case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
+       case PREC_UNARY:
+               return 1;
+
+       default:
+               return 0;
        }
 }
 
-static void print_quoted_string(const char *string)
+/**
+ * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
+ *
+ * @param kind   the expression kind
+ */
+static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 {
-       fputc('"', out);
-       for(const char *c = string; *c != '\0'; ++c) {
-               switch(*c) {
-               case '\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
-               case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
-               case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
-               case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
-               case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
-               case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
-               case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
-               case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
-               case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
-               case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
+       static const unsigned prec[] = {
+               [EXPR_REFERENCE]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL] = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]               = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]                  = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_CALL]                              = PREC_POSTFIX,
+               [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                       = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
+               [EXPR_SELECT]                            = PREC_POSTFIX,
+               [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
+               [EXPR_SIZEOF]                            = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]                     = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                           = PREC_UNARY,
+
+               [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_VA_START]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_VA_ARG]                            = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_VA_COPY]                           = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_STATEMENT]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
+
+               [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                        = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                         = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]                 = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]                = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                        = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]                      = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]                = PREC_UNARY,
+               [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]                       = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]                      = PREC_EQUALITY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]                   = PREC_EQUALITY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]                       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]                  = PREC_RELATIONAL,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]                    = PREC_RELATIONAL,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]                = PREC_AND,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]                 = PREC_OR,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]                = PREC_XOR,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]                = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]                 = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]                  = PREC_SHIFT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]                 = PREC_SHIFT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]                     = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]           = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]                      = PREC_EXPRESSION,
+
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
+               [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]                = PREC_PRIMARY
+       };
+       assert((size_t)kind < lengthof(prec));
+       unsigned res = prec[kind];
+
+       assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
+       return res;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a quoted string constant.
+ *
+ * @param string  the string constant
+ * @param border  the border char
+ * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
+ */
+static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border,
+                                int skip)
+{
+       print_char(border);
+       const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
+       for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
+               const char tc = *c;
+               if (tc == border) {
+                       print_char('\\');
+               }
+               switch (tc) {
+               case '\\': print_string("\\\\"); break;
+               case '\a': print_string("\\a"); break;
+               case '\b': print_string("\\b"); break;
+               case '\f': print_string("\\f"); break;
+               case '\n': print_string("\\n"); break;
+               case '\r': print_string("\\r"); break;
+               case '\t': print_string("\\t"); break;
+               case '\v': print_string("\\v"); break;
+               case '\?': print_string("\\?"); break;
+               case 27:
+                       if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
+                               print_string("\\e"); break;
+                       }
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                default:
-                       if(!isprint(*c)) {
-                               fprintf(out, "\\x%x", *c);
-                               break;
+                       if ((unsigned)tc < 0x80 && !isprint(tc)) {
+                               print_format("\\%03o", (unsigned)tc);
+                       } else {
+                               print_char(tc);
                        }
-                       fputc(*c, out);
                        break;
                }
        }
-       fputc('"', out);
+       print_char(border);
 }
 
-static void print_string_literal(
-               const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
+static void print_string_literal(const string_literal_expression_t *literal)
 {
-       print_quoted_string(string_literal->value);
+       if (literal->base.kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
+               print_char('L');
+       }
+       print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '"', 1);
 }
 
+static void print_literal(const literal_expression_t *literal)
+{
+       switch (literal->base.kind) {
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
+               print_string("__noop");
+               return;
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL:
+               print_string("0x");
+               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
+               print_stringrep(&literal->value);
+               if (literal->suffix.size > 0)
+                       print_stringrep(&literal->suffix);
+               return;
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER:
+               print_char('L');
+               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
+               print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '\'', 0);
+               return;
+       default:
+               break;
+       }
+       print_string("INVALID LITERAL KIND");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a predefined symbol.
+ */
+static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
+{
+       const char *s = "";
+       switch (funcname->kind) {
+       case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
+       case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
+       case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
+       case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
+       }
+       print_string(s);
+}
+
+static void print_compound_literal(
+               const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_char('(');
+       print_type(expression->type);
+       print_char(')');
+       print_initializer(expression->initializer);
+}
+
+static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
+{
+       print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a call expression.
+ *
+ * @param call  the call expression
+ */
 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 {
-       print_expression(call->function);
-       fprintf(out, "(");
+       print_expression_prec(call->function, PREC_POSTFIX);
+       print_char('(');
        call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
        int              first    = 1;
-       while(argument != NULL) {
-               if(!first) {
-                       fprintf(out, ", ");
+       while (argument != NULL) {
+               if (!first) {
+                       print_string(", ");
                } else {
                        first = 0;
                }
-               print_expression(argument->expression);
+               print_assignment_expression(argument->expression);
 
                argument = argument->next;
        }
-       fprintf(out, ")");
+       print_char(')');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a binary expression.
+ *
+ * @param binexpr   the binary expression
+ */
 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 {
-       fprintf(out, "(");
-       print_expression(binexpr->left);
-       fprintf(out, " ");
-       switch(binexpr->type) {
-       case BINEXPR_INVALID:            fputs("INVOP", out); break;
-       case BINEXPR_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
-       case BINEXPR_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
-
-       case BINEXPR_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
-       case BINEXPR_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
-       case BINEXPR_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
-       }
-       fprintf(out, " ");
-       print_expression(binexpr->right);
-       fprintf(out, ")");
+       unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
+       int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
+
+       print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
+       char const* op;
+       switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
+       case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
+
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
+       default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
+       }
+       print_string(op);
+       print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints an unary expression.
+ *
+ * @param unexpr   the unary expression
+ */
 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 {
-       switch(unexpr->type) {
-       case UNEXPR_NEGATE:           fputs("-", out);  break;
-       case UNEXPR_PLUS:             fputs("+", out);  break;
-       case UNEXPR_NOT:              fputs("!", out);  break;
-       case UNEXPR_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputs("~", out);  break;
-       case UNEXPR_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
-       case UNEXPR_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
-       case UNEXPR_DEREFERENCE:      fputs("*", out);  break;
-       case UNEXPR_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputs("&", out);  break;
-
-       case UNEXPR_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
-               fputs("(", out);
-               print_expression(unexpr->value);
-               fputs(")", out);
-               fputs("++", out);
+       unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
+       switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
+       case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           print_char  ('-' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             print_char  ('+' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              print_char  ('!' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   print_char  ('~' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: print_string("++"); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: print_string("--"); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      print_char  ('*' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     print_char  ('&' ); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           print_string("delete "); break;
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     print_string("delete [] "); break;
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
+               print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
+               print_string("++");
                return;
-       case UNEXPR_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
-               fputs("(", out);
-               print_expression(unexpr->value);
-               fputs(")", out);
-               fputs("--", out);
+       case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
+               print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
+               print_string("--");
                return;
-       case UNEXPR_CAST:
-               fputs("(", out);
-               print_type(unexpr->expression.datatype);
-               fputs(")", out);
+       case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
+               print_char('(');
+               print_type(unexpr->base.type);
+               print_char(')');
                break;
-       case UNEXPR_CAST_IMPLICIT:
-               print_expression(unexpr->value);
+       case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
+               print_string("__assume(");
+               print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
+               print_char(')');
                return;
-       case UNEXPR_INVALID:
-               fprintf(out, "unop%d", (int) unexpr->type);
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
+               if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
+                       print_string("throw");
+                       return;
+               }
+               print_string("throw ");
                break;
+
+       default:
+               panic("invalid unary expression found");
        }
-       fputs("(", out);
-       print_expression(unexpr->value);
-       fputs(")", out);
+       print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a reference expression.
+ *
+ * @param ref   the reference expression
+ */
 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 {
-       fprintf(out, "%s", ref->declaration->symbol->string);
+       print_string(ref->entity->base.symbol->string);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a label address expression.
+ *
+ * @param ref   the reference expression
+ */
+static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
+{
+       print_format("&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints an array expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the array expression
+ */
 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       if(!expression->flipped) {
-               fputs("(", out);
-               print_expression(expression->array_ref);
-               fputs(")[", out);
+       if (!expression->flipped) {
+               print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_POSTFIX);
+               print_char('[');
                print_expression(expression->index);
-               fputs("]", out);
+               print_char(']');
        } else {
-               fputs("(", out);
-               print_expression(expression->index);
-               fputs(")[", out);
+               print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_POSTFIX);
+               print_char('[');
                print_expression(expression->array_ref);
-               fputs("]", out);
+               print_char(']');
        }
 }
 
-static void print_sizeof_expression(const sizeof_expression_t *expression)
+/**
+ * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
+ *
+ * @param expression   the type property expression
+ */
+static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       fputs("sizeof", out);
-       if(expression->size_expression != NULL) {
-               fputc('(', out);
-               print_expression(expression->size_expression);
-               fputc(')', out);
+       if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
+               print_string("sizeof");
+       } else {
+               assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
+               print_string("__alignof__");
+       }
+       if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
+               /* PREC_TOP: always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
+               print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_TOP);
        } else {
-               fputc('(', out);
+               print_char('(');
                print_type(expression->type);
-               fputc(')', out);
+               print_char(')');
        }
 }
 
-static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
+/**
+ * Prints a builtin constant expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
+ */
+static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
+       print_string("__builtin_constant_p(");
+       print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
+       print_char(')');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a builtin types compatible expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the builtin types compatible expression
+ */
+static void print_builtin_types_compatible(
+               const builtin_types_compatible_expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_string("__builtin_types_compatible_p(");
+       print_type(expression->left);
+       print_string(", ");
+       print_type(expression->right);
+       print_char(')');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a conditional expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the conditional expression
+ */
 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       fputs("(", out);
-       print_expression(expression->condition);
-       fputs(" ? ", out);
-       print_expression(expression->true_expression);
-       fputs(" : ", out);
-       print_expression(expression->false_expression);
-       fputs(")", out);
+       print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
+       if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
+               print_string(" ? ");
+               print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
+               print_string(" : ");
+       } else {
+               print_string(" ?: ");
+       }
+       precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
+       print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a va_start expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the va_start expression
+ */
+static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
+{
+       print_string("__builtin_va_start(");
+       print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
+       print_string(", ");
+       print_string(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string);
+       print_char(')');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a va_arg expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the va_arg expression
+ */
 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
-       print_expression(expression->arg);
-       fputs(", ", out);
-       print_type(expression->expression.datatype);
-       fputs(")", out);
+       print_string("__builtin_va_arg(");
+       print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
+       print_string(", ");
+       print_type(expression->base.type);
+       print_char(')');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a va_copy expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the va_copy expression
+ */
+static void print_va_copy(const va_copy_expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_string("__builtin_va_copy(");
+       print_assignment_expression(expression->dst);
+       print_string(", ");
+       print_assignment_expression(expression->src);
+       print_char(')');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
+ *
+ * @param expression   the select expression
+ */
 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 {
-       print_expression(expression->compound);
-       if(expression->compound->base.datatype == NULL ||
-                       expression->compound->base.datatype->type == TYPE_POINTER) {
-               fputs("->", out);
+       print_expression_prec(expression->compound, PREC_POSTFIX);
+       /* do not print anything for anonymous struct/union selects
+        * FIXME: if the anonymous select was a '->' this will print '.'
+        */
+       if (expression->compound_entry->base.symbol == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
+               print_string("->");
        } else {
-               fputc('.', out);
+               print_char('.');
        }
-       fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
+       print_string(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Prints a type classify expression.
+ *
+ * @param expr   the type classify expression
+ */
 static void print_classify_type_expression(
        const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 {
-       fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
-       print_expression(expr->type_expression);
-       fputc(')', out);
+       print_string("__builtin_classify_type(");
+       print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
+       print_char(')');
 }
 
-void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
+/**
+ * Prints a designator.
+ *
+ * @param designator  the designator
+ */
+static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 {
-       switch(expression->type) {
-       case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
-       case EXPR_INVALID:
-               fprintf(out, "*invalid expression*");
-               break;
-       case EXPR_CONST:
-               print_const(&expression->conste);
+       for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
+               if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
+                       print_char('[');
+                       print_expression(designator->array_index);
+                       print_char(']');
+               } else {
+                       print_char('.');
+                       print_string(designator->symbol->string);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints an offsetof expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the offset expression
+ */
+static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_string("__builtin_offsetof(");
+       print_type(expression->type);
+       print_char(',');
+       print_designator(expression->designator);
+       print_char(')');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints a statement expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression   the statement expression
+ */
+static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_char('(');
+       print_statement(expression->statement);
+       print_char(')');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
+ *
+ * @param expression  the expression to print
+ * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
+ */
+static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
+{
+       if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
+           && expression->base.implicit && !print_implicit_casts) {
+               expression = expression->unary.value;
+       }
+
+       bool parenthesized =
+               expression->base.parenthesized                 ||
+               (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM) ||
+               top_prec > get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
+
+       if (parenthesized)
+               print_char('(');
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_ERROR:
+               print_string("$error$");
                break;
-       case EXPR_FUNCTION:
-       case EXPR_PRETTY_FUNCTION:
+       case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
        case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
-               print_string_literal(&expression->string);
+               print_string_literal(&expression->string_literal);
+               break;
+       EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
+               print_literal(&expression->literal);
+               break;
+       case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
+               print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
+               break;
+       case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+               print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
                break;
        case EXPR_CALL:
                print_call_expression(&expression->call);
                break;
-       case EXPR_BINARY:
+       EXPR_BINARY_CASES
                print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
                break;
        case EXPR_REFERENCE:
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
                print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
                break;
        case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
                print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
                break;
-       case EXPR_UNARY:
+       case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
+               print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
+               break;
+       EXPR_UNARY_CASES
                print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
                break;
        case EXPR_SIZEOF:
-               print_sizeof_expression(&expression->sizeofe);
+       case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
+               print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
+               break;
+       case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
+               print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
                break;
-       case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
-               print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
+       case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
+               print_builtin_types_compatible(&expression->builtin_types_compatible);
                break;
        case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
                print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
                break;
+       case EXPR_VA_START:
+               print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
+               break;
        case EXPR_VA_ARG:
                print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
                break;
+       case EXPR_VA_COPY:
+               print_va_copy(&expression->va_copye);
+               break;
        case EXPR_SELECT:
                print_select(&expression->select);
                break;
        case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
                print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
                break;
-
        case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
+               print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
+               break;
        case EXPR_STATEMENT:
-               /* TODO */
-               fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->type);
+               print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
                break;
        }
+       if (parenthesized)
+               print_char(')');
 }
 
+static void print_indented_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
+{
+       switch (stmt->kind) {
+       case STATEMENT_LABEL:
+               break;
+
+       case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
+               for (int i = 0; i != case_indent; ++i)
+                       print_char('\t');
+               break;
+
+       default:
+               print_indent();
+               break;
+       }
+       print_statement(stmt);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print an compound statement.
+ *
+ * @param block  the compound statement
+ */
 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 {
-       fputs("{\n", out);
-       indent++;
+       print_string("{\n");
+       ++indent;
 
        statement_t *statement = block->statements;
-       while(statement != NULL) {
-               print_indent();
-               print_statement(statement);
+       while (statement != NULL) {
+               print_indented_statement(statement);
+               print_char('\n');
 
                statement = statement->base.next;
        }
-       indent--;
+       --indent;
        print_indent();
-       fputs("}\n", out);
+       print_char('}');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a return statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the return statement
+ */
 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fprintf(out, "return ");
-       if(statement->return_value != NULL)
-               print_expression(statement->return_value);
-       fputs(";\n", out);
+       expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
+       if (val != NULL) {
+               print_string("return ");
+               print_expression(val);
+               print_char(';');
+       } else {
+               print_string("return;");
+       }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print an expression statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the expression statement
+ */
 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 {
        print_expression(statement->expression);
-       fputs(";\n", out);
+       print_char(';');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a goto statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the goto statement
+ */
 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fprintf(out, "goto ");
-       fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
-       fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
-       fputs(";\n", out);
+       print_string("goto ");
+       if (statement->expression != NULL) {
+               print_char('*');
+               print_expression(statement->expression);
+       } else {
+               print_string(statement->label->base.symbol->string);
+       }
+       print_char(';');
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a label statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the label statement
+ */
 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
-       fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
-       if(statement->label_statement != NULL) {
-               print_statement(statement->label_statement);
-       }
+       print_format("%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
+       print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
 }
 
-static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
+static void print_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 {
-       fputs("if(", out);
-       print_expression(statement->condition);
-       fputs(") ", out);
-       if(statement->true_statement != NULL) {
-               print_statement(statement->true_statement);
+       if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
+               print_char(' ');
+               print_compound_statement(&stmt->compound);
+       } else {
+               print_char('\n');
+               ++indent;
+               print_indented_statement(stmt);
+               --indent;
        }
+}
 
-       if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
+static void print_after_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
+{
+       if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
+               print_char(' ');
+       } else {
+               print_char('\n');
                print_indent();
-               fputs("else ", out);
-               print_statement(statement->false_statement);
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print an if statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the if statement
+ */
+static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
+{
+       print_string("if (");
+       print_expression(statement->condition);
+       print_char(')');
+       print_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
+
+       statement_t const *const f = statement->false_statement;
+       if (f) {
+               print_after_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
+               print_string("else");
+               if (f->kind == STATEMENT_IF) {
+                       print_char(' ');
+                       print_if_statement(&f->ifs);
+               } else {
+                       print_inner_statement(f);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a switch statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement  the switch statement
+ */
 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fputs("switch(", out);
+       int const old_case_indent = case_indent;
+       case_indent = indent;
+
+       print_string("switch (");
        print_expression(statement->expression);
-       fputs(") ", out);
-       print_statement(statement->body);
+       print_char(')');
+       print_inner_statement(statement->body);
+
+       case_indent = old_case_indent;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a case label (including the default label).
+ *
+ * @param statement  the case label statement
+ */
 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       if(statement->expression == NULL) {
-               fputs("default:\n", out);
+       if (statement->expression == NULL) {
+               print_string("default:\n");
        } else {
-               fputs("case ", out);
+               print_string("case ");
                print_expression(statement->expression);
-               fputs(":\n", out);
+               if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
+                       print_string(" ... ");
+                       print_expression(statement->end_range);
+               }
+               print_string(":\n");
        }
-       print_statement(statement->label_statement);
+       print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
+}
+
+static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
+{
+       print_string("typedef ");
+       print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
+       print_char(';');
+}
+
+/**
+ * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
+ * correspondenc in the source file
+ */
+static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
+{
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
+               return entity->typedefe.builtin;
+
+       if (is_declaration(entity))
+               return entity->declaration.implicit;
+
+       return false;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a declaration statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 static void print_declaration_statement(
                const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       int first = 1;
-       declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
-       for( ; declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
-              declaration = declaration->next) {
-               if(!first) {
+       bool first = true;
+       entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
+       if (entity == NULL) {
+               print_string("/* empty declaration statement */");
+               return;
+       }
+
+       entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
+       for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
+               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
+                       continue;
+               if (is_generated_entity(entity))
+                       continue;
+
+               if (!first) {
+                       print_char('\n');
                        print_indent();
                } else {
-                       first = 0;
+                       first = false;
                }
-               print_declaration(declaration);
-               fputc('\n', out);
+
+               print_entity(entity);
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a while statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fputs("while(", out);
+       print_string("while (");
        print_expression(statement->condition);
-       fputs(") ", out);
-       print_statement(statement->body);
+       print_char(')');
+       print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a do-while statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fputs("do ", out);
-       print_statement(statement->body);
-       print_indent();
-       fputs("while(", out);
+       print_string("do");
+       print_inner_statement(statement->body);
+       print_after_inner_statement(statement->body);
+       print_string("while (");
        print_expression(statement->condition);
-       fputs(");\n", out);
+       print_string(");");
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a for statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fputs("for(", out);
-       if(statement->context.declarations != NULL) {
-               assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
-               print_declaration(statement->context.declarations);
-               if(statement->context.declarations->next != NULL) {
-                       panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
-               }
-               fputc(' ', out);
+       print_string("for (");
+       if (statement->initialisation != NULL) {
+               print_expression(statement->initialisation);
+               print_char(';');
        } else {
-               if(statement->initialisation) {
-                       print_expression(statement->initialisation);
+               entity_t const *entity = statement->scope.entities;
+               for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
+                       if (is_generated_entity(entity))
+                               continue;
+                       /* FIXME display of multiple declarations is wrong */
+                       print_declaration(entity);
                }
-               fputs("; ", out);
        }
-       if(statement->condition != NULL) {
+       if (statement->condition != NULL) {
+               print_char(' ');
                print_expression(statement->condition);
        }
-       fputs("; ", out);
-       if(statement->step != NULL) {
+       print_char(';');
+       if (statement->step != NULL) {
+               print_char(' ');
                print_expression(statement->step);
        }
-       fputs(")", out);
-       print_statement(statement->body);
+       print_char(')');
+       print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 }
 
-static void print_asm_constraints(asm_constraint_t *constraints)
+/**
+ * Print assembler arguments.
+ *
+ * @param arguments   the arguments
+ */
+static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
 {
-       asm_constraint_t *constraint = constraints;
-       for( ; constraint != NULL; constraint = constraint->next) {
-               if(constraint != constraints)
-                       fputs(", ", out);
+       asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
+       for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
+               if (argument != arguments)
+                       print_string(", ");
 
-               if(constraint->symbol) {
-                       fprintf(out, "[%s] ", constraint->symbol->string);
+               if (argument->symbol) {
+                       print_format("[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
                }
-               print_quoted_string(constraint->constraints);
-               fputs(" (", out);
-               print_expression(constraint->expression);
-               fputs(")", out);
+               print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
+               print_string(" (");
+               print_expression(argument->expression);
+               print_char(')');
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print assembler clobbers.
+ *
+ * @param clobbers   the clobbers
+ */
 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
 {
        asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
-       for; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
-               if(clobber != clobbers)
-                       fputs(", ", out);
+       for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
+               if (clobber != clobbers)
+                       print_string(", ");
 
-               print_quoted_string(clobber->clobber);
+               print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
        }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print an assembler statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
 {
-       fputs("asm ", out);
-       if(statement->is_volatile) {
-               fputs("volatile ", out);
+       print_string("asm ");
+       if (statement->is_volatile) {
+               print_string("volatile ");
        }
-       fputs("(", out);
-       print_quoted_string(statement->asm_text);
-       if(statement->inputs == NULL && statement->outputs == NULL
-                       && statement->clobbers == NULL)
+       print_char('(');
+       print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
+       if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
+           statement->inputs   == NULL &&
+           statement->clobbers == NULL)
                goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
 
-       fputs(" : ", out);
-       print_asm_constraints(statement->inputs);
-       if(statement->outputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
+       print_string(" : ");
+       print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
+       if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
                goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
 
-       fputs(" : ", out);
-       print_asm_constraints(statement->outputs);
-       if(statement->clobbers == NULL)
+       print_string(" : ");
+       print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
+       if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
                goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
 
-       fputs(" : ", out);
+       print_string(" : ");
        print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
 
 end_of_print_asm_statement:
-       fputs(");\n", out);
+       print_string(");");
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print a microsoft __try statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
+static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
+{
+       print_string("__try");
+       print_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
+       print_after_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
+       if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
+               print_string("__except(");
+               print_expression(statement->except_expression);
+               print_char(')');
+       } else {
+               print_string("__finally");
+       }
+       print_inner_statement(statement->final_statement);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
+static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
+{
+       (void)statement;
+       print_string("__leave;");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a statement.
+ *
+ * @param statement   the statement
+ */
 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
 {
-       switch(statement->type) {
+       switch (statement->kind) {
+       case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
+               print_char(';');
+               break;
        case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
                print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
                break;
@@ -538,10 +1187,10 @@ void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
                print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
                break;
        case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
-               fputs("continue;\n", out);
+               print_string("continue;");
                break;
        case STATEMENT_BREAK:
-               fputs("break;\n", out);
+               print_string("break;");
                break;
        case STATEMENT_IF:
                print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
@@ -567,141 +1216,795 @@ void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
        case STATEMENT_ASM:
                print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
                break;
-       case STATEMENT_INVALID:
-               fprintf(out, "*invalid statement*");
+       case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
+               print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
+               break;
+       case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
+               print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
+               break;
+       case STATEMENT_ERROR:
+               print_string("$error statement$");
                break;
        }
 }
 
-static void print_storage_class(unsigned storage_class)
+/**
+ * Print a storage class.
+ *
+ * @param storage_class   the storage class
+ */
+static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
 {
-       switch((storage_class_tag_t) storage_class) {
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
-               break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
-       case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
+       switch (storage_class) {
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  print_string("typedef ");  return;
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   print_string("extern ");   return;
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   print_string("static ");   return;
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     print_string("auto ");     return;
+       case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: print_string("register "); return;
        }
+       panic("invalid storage class");
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print an initializer.
+ *
+ * @param initializer  the initializer
+ */
 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
 {
-       if(initializer->type == INITIALIZER_VALUE) {
+       if (initializer == NULL) {
+               print_string("{}");
+               return;
+       }
+
+       switch (initializer->kind) {
+       case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
                const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
-               print_expression(value->value);
+               print_assignment_expression(value->value);
                return;
        }
+       case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
+               assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
+               print_string("{ ");
+               const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
+
+               for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
+                       const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
+                       print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
+                       if (i < list->len-1) {
+                               if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
+                                       print_string(", ");
+                       }
+               }
+               print_string(" }");
+               return;
+       }
+       case INITIALIZER_STRING:
+               print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
+               return;
+       case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
+               print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
+               return;
+       case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
+               print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
+               print_string(" = ");
+               return;
+       }
+
+       panic("invalid initializer kind found");
+}
+
+#if 0
+/**
+ * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
+ */
+static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
+{
+       if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
+               return;
+
+       decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
+
+       bool        ds_shown = false;
+       const char *next     = "(";
+
+       if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
+               variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
+               if (variable->alignment != 0
+                               || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
+                               || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
+                       if (!ds_shown) {
+                               print_string("__declspec");
+                               ds_shown = true;
+                       }
 
-       assert(initializer->type == INITIALIZER_LIST);
-       fputs("{ ", out);
-       const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
+                       if (variable->alignment != 0) {
+                               print_string(next); next = ", "; print_format("align(%u)", variable->alignment);
+                       }
+                       if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
+                                       || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
+                               char *comma = "";
+                               print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("property(");
+                               if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
+                                       print_format("get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
+                                       comma = ", ";
+                               }
+                               if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
+                                       print_format("%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
+                               print_char(')');
+                       }
+               }
+       }
 
-       for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
-               if(i > 0) {
-                       fputs(", ", out);
+       /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
+       if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
+               if (!ds_shown) {
+                       print_string("__declspec");
+                       ds_shown = true;
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllimport");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllexport");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("naked");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("selectany");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("nothrow");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noreturn");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noinline");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("deprecated");
+                       if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
+                               print_format("(\"%s\")",
+                                       declaration->deprecated_string);
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("restrict");
+               }
+               if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
+                       print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noalias");
                }
-               print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
        }
-       fputs("}", out);
+
+       if (ds_shown)
+               print_string(") ");
 }
+#endif
 
-static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
+static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
 {
-       print_storage_class(declaration->storage_class);
-       if(declaration->is_inline) {
-               fputs("inline ", out);
+       const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
+       for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
+               print_indent();
+               print_entity(entity);
+               print_char('\n');
        }
-       print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
-                      &declaration->context);
+}
 
-       if(declaration->type->type == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
-               if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
-                       fputs("\n", out);
-                       print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
-                       return;
+static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
+{
+       print_string("namespace ");
+       if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
+               print_string(namespace->base.symbol->string);
+               print_char(' ');
+       }
+
+       print_string("{\n");
+       ++indent;
+
+       print_scope(&namespace->members);
+
+       --indent;
+       print_indent();
+       print_string("}\n");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a variable or function declaration
+ */
+void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
+{
+       assert(is_declaration(entity));
+       const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
+
+       print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
+       if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
+               function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
+               if (function->is_inline) {
+                       if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
+                               print_string("__forceinline ");
+                       } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
+                               print_string("__inline ");
+                       } else {
+                               print_string("inline ");
+                       }
                }
-       } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
-               fputs(" = ", out);
-               print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
        }
-       fputc(';', out);
+       //print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
+       switch (entity->kind) {
+               case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
+                       print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
+                                       &entity->function.parameters);
+
+                       if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
+                               print_char('\n');
+                               print_indented_statement(entity->function.statement);
+                               print_char('\n');
+                               return;
+                       }
+                       break;
+
+               case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
+                       if (entity->variable.thread_local)
+                               print_string("__thread ");
+                       print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
+                       if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
+                               print_string(" = ");
+                               print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
+                       }
+                       break;
+
+               case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
+                       print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
+                       if (entity->compound_member.bitfield) {
+                               print_format(" : %u", entity->compound_member.bit_size);
+                       }
+                       break;
+
+               default:
+                       print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
+                       break;
+       }
+       print_char(';');
 }
 
-void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
+/**
+ * Prints an expression.
+ *
+ * @param expression  the expression
+ */
+void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Print a declaration.
+ *
+ * @param declaration  the declaration
+ */
+void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
 {
-       if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
-                       declaration->symbol == NULL)
+       if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
                return;
 
-       switch(declaration->namespc) {
-       case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
-               print_normal_declaration(declaration);
-               break;
-       case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
-               fputs("struct ", out);
-               fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
-               fputc(' ', out);
-               print_compound_definition(declaration);
-               fputc(';', out);
-               break;
-       case NAMESPACE_UNION:
-               fputs("union ", out);
-               fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
-               fputc(' ', out);
-               print_compound_definition(declaration);
-               fputc(';', out);
-               break;
-       case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
-               fputs("enum ", out);
-               fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
-               fputc(' ', out);
-               print_enum_definition(declaration);
-               fputc(';', out);
-               break;
+       switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
+       case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
+       case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
+       case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
+       case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
+               print_declaration(entity);
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
+               print_typedef(entity);
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_CLASS:
+               /* TODO */
+               print_string("class ");
+               print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
+               print_string("; /* TODO */\n");
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_STRUCT:
+               print_string("struct ");
+               goto print_compound;
+       case ENTITY_UNION:
+               print_string("union ");
+print_compound:
+               print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
+               if (entity->compound.complete) {
+                       print_char(' ');
+                       print_compound_definition(&entity->compound);
+               }
+               print_char(';');
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_ENUM:
+               print_string("enum ");
+               print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
+               print_char(' ');
+               print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
+               print_char(';');
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
+               print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
+               print_string("__label__ ");
+               print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
+               print_char(';');
+               return;
+       case ENTITY_LABEL:
+       case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
+               panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
        }
+       panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
 }
 
+/**
+ * Print the AST of a translation unit.
+ *
+ * @param unit   the translation unit
+ */
 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
 {
-       inc_type_visited();
-
-       declaration_t *declaration = unit->context.declarations;
-       for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
-               if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
+       entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
+       for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
+               if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
+                       continue;
+               if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
+                               && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
                        continue;
-               if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
-                               declaration->symbol == NULL)
+               if (is_generated_entity(entity))
                        continue;
 
                print_indent();
-               print_declaration(declaration);
-               fputc('\n', out);
+               print_entity(entity);
+               print_char('\n');
        }
 }
 
-void init_ast(void)
+expression_classification_t is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
 {
-       obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
+       switch (initializer->kind) {
+       case INITIALIZER_STRING:
+       case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
+       case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+
+       case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
+               return is_linker_constant(initializer->value.value);
+
+       case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
+               expression_classification_t all = EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+               for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
+                       initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
+                       expression_classification_t const cur = is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer);
+                       if (all > cur) {
+                               all = cur;
+                       }
+               }
+               return all;
+       }
+       }
+       panic("invalid initializer kind found");
 }
 
-void exit_ast(void)
+/**
+ * Checks if an expression references an object with a constant/known location
+ * to the linker. Example:
+ *  - "x", "*&x" with x being a global variable. The value of x need not be
+ *         constant but the address of x is.
+ *  - "a.b.c" when a has a constant/known location to the linker
+ */
+static expression_classification_t is_object_with_linker_constant_address(
+       const expression_t *expression)
 {
-       obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
+               return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
+
+       case EXPR_SELECT: {
+               type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
+               if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
+                       /* it's a -> */
+                       return is_linker_constant(expression->select.compound);
+               } else {
+                       return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
+               }
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
+               expression_classification_t const ref = is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
+               expression_classification_t const idx = is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
+               return ref < idx ? ref : idx;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+               entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
+               if (!is_declaration(entity))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+
+               switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
+                       return
+                               entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
+                               !entity->variable.thread_local ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
+                               EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
+               case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
+                       break;
+               }
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_ERROR:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+
+       default:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
 }
 
-void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
+expression_classification_t is_linker_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 {
-       out = stream;
-       type_set_output(stream);
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
+       case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+
+       case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+               return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
+               return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
+               type_t *real_type
+                       = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
+               /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
+               if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
+                       return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
+               }
+               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
+               type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+               if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
+                               dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
+                               !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
+                               get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_type_size(type_void_ptr)
+                   ))
+                       return is_constant_expression(expression);
+
+               return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
+               expression_t *const left  = expression->binary.left;
+               expression_t *const right = expression->binary.right;
+               type_t       *const ltype = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
+               type_t       *const rtype = skip_typeref(right->base.type);
+
+               if (is_type_pointer(ltype)) {
+                       expression_classification_t const l = is_linker_constant(left);
+                       expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(right);
+                       return l < r ? l : r;
+               } else if (is_type_pointer(rtype)) {
+                       expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(left);
+                       expression_classification_t const r = is_linker_constant(right);
+                       return l < r ? l : r;
+               } else if (!is_type_valid(ltype) || !is_type_valid(rtype)) {
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+               } else {
+                       return is_constant_expression(expression);
+               }
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+               entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
+               if (!is_declaration(entity))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+
+               type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
+               if (is_type_function(type))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+               if (is_type_array(type)) {
+                       return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
+               }
+               /* Prevent stray errors */
+               if (!is_type_valid(type))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
+               type_t *const type =
+                       skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
+               if (!is_type_array(type))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+               return is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
+               expression_t *const c = expression->conditional.condition;
+               expression_classification_t const cclass = is_constant_expression(c);
+               if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
+                       return cclass;
+
+               if (fold_constant_to_bool(c)) {
+                       expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
+                       return is_linker_constant(t != NULL ? t : c);
+               } else {
+                       return is_linker_constant(expression->conditional.false_expression);
+               }
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_SELECT: {
+               entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
+               if (!is_declaration(entity))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+               type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
+               if (is_type_array(type)) {
+                       /* arrays automatically convert to their address */
+                       expression_t *compound  = expression->select.compound;
+                       type_t       *base_type = skip_typeref(compound->base.type);
+                       if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
+                               /* it's a -> */
+                               return is_linker_constant(compound);
+                       } else {
+                               return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(compound);
+                       }
+               }
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+       default:
+               return is_constant_expression(expression);
+       }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if the given expression is a call to a builtin function
+ * returning a constant result.
+ */
+static expression_classification_t is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
+       if (function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       reference_expression_t *ref = &function->reference;
+       if (ref->entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+
+       switch (ref->entity->function.btk) {
+       case BUILTIN_INF:
+       case BUILTIN_NAN:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+       default:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+}
+
+static expression_classification_t is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       expression_classification_t const expr_class = is_constant_expression(expression);
+       if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE)
+               return expr_class;
+
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
+               return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
+       default:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+}
+
+static expression_classification_t is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       case EXPR_SELECT: {
+               expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
+               type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
+               compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
+               if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
+                       return is_constant_pointer(compound);
+               } else {
+                       return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
+               }
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
+               array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
+                       &expression->array_access;
+               expression_classification_t const idx_class = is_constant_expression(array_access->index);
+               if (idx_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
+                       return idx_class;
+               expression_classification_t const ref_addr = is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref);
+               expression_classification_t const ref_ptr  = is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref);
+               return ref_addr > ref_ptr ? ref_addr : ref_ptr;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
+               return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
+
+       case EXPR_ERROR:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+
+       default:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+}
+
+expression_classification_t is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
+{
+       switch (expression->kind) {
+       EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
+       case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
+       case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
+       case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
+       case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
+       case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+
+       case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
+               type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->typeprop.type);
+               return
+                       !is_type_array(type) || !type->array.is_vla ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
+                       EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
+       case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
+       case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
+       case EXPR_SELECT:
+       case EXPR_VA_START:
+       case EXPR_VA_ARG:
+       case EXPR_VA_COPY:
+       case EXPR_STATEMENT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
+       case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+
+       case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
+               type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+               return is_type_valid(type) ? EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
+               return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
+
+       case EXPR_CALL:
+               return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
+       case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
+               return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
+
+       case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
+               type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
+               if (is_type_scalar(type))
+                       return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
+               if (!is_type_valid(type))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+               return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
+       case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED: {
+               expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left);
+               expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
+               return l < r ? l : r;
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND: {
+               expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
+               expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
+               if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
+                       return lclass;
+               if (!fold_constant_to_bool(left))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+               return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR: {
+               expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
+               expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
+               if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
+                       return lclass;
+               if (fold_constant_to_bool(left))
+                       return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
+               return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
+               return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
+
+       case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
+               expression_t               *const condition = expression->conditional.condition;
+               expression_classification_t const cclass    = is_constant_expression(condition);
+               if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
+                       return cclass;
+
+               if (fold_constant_to_bool(condition)) {
+                       expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
+                       return t == NULL ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : is_constant_expression(t);
+               } else {
+                       return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
+               }
+       }
+
+       case EXPR_ERROR:
+               return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
+       }
+       panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
+}
+
+void init_ast(void)
+{
+       obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
 }
 
-void* (allocate_ast) (size_t size)
+void exit_ast(void)
 {
-       return _allocate_ast(size);
+       obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
 }