nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "lang_features.h"
  37 #include "warning.h"
  38 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40 #include "adt/array.h"
  41
  42 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  43 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
  44
  45 typedef struct {
  46         declaration_t *old_declaration;
  47         symbol_t      *symbol;
  48         unsigned short namespc;
  49 } stack_entry_t;
  50
  51 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  52 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  53         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;
  54         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  55         bool                 invalid;
  56         bool                 have_arguments;
  57         union {
  58                 size_t   value;
  59                 string_t string;
  60         } u;
  61 };
  62
  63 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  64 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  65         source_position_t  source_position;
  66         unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
  67         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  68         unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
  69         unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
  70         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
  71         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  72         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  73         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  74         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  75         type_t            *type;
  76 };
  77
  78 /**
  79  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  80  */
  81 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  82         type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  83                                          array type with unspecified size this gets
  84                                          adjusted to the actual size. */
  85         declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
  86         bool           must_be_constant;
  87 } parse_initializer_env_t;
  88
  89 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration);
  90
  91 static token_t             token;
  92 static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
  93 static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
  94 static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
  95 static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
  96 static scope_t            *global_scope      = NULL;
  97 static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
  98 static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
  99 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 100 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
 101 static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
 102 static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
 103 static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 104 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 105 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 106 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
 107 static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
 108 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 109
 110 static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
 111
 112 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 113 static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
 114 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
 115 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
 116 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
 117 static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
 118 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
 119 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
 120 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
 121 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
 122 static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
 123 static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
 124 static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
 125 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
 126 static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
 127 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
 128 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
 129 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
 130 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
 131
 132 /** The token anchor set */
 133 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 134
 135 /** The current source position. */
 136 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 137
 138 static type_t *type_valist;
 139
 140 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 141 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 142
 143 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
 144 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 145 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 146
 147 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
 148 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
 149                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
 150 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
 151
 152 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 153
 154 #define STORAGE_CLASSES     \
 155         case T_typedef:         \
 156         case T_extern:          \
 157         case T_static:          \
 158         case T_auto:            \
 159         case T_register:
 160
 161 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 162         case T_const:           \
 163         case T_restrict:        \
 164         case T_volatile:        \
 165         case T_inline:          \
 166         case T__forceinline:    \
 167         case T___attribute__:
 168
 169 #ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 170 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 171         case T__Complex:
 172 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 173         case T__Imaginary:
 174 #else
 175 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS
 176 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 177 #endif
 178
 179 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 180         case T_void:              \
 181         case T_char:              \
 182         case T_short:             \
 183         case T_int:               \
 184         case T_long:              \
 185         case T_float:             \
 186         case T_double:            \
 187         case T_signed:            \
 188         case T_unsigned:          \
 189         case T__Bool:             \
 190         case T_struct:            \
 191         case T_union:             \
 192         case T_enum:              \
 193         case T___typeof__:        \
 194         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 195         case T__declspec:         \
 196         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 197         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 198
 199 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 200         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 201         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 202         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 203
 204 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 205         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 206         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 207
 208 /**
 209  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 210  * initialize all fields with zero.
 211  */
 212 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 213 {
 214         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 215         memset(res, 0, size);
 216         return res;
 217 }
 218
 219 static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 220 {
 221         declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
 222         declaration->type      = type_error_type;
 223         declaration->alignment = 0;
 224         return declaration;
 225 }
 226
 227 /**
 228  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 229  *
 230  * @param kind  the statement kind
 231  */
 232 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 233 {
 234         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 235                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 236                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 237                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 238                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 239                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 240                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 241                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 242                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 243                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 244                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 245                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 246                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 247                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 248                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 249                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 250                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 251                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 252                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 253                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 254         };
 255         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 256         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 257         return sizes[kind];
 258 }
 259
 260 /**
 261  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 262  *
 263  * @param kind  the expression kind
 264  */
 265 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 266 {
 267         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 268                 [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 269                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 270                 [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 271                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 272                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 273                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 274                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 275                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 276                 [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 277                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 278                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 279                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 280                 [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 281                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 282                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 283                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 284                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 285                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 286                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
 287                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 288                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
 289                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 290                 [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 291                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 292                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 293         };
 294         if(kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 295                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 296         }
 297         if(kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 298                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 299         }
 300         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 301         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 302         return sizes[kind];
 303 }
 304
 305 /**
 306  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 307  * fields with zero.
 308  */
 309 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 310 {
 311         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 312         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 313
 314         res->base.kind = kind;
 315         return res;
 316 }
 317
 318 /**
 319  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 320  * fields with zero.
 321  */
 322 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 323 {
 324         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 325         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 326
 327         res->base.kind = kind;
 328         res->base.type = type_error_type;
 329         return res;
 330 }
 331
 332 /**
 333  * Creates a new invalid expression.
 334  */
 335 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 336 {
 337         expression_t *expression         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 338         expression->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 339         return expression;
 340 }
 341
 342 /**
 343  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 344  */
 345 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 346 {
 347         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 348         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 349         return statement;
 350 }
 351
 352 /**
 353  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 354  */
 355 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 356 {
 357         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 358         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 359         return statement;
 360 }
 361
 362 /**
 363  * Returns the size of a type node.
 364  *
 365  * @param kind  the type kind
 366  */
 367 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 368 {
 369         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 370                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 371                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 372                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 373                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 374                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 375                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 376                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 377                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 378                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 379                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 380                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 381                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 382                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 383         };
 384         assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 385         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 386         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 387         return sizes[kind];
 388 }
 389
 390 /**
 391  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 392  * fields with zero.
 393  */
 394 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind, const source_position_t *source_position)
 395 {
 396         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 397         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 398         memset(res, 0, size);
 399
 400         res->base.kind            = kind;
 401         res->base.source_position = *source_position;
 402         return res;
 403 }
 404
 405 /**
 406  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 407  *
 408  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 409  */
 410 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 411 {
 412         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 413                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 414                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 415                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 416                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 417                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 418         };
 419         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
 420         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 421         return sizes[kind];
 422 }
 423
 424 /**
 425  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 426  * fields with zero.
 427  */
 428 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 429 {
 430         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 431         result->kind          = kind;
 432
 433         return result;
 434 }
 435
 436 /**
 437  * Free a type from the type obstack.
 438  */
 439 static void free_type(void *type)
 440 {
 441         obstack_free(type_obst, type);
 442 }
 443
 444 /**
 445  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 446  */
 447 static size_t environment_top(void)
 448 {
 449         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 450 }
 451
 452 /**
 453  * Returns the index of the top element of the label stack.
 454  */
 455 static size_t label_top(void)
 456 {
 457         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 458 }
 459
 460 /**
 461  * Return the next token.
 462  */
 463 static inline void next_token(void)
 464 {
 465         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 466         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 467         lexer_next_token();
 468
 469         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos+1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 470
 471 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 472         print_token(stderr, &token);
 473         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 474 #endif
 475 }
 476
 477 /**
 478  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 479  */
 480 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
 481 {
 482         assert(num > 0 && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 483         int pos = (lookahead_bufpos+num-1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 484         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 485 }
 486
 487 /**
 488  * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 489  */
 490 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type) {
 491         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 492         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 493 }
 494
 495 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type) {
 496         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 497         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 498         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 499         return count;
 500 }
 501
 502 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count) {
 503         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 504         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 505 }
 506
 507 /**
 508  * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 509  */
 510 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type) {
 511         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 512         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 513 }
 514
 515 static bool at_anchor(void) {
 516         if(token.type < 0)
 517                 return false;
 518         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 519 }
 520
 521 /**
 522  * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
 523  */
 524 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
 525         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 526         unsigned brace_count = 0;
 527         unsigned bracket_count = 0;
 528         int end_token = type;
 529
 530         if(type == '(')
 531                 end_token = ')';
 532         else if(type == '{')
 533                 end_token = '}';
 534         else if(type == '[')
 535                 end_token = ']';
 536
 537         while(token.type != end_token ||
 538               (parenthesis_count > 0 || brace_count > 0 || bracket_count > 0)) {
 539
 540                 switch(token.type) {
 541                 case T_EOF: return;
 542                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 543                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 544                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 545                 case ')':
 546                         if(parenthesis_count > 0)
 547                                 --parenthesis_count;
 548                         break;
 549                 case '}':
 550                         if(brace_count > 0)
 551                                 --brace_count;
 552                         break;
 553                 case ']':
 554                         if(bracket_count > 0)
 555                                 --bracket_count;
 556                         break;
 557                 default:
 558                         break;
 559                 }
 560                 next_token();
 561         }
 562 }
 563
 564 /**
 565  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 566  */
 567 static void eat_until_anchor(void) {
 568         if(token.type == T_EOF)
 569                 return;
 570         while(token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 571                 if(token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 572                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 573                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
 574                         break;
 575                 next_token();
 576         }
 577 }
 578
 579 static void eat_block(void) {
 580         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 581         if(token.type == '}')
 582                 next_token();
 583 }
 584
 585 /**
 586  * eat all token until a ';' is reached or a stop token is found.
 587  */
 588 static void eat_statement(void) {
 589         eat_until_matching_token(';');
 590         if(token.type == ';')
 591                 next_token();
 592 }
 593
 594 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while(0)
 595
 596 /**
 597  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 598  */
 599 static
 600 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 601 __attribute__((sentinel))
 602 #endif
 603 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 604 {
 605         if(message != NULL) {
 606                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 607         }
 608         va_list ap;
 609         va_start(ap, message);
 610         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 611         va_end(ap);
 612 }
 613
 614 /**
 615  * Report a type error.
 616  */
 617 static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position,
 618                        type_t *type)
 619 {
 620         errorf(source_position, "%s, but found type '%T'", msg, type);
 621 }
 622
 623 /**
 624  * Report an incompatible type.
 625  */
 626 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 627                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 628 {
 629         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 630                msg, type1, type2);
 631 }
 632
 633 /**
 634  * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
 635  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 636  * and goto the end_error label.
 637  */
 638 #define expect(expected)                              \
 639         do {                                              \
 640     if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {          \
 641         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 642                 add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 643         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 644         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 645                 next_token();                             \
 646                 rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 647         goto end_error;                               \
 648     }                                                 \
 649     next_token();                                     \
 650         } while(0)
 651
 652 static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
 653 {
 654         if(scope != NULL) {
 655                 scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
 656         }
 657         scope = new_scope;
 658
 659         last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 660 }
 661
 662 /**
 663  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
 664  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
 665  */
 666 static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 667                                       const namespace_t namespc)
 668 {
 669         declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 670         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
 671                 if(declaration->namespc == namespc)
 672                         return declaration;
 673         }
 674
 675         return NULL;
 676 }
 677
 678 /**
 679  * pushs an environment_entry on the environment stack and links the
 680  * corresponding symbol to the new entry
 681  */
 682 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
 683 {
 684         symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
 685         namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 686
 687         /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
 688         declaration_t *iter = symbol->declaration;
 689         if (iter == NULL) {
 690                 symbol->declaration = declaration;
 691         } else {
 692                 declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
 693                 for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 694                         /* replace an entry? */
 695                         if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
 696                                 if(iter_last == NULL) {
 697                                         symbol->declaration = declaration;
 698                                 } else {
 699                                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 700                                 }
 701                                 declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 702                                 break;
 703                         }
 704                 }
 705                 if(iter == NULL) {
 706                         assert(iter_last->symbol_next == NULL);
 707                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 708                 }
 709         }
 710
 711         /* remember old declaration */
 712         stack_entry_t entry;
 713         entry.symbol          = symbol;
 714         entry.old_declaration = iter;
 715         entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
 716         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 717 }
 718
 719 static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 720 {
 721         assert(declaration->source_position.input_name != NULL);
 722         assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
 723         stack_push(&environment_stack, declaration);
 724 }
 725
 726 static void label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 727 {
 728         declaration->parent_scope = &current_function->scope;
 729         stack_push(&label_stack, declaration);
 730 }
 731
 732 /**
 733  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 734  */
 735 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 736 {
 737         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 738         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 739         size_t         i;
 740
 741         assert(new_top <= top);
 742         if(new_top == top)
 743                 return;
 744
 745         for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 746                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 747
 748                 declaration_t *old_declaration = entry->old_declaration;
 749                 symbol_t      *symbol          = entry->symbol;
 750                 namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
 751
 752                 /* replace/remove declaration */
 753                 declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 754                 assert(declaration != NULL);
 755                 if(declaration->namespc == namespc) {
 756                         if(old_declaration == NULL) {
 757                                 symbol->declaration = declaration->symbol_next;
 758                         } else {
 759                                 symbol->declaration = old_declaration;
 760                         }
 761                 } else {
 762                         declaration_t *iter_last = declaration;
 763                         declaration_t *iter      = declaration->symbol_next;
 764                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 765                                 /* replace an entry? */
 766                                 if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
 767                                         assert(iter_last != NULL);
 768                                         iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
 769                                         if(old_declaration != NULL) {
 770                                                 old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 771                                         }
 772                                         break;
 773                                 }
 774                         }
 775                         assert(iter != NULL);
 776                 }
 777         }
 778
 779         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 780 }
 781
 782 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 783 {
 784         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 785 }
 786
 787 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 788 {
 789         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 790 }
 791
 792
 793 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 794 {
 795         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 796         /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
 797          * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
 798          * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
 799          * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
 800          *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
 801         if(type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 802                 return ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
 803
 804         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 805         return type->atomic.akind;
 806 }
 807
 808 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 809 {
 810         if(type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 811                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 812
 813         if(get_rank(type) < ATOMIC_TYPE_INT)
 814                 type = type_int;
 815
 816         return type;
 817 }
 818
 819 /**
 820  * Create a cast expression.
 821  *
 822  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 823  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 824  */
 825 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 826                                             type_t *dest_type)
 827 {
 828         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 829
 830         cast->unary.value = expression;
 831         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 832
 833         return cast;
 834 }
 835
 836 /**
 837  * Check if a given expression represents the 0 pointer constant.
 838  */
 839 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 840 {
 841         /* skip void* cast */
 842         if(expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
 843                         || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 844                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 845         }
 846
 847         /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
 848          * which evaluates to 0 */
 849         if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
 850                 return false;
 851
 852         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 853         if (!is_type_integer(type))
 854                 return false;
 855
 856         return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
 857 }
 858
 859 /**
 860  * Create an implicit cast expression.
 861  *
 862  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 863  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 864  */
 865 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
 866                                           type_t *dest_type)
 867 {
 868         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
 869
 870         if (source_type == dest_type)
 871                 return expression;
 872
 873         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
 874 }
 875
 876 typedef enum assign_error_t {
 877         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
 878         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
 879         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
 880         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
 881         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
 882         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
 883 } assign_error_t;
 884
 885 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
 886                                 const expression_t *const right,
 887                                 const char *context,
 888                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
 889 {
 890         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 891         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 892         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 893
 894         switch (error) {
 895         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
 896                 return;
 897         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
 898                 errorf(source_position,
 899                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
 900                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
 901                 return;
 902
 903         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
 904                 type_t *points_to_left
 905                         = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
 906                 type_t *points_to_right
 907                         = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
 908
 909                 /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
 910                 unsigned missing_qualifiers
 911                         = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
 912                 errorf(source_position,
 913                        "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointed-to type",
 914                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
 915                 return;
 916         }
 917
 918         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
 919                 warningf(source_position,
 920                          "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
 921                                  orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
 922                 return;
 923
 924         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
 925                 warningf(source_position,
 926                          "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
 927                                  context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 928                 return;
 929
 930         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
 931                 warningf(source_position,
 932                                 "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
 933                                 context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 934                 return;
 935
 936         default:
 937                 panic("invalid error value");
 938         }
 939 }
 940
 941 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
 942 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
 943                                       const expression_t *const right)
 944 {
 945         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 946         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 947         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 948
 949         if(is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
 950                 if(is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
 951                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 952                 } else if(is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
 953                         type_t *points_to_left
 954                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
 955                         type_t *points_to_right
 956                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
 957
 958                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
 959                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
 960                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
 961                         if(missing_qualifiers != 0) {
 962                                 return ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
 963                         }
 964
 965                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
 966                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
 967
 968                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
 969                                         is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
 970                                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 971                         }
 972
 973                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
 974                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
 975                         }
 976
 977                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 978                 } else if(is_type_integer(type_right)) {
 979                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
 980                 }
 981         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
 982             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
 983                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
 984                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 985         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
 986                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
 987                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
 988                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
 989                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
 990                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 991                 }
 992         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
 993                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
 994         }
 995
 996         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
 997                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
 998
 999         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1000 }
1001
1002 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1003 {
1004         /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
1005         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
1006
1007         if(!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1008                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1009                        "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
1010         }
1011
1012         return result;
1013 }
1014
1015 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1016 {
1017         /* start parsing at precedence 2 (assignment expression) */
1018         return parse_sub_expression(2);
1019 }
1020
1021 static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
1022 {
1023         symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
1024
1025         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
1026         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
1027         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1028         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1029         declaration->type                   = type;
1030         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
1031         declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
1032
1033         record_declaration(declaration);
1034
1035         type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
1036         typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
1037
1038         return typedef_type;
1039 }
1040
1041 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1042 {
1043         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1044         string_t result = token.v.string;
1045
1046         next_token();
1047
1048         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1049                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1050                 next_token();
1051         }
1052
1053         return result;
1054 }
1055
1056 static const char *gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1057         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1058         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1059         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1060         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1061         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1062         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1063         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1064         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1065         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1066         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1067         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1068         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1069         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1070         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1071         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1072         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1073         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1074         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
1075         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1076         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1077         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1078         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1079         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1080         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1081         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1082         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1083         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1084         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1085         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1086         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1087         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1088         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]                              = "interrupt",
1089         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1090         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1091         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1092         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1093         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1094         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1095         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1096         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1097         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1098         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1099         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1100         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1101         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1102         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1103         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1104         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1105         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1106         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1107         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1108         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1109         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1110         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1111         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1112         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1113         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1114         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1115         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1116         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1117         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1118         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1119         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1120         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1121         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1122 };
1123
1124 /**
1125  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1126  */
1127 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
1128         if(s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1129                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1130                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1131                 if(len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1132                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1133                 }
1134         }
1135
1136         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1137 }
1138
1139 /**
1140  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute.
1141  */
1142 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind) {
1143         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1144         attribute->kind            = kind;
1145         attribute->next            = NULL;
1146         attribute->invalid         = false;
1147         attribute->have_arguments  = false;
1148
1149         return attribute;
1150 }
1151
1152 /**
1153  * parse one constant expression argument.
1154  */
1155 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1156         expression_t *expression;
1157         add_anchor_token(')');
1158         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1159         rem_anchor_token(')');
1160         expect(')');
1161         (void)expression;
1162         return;
1163 end_error:
1164         attribute->invalid = true;
1165 }
1166
1167 /**
1168  * parse a list of constant expressions arguments.
1169  */
1170 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1171         expression_t *expression;
1172         add_anchor_token(')');
1173         add_anchor_token(',');
1174         while(true){
1175                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1176                 if(token.type != ',')
1177                         break;
1178                 next_token();
1179         }
1180         rem_anchor_token(',');
1181         rem_anchor_token(')');
1182         expect(')');
1183         (void)expression;
1184         return;
1185 end_error:
1186         attribute->invalid = true;
1187 }
1188
1189 /**
1190  * parse one string literal argument.
1191  */
1192 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1193                                            string_t *string)
1194 {
1195         add_anchor_token('(');
1196         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1197                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1198                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1199                 goto end_error;
1200         }
1201         *string = parse_string_literals();
1202         rem_anchor_token('(');
1203         expect(')');
1204         return;
1205 end_error:
1206         attribute->invalid = true;
1207 }
1208
1209 /**
1210  * parse one tls model.
1211  */
1212 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1213         static const char *tls_models[] = {
1214                 "global-dynamic",
1215                 "local-dynamic",
1216                 "initial-exec",
1217                 "local-exec"
1218         };
1219         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1220         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1221         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1222                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1223                         if(strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1224                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1225                                 return;
1226                         }
1227                 }
1228                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1229         }
1230         attribute->invalid = true;
1231 }
1232
1233 /**
1234  * parse one tls model.
1235  */
1236 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1237         static const char *visibilities[] = {
1238                 "default",
1239                 "protected",
1240                 "hidden",
1241                 "internal"
1242         };
1243         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1244         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1245         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1246                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1247                         if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1248                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1249                                 return;
1250                         }
1251                 }
1252                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1253         }
1254         attribute->invalid = true;
1255 }
1256
1257 /**
1258  * parse one (code) model.
1259  */
1260 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1261         static const char *visibilities[] = {
1262                 "small",
1263                 "medium",
1264                 "large"
1265         };
1266         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1267         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1268         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1269                 for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1270                         if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1271                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1272                                 return;
1273                         }
1274                 }
1275                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1276         }
1277         attribute->invalid = true;
1278 }
1279
1280 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1281 {
1282         /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
1283
1284         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
1285          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
1286         add_anchor_token(')');
1287         expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
1288         rem_anchor_token(')');
1289         expect(')');
1290         return;
1291 end_error:
1292         attribute->invalid = true;
1293 }
1294
1295 /**
1296  * parse one interrupt argument.
1297  */
1298 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1299         static const char *interrupts[] = {
1300                 "IRQ",
1301                 "FIQ",
1302                 "SWI",
1303                 "ABORT",
1304                 "UNDEF"
1305         };
1306         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1307         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1308         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1309                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1310                         if(strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1311                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1312                                 return;
1313                         }
1314                 }
1315                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
1316         }
1317         attribute->invalid = true;
1318 }
1319
1320 /**
1321  * parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1322  */
1323 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1324         static const char *format_names[] = {
1325                 "printf",
1326                 "scanf",
1327                 "strftime",
1328                 "strfmon"
1329         };
1330         int i;
1331
1332         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1333                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1334                 goto end_error;
1335         }
1336         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1337         for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1338                 if(strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1339                         break;
1340         }
1341         if(i >= 4) {
1342                 if(warning.attribute)
1343                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1344         }
1345         next_token();
1346
1347         expect(',');
1348         add_anchor_token(')');
1349         add_anchor_token(',');
1350         parse_constant_expression();
1351         rem_anchor_token(',');
1352         rem_anchor_token('(');
1353
1354         expect(',');
1355         add_anchor_token(')');
1356         parse_constant_expression();
1357         rem_anchor_token('(');
1358         expect(')');
1359         return;
1360 end_error:
1361         attribute->u.value = true;
1362 }
1363
1364 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
1365 {
1366         if(!attribute->have_arguments)
1367                 return;
1368
1369         /* should have no arguments */
1370         errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1371         eat_until_matching_token('(');
1372         /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1373         eat(')');
1374         attribute->invalid = true;
1375 }
1376
1377 /**
1378  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1379  *
1380  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1381  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1382  *
1383  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1384  *  const
1385  *  volatile
1386  *  cdecl
1387  *  stdcall
1388  *  fastcall
1389  *  deprecated
1390  *  noinline
1391  *  noreturn
1392  *  naked
1393  *  pure
1394  *  always_inline
1395  *  malloc
1396  *  weak
1397  *  constructor
1398  *  destructor
1399  *  nothrow
1400  *  transparent_union
1401  *  common
1402  *  nocommon
1403  *  packed
1404  *  shared
1405  *  notshared
1406  *  used
1407  *  unused
1408  *  no_instrument_function
1409  *  warn_unused_result
1410  *  longcall
1411  *  shortcall
1412  *  long_call
1413  *  short_call
1414  *  function_vector
1415  *  interrupt_handler
1416  *  nmi_handler
1417  *  nesting
1418  *  near
1419  *  far
1420  *  signal
1421  *  eightbit_data
1422  *  tiny_data
1423  *  saveall
1424  *  flatten
1425  *  sseregparm
1426  *  externally_visible
1427  *  return_twice
1428  *  may_alias
1429  *  ms_struct
1430  *  gcc_struct
1431  *  dllimport
1432  *  dllexport
1433  *
1434  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1435  *  aligned( const expression )
1436  *  alias( string literal )
1437  *  section( string literal )
1438  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1439  *  format_arg( const expression )
1440  *  tls_model( string literal )
1441  *  visibility( string literal )
1442  *  regparm( const expression )
1443  *  model( string leteral )
1444  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1445  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1446  *
1447  * The following attributes might have arguments
1448  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1449  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1450  *  interrupt( string literal )
1451  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1452  */
1453 static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1454 {
1455         gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
1456         gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
1457         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1458         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1459
1460         eat(T___attribute__);
1461         expect('(');
1462         expect('(');
1463
1464         if(token.type != ')') {
1465                 /* find the end of the list */
1466                 if(last != NULL) {
1467                         while(last->next != NULL)
1468                                 last = last->next;
1469                 }
1470
1471                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1472                 while(true) {
1473                         const char *name;
1474                         if (token.type == T_const) {
1475                                 name = "const";
1476                         } else if(token.type == T_volatile) {
1477                                 name = "volatile";
1478                         } else if(token.type == T_cdecl) {
1479                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1480                                 name = "cdecl";
1481                         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
1482                                 const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1483                                 name = sym->string;
1484                         } else {
1485                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1486                                 break;
1487                         }
1488
1489                         next_token();
1490
1491                         int i;
1492                         for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1493                                 if(strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1494                                         break;
1495                         }
1496                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1497
1498                         attribute = NULL;
1499                         if(kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1500                                 if(warning.attribute)
1501                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1502
1503                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1504                                 if(token.type == '(') {
1505                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1506                                 }
1507                         } else {
1508                                 /* check for arguments */
1509                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1510                                 if(token.type == '(') {
1511                                         next_token();
1512                                         if(token.type == ')') {
1513                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1514                                                 next_token();
1515                                         } else
1516                                                 attribute->have_arguments = true;
1517                                 }
1518
1519                                 switch(kind) {
1520                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:
1521                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1522                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:
1523                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:
1524                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:
1525                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:
1526                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1527                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1528                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1529                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1530                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1531                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1532                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1533                                 case GNU_AK_USED:
1534                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:
1535                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1536                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1537                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1538                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1539                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1540                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1541                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1542                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1543                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1544                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1545                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1546                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1547                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1548                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1549                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1550                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1551                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1552                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1553                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1554                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1555                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1556                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1557                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1558                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1559                                         break;
1560
1561                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:
1562                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1563                                         modifiers |= DM_PURE;
1564                                         break;
1565
1566                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:
1567                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1568                                         modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
1569                                         break;
1570
1571                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:
1572                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1573                                         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;
1574                                         break;
1575
1576                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:
1577                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1578                                         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;
1579                                         break;
1580
1581                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:
1582                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1583                                         modifiers |= DM_PACKED;
1584                                         break;
1585
1586                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:
1587                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1588                                         modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;
1589                                         break;
1590
1591                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:
1592                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1593                                         modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;
1594                                         break;
1595
1596                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:
1597                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1598                                         modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;
1599                                         break;
1600
1601                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION:
1602                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1603                                         modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
1604                                         break;
1605
1606                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:
1607                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1608                                         modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;
1609                                         break;
1610
1611                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:
1612                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1613                                         modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;
1614                                         break;
1615
1616                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1617                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1618                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1619                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1620                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1621                                                 /* should have arguments */
1622                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1623                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1624                                         } else
1625                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1626                                         break;
1627                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1628                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1629                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1630                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1631                                                 /* should have arguments */
1632                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1633                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1634                                         } else
1635                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1636                                         break;
1637                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1638                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1639                                                 /* should have arguments */
1640                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1641                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1642                                         } else
1643                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1644                                         break;
1645                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1646                                         /* may have one string argument */
1647                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1648                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1649                                         break;
1650                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1651                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1652                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1653                                         break;
1654                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1655                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1656                                                 /* should have arguments */
1657                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1658                                         } else
1659                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1660                                         break;
1661                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1662                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1663                                                 /* should have arguments */
1664                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1665                                         } else
1666                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1667                                         break;
1668                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1669                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1670                                                 /* should have arguments */
1671                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1672                                         } else {
1673                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1674                                         }
1675                                         break;
1676                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1677                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1678                                                 /* should have arguments */
1679                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1680                                         } else {
1681                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1682                                         }
1683                                         break;
1684                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1685                                         /* may have one string argument */
1686                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1687                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1688                                         break;
1689                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1690                                         /* may have one string argument */
1691                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1692                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1693                                         break;
1694                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1695                                         /* already handled */
1696                                         break;
1697                                 }
1698                         }
1699                         if(attribute != NULL) {
1700                                 if(last != NULL) {
1701                                         last->next = attribute;
1702                                         last       = attribute;
1703                                 } else {
1704                                         head = last = attribute;
1705                                 }
1706                         }
1707
1708                         if(token.type != ',')
1709                                 break;
1710                         next_token();
1711                 }
1712         }
1713         expect(')');
1714         expect(')');
1715 end_error:
1716         *attributes = head;
1717
1718         return modifiers;
1719 }
1720
1721 /**
1722  * Parse GNU attributes.
1723  */
1724 static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1725 {
1726         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1727
1728         while(true) {
1729                 switch(token.type) {
1730                 case T___attribute__: {
1731                         modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1732                         break;
1733                 }
1734                 case T_asm:
1735                         next_token();
1736                         expect('(');
1737                         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1738                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1739                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1740                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1741                                 break;
1742                         } else {
1743                                 parse_string_literals();
1744                         }
1745                         expect(')');
1746                         break;
1747                 default:
1748                         goto attributes_finished;
1749                 }
1750         }
1751
1752 attributes_finished:
1753 end_error:
1754         return modifiers;
1755 }
1756
1757 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
1758 {
1759         designator_t *result = NULL;
1760         designator_t *last   = NULL;
1761
1762         while(true) {
1763                 designator_t *designator;
1764                 switch(token.type) {
1765                 case '[':
1766                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1767                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1768                         next_token();
1769                         add_anchor_token(']');
1770                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
1771                         rem_anchor_token(']');
1772                         expect(']');
1773                         break;
1774                 case '.':
1775                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1776                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1777                         next_token();
1778                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1779                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
1780                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1781                                 return NULL;
1782                         }
1783                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
1784                         next_token();
1785                         break;
1786                 default:
1787                         expect('=');
1788                         return result;
1789                 }
1790
1791                 assert(designator != NULL);
1792                 if(last != NULL) {
1793                         last->next = designator;
1794                 } else {
1795                         result = designator;
1796                 }
1797                 last = designator;
1798         }
1799 end_error:
1800         return NULL;
1801 }
1802
1803 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
1804                                               const string_t *const string)
1805 {
1806         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1807         (void) type;
1808
1809         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
1810         initializer->string.string = *string;
1811
1812         return initializer;
1813 }
1814
1815 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
1816                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
1817 {
1818         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1819         (void) type;
1820
1821         initializer_t *const initializer =
1822                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
1823         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
1824
1825         return initializer;
1826 }
1827
1828 /**
1829  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
1830  */
1831 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
1832                                                   expression_t *expression)
1833 {
1834         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
1835
1836         /* § 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
1837         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1838         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
1839         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
1840         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
1841                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
1842                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
1843
1844                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
1845                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
1846                         switch (expression->kind) {
1847                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1848                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
1849                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
1850                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
1851                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
1852                                                         &expression->string.value);
1853                                         }
1854
1855                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
1856                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
1857                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
1858                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
1859                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
1860                                         }
1861                                 }
1862
1863                                 default:
1864                                         break;
1865                         }
1866                 }
1867         }
1868
1869         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
1870         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
1871                 return NULL;
1872         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
1873                             &expression->base.source_position);
1874
1875         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
1876         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
1877
1878         return result;
1879 }
1880
1881 /**
1882  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
1883  */
1884 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1885 {
1886         return is_constant_expression(expression)
1887                 || is_address_constant(expression);
1888 }
1889
1890 /**
1891  * Parses an scalar initializer.
1892  *
1893  * § 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
1894  */
1895 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
1896                                                bool must_be_constant)
1897 {
1898         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
1899         int braces = 0;
1900         while(token.type == '{') {
1901                 next_token();
1902                 if(braces == 0) {
1903                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
1904                 }
1905                 braces++;
1906         }
1907
1908         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1909         if(must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
1910                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1911                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
1912                        expression);
1913         }
1914
1915         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
1916
1917         if(initializer == NULL) {
1918                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1919                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
1920                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
1921                 /* TODO */
1922                 return NULL;
1923         }
1924
1925         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
1926         while(braces > 0) {
1927                 if(token.type == ',') {
1928                         next_token();
1929                 }
1930                 if(token.type != '}') {
1931                         if(!additional_warning_displayed) {
1932                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
1933                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
1934                         }
1935                 }
1936                 eat_block();
1937                 braces--;
1938         }
1939
1940         return initializer;
1941 }
1942
1943 /**
1944  * An entry in the type path.
1945  */
1946 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
1947 struct type_path_entry_t {
1948         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
1949         union {
1950                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
1951                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
1952         } v;
1953 };
1954
1955 /**
1956  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
1957  */
1958 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
1959 struct type_path_t {
1960         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
1961         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
1962         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
1963 };
1964
1965 /**
1966  * Prints a type path for debugging.
1967  */
1968 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
1969                 const type_path_t *path)
1970 {
1971         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1972
1973         for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
1974                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
1975
1976                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
1977                 if(is_type_compound(type)) {
1978                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
1979                         if(entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
1980                                 assert(i == len-1);
1981                                 continue;
1982                         }
1983                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
1984                 } else if(is_type_array(type)) {
1985                         fprintf(stderr, "[%zd]", entry->v.index);
1986                 } else {
1987                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
1988                 }
1989         }
1990         if(path->top_type != NULL) {
1991                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
1992                 print_type(path->top_type);
1993                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
1994         }
1995 }
1996
1997 /**
1998  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
1999  * (type).a.b returns the b.
2000  */
2001 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
2002 {
2003         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2004         assert(len > 0);
2005         return &path->path[len-1];
2006 }
2007
2008 /**
2009  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
2010  */
2011 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
2012 {
2013         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2014         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
2015
2016         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
2017         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
2018         return result;
2019 }
2020
2021 /**
2022  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
2023  * top_type.
2024  */
2025 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2026 {
2027         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2028         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2029
2030         assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));
2031
2032         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2033         top->type              = top_type;
2034
2035         if(is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2036                 declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
2037                 declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
2038                 top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
2039
2040                 if(entry != NULL) {
2041                         path->top_type         = entry->type;
2042                 } else {
2043                         path->top_type         = NULL;
2044                 }
2045         } else {
2046                 assert(is_type_array(top_type));
2047
2048                 top->v.index   = 0;
2049                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2050         }
2051 }
2052
2053 /**
2054  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2055  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2056  */
2057 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2058 {
2059         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2060
2061         path->top_type = top->type;
2062
2063         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2064         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2065 }
2066
2067 /**
2068  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2069  * path level is reached.
2070  */
2071 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2072 {
2073         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2074
2075         while(len > top_path_level) {
2076                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2077                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2078         }
2079 }
2080
2081 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2082                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2083 {
2084         for( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2085                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2086                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2087
2088                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2089
2090                 if(designator->symbol != NULL) {
2091                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2092                         if(!is_type_compound(type)) {
2093                                 if(is_type_valid(type)) {
2094                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2095                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2096                                                symbol, orig_type);
2097                                 }
2098                                 goto failed;
2099                         }
2100
2101                         declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
2102                         declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
2103                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
2104                                 if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
2105                                         break;
2106                                 }
2107                         }
2108                         if(iter == NULL) {
2109                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2110                                        "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2111                                 goto failed;
2112                         }
2113                         if(used_in_offsetof) {
2114                                 type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
2115                                 if(real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2116                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2117                                                "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2118                                                symbol);
2119                                         goto failed;
2120                                 }
2121                         }
2122
2123                         top->type             = orig_type;
2124                         top->v.compound_entry = iter;
2125                         orig_type             = iter->type;
2126                 } else {
2127                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2128                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2129
2130                         if(!is_type_array(type)) {
2131                                 if(is_type_valid(type)) {
2132                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2133                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2134                                                array_index, orig_type);
2135                                 }
2136                                 goto failed;
2137                         }
2138                         if(!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
2139                                 goto failed;
2140                         }
2141
2142                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2143                         if(!used_in_offsetof) {
2144                                 if(index < 0) {
2145                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2146                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2147                                         goto failed;
2148                                 }
2149                                 if(type->array.size_constant == true) {
2150                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2151                                         if(index >= array_size) {
2152                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2153                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2154                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2155                                                 goto failed;
2156                                         }
2157                                 }
2158                         }
2159
2160                         top->type    = orig_type;
2161                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2162                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2163                 }
2164                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2165
2166                 if(designator->next != NULL) {
2167                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2168                 }
2169         }
2170         return true;
2171
2172 failed:
2173         return false;
2174 }
2175
2176 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2177 {
2178         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2179
2180         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2181         if(is_type_union(type)) {
2182                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2183                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2184         } else if(is_type_struct(type)) {
2185                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2186
2187                 entry                 = entry->next;
2188                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2189                 if(entry != NULL) {
2190                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2191                         return;
2192                 }
2193         } else {
2194                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2195
2196                 top->v.index++;
2197
2198                 if(!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2199                         return;
2200                 }
2201         }
2202
2203         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2204          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2205         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2206
2207         if(len > top_path_level) {
2208                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2209                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2210         } else {
2211                 path->top_type = NULL;
2212         }
2213 }
2214
2215 /**
2216  * skip until token is found.
2217  */
2218 static void skip_until(int type) {
2219         while(token.type != type) {
2220                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
2221                         return;
2222                 next_token();
2223         }
2224 }
2225
2226 /**
2227  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2228  */
2229 static void skip_initializers(void)
2230 {
2231         if(token.type == '{')
2232                 next_token();
2233
2234         while(token.type != '}') {
2235                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
2236                         return;
2237                 if(token.type == '{') {
2238                         eat_block();
2239                         continue;
2240                 }
2241                 next_token();
2242         }
2243 }
2244
2245 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2246 {
2247         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2248                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2249         return &empty_initializer;
2250 }
2251
2252 /**
2253  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2254  */
2255 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2256                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2257                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2258 {
2259         if(token.type == '}') {
2260                 /* empty initializer */
2261                 return create_empty_initializer();
2262         }
2263
2264         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2265         type_t *type      = NULL;
2266
2267         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2268                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2269         } else {
2270                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2271
2272                 /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
2273                  * initializers in this case. */
2274                 if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
2275                         skip_initializers();
2276                         return create_empty_initializer();
2277                 }
2278         }
2279
2280         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2281
2282         while(true) {
2283                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2284                 if(token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2285                         designator = parse_designation();
2286
2287                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2288                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2289                         if(!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2290                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2291                                 goto end_error;
2292                         }
2293
2294                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2295                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2296                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2297                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2298
2299                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2300                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2301                 }
2302
2303                 initializer_t *sub;
2304
2305                 if(token.type == '{') {
2306                         if(type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2307                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2308                         } else {
2309                                 eat('{');
2310                                 if(type == NULL) {
2311                                         if (env->declaration != NULL)
2312                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2313                                                 env->declaration->symbol);
2314                                 else
2315                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2316                                 } else
2317                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2318
2319                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2320                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2321                                                             env);
2322                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2323
2324                                 if(type != NULL) {
2325                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2326                                         expect('}');
2327                                 } else {
2328                                         expect('}');
2329                                         goto error_parse_next;
2330                                 }
2331                         }
2332                 } else {
2333                         /* must be an expression */
2334                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2335
2336                         if(env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2337                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2338                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
2339                                        expression);
2340                         }
2341
2342                         if(type == NULL) {
2343                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2344                                 goto error_excess;
2345                         }
2346
2347                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2348                         if((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2349                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2350                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2351                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2352                                 if(sub != NULL) {
2353                                         if(token.type == ',') {
2354                                                 next_token();
2355                                         }
2356                                         if(token.type != '}') {
2357                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2358                                                                  orig_type);
2359                                         }
2360                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2361                                         return sub;
2362                                 }
2363                         }
2364
2365                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2366                         while(true) {
2367                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2368                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2369
2370                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2371                                 if(sub != NULL) {
2372                                         break;
2373                                 }
2374                                 if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
2375                                         goto end_error;
2376                                 }
2377                                 if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
2378                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2379                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2380                                                         expression, orig_type);
2381                                         goto end_error;
2382                                 }
2383
2384                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2385                         }
2386                 }
2387
2388                 /* update largest index of top array */
2389                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2390                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2391                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2392                 if(is_type_array(first_type)) {
2393                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2394                         if(index > path->max_index)
2395                                 path->max_index = index;
2396                 }
2397
2398                 if(type != NULL) {
2399                         /* append to initializers list */
2400                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2401                 } else {
2402 error_excess:
2403                         if(env->declaration != NULL)
2404                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2405                                  env->declaration->symbol);
2406                         else
2407                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2408                 }
2409
2410 error_parse_next:
2411                 if(token.type == '}') {
2412                         break;
2413                 }
2414                 expect(',');
2415                 if(token.type == '}') {
2416                         break;
2417                 }
2418
2419                 if(type != NULL) {
2420                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2421                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2422                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2423                         if(orig_type != NULL)
2424                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2425                         else
2426                                 type = NULL;
2427                 }
2428         }
2429
2430         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2431         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2432         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2433         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2434         result->list.len      = len;
2435         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2436                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2437
2438         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2439         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2440
2441         return result;
2442
2443 end_error:
2444         skip_initializers();
2445         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2446         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2447         return NULL;
2448 }
2449
2450 /**
2451  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2452  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2453  */
2454 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2455 {
2456         type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
2457         initializer_t *result = NULL;
2458         size_t         max_index;
2459
2460         if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
2461                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2462         } else if(token.type == '{') {
2463                 eat('{');
2464
2465                 type_path_t path;
2466                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2467                 path.top_type = env->type;
2468                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2469
2470                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2471
2472                 add_anchor_token('}');
2473                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2474                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2475
2476                 max_index = path.max_index;
2477                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2478
2479                 expect('}');
2480         } else {
2481                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2482                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2483                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2484         }
2485
2486         /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2487          * the array type size */
2488         if(is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2489                         && result != NULL) {
2490                 size_t size;
2491                 switch (result->kind) {
2492                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2493                         size = max_index + 1;
2494                         break;
2495
2496                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2497                         size = result->string.string.size;
2498                         break;
2499
2500                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2501                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2502                         break;
2503
2504                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2505                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2506                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2507                         size = 0;
2508                         break;
2509
2510                 default:
2511                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2512                 }
2513
2514                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2515                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2516                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2517
2518                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2519
2520                 new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
2521                 new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
2522                 new_type->array.size            = size;
2523                 env->type = new_type;
2524         }
2525
2526         return result;
2527 end_error:
2528         return NULL;
2529 }
2530
2531 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
2532
2533 static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2534 {
2535         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
2536         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
2537         if(is_struct) {
2538                 eat(T_struct);
2539         } else {
2540                 eat(T_union);
2541         }
2542
2543         symbol_t      *symbol      = NULL;
2544         declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
2545
2546         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2547                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2548         }
2549
2550         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2551                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2552                 next_token();
2553
2554                 if(is_struct) {
2555                         declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_STRUCT);
2556                 } else {
2557                         declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_UNION);
2558                 }
2559         } else if(token.type != '{') {
2560                 if(is_struct) {
2561                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2562                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2563                 } else {
2564                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2565                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2566                 }
2567
2568                 return NULL;
2569         }
2570
2571         if(declaration == NULL) {
2572                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2573                 declaration->namespc         =
2574                         (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
2575                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2576                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2577                 declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
2578                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2579                         environment_push(declaration);
2580                 }
2581                 append_declaration(declaration);
2582         }
2583
2584         if(token.type == '{') {
2585                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
2586                         assert(symbol != NULL);
2587                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
2588                                is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
2589                                &declaration->source_position);
2590                         declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
2591                 }
2592                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2593
2594                 parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
2595                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2596         }
2597
2598         declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
2599         return declaration;
2600 }
2601
2602 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
2603 {
2604         eat('{');
2605
2606         if(token.type == '}') {
2607                 next_token();
2608                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
2609                 return;
2610         }
2611
2612         add_anchor_token('}');
2613         do {
2614                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2615                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2616                         eat_block();
2617                         rem_anchor_token('}');
2618                         return;
2619                 }
2620
2621                 declaration_t *const entry = allocate_declaration_zero();
2622                 entry->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
2623                 entry->type            = enum_type;
2624                 entry->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2625                 entry->source_position = token.source_position;
2626                 next_token();
2627
2628                 if(token.type == '=') {
2629                         next_token();
2630                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
2631
2632                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
2633                         entry->init.enum_value = value;
2634
2635                         /* TODO semantic */
2636                 }
2637
2638                 record_declaration(entry);
2639
2640                 if(token.type != ',')
2641                         break;
2642                 next_token();
2643         } while(token.type != '}');
2644         rem_anchor_token('}');
2645
2646         expect('}');
2647
2648 end_error:
2649         ;
2650 }
2651
2652 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
2653 {
2654         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2655         declaration_t   *declaration;
2656         symbol_t        *symbol;
2657
2658         eat(T_enum);
2659         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2660                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2661                 next_token();
2662
2663                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
2664         } else if(token.type != '{') {
2665                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
2666                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2667                 return NULL;
2668         } else {
2669                 declaration = NULL;
2670                 symbol      = NULL;
2671         }
2672
2673         if(declaration == NULL) {
2674                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2675                 declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
2676                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2677                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2678                 declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
2679         }
2680
2681         type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, &declaration->source_position);
2682         type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
2683
2684         if(token.type == '{') {
2685                 if(declaration->init.complete) {
2686                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
2687                 }
2688                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2689                         environment_push(declaration);
2690                 }
2691                 append_declaration(declaration);
2692                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2693
2694                 parse_enum_entries(type);
2695                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
2696         }
2697
2698         return type;
2699 }
2700
2701 /**
2702  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
2703  */
2704 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
2705 {
2706         const declaration_t *const declaration =
2707                 get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2708         return
2709                 declaration != NULL &&
2710                 declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
2711 }
2712
2713 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
2714 {
2715         eat(T___typeof__);
2716
2717         type_t *type;
2718
2719         expect('(');
2720         add_anchor_token(')');
2721
2722         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
2723
2724 restart:
2725         switch(token.type) {
2726         case T___extension__:
2727                 /* this can be a prefix to a typename or an expression */
2728                 /* we simply eat it now. */
2729                 do {
2730                         next_token();
2731                 } while(token.type == T___extension__);
2732                 goto restart;
2733
2734         case T_IDENTIFIER:
2735                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
2736                         type = parse_typename();
2737                 } else {
2738                         expression = parse_expression();
2739                         type       = expression->base.type;
2740                 }
2741                 break;
2742
2743         TYPENAME_START
2744                 type = parse_typename();
2745                 break;
2746
2747         default:
2748                 expression = parse_expression();
2749                 type       = expression->base.type;
2750                 break;
2751         }
2752
2753         rem_anchor_token(')');
2754         expect(')');
2755
2756         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF, &expression->base.source_position);
2757         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
2758         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
2759
2760         return typeof_type;
2761 end_error:
2762         return NULL;
2763 }
2764
2765 typedef enum {
2766         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
2767         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
2768         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
2769         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
2770         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
2771         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
2772         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
2773         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
2774         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
2775         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
2776         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
2777         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
2778         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
2779         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
2780         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
2781         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
2782         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
2783         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
2784 } specifiers_t;
2785
2786 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
2787                                    type_t *const real_type)
2788 {
2789         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN, &builtin_source_position);
2790         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
2791         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
2792
2793         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
2794         if(type != result) {
2795                 free_type(type);
2796         }
2797
2798         return result;
2799 }
2800
2801 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
2802 {
2803         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2804         if(declaration == NULL ||
2805            declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2806                 return NULL;
2807
2808         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &declaration->source_position);
2809         type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
2810
2811         return type;
2812 }
2813
2814 /**
2815  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
2816  */
2817 static bool check_elignment_value(long long intvalue) {
2818         if(intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
2819                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
2820                 return false;
2821         }
2822         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
2823         for(unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
2824                 if (i == v)
2825                         return true;
2826         }
2827         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
2828         return false;
2829 }
2830
2831 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
2832         if(*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
2833         *modifiers |= tag; \
2834 } while(0)
2835
2836 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2837 {
2838         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
2839
2840         while(true) {
2841                 if(token.type == T_restrict) {
2842                         next_token();
2843                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
2844                         goto end_loop;
2845                 } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2846                         break;
2847                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
2848                 if(symbol == sym_align) {
2849                         next_token();
2850                         expect('(');
2851                         if(token.type != T_INTEGER)
2852                                 goto end_error;
2853                         if(check_elignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
2854                                 if(specifiers->alignment != 0)
2855                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
2856                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
2857                         }
2858                         next_token();
2859                         expect(')');
2860                 } else if(symbol == sym_allocate) {
2861                         next_token();
2862                         expect('(');
2863                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2864                                 goto end_error;
2865                         (void)token.v.symbol;
2866                         expect(')');
2867                 } else if(symbol == sym_dllimport) {
2868                         next_token();
2869                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
2870                 } else if(symbol == sym_dllexport) {
2871                         next_token();
2872                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
2873                 } else if(symbol == sym_thread) {
2874                         next_token();
2875                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
2876                 } else if(symbol == sym_naked) {
2877                         next_token();
2878                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
2879                 } else if(symbol == sym_noinline) {
2880                         next_token();
2881                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
2882                 } else if(symbol == sym_noreturn) {
2883                         next_token();
2884                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
2885                 } else if(symbol == sym_nothrow) {
2886                         next_token();
2887                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
2888                 } else if(symbol == sym_novtable) {
2889                         next_token();
2890                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
2891                 } else if(symbol == sym_property) {
2892                         next_token();
2893                         expect('(');
2894                         for(;;) {
2895                                 bool is_get = false;
2896                                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2897                                         goto end_error;
2898                                 if(token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
2899                                         is_get = true;
2900                                 } else if(token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
2901                                 } else {
2902                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
2903                                         goto end_error;
2904                                 }
2905                                 next_token();
2906                                 expect('=');
2907                                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2908                                         goto end_error;
2909                                 if(is_get) {
2910                                         if(specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
2911                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
2912                                         } else {
2913                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
2914                                         }
2915                                 } else {
2916                                         if(specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
2917                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
2918                                         } else {
2919                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
2920                                         }
2921                                 }
2922                                 next_token();
2923                                 if(token.type == ',') {
2924                                         next_token();
2925                                         continue;
2926                                 }
2927                                 break;
2928                         }
2929                         expect(')');
2930                 } else if(symbol == sym_selectany) {
2931                         next_token();
2932                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
2933                 } else if(symbol == sym_uuid) {
2934                         next_token();
2935                         expect('(');
2936                         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
2937                                 goto end_error;
2938                         next_token();
2939                         expect(')');
2940                 } else if(symbol == sym_deprecated) {
2941                         next_token();
2942                         if(specifiers->deprecated != 0)
2943                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
2944                         specifiers->deprecated = 1;
2945                         if(token.type == '(') {
2946                                 next_token();
2947                                 if(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
2948                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
2949                                         next_token();
2950                                 } else {
2951                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
2952                                 }
2953                                 expect(')');
2954                         }
2955                 } else if(symbol == sym_noalias) {
2956                         next_token();
2957                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
2958                 } else {
2959                         warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
2960                         next_token();
2961                         if(token.type == '(')
2962                                 skip_until(')');
2963                 }
2964 end_loop:
2965                 if (token.type == ',')
2966                         next_token();
2967         }
2968 end_error:
2969         return;
2970 }
2971
2972 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2973 {
2974         type_t            *type            = NULL;
2975         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers      = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
2976         type_modifiers_t   modifiers       = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
2977         unsigned           type_specifiers = 0;
2978         int                newtype         = 0;
2979
2980         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
2981
2982         while(true) {
2983                 switch(token.type) {
2984
2985                 /* storage class */
2986 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
2987                 case token:                                                        \
2988                         if(specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
2989                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
2990                         }                                                              \
2991                         specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
2992                         next_token();                                                  \
2993                         break;
2994
2995                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2996                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
2997                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
2998                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
2999                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3000
3001                 case T__declspec:
3002                         next_token();
3003                         expect('(');
3004                         add_anchor_token(')');
3005                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
3006                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3007                         expect(')');
3008                         break;
3009
3010                 case T___thread:
3011                         switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
3012                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3013                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
3014                                 break;
3015
3016                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3017                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
3018                                 break;
3019
3020                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3021                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
3022                                 break;
3023
3024                         default:
3025                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
3026                                 break;
3027                         }
3028                         next_token();
3029                         break;
3030
3031                 /* type qualifiers */
3032 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3033                 case token:                                                     \
3034                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3035                         next_token();                                               \
3036                         break;
3037
3038                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3039                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3040                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3041                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3042                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3043                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3044                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3045                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3046
3047                 case T___extension__:
3048                         /* TODO */
3049                         next_token();
3050                         break;
3051
3052                 /* type specifiers */
3053 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3054                 case token:                                                     \
3055                         next_token();                                               \
3056                         if(type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3057                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3058                         } else {                                                    \
3059                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3060                         }                                                           \
3061                         break;
3062
3063                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void")
3064                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char")
3065                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short")
3066                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int")
3067                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float")
3068                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double")
3069                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed")
3070                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned")
3071                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool")
3072                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8")
3073                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16")
3074                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32")
3075                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64")
3076                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128")
3077                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex")
3078                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary")
3079
3080                 case T__forceinline:
3081                         /* only in microsoft mode */
3082                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3083
3084                 case T_inline:
3085                         next_token();
3086                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3087                         break;
3088
3089                 case T_long:
3090                         next_token();
3091                         if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3092                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3093                         } else if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3094                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3095                         } else {
3096                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3097                         }
3098                         break;
3099
3100                 case T_struct: {
3101                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT, HERE);
3102
3103                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3104                         break;
3105                 }
3106                 case T_union: {
3107                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
3108                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3109                         if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3110                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3111                         break;
3112                 }
3113                 case T_enum:
3114                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3115                         break;
3116                 case T___typeof__:
3117                         type = parse_typeof();
3118                         break;
3119                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3120                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3121                         next_token();
3122                         break;
3123
3124                 case T___attribute__:
3125                         specifiers->modifiers
3126                                 |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3127                         if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3128                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3129                         break;
3130
3131                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3132                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3133                         if(type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0)
3134                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3135
3136                         type_t *typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3137
3138                         if(typedef_type == NULL)
3139                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3140
3141                         next_token();
3142                         type = typedef_type;
3143                         break;
3144                 }
3145
3146                 /* function specifier */
3147                 default:
3148                         goto finish_specifiers;
3149                 }
3150         }
3151
3152 finish_specifiers:
3153
3154         if(type == NULL) {
3155                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3156
3157                 /* match valid basic types */
3158                 switch(type_specifiers) {
3159                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3160                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3161                         break;
3162                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3163                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3164                         break;
3165                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3166                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3167                         break;
3168                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3169                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3170                         break;
3171                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3172                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3173                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3174                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3175                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3176                         break;
3177                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3178                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3179                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3180                         break;
3181                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3182                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3183                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3184                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3185                         break;
3186                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3187                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3188                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3189                         break;
3190                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3191                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3192                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3193                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3194                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3195                         break;
3196                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3197                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3198                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3199                         break;
3200                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3201                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3202                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3203                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3204                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3205                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3206                         break;
3207                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3208                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3209                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3210                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3211                         break;
3212
3213                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3214                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3215                         break;
3216
3217                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3218                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3219                         break;
3220
3221                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3222                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3223                         break;
3224
3225                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3226                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3227                         break;
3228
3229                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3230                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3231                         break;
3232
3233                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3234                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3235                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3236                         break;
3237
3238                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3239                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3240                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3241                         break;
3242
3243                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3244                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3245                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3246                         break;
3247
3248                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3249                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3250                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3251                         break;
3252
3253                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3254                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3255                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3256                         break;
3257
3258                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3259                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3260                         break;
3261                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3262                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3263                         break;
3264                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3265                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3266                         break;
3267                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3268                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3269                         break;
3270                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3271                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3272                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3273                         break;
3274                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3275                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3276                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3277                         break;
3278                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3279                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3280                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3281                         break;
3282                 default:
3283                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3284                         if(type_specifiers == 0) {
3285                                 if (! strict_mode) {
3286                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3287                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3288                                         }
3289                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3290                                         break;
3291                                 } else {
3292                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3293                                 }
3294                         } else if((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3295                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3296                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers gives");
3297                         } else if(type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3298                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3299                         } else {
3300                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3301                         }
3302                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
3303                 }
3304
3305                 if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX &&
3306                    atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3307                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
3308                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3309                 } else if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY &&
3310                           atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3311                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
3312                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3313                 } else {
3314                         type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
3315                         type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
3316                 }
3317                 newtype = 1;
3318         } else {
3319                 if(type_specifiers != 0) {
3320                         errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3321                 }
3322         }
3323
3324         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3325
3326         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
3327         type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
3328
3329         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
3330         if(newtype && result != type) {
3331                 free_type(type);
3332         }
3333
3334         specifiers->type = result;
3335 end_error:
3336         return;
3337 }
3338
3339 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3340 {
3341         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3342
3343         while(true) {
3344                 switch(token.type) {
3345                 /* type qualifiers */
3346                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3347                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3348                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3349                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3350                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3351                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3352                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3353                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3354                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3355
3356                 default:
3357                         return qualifiers;
3358                 }
3359         }
3360 }
3361
3362 static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
3363 {
3364         declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
3365         declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
3366         do {
3367                 declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
3368                 declaration->type            = NULL; /* a K&R parameter list has no types, yet */
3369                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3370                 declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3371                 next_token();
3372
3373                 if(last_declaration != NULL) {
3374                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
3375                 } else {
3376                         declarations = declaration;
3377                 }
3378                 last_declaration = declaration;
3379
3380                 if (token.type != ',') {
3381                         break;
3382                 }
3383                 next_token();
3384         } while(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3385
3386         return declarations;
3387 }
3388
3389 static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
3390 {
3391         /* TODO: improve error messages */
3392
3393         if(declaration->declared_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
3394                 errorf(HERE, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
3395         } else if(declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
3396                         && declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
3397                 errorf(HERE, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
3398         }
3399
3400         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
3401         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3402
3403         /* Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic sugar.  Turn it
3404          * into a pointer. § 6.7.5.3 (7) */
3405         if (is_type_array(type)) {
3406                 type_t *const element_type = type->array.element_type;
3407
3408                 type = make_pointer_type(element_type, type->base.qualifiers);
3409
3410                 declaration->type = type;
3411         }
3412
3413         if(is_type_incomplete(type)) {
3414                 errorf(HERE, "incomplete type '%T' not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
3415                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
3416         }
3417 }
3418
3419 static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
3420 {
3421         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
3422         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
3423
3424         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
3425
3426         declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
3427
3428         semantic_parameter(declaration);
3429
3430         return declaration;
3431 }
3432
3433 static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
3434 {
3435         declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
3436
3437         eat('(');
3438         add_anchor_token(')');
3439         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
3440
3441         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3442                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3443                 if(!is_typedef_symbol(symbol)) {
3444                         type->kr_style_parameters = true;
3445                         declarations = parse_identifier_list();
3446                         goto parameters_finished;
3447                 }
3448         }
3449
3450         if(token.type == ')') {
3451                 type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
3452                 goto parameters_finished;
3453         }
3454         if(token.type == T_void && look_ahead(1)->type == ')') {
3455                 next_token();
3456                 goto parameters_finished;
3457         }
3458
3459         declaration_t        *declaration;
3460         declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
3461         function_parameter_t *parameter;
3462         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
3463
3464         while(true) {
3465                 switch(token.type) {
3466                 case T_DOTDOTDOT:
3467                         next_token();
3468                         type->variadic = 1;
3469                         goto parameters_finished;
3470
3471                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
3472                 case T___extension__:
3473                 DECLARATION_START
3474                         declaration = parse_parameter();
3475
3476                         parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3477                         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3478                         parameter->type = declaration->type;
3479
3480                         if(last_parameter != NULL) {
3481                                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
3482                                 last_parameter->next   = parameter;
3483                         } else {
3484                                 type->parameters = parameter;
3485                                 declarations     = declaration;
3486                         }
3487                         last_parameter   = parameter;
3488                         last_declaration = declaration;
3489                         break;
3490
3491                 default:
3492                         goto parameters_finished;
3493                 }
3494                 if (token.type != ',') {
3495                         goto parameters_finished;
3496                 }
3497                 next_token();
3498         }
3499
3500
3501 parameters_finished:
3502         rem_anchor_token(')');
3503         expect(')');
3504
3505         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3506         return declarations;
3507
3508 end_error:
3509         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3510         return NULL;
3511 }
3512
3513 typedef enum {
3514         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
3515         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
3516         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
3517         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
3518 } construct_type_kind_t;
3519
3520 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
3521 struct construct_type_t {
3522         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
3523         construct_type_t      *next;
3524 };
3525
3526 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
3527 struct parsed_pointer_t {
3528         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3529         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3530 };
3531
3532 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
3533 struct construct_function_type_t {
3534         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3535         type_t           *function_type;
3536 };
3537
3538 typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
3539 struct parsed_array_t {
3540         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3541         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3542         bool              is_static;
3543         bool              is_variable;
3544         expression_t     *size;
3545 };
3546
3547 typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
3548 struct construct_base_type_t {
3549         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3550         type_t           *type;
3551 };
3552
3553 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
3554 {
3555         eat('*');
3556
3557         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3558         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3559         pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
3560         pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
3561
3562         return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
3563 }
3564
3565 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
3566 {
3567         eat('[');
3568         add_anchor_token(']');
3569
3570         parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
3571         memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
3572         array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
3573
3574         if(token.type == T_static) {
3575                 array->is_static = true;
3576                 next_token();
3577         }
3578
3579         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3580         if(type_qualifiers != 0) {
3581                 if(token.type == T_static) {
3582                         array->is_static = true;
3583                         next_token();
3584                 }
3585         }
3586         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3587
3588         if(token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
3589                 array->is_variable = true;
3590                 next_token();
3591         } else if(token.type != ']') {
3592                 array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
3593         }
3594
3595         rem_anchor_token(']');
3596         expect(']');
3597
3598         return (construct_type_t*) array;
3599 end_error:
3600         return NULL;
3601 }
3602
3603 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
3604 {
3605         type_t *type;
3606         if(declaration != NULL) {
3607                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &declaration->source_position);
3608         } else {
3609                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
3610         }
3611
3612         declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
3613         if(declaration != NULL) {
3614                 declaration->scope.declarations = parameters;
3615         }
3616
3617         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
3618                 obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3619         memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3620         construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
3621         construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
3622
3623         return (construct_type_t*) construct_function_type;
3624 }
3625
3626 static void fix_declaration_type(declaration_t *declaration)
3627 {
3628         decl_modifiers_t declaration_modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
3629         type_modifiers_t type_modifiers        = declaration->type->base.modifiers;
3630
3631         if (declaration_modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3632                 type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3633
3634         if (declaration->type->base.modifiers == type_modifiers)
3635                 return;
3636
3637         type_t *copy = duplicate_type(declaration->type);
3638         copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
3639
3640         type_t *result = typehash_insert(copy);
3641         if (result != copy) {
3642                 obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
3643         }
3644
3645         declaration->type = result;
3646 }
3647
3648 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
3649                 bool may_be_abstract)
3650 {
3651         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
3652          * how to construct the final declarator type */
3653         construct_type_t *first = NULL;
3654         construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
3655         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
3656
3657         /* pointers */
3658         while(token.type == '*') {
3659                 construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
3660
3661                 if(last == NULL) {
3662                         first = type;
3663                         last  = type;
3664                 } else {
3665                         last->next = type;
3666                         last       = type;
3667                 }
3668         }
3669
3670         /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
3671         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
3672
3673         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
3674
3675         switch(token.type) {
3676         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3677                 if(declaration == NULL) {
3678                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
3679                 } else {
3680                         declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3681                         declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3682                 }
3683                 next_token();
3684                 break;
3685         case '(':
3686                 next_token();
3687                 add_anchor_token(')');
3688                 inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
3689                 rem_anchor_token(')');
3690                 expect(')');
3691                 break;
3692         default:
3693                 if(may_be_abstract)
3694                         break;
3695                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
3696                 /* avoid a loop in the outermost scope, because eat_statement doesn't
3697                  * eat '}' */
3698                 if(token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
3699                         next_token();
3700                 } else {
3701                         eat_statement();
3702                 }
3703                 return NULL;
3704         }
3705
3706         construct_type_t *p = last;
3707
3708         while(true) {
3709                 construct_type_t *type;
3710                 switch(token.type) {
3711                 case '(':
3712                         type = parse_function_declarator(declaration);
3713                         break;
3714                 case '[':
3715                         type = parse_array_declarator();
3716                         break;
3717                 default:
3718                         goto declarator_finished;
3719                 }
3720
3721                 /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
3722                 if(p != NULL) {
3723                         type->next = p->next;
3724                         p->next    = type;
3725                 } else {
3726                         type->next = first;
3727                         first      = type;
3728                 }
3729                 if(last == p) {
3730                         last = type;
3731                 }
3732         }
3733
3734 declarator_finished:
3735         modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
3736         if (declaration != NULL) {
3737                 declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
3738         }
3739
3740         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
3741          * as it's not needed anymore */
3742         if(last == NULL) {
3743                 assert(first == NULL);
3744                 first = inner_types;
3745         } else {
3746                 last->next = inner_types;
3747         }
3748
3749         return first;
3750 end_error:
3751         return NULL;
3752 }
3753
3754 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
3755                                          type_t *type)
3756 {
3757         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
3758         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
3759                 switch(iter->kind) {
3760                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
3761                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
3762                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
3763                         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
3764                                 = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
3765
3766                         type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
3767
3768                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
3769
3770                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
3771                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
3772                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
3773                                 type = type_error_type;
3774                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
3775                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
3776                                 type = type_error_type;
3777                         } else {
3778                                 type = function_type;
3779                         }
3780                         break;
3781                 }
3782
3783                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
3784                         parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
3785                         type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, &null_position);
3786                         pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
3787                         pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
3788
3789                         type = pointer_type;
3790                         break;
3791                 }
3792
3793                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
3794                         parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
3795                         type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, &null_position);
3796
3797                         expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
3798                         if(size_expression != NULL) {
3799                                 size_expression
3800                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
3801                         }
3802
3803                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
3804                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
3805                         array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
3806                         array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
3807                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
3808
3809                         if(size_expression != NULL) {
3810                                 if(is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
3811                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
3812                                         array_type->array.size
3813                                                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
3814                                 } else {
3815                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
3816                                 }
3817                         }
3818
3819                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
3820                         if (is_type_atomic(skipped_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
3821                                 errorf(HERE, "array of void is not allowed");
3822                                 type = type_error_type;
3823                         } else {
3824                                 type = array_type;
3825                         }
3826                         break;
3827                 }
3828                 }
3829
3830                 type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
3831                 if(hashed_type != type) {
3832                         /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
3833                          * destroy other types... */
3834                         if(iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
3835                                 free_type(type);
3836                         }
3837                         type = hashed_type;
3838                 }
3839         }
3840
3841         return type;
3842 }
3843
3844 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
3845                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
3846 {
3847         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
3848         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
3849         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
3850         declaration->deprecated             = specifiers->deprecated;
3851         declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
3852         declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
3853         declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
3854         declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
3855
3856         declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
3857         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
3858                         && scope != global_scope) {
3859                 declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
3860         }
3861
3862         if(specifiers->alignment != 0) {
3863                 /* TODO: add checks here */
3864                 declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
3865         }
3866
3867         construct_type_t *construct_type
3868                 = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
3869         type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
3870         declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
3871
3872         fix_declaration_type(declaration);
3873
3874         if(construct_type != NULL) {
3875                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
3876         }
3877
3878         return declaration;
3879 }
3880
3881 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
3882 {
3883         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
3884
3885         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
3886         if(construct_type != NULL) {
3887                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
3888         }
3889
3890         return result;
3891 }
3892
3893 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
3894 {
3895         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
3896                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
3897         } else {
3898                 scope->declarations = declaration;
3899         }
3900         last_declaration = declaration;
3901         return declaration;
3902 }
3903
3904 /**
3905  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
3906  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
3907  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
3908  *
3909  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
3910  *
3911  * @param decl    the declaration to check
3912  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
3913  */
3914 static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_type_t *const func_type)
3915 {
3916         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
3917                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3918                          "'main' is normally a non-static function");
3919         }
3920         if (skip_typeref(func_type->return_type) != type_int) {
3921                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3922                          "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
3923                          func_type->return_type);
3924         }
3925         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
3926         if (parm != NULL) {
3927                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
3928                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
3929                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
3930                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'", first_type);
3931                 }
3932                 parm = parm->next;
3933                 if (parm != NULL) {
3934                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
3935                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
3936                                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3937                                          "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
3938                         }
3939                         parm = parm->next;
3940                         if (parm != NULL) {
3941                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
3942                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
3943                                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
3944                                                  "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
3945                                 }
3946                                 parm = parm->next;
3947                                 if (parm != NULL) {
3948                                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
3949                                 }
3950                         }
3951                 } else {
3952                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
3953                 }
3954         }
3955 }
3956
3957 /**
3958  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
3959  */
3960 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
3961 {
3962         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
3963 }
3964
3965 static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
3966         declaration_t *const declaration,
3967         const bool is_function_definition)
3968 {
3969         const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
3970         const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
3971
3972         assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
3973         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
3974
3975         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
3976         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3977         if (is_type_function(type) &&
3978                         type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
3979                         warning.strict_prototypes &&
3980                         previous_declaration == NULL) {
3981                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3982                          "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
3983                          orig_type, declaration->symbol);
3984         }
3985
3986         if (is_function_definition && warning.main && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
3987                 check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
3988         }
3989
3990         assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
3991         if (previous_declaration != NULL
3992                         && previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
3993                 /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
3994                 if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
3995                         previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
3996                 }
3997
3998                 const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
3999                 if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
4000                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4001                                    "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4002                                    orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
4003                                    &previous_declaration->source_position);
4004                 } else {
4005                         unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
4006                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
4007                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4008                                            "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
4009                                            symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4010                                 return previous_declaration;
4011                         }
4012
4013                         unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4014
4015                         if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
4016                                 previous_declaration->type = type;
4017                                 prev_type                  = type;
4018                         }
4019
4020                         /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
4021                          * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
4022                          * none nor extern) */
4023                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4024                                 if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
4025                                         previous_declaration->type = type;
4026                                         prev_type                  = type;
4027                                 }
4028
4029                                 switch (old_storage_class) {
4030                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
4031                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4032                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
4033
4034                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
4035                                         if (is_function_definition) {
4036                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
4037                                                         prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4038                                                         !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4039                                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4040                                                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4041                                                                          orig_type, symbol);
4042                                                 }
4043                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4044                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4045                                         }
4046                                         break;
4047
4048                                 default:
4049                                         break;
4050                                 }
4051                         }
4052
4053                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4054                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4055 warn_redundant_declaration:
4056                                 if (warning.redundant_decls && strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
4057                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4058                                                          "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
4059                                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4060                                 }
4061                         } else if (current_function == NULL) {
4062                                 if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4063                                                 new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4064                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4065                                                    "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
4066                                                    symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4067                                 } else if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN
4068                                                 && !is_function_definition) {
4069                                         goto warn_redundant_declaration;
4070                                 } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4071                                         previous_declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4072                                         previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4073                                 }
4074                         } else if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
4075                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4076                                            "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4077                                            symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4078                         } else {
4079                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4080                                            "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
4081                                            symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4082                         }
4083                 }
4084
4085                 if (declaration->is_inline)
4086                         previous_declaration->is_inline = true;
4087                 return previous_declaration;
4088         } else if (is_function_definition) {
4089                 if (declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4090                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4091                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4092                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4093                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4094                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4095                                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type,
4096                                          symbol);
4097                         }
4098                 }
4099         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
4100             scope == global_scope &&
4101             !is_type_function(type) && (
4102               declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
4103               declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
4104             )) {
4105                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4106                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4107         }
4108
4109         assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
4110         assert(scope != NULL);
4111
4112         declaration->parent_scope = scope;
4113
4114         environment_push(declaration);
4115         return append_declaration(declaration);
4116 }
4117
4118 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
4119 {
4120         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, false);
4121 }
4122
4123 static declaration_t *record_function_definition(declaration_t *declaration)
4124 {
4125         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, true);
4126 }
4127
4128 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
4129                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4130 {
4131         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
4132                declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
4133 }
4134
4135 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
4136                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
4137 {
4138         switch(token->type) {
4139                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
4140                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
4141                         return true;
4142                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4143                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
4144
4145                 case T___extension__:
4146                 STORAGE_CLASSES
4147                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
4148
4149                 default:
4150                         return false;
4151         }
4152 }
4153
4154 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
4155 {
4156         eat('=');
4157
4158         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4159         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4160
4161         if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
4162                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4163         }
4164
4165         bool must_be_constant = false;
4166         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
4167                         || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
4168                         || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
4169                 must_be_constant = true;
4170         }
4171
4172         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4173         env.type             = orig_type;
4174         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4175         env.declaration      = declaration;
4176
4177         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4178
4179         if(env.type != orig_type) {
4180                 orig_type         = env.type;
4181                 type              = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4182                 declaration->type = env.type;
4183         }
4184
4185         if(is_type_function(type)) {
4186                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4187                        "initializers not allowed for function types at declator '%Y' (type '%T')",
4188                        declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4189         } else {
4190                 declaration->init.initializer = initializer;
4191         }
4192 }
4193
4194 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4195 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4196                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4197                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4198 {
4199         eat(';');
4200
4201         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4202         declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
4203         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4204         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4205         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4206
4207         if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4208                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4209                          "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4210         }
4211         declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4212
4213         type_t *type = declaration->type;
4214         switch (type->kind) {
4215                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4216                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4217                         if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
4218                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4219                                          "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4220                         }
4221                         break;
4222                 }
4223
4224                 case TYPE_ENUM:
4225                         break;
4226
4227                 default:
4228                         warningf(&declaration->source_position, "empty declaration");
4229                         break;
4230         }
4231
4232         finished_declaration(declaration);
4233 }
4234
4235 static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
4236                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4237                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4238 {
4239         add_anchor_token(';');
4240         add_anchor_token('=');
4241         add_anchor_token(',');
4242         while(true) {
4243                 declaration_t *declaration = finished_declaration(ndeclaration);
4244
4245                 type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4246                 type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4247
4248                 if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION &&
4249                     declaration->is_inline &&
4250                     is_type_valid(type)) {
4251                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4252                                  "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
4253                 }
4254
4255                 if(token.type == '=') {
4256                         parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
4257                 }
4258
4259                 if(token.type != ',')
4260                         break;
4261                 eat(',');
4262
4263                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4264         }
4265         expect(';');
4266
4267 end_error:
4268         rem_anchor_token(';');
4269         rem_anchor_token('=');
4270         rem_anchor_token(',');
4271 }
4272
4273 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
4274 {
4275         symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4276         if(symbol == NULL) {
4277                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4278                 return declaration;
4279         }
4280         namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
4281         if(namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
4282                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4283         }
4284
4285         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4286         if(previous_declaration == NULL ||
4287                         previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
4288                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
4289                        symbol);
4290                 return declaration;
4291         }
4292
4293         if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
4294                 previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
4295                 previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
4296                 previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4297                 previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
4298                 return previous_declaration;
4299         } else {
4300                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4301         }
4302 }
4303
4304 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4305 {
4306         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4307         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4308         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4309
4310         if(token.type == ';') {
4311                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
4312         } else {
4313                 declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4314                 parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
4315         }
4316 }
4317
4318 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
4319 {
4320         type_t *result = orig_type;
4321
4322         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4323         if(is_type_integer(type)) {
4324                 result = promote_integer(type);
4325         } else if(type == type_float) {
4326                 result = type_double;
4327         }
4328
4329         return result;
4330 }
4331
4332 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
4333 {
4334         type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
4335         if (!is_type_function(type))
4336                 return;
4337
4338         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
4339                 return;
4340
4341         /* push function parameters */
4342         int       top        = environment_top();
4343         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
4344         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
4345
4346         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
4347         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4348                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
4349                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4350                 environment_push(parameter);
4351         }
4352
4353         /* parse declaration list */
4354         while (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
4355                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
4356         }
4357
4358         /* pop function parameters */
4359         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
4360         set_scope(last_scope);
4361         environment_pop_to(top);
4362
4363         /* update function type */
4364         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
4365
4366         function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
4367         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
4368
4369         declaration_t *parameter_declaration = declaration->scope.declarations;
4370         for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
4371                         parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
4372                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4373                 if(parameter_type == NULL) {
4374                         if (strict_mode) {
4375                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
4376                                        parameter_declaration->symbol);
4377                         } else {
4378                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
4379                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
4380                                                 parameter_declaration->symbol);
4381                                 }
4382                                 parameter_type              = type_int;
4383                                 parameter_declaration->type = parameter_type;
4384                         }
4385                 }
4386
4387                 semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
4388                 parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4389
4390                 /*
4391                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
4392                  */
4393                 parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
4394
4395                 function_parameter_t *function_parameter
4396                         = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4397                 memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4398
4399                 function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
4400                 if(last_parameter != NULL) {
4401                         last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
4402                 } else {
4403                         parameters = function_parameter;
4404                 }
4405                 last_parameter = function_parameter;
4406         }
4407
4408         /* § 6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
4409          * prototype */
4410         new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
4411         new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4412
4413         type = typehash_insert(new_type);
4414         if(type != new_type) {
4415                 obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
4416         }
4417
4418         declaration->type = type;
4419 }
4420
4421 static bool first_err = true;
4422
4423 /**
4424  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
4425  * else does noting.
4426  */
4427 static void print_in_function(void) {
4428         if (first_err) {
4429                 first_err = false;
4430                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
4431                         current_function->source_position.input_name,
4432                         current_function->symbol);
4433         }
4434 }
4435
4436 /**
4437  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
4438  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
4439  */
4440 static void check_labels(void)
4441 {
4442         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
4443             goto_statement != NULL;
4444             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
4445                 declaration_t *label = goto_statement->label;
4446
4447                 label->used = true;
4448                 if (label->source_position.input_name == NULL) {
4449                         print_in_function();
4450                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
4451                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->symbol);
4452                  }
4453         }
4454         goto_first = goto_last = NULL;
4455
4456         if (warning.unused_label) {
4457                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
4458                          label_statement != NULL;
4459                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
4460                         const declaration_t *label = label_statement->label;
4461
4462                         if (! label->used) {
4463                                 print_in_function();
4464                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
4465                                         "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->symbol);
4466                         }
4467                 }
4468         }
4469         label_first = label_last = NULL;
4470 }
4471
4472 /**
4473  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
4474  */
4475 static void check_declarations(void)
4476 {
4477         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
4478                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
4479
4480                 const declaration_t *parameter = scope->declarations;
4481                 for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4482                         if (! parameter->used) {
4483                                 print_in_function();
4484                                 warningf(&parameter->source_position,
4485                                          "unused parameter '%Y'", parameter->symbol);
4486                         }
4487                 }
4488         }
4489         if (warning.unused_variable) {
4490         }
4491 }
4492
4493 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
4494 {
4495         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
4496          * specifiers */
4497         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4498         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4499
4500         add_anchor_token(';');
4501         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4502         rem_anchor_token(';');
4503
4504         /* must be a declaration */
4505         if(token.type == ';') {
4506                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
4507                 return;
4508         }
4509
4510         add_anchor_token(',');
4511         add_anchor_token('=');
4512         rem_anchor_token(';');
4513
4514         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
4515         declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4516
4517         rem_anchor_token(',');
4518         rem_anchor_token('=');
4519         rem_anchor_token(';');
4520
4521         /* must be a declaration */
4522         if(token.type == ',' || token.type == '=' || token.type == ';') {
4523                 parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
4524                 return;
4525         }
4526
4527         /* must be a function definition */
4528         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
4529
4530         if(token.type != '{') {
4531                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
4532                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
4533                 return;
4534         }
4535
4536         type_t *type = ndeclaration->type;
4537
4538         /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
4539          * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
4540         if(type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
4541                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
4542                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
4543                                type, ndeclaration->symbol);
4544                 }
4545                 eat_block();
4546                 return;
4547         }
4548
4549         /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
4550          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
4551         if(type->function.unspecified_parameters
4552                         && type->function.parameters == NULL
4553                         && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
4554                 type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
4555                 duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
4556
4557                 type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
4558                 if(type != duplicate) {
4559                         obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
4560                 }
4561                 ndeclaration->type = type;
4562         }
4563
4564         declaration_t *const declaration = record_function_definition(ndeclaration);
4565         if(ndeclaration != declaration) {
4566                 declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
4567         }
4568         type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
4569
4570         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
4571         int       top        = environment_top();
4572         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
4573         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
4574
4575         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
4576         for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4577                 if(parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
4578                         parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4579                 }
4580                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
4581                                 || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
4582                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4583                 if (parameter->symbol == NULL) {
4584                         errorf(&ndeclaration->source_position, "parameter name omitted");
4585                         continue;
4586                 }
4587                 environment_push(parameter);
4588         }
4589
4590         if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
4591                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4592                 eat_block();
4593                 goto end_of_parse_external_declaration;
4594         } else {
4595                 /* parse function body */
4596                 int            label_stack_top      = label_top();
4597                 declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
4598                 current_function                    = declaration;
4599
4600                 declaration->init.statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
4601                 first_err = true;
4602                 check_labels();
4603                 check_declarations();
4604
4605                 assert(current_function == declaration);
4606                 current_function = old_current_function;
4607                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
4608         }
4609
4610 end_of_parse_external_declaration:
4611         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
4612         set_scope(last_scope);
4613         environment_pop_to(top);
4614 }
4615
4616 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
4617                                   source_position_t *source_position)
4618 {
4619         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
4620
4621         type->bitfield.base_type = base_type;
4622         type->bitfield.size      = size;
4623
4624         return type;
4625 }
4626
4627 static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
4628                                           symbol_t *symbol)
4629 {
4630         declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
4631         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
4632                 if(iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
4633                         continue;
4634
4635                 if(iter->symbol == NULL) {
4636                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
4637                         if(is_type_compound(type)) {
4638                                 declaration_t *result
4639                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
4640                                 if(result != NULL)
4641                                         return result;
4642                         }
4643                         continue;
4644                 }
4645
4646                 if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
4647                         return iter;
4648                 }
4649         }
4650
4651         return NULL;
4652 }
4653
4654 static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
4655                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
4656 {
4657         declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
4658         if(last_declaration != NULL) {
4659                 while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
4660                         last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
4661                 }
4662         }
4663
4664         while(1) {
4665                 declaration_t *declaration;
4666
4667                 if(token.type == ':') {
4668                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
4669                         next_token();
4670
4671                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
4672                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
4673
4674                         if(!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
4675                                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
4676                                        base_type);
4677                         }
4678
4679                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size, &source_position);
4680
4681                         declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
4682                         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4683                         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4684                         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4685                         declaration->source_position        = source_position;
4686                         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4687                         declaration->type                   = type;
4688                 } else {
4689                         declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
4690
4691                         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4692                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4693
4694                         if(token.type == ':') {
4695                                 source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
4696                                 next_token();
4697                                 expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
4698
4699                                 if(!is_type_integer(type)) {
4700                                         errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an "
4701                                                "integer type", orig_type);
4702                                 }
4703
4704                                 type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size, &source_position);
4705                                 declaration->type = bitfield_type;
4706                         } else {
4707                                 /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
4708                                  * that they're at the end of the struct */
4709                                 if(is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
4710                                         errorf(HERE,
4711                                                "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
4712                                                declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4713                                 } else if(is_type_function(type)) {
4714                                         errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function "
4715                                                "type '%T'", declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4716                                 }
4717                         }
4718                 }
4719
4720                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
4721                 symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
4722                 if(symbol != NULL) {
4723                         declaration_t *prev_decl
4724                                 = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
4725
4726                         if(prev_decl != NULL) {
4727                                 assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
4728                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4729                                        "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
4730                                        symbol, &prev_decl->source_position);
4731                         }
4732                 }
4733
4734                 /* append declaration */
4735                 if(last_declaration != NULL) {
4736                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
4737                 } else {
4738                         struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
4739                 }
4740                 last_declaration = declaration;
4741
4742                 if(token.type != ',')
4743                         break;
4744                 next_token();
4745         }
4746         expect(';');
4747
4748 end_error:
4749         ;
4750 }
4751
4752 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
4753 {
4754         eat('{');
4755         add_anchor_token('}');
4756
4757         while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
4758                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4759                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4760                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4761
4762                 parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
4763         }
4764         rem_anchor_token('}');
4765
4766         if(token.type == T_EOF) {
4767                 errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
4768         }
4769         next_token();
4770 }
4771
4772 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
4773 {
4774         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4775         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4776         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4777         if(specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4778                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
4779                  * storage class is...
4780                  */
4781                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
4782         }
4783
4784         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
4785
4786         return result;
4787 }
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function) (unsigned precedence);
4793 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function) (unsigned precedence,
4794                                                           expression_t *left);
4795
4796 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
4797 struct expression_parser_function_t {
4798         unsigned                         precedence;
4799         parse_expression_function        parser;
4800         unsigned                         infix_precedence;
4801         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
4802 };
4803
4804 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
4805
4806 /**
4807  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
4808  */
4809 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
4810 {
4811         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
4812         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
4813                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token '%K'", &token);
4814         }
4815         next_token();
4816
4817         return create_invalid_expression();
4818 }
4819
4820 /**
4821  * Parse a string constant.
4822  */
4823 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
4824 {
4825         wide_string_t wres;
4826         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
4827                 string_t res = token.v.string;
4828                 next_token();
4829                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
4830                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
4831                         next_token();
4832                 }
4833                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
4834                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
4835                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
4836                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
4837                          * will construct the array type */
4838                         cnst->base.type    = type_char_ptr;
4839                         cnst->string.value = res;
4840                         return cnst;
4841                 }
4842
4843                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
4844         } else {
4845                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
4846         }
4847         next_token();
4848
4849         for (;;) {
4850                 switch (token.type) {
4851                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
4852                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
4853                                 break;
4854
4855                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
4856                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
4857                                 break;
4858
4859                         default: {
4860                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
4861                                 cnst->base.type         = type_wchar_t_ptr;
4862                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
4863                                 return cnst;
4864                         }
4865                 }
4866                 next_token();
4867         }
4868 }
4869
4870 /**
4871  * Parse an integer constant.
4872  */
4873 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
4874 {
4875         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
4876         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
4877         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4878         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
4879
4880         next_token();
4881
4882         return cnst;
4883 }
4884
4885 /**
4886  * Parse a character constant.
4887  */
4888 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
4889 {
4890         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
4891
4892         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
4893         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4894         cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
4895
4896         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
4897                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
4898                         /* TODO */
4899                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
4900                 } else {
4901                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
4902                 }
4903         }
4904         next_token();
4905
4906         return cnst;
4907 }
4908
4909 /**
4910  * Parse a wide character constant.
4911  */
4912 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
4913 {
4914         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
4915
4916         cnst->base.source_position    = *HERE;
4917         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
4918         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
4919
4920         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
4921                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
4922                         /* TODO */
4923                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
4924                 } else {
4925                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
4926                 }
4927         }
4928         next_token();
4929
4930         return cnst;
4931 }
4932
4933 /**
4934  * Parse a float constant.
4935  */
4936 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
4937 {
4938         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
4939         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4940         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
4941
4942         next_token();
4943
4944         return cnst;
4945 }
4946
4947 static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
4948                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4949 {
4950         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, source_position);
4951         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
4952         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4953
4954         type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
4955         if(type != ntype) {
4956                 free_type(ntype);
4957         }
4958
4959         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4960         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4961         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4962         declaration->type                   = type;
4963         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
4964         declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
4965
4966         bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
4967         warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
4968         record_declaration(declaration);
4969         warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
4970
4971         return declaration;
4972 }
4973
4974 /**
4975  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
4976  * already exists.
4977  */
4978 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
4979                                     type_t *argument_type2)
4980 {
4981         function_parameter_t *parameter2
4982                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
4983         memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
4984         parameter2->type = argument_type2;
4985
4986         function_parameter_t *parameter1
4987                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
4988         memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
4989         parameter1->type = argument_type1;
4990         parameter1->next = parameter2;
4991
4992         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
4993         type->function.return_type = return_type;
4994         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
4995
4996         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
4997         if(result != type) {
4998                 free_type(type);
4999         }
5000
5001         return result;
5002 }
5003
5004 /**
5005  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
5006  * already exists.
5007  *
5008  * @param return_type    the return type
5009  * @param argument_type  the argument type
5010  */
5011 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
5012 {
5013         function_parameter_t *parameter
5014                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
5015         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
5016         parameter->type = argument_type;
5017
5018         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
5019         type->function.return_type = return_type;
5020         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
5021
5022         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
5023         if(result != type) {
5024                 free_type(type);
5025         }
5026
5027         return result;
5028 }
5029
5030 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
5031 {
5032         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
5033         type->function.return_type = return_type;
5034         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
5035
5036         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
5037         if(result != type) {
5038                 free_type(type);
5039         }
5040
5041         return result;
5042 }
5043
5044 /**
5045  * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
5046  *
5047  * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
5048  */
5049 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
5050 {
5051         switch(symbol->ID) {
5052         case T___builtin_alloca:
5053                 return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
5054         case T___builtin_huge_val:
5055                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
5056         case T___builtin_nan:
5057                 return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
5058         case T___builtin_nanf:
5059                 return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
5060         case T___builtin_nand:
5061                 return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
5062         case T___builtin_va_end:
5063                 return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
5064         case T___builtin_expect:
5065                 return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
5066         default:
5067                 internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
5068         }
5069 }
5070
5071 /**
5072  * Performs automatic type cast as described in § 6.3.2.1.
5073  *
5074  * @param orig_type  the original type
5075  */
5076 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
5077 {
5078         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5079         if(is_type_array(type)) {
5080                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
5081                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
5082                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
5083
5084                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
5085         }
5086
5087         if(is_type_function(type)) {
5088                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5089         }
5090
5091         return orig_type;
5092 }
5093
5094 /**
5095  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
5096  * to function-pointer types as defined § 6.3.2.1
5097  */
5098 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
5099 {
5100         switch (expression->kind) {
5101                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: return expression->reference.declaration->type;
5102                 case EXPR_SELECT:    return expression->select.compound_entry->type;
5103
5104                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
5105                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
5106                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
5107                         assert(is_type_pointer(type));
5108                         return type->pointer.points_to;
5109                 }
5110
5111                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
5112                         return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
5113
5114                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
5115                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
5116                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
5117                         if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
5118                                 return type_left;
5119                         assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
5120                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
5121                 }
5122
5123                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
5124                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
5125                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5126                 }
5127
5128                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
5129                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
5130                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5131                 }
5132
5133                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
5134                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
5135
5136                 default: break;
5137         }
5138
5139         return expression->base.type;
5140 }
5141
5142 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
5143 {
5144         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
5145
5146         reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
5147         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
5148
5149         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5150
5151         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
5152         next_token();
5153
5154         if(declaration == NULL) {
5155                 if (! strict_mode && token.type == '(') {
5156                         /* an implicitly defined function */
5157                         if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
5158                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
5159                                         symbol);
5160                         }
5161
5162                         declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol,
5163                                                                &source_position);
5164                 } else {
5165                         errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
5166                         return create_invalid_expression();
5167                 }
5168         }
5169
5170         type_t *type         = declaration->type;
5171
5172         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5173          * code to revert this! */
5174         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5175
5176         ref->declaration = declaration;
5177         ref->base.type   = type;
5178
5179         /* this declaration is used */
5180         declaration->used = true;
5181
5182         /* check for deprecated functions */
5183         if(declaration->deprecated != 0) {
5184                 const char *prefix = "";
5185                 if (is_type_function(declaration->type))
5186                         prefix = "function ";
5187
5188                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
5189                         warningf(&source_position,
5190                                 "%s'%Y' was declared 'deprecated(\"%s\")'", prefix, declaration->symbol,
5191                                 declaration->deprecated_string);
5192                 } else {
5193                         warningf(&source_position,
5194                                 "%s'%Y' was declared 'deprecated'", prefix, declaration->symbol);
5195                 }
5196         }
5197
5198         return expression;
5199 }
5200
5201 static void check_cast_allowed(expression_t *expression, type_t *dest_type)
5202 {
5203         (void) expression;
5204         (void) dest_type;
5205         /* TODO check if explicit cast is allowed and issue warnings/errors */
5206 }
5207
5208 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
5209 {
5210         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
5211
5212         parse_initializer_env_t env;
5213         env.type             = type;
5214         env.declaration      = NULL;
5215         env.must_be_constant = false;
5216         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
5217         type = env.type;
5218
5219         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
5220         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
5221         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5222
5223         return expression;
5224 }
5225
5226 /**
5227  * Parse a cast expression.
5228  */
5229 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
5230 {
5231         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
5232
5233         type_t *type  = parse_typename();
5234
5235         /* matching add_anchor_token() is at call site */
5236         rem_anchor_token(')');
5237         expect(')');
5238
5239         if(token.type == '{') {
5240                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
5241         }
5242
5243         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
5244         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
5245
5246         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
5247
5248         check_cast_allowed(value, type);
5249
5250         cast->base.type   = type;
5251         cast->unary.value = value;
5252
5253         return cast;
5254 end_error:
5255         return create_invalid_expression();
5256 }
5257
5258 /**
5259  * Parse a statement expression.
5260  */
5261 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
5262 {
5263         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
5264
5265         statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
5266         expression->statement.statement  = statement;
5267         expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
5268
5269         /* find last statement and use its type */
5270         type_t *type = type_void;
5271         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
5272         if (stmt != NULL) {
5273                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
5274                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
5275
5276                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
5277                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
5278                 }
5279         } else {
5280                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
5281         }
5282         expression->base.type = type;
5283
5284         expect(')');
5285
5286         return expression;
5287 end_error:
5288         return create_invalid_expression();
5289 }
5290
5291 /**
5292  * Parse a braced expression.
5293  */
5294 static expression_t *parse_brace_expression(void)
5295 {
5296         eat('(');
5297         add_anchor_token(')');
5298
5299         switch(token.type) {
5300         case '{':
5301                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
5302                 return parse_statement_expression();
5303
5304         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
5305         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
5306                 return parse_cast();
5307         case T_IDENTIFIER:
5308                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
5309                         return parse_cast();
5310                 }
5311         }
5312
5313         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
5314         rem_anchor_token(')');
5315         expect(')');
5316
5317         return result;
5318 end_error:
5319         return create_invalid_expression();
5320 }
5321
5322 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
5323 {
5324         next_token();
5325         /* TODO */
5326
5327         if (current_function == NULL) {
5328                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
5329         }
5330
5331         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5332         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5333         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
5334
5335         return expression;
5336 }
5337
5338 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
5339 {
5340         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
5341
5342         if (current_function == NULL) {
5343                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
5344         }
5345
5346         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5347         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5348         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
5349
5350         return expression;
5351 }
5352
5353 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
5354 {
5355         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
5356
5357         if (current_function == NULL) {
5358                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
5359         }
5360
5361         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5362         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5363         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
5364
5365         return expression;
5366 }
5367
5368 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
5369 {
5370         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
5371
5372         if (current_function == NULL) {
5373                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
5374         }
5375
5376         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5377         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5378         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
5379
5380         return expression;
5381 }
5382
5383 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
5384 {
5385         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5386         result->source_position = *HERE;
5387
5388         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5389                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
5390                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5391                 return NULL;
5392         }
5393         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
5394         next_token();
5395
5396         designator_t *last_designator = result;
5397         while(true) {
5398                 if(token.type == '.') {
5399                         next_token();
5400                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5401                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
5402                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5403                                 return NULL;
5404                         }
5405                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5406                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
5407                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
5408                         next_token();
5409
5410                         last_designator->next = designator;
5411                         last_designator       = designator;
5412                         continue;
5413                 }
5414                 if(token.type == '[') {
5415                         next_token();
5416                         add_anchor_token(']');
5417                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5418                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
5419                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
5420                         rem_anchor_token(']');
5421                         expect(']');
5422                         if(designator->array_index == NULL) {
5423                                 return NULL;
5424                         }
5425
5426                         last_designator->next = designator;
5427                         last_designator       = designator;
5428                         continue;
5429                 }
5430                 break;
5431         }
5432
5433         return result;
5434 end_error:
5435         return NULL;
5436 }
5437
5438 /**
5439  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
5440  */
5441 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
5442 {
5443         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
5444
5445         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
5446         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
5447
5448         expect('(');
5449         add_anchor_token(',');
5450         type_t *type = parse_typename();
5451         rem_anchor_token(',');
5452         expect(',');
5453         add_anchor_token(')');
5454         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
5455         rem_anchor_token(')');
5456         expect(')');
5457
5458         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
5459         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
5460
5461         type_path_t path;
5462         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
5463         path.top_type = type;
5464         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
5465
5466         descend_into_subtype(&path);
5467
5468         if(!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
5469                 return create_invalid_expression();
5470         }
5471
5472         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
5473
5474         return expression;
5475 end_error:
5476         return create_invalid_expression();
5477 }
5478
5479 /**
5480  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
5481  */
5482 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
5483 {
5484         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
5485
5486         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
5487
5488         expect('(');
5489         add_anchor_token(',');
5490         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
5491         rem_anchor_token(',');
5492         expect(',');
5493         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
5494         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5495                 declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
5496                 if (decl == NULL)
5497                         return create_invalid_expression();
5498                 if (decl->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
5499                     decl->next == NULL) {
5500                         expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
5501                         expect(')');
5502                         return expression;
5503                 }
5504         }
5505         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
5506                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
5507 end_error:
5508         return create_invalid_expression();
5509 }
5510
5511 /**
5512  * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
5513  */
5514 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
5515 {
5516         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
5517
5518         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
5519
5520         expect('(');
5521         expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
5522         expect(',');
5523         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
5524         expect(')');
5525
5526         return expression;
5527 end_error:
5528         return create_invalid_expression();
5529 }
5530
5531 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
5532 {
5533         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
5534
5535         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
5536
5537         expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
5538         next_token();
5539
5540         type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
5541         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5542
5543         expression->base.type = type;
5544         return expression;
5545 }
5546
5547 /**
5548  * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
5549  */
5550 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
5551 {
5552         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
5553
5554         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
5555
5556         expect('(');
5557         add_anchor_token(')');
5558         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
5559         rem_anchor_token(')');
5560         expect(')');
5561         expression->base.type = type_int;
5562
5563         return expression;
5564 end_error:
5565         return create_invalid_expression();
5566 }
5567
5568 /**
5569  * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
5570  */
5571 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
5572 {
5573         eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
5574
5575         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
5576
5577         expect('(');
5578         add_anchor_token(')');
5579         expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
5580         if (token.type == ',') {
5581                 next_token();
5582                 expression->builtin_prefetch.rw = parse_assignment_expression();
5583         }
5584         if (token.type == ',') {
5585                 next_token();
5586                 expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
5587         }
5588         rem_anchor_token(')');
5589         expect(')');
5590         expression->base.type = type_void;
5591
5592         return expression;
5593 end_error:
5594         return create_invalid_expression();
5595 }
5596
5597 /**
5598  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
5599  */
5600 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
5601 {
5602         expression_t *expression;
5603
5604         switch(token.type) {
5605         case T___builtin_isgreater:
5606                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
5607                 break;
5608         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
5609                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
5610                 break;
5611         case T___builtin_isless:
5612                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
5613                 break;
5614         case T___builtin_islessequal:
5615                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
5616                 break;
5617         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
5618                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
5619                 break;
5620         case T___builtin_isunordered:
5621                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
5622                 break;
5623         default:
5624                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
5625                 break;
5626         }
5627         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
5628         next_token();
5629
5630         expect('(');
5631         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
5632         expect(',');
5633         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
5634         expect(')');
5635
5636         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
5637         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
5638
5639         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
5640         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
5641         if(!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
5642                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
5643                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
5644                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
5645                 }
5646         } else {
5647                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
5648         }
5649
5650         return expression;
5651 end_error:
5652         return create_invalid_expression();
5653 }
5654
5655 #if 0
5656 /**
5657  * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
5658  */
5659 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
5660 {
5661         eat(T___builtin_expect);
5662
5663         expression_t *expression
5664                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
5665
5666         expect('(');
5667         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
5668         expect(',');
5669         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
5670         expect(')');
5671
5672         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
5673
5674         return expression;
5675 end_error:
5676         return create_invalid_expression();
5677 }
5678 #endif
5679
5680 /**
5681  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
5682  */
5683 static expression_t *parse_assume(void) {
5684         eat(T__assume);
5685
5686         expression_t *expression
5687                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
5688
5689         expect('(');
5690         add_anchor_token(')');
5691         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
5692         rem_anchor_token(')');
5693         expect(')');
5694
5695         expression->base.type = type_void;
5696         return expression;
5697 end_error:
5698         return create_invalid_expression();
5699 }
5700
5701 /**
5702  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
5703  */
5704 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void) {
5705         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5706         eat(T___noop);
5707
5708         if (token.type == '(') {
5709                 /* parse arguments */
5710                 eat('(');
5711                 add_anchor_token(')');
5712                 add_anchor_token(',');
5713
5714                 if(token.type != ')') {
5715                         while(true) {
5716                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
5717                                 if(token.type != ',')
5718                                         break;
5719                                 next_token();
5720                         }
5721                 }
5722         }
5723         rem_anchor_token(',');
5724         rem_anchor_token(')');
5725         expect(')');
5726
5727         /* the result is a (int)0 */
5728         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
5729         cnst->base.source_position = source_position;
5730         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
5731         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
5732         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
5733
5734         return cnst;
5735
5736 end_error:
5737         return create_invalid_expression();
5738 }
5739
5740 /**
5741  * Parses a primary expression.
5742  */
5743 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
5744 {
5745         switch (token.type) {
5746                 case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
5747                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
5748                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
5749                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
5750                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
5751                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
5752                 case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
5753                 case T___FUNCTION__:
5754                 case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
5755                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
5756                 case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
5757                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
5758                 case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
5759                 case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
5760                 case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
5761                 case T___builtin_expect:
5762                 case T___builtin_alloca:
5763                 case T___builtin_nan:
5764                 case T___builtin_nand:
5765                 case T___builtin_nanf:
5766                 case T___builtin_huge_val:
5767                 case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
5768                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
5769                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
5770                 case T___builtin_isless:
5771                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
5772                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
5773                 case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
5774                 case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
5775                 case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
5776                 case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
5777
5778                 case '(':                        return parse_brace_expression();
5779                 case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
5780         }
5781
5782         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
5783         return create_invalid_expression();
5784 }
5785
5786 /**
5787  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
5788  */
5789 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression) {
5790         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
5791         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
5792
5793         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
5794                         warning.char_subscripts) {
5795                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
5796                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
5797         }
5798 }
5799
5800 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
5801                                             expression_t *left)
5802 {
5803         (void) precedence;
5804
5805         eat('[');
5806         add_anchor_token(']');
5807
5808         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
5809
5810         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
5811
5812         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
5813
5814         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
5815         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
5816
5817         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
5818         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
5819
5820         type_t *return_type;
5821         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
5822                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
5823                 array_access->array_ref = left;
5824                 array_access->index     = inside;
5825                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
5826         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
5827                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
5828                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
5829                 array_access->index     = left;
5830                 array_access->flipped   = true;
5831                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
5832         } else {
5833                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
5834                         errorf(HERE,
5835                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
5836                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
5837                 }
5838                 return_type             = type_error_type;
5839                 array_access->array_ref = create_invalid_expression();
5840         }
5841
5842         rem_anchor_token(']');
5843         if(token.type != ']') {
5844                 parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
5845                 return expression;
5846         }
5847         next_token();
5848
5849         return_type           = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
5850         expression->base.type = return_type;
5851
5852         return expression;
5853 }
5854
5855 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
5856                                     source_position_t const pos,
5857                                     unsigned const precedence)
5858 {
5859         expression_t *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
5860         tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
5861         tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
5862
5863         char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
5864
5865         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
5866                 next_token();
5867                 add_anchor_token(')');
5868                 type_t* const orig_type = parse_typename();
5869                 tp_expression->typeprop.type = orig_type;
5870
5871                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5872                 char const* const wrong_type =
5873                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
5874                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
5875                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
5876                         NULL;
5877                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
5878                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be %s type '%T'",
5879                                what, wrong_type, type);
5880                 }
5881
5882                 rem_anchor_token(')');
5883                 expect(')');
5884         } else {
5885                 expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
5886
5887                 type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
5888                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
5889
5890                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5891                 char const* const wrong_type =
5892                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
5893                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
5894                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
5895                         NULL;
5896                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
5897                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be expression of %s type '%T'", what, wrong_type, type);
5898                 }
5899
5900                 tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
5901                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
5902         }
5903
5904         return tp_expression;
5905 end_error:
5906         return create_invalid_expression();
5907 }
5908
5909 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
5910 {
5911         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
5912         eat(T_sizeof);
5913         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos, precedence);
5914 }
5915
5916 static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
5917 {
5918         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
5919         eat(T___alignof__);
5920         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos, precedence);
5921 }
5922
5923 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
5924                                              expression_t *compound)
5925 {
5926         (void) precedence;
5927         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
5928
5929         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
5930         next_token();
5931
5932         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
5933         select->select.compound = compound;
5934
5935         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5936                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5937                 return select;
5938         }
5939         symbol_t *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
5940         select->select.symbol = symbol;
5941         next_token();
5942
5943         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
5944         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5945
5946         type_t *type_left = type;
5947         if (is_pointer) {
5948                 if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
5949                         if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5950                                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
5951                         }
5952                         return create_invalid_expression();
5953                 }
5954                 type_left = type->pointer.points_to;
5955         }
5956         type_left = skip_typeref(type_left);
5957
5958         if (type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT &&
5959             type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
5960                 if (is_type_valid(type_left)) {
5961                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or "
5962                                "union, but '%T'", symbol, type_left);
5963                 }
5964                 return create_invalid_expression();
5965         }
5966
5967         declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
5968
5969         if (!declaration->init.complete) {
5970                 errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
5971                        symbol, type_left);
5972                 return create_invalid_expression();
5973         }
5974
5975         declaration_t *iter = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
5976         if (iter == NULL) {
5977                 errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
5978                 return create_invalid_expression();
5979         }
5980
5981         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5982          * code to revert this! */
5983         type_t *expression_type = automatic_type_conversion(iter->type);
5984
5985         select->select.compound_entry = iter;
5986         select->base.type             = expression_type;
5987
5988         type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(iter->type);
5989         if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
5990                 select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
5991         }
5992
5993         return select;
5994 }
5995
5996 static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
5997                                 call_argument_t *argument)
5998 {
5999         type_t         *expected_type      = parameter->type;
6000         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
6001         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
6002         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
6003
6004         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
6005         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
6006                         && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
6007                                 & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
6008                 declaration_t  *union_decl = expected_type_skip->compound.declaration;
6009
6010                 declaration_t *declaration = union_decl->scope.declarations;
6011                 type_t        *best_type   = NULL;
6012                 for ( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
6013                         type_t *decl_type = declaration->type;
6014                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
6015                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
6016                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
6017                                 continue;
6018
6019                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
6020                                 best_type = decl_type;
6021                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
6022                                 best_type = decl_type;
6023                         }
6024                 }
6025
6026                 if (best_type != NULL) {
6027                         expected_type = best_type;
6028                 }
6029         }
6030
6031         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
6032         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression,
6033                                                     expected_type);
6034
6035         /* TODO report exact scope in error messages (like "in 3rd parameter") */
6036         report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     "function call",
6037                             &arg_expr->base.source_position);
6038 }
6039
6040 /**
6041  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
6042  *
6043  * @param expression  the function address
6044  */
6045 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
6046                                            expression_t *expression)
6047 {
6048         (void) precedence;
6049         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
6050         result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
6051
6052         call_expression_t *call = &result->call;
6053         call->function          = expression;
6054
6055         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
6056         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6057
6058         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
6059         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
6060                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
6061
6062                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
6063                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
6064                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
6065                 }
6066         }
6067
6068         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
6069                 errorf(HERE, "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function", expression, orig_type);
6070         }
6071
6072         /* parse arguments */
6073         eat('(');
6074         add_anchor_token(')');
6075         add_anchor_token(',');
6076
6077         if(token.type != ')') {
6078                 call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
6079
6080                 while(true) {
6081                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
6082
6083                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6084                         if(last_argument == NULL) {
6085                                 call->arguments = argument;
6086                         } else {
6087                                 last_argument->next = argument;
6088                         }
6089                         last_argument = argument;
6090
6091                         if(token.type != ',')
6092                                 break;
6093                         next_token();
6094                 }
6095         }
6096         rem_anchor_token(',');
6097         rem_anchor_token(')');
6098         expect(')');
6099
6100         if(function_type == NULL)
6101                 return result;
6102
6103         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
6104         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
6105         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
6106                 for( ; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
6107                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
6108                         check_call_argument(parameter, argument);
6109                 }
6110
6111                 if (parameter != NULL) {
6112                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
6113                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
6114                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
6115                 }
6116         }
6117
6118         /* do default promotion */
6119         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
6120                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
6121
6122                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
6123
6124                 argument->expression
6125                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
6126         }
6127
6128         check_format(&result->call);
6129
6130         return result;
6131 end_error:
6132         return create_invalid_expression();
6133 }
6134
6135 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
6136
6137 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
6138 {
6139         return
6140                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
6141                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
6142                 type1->compound.declaration == type2->compound.declaration;
6143 }
6144
6145 /**
6146  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
6147  *
6148  * @param expression  the conditional expression
6149  */
6150 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
6151                                                   expression_t *expression)
6152 {
6153         eat('?');
6154         add_anchor_token(':');
6155
6156         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
6157
6158         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
6159         conditional->condition = expression;
6160
6161         /* 6.5.15.2 */
6162         type_t *const condition_type_orig = expression->base.type;
6163         type_t *const condition_type      = skip_typeref(condition_type_orig);
6164         if (!is_type_scalar(condition_type) && is_type_valid(condition_type)) {
6165                 type_error("expected a scalar type in conditional condition",
6166                            &expression->base.source_position, condition_type_orig);
6167         }
6168
6169         expression_t *true_expression = parse_expression();
6170         rem_anchor_token(':');
6171         expect(':');
6172         expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
6173
6174         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
6175         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
6176         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
6177         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
6178
6179         /* 6.5.15.3 */
6180         type_t *result_type;
6181         if(is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
6182                 is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6183                 if (!is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
6184                     || !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6185                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6186                                         "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
6187                 }
6188                 result_type = type_void;
6189         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
6190                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
6191                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
6192
6193                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
6194                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
6195
6196                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
6197                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
6198                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
6199         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
6200                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
6201                 result_type = true_type;
6202         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
6203                 type_t *pointer_type;
6204                 type_t *other_type;
6205                 expression_t *other_expression;
6206                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type)) {
6207                         pointer_type     = true_type;
6208                         other_type       = false_type;
6209                         other_expression = false_expression;
6210                 } else {
6211                         pointer_type     = false_type;
6212                         other_type       = true_type;
6213                         other_expression = true_expression;
6214                 }
6215
6216                 /* TODO Treat (void*)0 as null pointer constant */
6217                 if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
6218                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
6219                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
6220
6221                         type_t *to;
6222                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
6223                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6224                                 to = type_void;
6225                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
6226                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
6227                                 to = to1;
6228                         } else {
6229                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6230                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
6231                                         true_type, false_type);
6232                                 to = type_void;
6233                         }
6234
6235                         type_t *const copy = duplicate_type(to);
6236                         copy->base.qualifiers = to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers;
6237
6238                         type_t *const type = typehash_insert(copy);
6239                         if (type != copy)
6240                                 free_type(copy);
6241
6242                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6243                 } else if(is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
6244                         result_type = pointer_type;
6245                 } else if(is_type_integer(other_type)) {
6246                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6247                                         "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
6248                         result_type = pointer_type;
6249                 } else {
6250                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
6251                                         &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
6252                         result_type = type_error_type;
6253                 }
6254         } else {
6255                 /* TODO: one pointer to void*, other some pointer */
6256
6257                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
6258                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
6259                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type,
6260                                                 false_type);
6261                 }
6262                 result_type = type_error_type;
6263         }
6264
6265         conditional->true_expression
6266                 = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
6267         conditional->false_expression
6268                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
6269         conditional->base.type = result_type;
6270         return result;
6271 end_error:
6272         return create_invalid_expression();
6273 }
6274
6275 /**
6276  * Parse an extension expression.
6277  */
6278 static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
6279 {
6280         eat(T___extension__);
6281
6282         /* TODO enable extensions */
6283         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
6284         /* TODO disable extensions */
6285         return expression;
6286 }
6287
6288 /**
6289  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
6290  */
6291 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
6292 {
6293         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
6294
6295         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
6296         result->base.type    = type_int;
6297
6298         expect('(');
6299         add_anchor_token(')');
6300         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
6301         rem_anchor_token(')');
6302         expect(')');
6303         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
6304
6305         return result;
6306 end_error:
6307         return create_invalid_expression();
6308 }
6309
6310 static void check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
6311                                      type_t *pointer_type,
6312                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
6313 {
6314         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
6315         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
6316
6317         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
6318                         (! (c_mode & _GNUC)
6319                          || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))) {
6320                 errorf(source_position,
6321                            "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
6322                            orig_pointer_type);
6323         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
6324                 errorf(source_position,
6325                            "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
6326                            orig_pointer_type);
6327         }
6328 }
6329
6330 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
6331 {
6332         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6333         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6334         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
6335                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
6336                                          type, orig_type);
6337         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
6338                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6339                 errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
6340         }
6341         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6342 }
6343
6344 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
6345 {
6346         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6347         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6348         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
6349                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6350                         /* TODO: improve error message */
6351                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic type");
6352                 }
6353                 return;
6354         }
6355
6356         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6357 }
6358
6359 static void semantic_unexpr_scalar(unary_expression_t *expression)
6360 {
6361         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6362         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6363         if (!is_type_scalar(type)) {
6364                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6365                         errorf(HERE, "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
6366                 }
6367                 return;
6368         }
6369
6370         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6371 }
6372
6373 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
6374 {
6375         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6376         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6377         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
6378                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6379                         errorf(HERE, "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
6380                 }
6381                 return;
6382         }
6383
6384         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6385 }
6386
6387 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
6388 {
6389         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6390         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6391         if(!is_type_pointer(type)) {
6392                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6393                         errorf(HERE, "Unary '*' needs pointer or arrray type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
6394                 }
6395                 return;
6396         }
6397
6398         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
6399         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
6400         expression->base.type = result_type;
6401 }
6402
6403 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression)
6404 {
6405         if(expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
6406                 return;
6407
6408         declaration_t *const declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
6409         /* happens for parse errors */
6410         if(declaration == NULL)
6411                 return;
6412
6413         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
6414                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6415                                 "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
6416                                 declaration->symbol);
6417         } else {
6418                 declaration->address_taken = 1;
6419         }
6420 }
6421
6422 /**
6423  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
6424  */
6425 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
6426 {
6427         expression_t *value = expression->value;
6428         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
6429
6430         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
6431         if(!is_type_valid(orig_type))
6432                 return;
6433
6434         set_address_taken(value);
6435
6436         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6437 }
6438
6439 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc)   \
6440 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence)            \
6441 {                                                                              \
6442         eat(token_type);                                                           \
6443                                                                                    \
6444         expression_t *unary_expression                                             \
6445                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                         \
6446         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                            \
6447         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(precedence);          \
6448                                                                                    \
6449         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                           \
6450                                                                                    \
6451         return unary_expression;                                                   \
6452 }
6453
6454 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
6455                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
6456 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
6457                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
6458 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
6459                                semantic_unexpr_scalar)
6460 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
6461                                semantic_dereference)
6462 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
6463                                semantic_take_addr)
6464 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
6465                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
6466 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
6467                                semantic_incdec)
6468 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
6469                                semantic_incdec)
6470
6471 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
6472                                                sfunc)                         \
6473 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence,           \
6474                                                expression_t *left)            \
6475 {                                                                             \
6476         (void) precedence;                                                        \
6477         eat(token_type);                                                          \
6478                                                                               \
6479         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
6480                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
6481         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
6482                                                                                   \
6483         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
6484                                                                               \
6485         return unary_expression;                                                  \
6486 }
6487
6488 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
6489                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
6490                                        semantic_incdec)
6491 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
6492                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
6493                                        semantic_incdec)
6494
6495 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
6496 {
6497         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
6498
6499         /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
6500         if(type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
6501                 return type_long_double;
6502         } else if(type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
6503                 return type_double;
6504         } else if(type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
6505                 return type_float;
6506         }
6507
6508         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
6509         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
6510
6511         if(type_left == type_right)
6512                 return type_left;
6513
6514         bool signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
6515         bool signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
6516         int  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
6517         int  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
6518         if(rank_left < rank_right) {
6519                 if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_right) {
6520                         return type_right;
6521                 } else {
6522                         return type_left;
6523                 }
6524         } else {
6525                 if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_left) {
6526                         return type_left;
6527                 } else {
6528                         return type_right;
6529                 }
6530         }
6531 }
6532
6533 /**
6534  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
6535  */
6536 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
6537 {
6538         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6539         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6540         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6541         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6542         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6543         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6544
6545         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6546                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6547                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6548                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
6549                 }
6550                 return;
6551         }
6552
6553         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6554         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6555         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6556         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
6557 }
6558
6559 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
6560 {
6561         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6562         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6563         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6564         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6565         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6566         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6567
6568         if(!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6569                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6570                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6571                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs integer types");
6572                 }
6573                 return;
6574         }
6575
6576         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
6577         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
6578
6579         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
6580         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
6581         expression->base.type = type_left;
6582 }
6583
6584 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
6585 {
6586         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6587         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6588         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6589         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6590         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6591         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6592
6593         /* § 6.5.6 */
6594         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6595                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6596                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6597                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6598                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
6599                 return;
6600         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6601                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
6602                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
6603                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6604         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
6605                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
6606                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
6607                 expression->base.type = type_right;
6608         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6609                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6610                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
6611                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6612         }
6613 }
6614
6615 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
6616 {
6617         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6618         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6619         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6620         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6621         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6622         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6623
6624         /* § 5.6.5 */
6625         if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6626                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6627                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6628                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6629                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
6630                 return;
6631         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6632                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
6633                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
6634                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6635         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6636                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
6637                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
6638                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
6639                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6640                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
6641                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6642                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
6643                         if (is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6644                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6645                                          "subtracting pointers to void");
6646                         } else {
6647                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6648                                        "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
6649                                        orig_type_left);
6650                         }
6651                 }
6652                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
6653         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6654                 errorf(HERE, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
6655                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6656         }
6657 }
6658
6659 /**
6660  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
6661  *
6662  * @param expression   The expression to check.
6663  */
6664 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
6665 {
6666         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
6667         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
6668         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6669         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6670
6671         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6672         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6673
6674         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
6675         if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6676                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
6677                 if (warning.sign_compare &&
6678                     (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
6679                      expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
6680                     (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
6681
6682                         /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
6683                          * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
6684                          * the type of the other operand. */
6685                         expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
6686                         expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
6687
6688                         if(is_constant_expression(left)) {
6689                                 const_expr = left;
6690                                 other_expr = right;
6691                         } else if(is_constant_expression(right)) {
6692                                 const_expr = right;
6693                                 other_expr = left;
6694                         }
6695
6696                         if(const_expr != NULL) {
6697                                 type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
6698                                 long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
6699                                 /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
6700                                 (void) other_type;
6701                                 (void) val;
6702                         }
6703                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6704                                  "comparison between signed and unsigned");
6705                 }
6706                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6707                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6708                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6709                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
6710                 if (warning.float_equal &&
6711                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
6712                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
6713                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
6714                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6715                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
6716                 }
6717         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6718                 /* TODO check compatibility */
6719         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
6720                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
6721         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6722                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
6723         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6724                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
6725                                         &expression->base.source_position,
6726                                         type_left, type_right);
6727         }
6728         expression->base.type = type_int;
6729 }
6730
6731 /**
6732  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
6733  */
6734 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
6735 {
6736         const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
6737         const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
6738
6739         for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
6740                 if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
6741                         continue;
6742
6743                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
6744                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
6745                         return true;
6746         }
6747         /* TODO */
6748         return false;
6749 }
6750
6751 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
6752 {
6753         switch (expression->kind) {
6754         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
6755         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
6756         case EXPR_SELECT:
6757         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
6758                 return true;
6759
6760         default:
6761                 return false;
6762         }
6763 }
6764
6765 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
6766 {
6767         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
6768         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6769
6770         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
6771                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
6772                        left);
6773                 return false;
6774         }
6775
6776         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
6777                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
6778                 return false;
6779         }
6780         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
6781                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
6782                        orig_type_left);
6783                 return false;
6784         }
6785         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
6786                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
6787                        left, orig_type_left);
6788                 return false;
6789         }
6790         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
6791                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
6792                        left, orig_type_left);
6793                 return false;
6794         }
6795
6796         return true;
6797 }
6798
6799 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6800 {
6801         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
6802         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
6803         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6804         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6805
6806         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
6807                 return;
6808
6809         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6810         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6811
6812         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6813                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6814                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6815                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
6816                 }
6817                 return;
6818         }
6819
6820         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
6821          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
6822          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
6823          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
6824         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6825         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6826         expression->base.type   = type_left;
6827 }
6828
6829 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6830 {
6831         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6832         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6833         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6834         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6835         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6836         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6837
6838         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
6839                 return;
6840
6841         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6842                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
6843                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
6844                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
6845                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
6846                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6847                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6848                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6849         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6850                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
6851                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
6852                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6853         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6854                 errorf(HERE, "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment", orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6855         }
6856 }
6857
6858 /**
6859  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
6860  */
6861 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
6862 {
6863         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6864         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6865         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6866         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6867         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6868         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6869
6870         if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
6871                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6872                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6873                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs scalar types");
6874                 }
6875                 return;
6876         }
6877
6878         expression->base.type = type_int;
6879 }
6880
6881 /**
6882  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
6883  */
6884 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6885 {
6886         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
6887         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
6888
6889         type_t *type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
6890         type_left         = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6891
6892         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
6893                 return;
6894
6895         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
6896         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
6897                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
6898         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
6899         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
6900 }
6901
6902 /**
6903  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
6904  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
6905  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
6906  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
6907  * Examples:
6908  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
6909  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
6910  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
6911  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
6912  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
6913  * analysis. */
6914 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
6915 {
6916         switch (expr->kind) {
6917                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
6918                 case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
6919                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
6920                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
6921                 case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
6922                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
6923                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
6924                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
6925                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
6926
6927                 case EXPR_CALL: {
6928                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
6929                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
6930                                 return true;
6931
6932                         switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
6933                                 case T___builtin_va_end: return true;
6934                                 default:                 return false;
6935                         }
6936                 }
6937
6938                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
6939                  * conditional expression has no effect */
6940                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
6941                         const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
6942                         return
6943                                 expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
6944                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
6945                 }
6946
6947                 case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
6948                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
6949                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
6950                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
6951                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
6952
6953                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
6954                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
6955                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
6956                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
6957                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
6958                 case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
6959                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
6960                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
6961                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
6962
6963                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
6964                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
6965                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
6966                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
6967                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
6968                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
6969                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
6970                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
6971                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
6972                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
6973
6974                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
6975                  * suppress the warning */
6976                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
6977                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
6978                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
6979                 }
6980
6981                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
6982                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
6983
6984                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
6985                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
6986                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
6987                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
6988                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
6989                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
6990                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
6991                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
6992                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
6993                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
6994                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
6995                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
6996                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
6997                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
6998                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
6999                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
7000                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
7001                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
7002                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
7003                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
7004                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
7005                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
7006                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
7007                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
7008                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
7009                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
7010                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
7011
7012                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
7013                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
7014                  * hand side */
7015                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
7016                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
7017                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
7018                  * hand side has a separate warning */
7019                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
7020                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
7021
7022                 case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:     return true;
7023                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
7024                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
7025                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
7026                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
7027                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
7028                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
7029         }
7030
7031         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
7032 }
7033
7034 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
7035 {
7036         if (warning.unused_value) {
7037                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
7038                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
7039                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
7040                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
7041                 }
7042         }
7043         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
7044 }
7045
7046 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, sfunc, lr)  \
7047 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(unsigned precedence,      \
7048                                                 expression_t *left)       \
7049 {                                                                         \
7050         eat(token_type);                                                      \
7051         source_position_t pos = *HERE;                                        \
7052                                                                           \
7053         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(precedence + lr);          \
7054                                                                           \
7055         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type); \
7056         binexpr->base.source_position = pos;                                  \
7057         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                         \
7058         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                        \
7059         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                              \
7060                                                                           \
7061         return binexpr;                                                       \
7062 }
7063
7064 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',', EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,    semantic_comma, 1)
7065 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*', EXPR_BINARY_MUL,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7066 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/', EXPR_BINARY_DIV,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7067 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%', EXPR_BINARY_MOD,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7068 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+', EXPR_BINARY_ADD,      semantic_add, 1)
7069 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-', EXPR_BINARY_SUB,      semantic_sub, 1)
7070 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<', EXPR_BINARY_LESS,     semantic_comparison, 1)
7071 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>', EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,  semantic_comparison, 1)
7072 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=', EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,   semantic_binexpr_assign, 0)
7073
7074 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,
7075                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7076 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
7077                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7078 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,
7079                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7080 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,
7081                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7082
7083 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,
7084                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7085 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,
7086                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7087 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,
7088                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7089 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,
7090                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
7091 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,
7092                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
7093 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,
7094                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
7095 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,
7096                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
7097 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,
7098                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
7099 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,
7100                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
7101 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,
7102                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7103 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,
7104                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7105 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,
7106                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7107 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
7108                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7109 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
7110                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7111 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
7112                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7113 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
7114                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7115 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
7116                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7117
7118 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
7119 {
7120         if(token.type < 0) {
7121                 return expected_expression_error();
7122         }
7123
7124         expression_parser_function_t *parser
7125                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
7126         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
7127         expression_t                 *left;
7128
7129         if(parser->parser != NULL) {
7130                 left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
7131         } else {
7132                 left = parse_primary_expression();
7133         }
7134         assert(left != NULL);
7135         left->base.source_position = source_position;
7136
7137         while(true) {
7138                 if(token.type < 0) {
7139                         return expected_expression_error();
7140                 }
7141
7142                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
7143                 if(parser->infix_parser == NULL)
7144                         break;
7145                 if(parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
7146                         break;
7147
7148                 left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
7149
7150                 assert(left != NULL);
7151                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
7152                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
7153         }
7154
7155         return left;
7156 }
7157
7158 /**
7159  * Parse an expression.
7160  */
7161 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
7162 {
7163         return parse_sub_expression(1);
7164 }
7165
7166 /**
7167  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator with given precedence.
7168  *
7169  * @param parser      the parser function
7170  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
7171  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
7172  */
7173 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
7174                                        int token_type, unsigned precedence)
7175 {
7176         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
7177
7178         if(entry->parser != NULL) {
7179                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
7180                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
7181         }
7182         entry->parser     = parser;
7183         entry->precedence = precedence;
7184 }
7185
7186 /**
7187  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
7188  *
7189  * @param parser      the parser function
7190  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
7191  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
7192  */
7193 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
7194                 int token_type, unsigned precedence)
7195 {
7196         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
7197
7198         if(entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
7199                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
7200                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
7201                       "token");
7202         }
7203         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
7204         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
7205 }
7206
7207 /**
7208  * Initialize the expression parsers.
7209  */
7210 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
7211 {
7212         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
7213
7214         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,         '[',              30);
7215         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,          '(',              30);
7216         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        '.',              30);
7217         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        T_MINUSGREATER,   30);
7218         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
7219                                                               T_PLUSPLUS,       30);
7220         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
7221                                                               T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
7222
7223         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              17);
7224         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              17);
7225         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              17);
7226         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              16);
7227         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              16);
7228         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       15);
7229         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 15);
7230         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
7231         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
7232         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
7233         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL, T_GREATEREQUAL,   14);
7234         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,        T_EQUALEQUAL,     13);
7235         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
7236                                                     T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, 13);
7237         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,  '&',              12);
7238         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,  '^',              11);
7239         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,   '|',              10);
7240         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,  T_ANDAND,          9);
7241         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,   T_PIPEPIPE,        8);
7242         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,   '?',               7);
7243         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,       '=',               2);
7244         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,   T_PLUSEQUAL,       2);
7245         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,   T_MINUSEQUAL,      2);
7246         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,   T_ASTERISKEQUAL,   2);
7247         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,   T_SLASHEQUAL,      2);
7248         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,   T_PERCENTEQUAL,    2);
7249         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
7250                                                                 T_LESSLESSEQUAL, 2);
7251         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
7252                                                           T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, 2);
7253         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
7254                                                                      T_ANDEQUAL, 2);
7255         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
7256                                                                     T_PIPEEQUAL, 2);
7257         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
7258                                                                    T_CARETEQUAL, 2);
7259
7260         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,        ',',               1);
7261
7262         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',      25);
7263         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',      25);
7264         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',      25);
7265         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',      25);
7266         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',      25);
7267         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',      25);
7268         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
7269                                                                   T_PLUSPLUS,   25);
7270         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
7271                                                                   T_MINUSMINUS, 25);
7272         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof, 25);
7273         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                T___alignof__, 25);
7274         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,            T___extension__, 25);
7275         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,
7276                                                      T___builtin_classify_type, 25);
7277 }
7278
7279 /**
7280  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
7281  */
7282 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
7283 {
7284         asm_argument_t *result = NULL;
7285         asm_argument_t *last   = NULL;
7286
7287         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
7288                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
7289                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
7290
7291                 if (token.type == '[') {
7292                         eat('[');
7293                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7294                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
7295                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7296                                 return NULL;
7297                         }
7298                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
7299
7300                         expect(']');
7301                 }
7302
7303                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
7304                 expect('(');
7305                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
7306                 argument->expression     = expression;
7307                 if (is_out && !is_lvalue(expression)) {
7308                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7309                                "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
7310                 }
7311                 expect(')');
7312
7313                 set_address_taken(expression);
7314
7315                 if (last != NULL) {
7316                         last->next = argument;
7317                 } else {
7318                         result = argument;
7319                 }
7320                 last = argument;
7321
7322                 if (token.type != ',')
7323                         break;
7324                 eat(',');
7325         }
7326
7327         return result;
7328 end_error:
7329         return NULL;
7330 }
7331
7332 /**
7333  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
7334  */
7335 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
7336 {
7337         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
7338         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
7339
7340         while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
7341                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
7342                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
7343
7344                 if(last != NULL) {
7345                         last->next = clobber;
7346                 } else {
7347                         result = clobber;
7348                 }
7349                 last = clobber;
7350
7351                 if(token.type != ',')
7352                         break;
7353                 eat(',');
7354         }
7355
7356         return result;
7357 }
7358
7359 /**
7360  * Parse an asm statement.
7361  */
7362 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
7363 {
7364         eat(T_asm);
7365
7366         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
7367         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7368
7369         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
7370
7371         if(token.type == T_volatile) {
7372                 next_token();
7373                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
7374         }
7375
7376         expect('(');
7377         add_anchor_token(')');
7378         add_anchor_token(':');
7379         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
7380
7381         if(token.type != ':') {
7382                 rem_anchor_token(':');
7383                 goto end_of_asm;
7384         }
7385         eat(':');
7386
7387         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
7388         if(token.type != ':') {
7389                 rem_anchor_token(':');
7390                 goto end_of_asm;
7391         }
7392         eat(':');
7393
7394         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
7395         if(token.type != ':') {
7396                 rem_anchor_token(':');
7397                 goto end_of_asm;
7398         }
7399         rem_anchor_token(':');
7400         eat(':');
7401
7402         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
7403
7404 end_of_asm:
7405         rem_anchor_token(')');
7406         expect(')');
7407         expect(';');
7408         return statement;
7409 end_error:
7410         return create_invalid_statement();
7411 }
7412
7413 /**
7414  * Parse a case statement.
7415  */
7416 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
7417 {
7418         eat(T_case);
7419
7420         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
7421
7422         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
7423         statement->case_label.expression = parse_expression();
7424
7425         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
7426                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
7427                         next_token();
7428                         statement->case_label.end_range = parse_expression();
7429                 }
7430         }
7431
7432         expect(':');
7433
7434         if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.expression)) {
7435                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7436                        "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
7437         } else {
7438                 /* TODO: check if the case label is already known */
7439                 if (current_switch != NULL) {
7440                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
7441                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
7442                                 current_switch->first_case =
7443                                 current_switch->last_case  = &statement->case_label;
7444                         } else {
7445                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
7446                         }
7447                 } else {
7448                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7449                                "case label not within a switch statement");
7450                 }
7451         }
7452         statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
7453
7454         return statement;
7455 end_error:
7456         return create_invalid_statement();
7457 }
7458
7459 /**
7460  * Finds an existing default label of a switch statement.
7461  */
7462 static case_label_statement_t *
7463 find_default_label(const switch_statement_t *statement)
7464 {
7465         case_label_statement_t *label = statement->first_case;
7466         for ( ; label != NULL; label = label->next) {
7467                 if (label->expression == NULL)
7468                         return label;
7469         }
7470         return NULL;
7471 }
7472
7473 /**
7474  * Parse a default statement.
7475  */
7476 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
7477 {
7478         eat(T_default);
7479
7480         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
7481
7482         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7483
7484         expect(':');
7485         if (current_switch != NULL) {
7486                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = find_default_label(current_switch);
7487                 if (def_label != NULL) {
7488                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
7489                                &def_label->base.source_position);
7490                 } else {
7491                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
7492                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
7493                                 current_switch->first_case =
7494                                         current_switch->last_case  = &statement->case_label;
7495                         } else {
7496                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
7497                         }
7498                 }
7499         } else {
7500                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7501                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
7502         }
7503         statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
7504
7505         return statement;
7506 end_error:
7507         return create_invalid_statement();
7508 }
7509
7510 /**
7511  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7512  */
7513 static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7514 {
7515         declaration_t *candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7516         assert(current_function != NULL);
7517         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7518          * declaration */
7519         if(candidate != NULL
7520                         && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
7521                 return candidate;
7522         }
7523
7524         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7525         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
7526         declaration->namespc       = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7527         declaration->symbol        = symbol;
7528
7529         label_push(declaration);
7530
7531         return declaration;
7532 }
7533
7534 /**
7535  * Parse a label statement.
7536  */
7537 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
7538 {
7539         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
7540         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7541         next_token();
7542
7543         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
7544
7545         /* if source position is already set then the label is defined twice,
7546          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto so far */
7547         if(label->source_position.input_name != NULL) {
7548                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
7549                        symbol, &label->source_position);
7550         } else {
7551                 label->source_position = token.source_position;
7552         }
7553
7554         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
7555
7556         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7557         statement->label.label          = label;
7558
7559         eat(':');
7560
7561         if(token.type == '}') {
7562                 /* TODO only warn? */
7563                 if(false) {
7564                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
7565                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
7566                 } else {
7567                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
7568                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
7569                 }
7570                 return statement;
7571         } else {
7572                 if (token.type == ';') {
7573                         /* eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
7574                          * after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label before
7575                          * a }. */
7576                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
7577                         next_token();
7578                 } else {
7579                         statement->label.statement = parse_statement();
7580                 }
7581         }
7582
7583         /* remember the labels's in a list for later checking */
7584         if (label_last == NULL) {
7585                 label_first = &statement->label;
7586         } else {
7587                 label_last->next = &statement->label;
7588         }
7589         label_last = &statement->label;
7590
7591         return statement;
7592 }
7593
7594 /**
7595  * Parse an if statement.
7596  */
7597 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
7598 {
7599         eat(T_if);
7600
7601         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
7602         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7603
7604         expect('(');
7605         add_anchor_token(')');
7606         statement->ifs.condition = parse_expression();
7607         rem_anchor_token(')');
7608         expect(')');
7609
7610         add_anchor_token(T_else);
7611         statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
7612         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
7613
7614         if(token.type == T_else) {
7615                 next_token();
7616                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
7617         }
7618
7619         return statement;
7620 end_error:
7621         return create_invalid_statement();
7622 }
7623
7624 /**
7625  * Parse a switch statement.
7626  */
7627 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
7628 {
7629         eat(T_switch);
7630
7631         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
7632         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7633
7634         expect('(');
7635         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
7636         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7637         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
7638                 type = promote_integer(type);
7639         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7640                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7641                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
7642                 type = type_error_type;
7643         }
7644         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
7645         expect(')');
7646
7647         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
7648         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
7649         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
7650         current_switch          = rem;
7651
7652         if(warning.switch_default &&
7653            find_default_label(&statement->switchs) == NULL) {
7654                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
7655         }
7656
7657         return statement;
7658 end_error:
7659         return create_invalid_statement();
7660 }
7661
7662 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
7663 {
7664         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
7665         current_loop = loop;
7666
7667         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
7668
7669         current_loop = rem;
7670         return body;
7671 }
7672
7673 /**
7674  * Parse a while statement.
7675  */
7676 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
7677 {
7678         eat(T_while);
7679
7680         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
7681         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7682
7683         expect('(');
7684         add_anchor_token(')');
7685         statement->whiles.condition = parse_expression();
7686         rem_anchor_token(')');
7687         expect(')');
7688
7689         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7690
7691         return statement;
7692 end_error:
7693         return create_invalid_statement();
7694 }
7695
7696 /**
7697  * Parse a do statement.
7698  */
7699 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
7700 {
7701         eat(T_do);
7702
7703         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
7704
7705         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7706
7707         add_anchor_token(T_while);
7708         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7709         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
7710
7711         expect(T_while);
7712         expect('(');
7713         add_anchor_token(')');
7714         statement->do_while.condition = parse_expression();
7715         rem_anchor_token(')');
7716         expect(')');
7717         expect(';');
7718
7719         return statement;
7720 end_error:
7721         return create_invalid_statement();
7722 }
7723
7724 /**
7725  * Parse a for statement.
7726  */
7727 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
7728 {
7729         eat(T_for);
7730
7731         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
7732         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7733
7734         int      top        = environment_top();
7735         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
7736         set_scope(&statement->fors.scope);
7737
7738         expect('(');
7739         add_anchor_token(')');
7740
7741         if(token.type != ';') {
7742                 if(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
7743                         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
7744                 } else {
7745                         add_anchor_token(';');
7746                         expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
7747                         statement->fors.initialisation = init;
7748                         if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
7749                                 warningf(&init->base.source_position,
7750                                          "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
7751                         }
7752                         rem_anchor_token(';');
7753                         expect(';');
7754                 }
7755         } else {
7756                 expect(';');
7757         }
7758
7759         if(token.type != ';') {
7760                 add_anchor_token(';');
7761                 statement->fors.condition = parse_expression();
7762                 rem_anchor_token(';');
7763         }
7764         expect(';');
7765         if(token.type != ')') {
7766                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
7767                 statement->fors.step = step;
7768                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
7769                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
7770                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
7771                 }
7772         }
7773         rem_anchor_token(')');
7774         expect(')');
7775         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7776
7777         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
7778         set_scope(last_scope);
7779         environment_pop_to(top);
7780
7781         return statement;
7782
7783 end_error:
7784         rem_anchor_token(')');
7785         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
7786         set_scope(last_scope);
7787         environment_pop_to(top);
7788
7789         return create_invalid_statement();
7790 }
7791
7792 /**
7793  * Parse a goto statement.
7794  */
7795 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
7796 {
7797         eat(T_goto);
7798
7799         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7800                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7801                 eat_statement();
7802                 goto end_error;
7803         }
7804         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7805         next_token();
7806
7807         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
7808
7809         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
7810         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7811
7812         statement->gotos.label = label;
7813
7814         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
7815         if (goto_last == NULL) {
7816                 goto_first = &statement->gotos;
7817         } else {
7818                 goto_last->next = &statement->gotos;
7819         }
7820         goto_last = &statement->gotos;
7821
7822         expect(';');
7823
7824         return statement;
7825 end_error:
7826         return create_invalid_statement();
7827 }
7828
7829 /**
7830  * Parse a continue statement.
7831  */
7832 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
7833 {
7834         statement_t *statement;
7835         if (current_loop == NULL) {
7836                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
7837                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7838         } else {
7839                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
7840
7841                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7842         }
7843
7844         eat(T_continue);
7845         expect(';');
7846
7847         return statement;
7848 end_error:
7849         return create_invalid_statement();
7850 }
7851
7852 /**
7853  * Parse a break statement.
7854  */
7855 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
7856 {
7857         statement_t *statement;
7858         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
7859                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
7860                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7861         } else {
7862                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
7863
7864                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7865         }
7866
7867         eat(T_break);
7868         expect(';');
7869
7870         return statement;
7871 end_error:
7872         return create_invalid_statement();
7873 }
7874
7875 /**
7876  * Parse a __leave statement.
7877  */
7878 static statement_t *parse_leave(void)
7879 {
7880         statement_t *statement;
7881         if (current_try == NULL) {
7882                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
7883                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7884         } else {
7885                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
7886
7887                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7888         }
7889
7890         eat(T___leave);
7891         expect(';');
7892
7893         return statement;
7894 end_error:
7895         return create_invalid_statement();
7896 }
7897
7898 /**
7899  * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
7900  */
7901 static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
7902         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
7903         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
7904         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
7905                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
7906                 if(is_type_function(type)) {
7907                         return false;
7908                 } else {
7909                         return true;
7910                 }
7911         }
7912         default:
7913                 return false;
7914         }
7915 }
7916
7917 /**
7918  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
7919  */
7920 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
7921         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
7922                 return false;
7923
7924         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
7925         return !is_type_function(type);
7926 }
7927
7928 /**
7929  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
7930  */
7931 static bool is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
7932 {
7933         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7934                 return false;
7935         }
7936         const declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
7937         return is_local_var_declaration(declaration);
7938 }
7939
7940 /**
7941  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
7942  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
7943  */
7944 declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
7945 {
7946         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7947                 return NULL;
7948         }
7949         declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
7950         if (is_var_declaration(declaration))
7951                 return declaration;
7952         return NULL;
7953 }
7954
7955 /**
7956  * Parse a return statement.
7957  */
7958 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
7959 {
7960         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
7961         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7962
7963         eat(T_return);
7964
7965         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
7966         if(token.type != ';') {
7967                 return_value = parse_expression();
7968         }
7969         expect(';');
7970
7971         const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
7972         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
7973         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
7974
7975         if(return_value != NULL) {
7976                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
7977
7978                 if(is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
7979                                 && !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7980                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
7981                                  "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
7982                         return_value = NULL;
7983                 } else {
7984                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
7985                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
7986                                             &statement->base.source_position);
7987                         return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
7988                 }
7989                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
7990                 if (return_value != NULL &&
7991                                 return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
7992                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
7993                         if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
7994                                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
7995                                          "function returns address of local variable");
7996                         }
7997                 }
7998         } else {
7999                 if(!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8000                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
8001                                  "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
8002                 }
8003         }
8004         statement->returns.value = return_value;
8005
8006         return statement;
8007 end_error:
8008         return create_invalid_statement();
8009 }
8010
8011 /**
8012  * Parse a declaration statement.
8013  */
8014 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
8015 {
8016         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
8017
8018         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8019
8020         declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
8021         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
8022
8023         if(before == NULL) {
8024                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
8025         } else {
8026                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
8027         }
8028         statement->declaration.declarations_end = last_declaration;
8029
8030         return statement;
8031 }
8032
8033 /**
8034  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
8035  */
8036 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
8037 {
8038         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
8039
8040         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
8041         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
8042         statement->expression.expression = expr;
8043
8044         expect(';');
8045
8046         return statement;
8047 end_error:
8048         return create_invalid_statement();
8049 }
8050
8051 /**
8052  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
8053  * __try{ } __except() { }
8054  */
8055 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void) {
8056         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
8057
8058         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
8059         eat(T___try);
8060
8061         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
8062         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
8063         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
8064         current_try = rem;
8065
8066         if(token.type == T___except) {
8067                 eat(T___except);
8068                 expect('(');
8069                 add_anchor_token(')');
8070                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
8071                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8072                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
8073                         type = promote_integer(type);
8074                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8075                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
8076                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
8077                         type = type_error_type;
8078                 }
8079                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
8080                 rem_anchor_token(')');
8081                 expect(')');
8082                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
8083         } else if(token.type == T__finally) {
8084                 eat(T___finally);
8085                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
8086         } else {
8087                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
8088                 return create_invalid_statement();
8089         }
8090         return statement;
8091 end_error:
8092         return create_invalid_statement();
8093 }
8094
8095 /**
8096  * Parse a statement.
8097  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
8098  * "statement has no effect" warnings
8099  */
8100 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
8101 {
8102         statement_t *statement = NULL;
8103
8104         /* declaration or statement */
8105         add_anchor_token(';');
8106         switch(token.type) {
8107         case T_asm:
8108                 statement = parse_asm_statement();
8109                 break;
8110
8111         case T_case:
8112                 statement = parse_case_statement();
8113                 break;
8114
8115         case T_default:
8116                 statement = parse_default_statement();
8117                 break;
8118
8119         case '{':
8120                 statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
8121                 break;
8122
8123         case T_if:
8124                 statement = parse_if();
8125                 break;
8126
8127         case T_switch:
8128                 statement = parse_switch();
8129                 break;
8130
8131         case T_while:
8132                 statement = parse_while();
8133                 break;
8134
8135         case T_do:
8136                 statement = parse_do();
8137                 break;
8138
8139         case T_for:
8140                 statement = parse_for();
8141                 break;
8142
8143         case T_goto:
8144                 statement = parse_goto();
8145                 break;
8146
8147         case T_continue:
8148                 statement = parse_continue();
8149                 break;
8150
8151         case T_break:
8152                 statement = parse_break();
8153                 break;
8154
8155         case T___leave:
8156                 statement = parse_leave();
8157                 break;
8158
8159         case T_return:
8160                 statement = parse_return();
8161                 break;
8162
8163         case ';':
8164                 if(warning.empty_statement) {
8165                         warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
8166                 }
8167                 statement = create_empty_statement();
8168                 next_token();
8169                 break;
8170
8171         case T_IDENTIFIER:
8172                 if(look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
8173                         statement = parse_label_statement();
8174                         break;
8175                 }
8176
8177                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
8178                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
8179                         break;
8180                 }
8181
8182                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
8183                 break;
8184
8185         case T___extension__:
8186                 /* this can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement */
8187                 /* we simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion */
8188                 do {
8189                         next_token();
8190                 } while(token.type == T___extension__);
8191                 statement = parse_statement();
8192                 break;
8193
8194         DECLARATION_START
8195                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
8196                 break;
8197
8198         case T___try:
8199                 statement = parse_ms_try_statment();
8200                 break;
8201
8202         default:
8203                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
8204                 break;
8205         }
8206         rem_anchor_token(';');
8207
8208         assert(statement != NULL
8209                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
8210
8211         return statement;
8212 }
8213
8214 /**
8215  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
8216  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
8217  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
8218  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
8219  */
8220 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
8221 {
8222         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
8223
8224         if(statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
8225                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
8226                 if(!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
8227                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8228                                         "statement has no effect");
8229                 }
8230         }
8231
8232         return statement;
8233 }
8234
8235 /**
8236  * Parse a compound statement.
8237  */
8238 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
8239 {
8240         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
8241
8242         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8243
8244         eat('{');
8245         add_anchor_token('}');
8246
8247         int      top        = environment_top();
8248         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
8249         set_scope(&statement->compound.scope);
8250
8251         statement_t *last_statement = NULL;
8252
8253         while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
8254                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
8255                 if(is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
8256                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
8257                         if(at_anchor())
8258                                 goto end_error;
8259                         continue;
8260                 }
8261
8262                 if(last_statement != NULL) {
8263                         last_statement->base.next = sub_statement;
8264                 } else {
8265                         statement->compound.statements = sub_statement;
8266                 }
8267
8268                 while(sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
8269                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
8270
8271                 last_statement = sub_statement;
8272         }
8273
8274         if(token.type == '}') {
8275                 next_token();
8276         } else {
8277                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
8278                        "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
8279         }
8280
8281         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
8282         if(warning.unused_value) {
8283                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
8284                 for( ; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
8285                         if(sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
8286                                 continue;
8287                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
8288                          * statement as it has always an effect */
8289                         if(inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
8290                                 continue;
8291
8292                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
8293                         if(!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
8294                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8295                                          "statement has no effect");
8296                         }
8297                 }
8298         }
8299
8300 end_error:
8301         rem_anchor_token('}');
8302         assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
8303         set_scope(last_scope);
8304         environment_pop_to(top);
8305
8306         return statement;
8307 }
8308
8309 /**
8310  * Initialize builtin types.
8311  */
8312 static void initialize_builtin_types(void)
8313 {
8314         type_intmax_t    = make_global_typedef("__intmax_t__",      type_long_long);
8315         type_size_t      = make_global_typedef("__SIZE_TYPE__",     type_unsigned_long);
8316         type_ssize_t     = make_global_typedef("__SSIZE_TYPE__",    type_long);
8317         type_ptrdiff_t   = make_global_typedef("__PTRDIFF_TYPE__",  type_long);
8318         type_uintmax_t   = make_global_typedef("__uintmax_t__",     type_unsigned_long_long);
8319         type_uptrdiff_t  = make_global_typedef("__UPTRDIFF_TYPE__", type_unsigned_long);
8320         type_wchar_t     = make_global_typedef("__WCHAR_TYPE__",    type_int);
8321         type_wint_t      = make_global_typedef("__WINT_TYPE__",     type_int);
8322
8323         type_intmax_t_ptr  = make_pointer_type(type_intmax_t,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8324         type_ptrdiff_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_ptrdiff_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8325         type_ssize_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_ssize_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8326         type_wchar_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_wchar_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8327 }
8328
8329 /**
8330  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
8331  */
8332 static void check_unused_globals(void)
8333 {
8334         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
8335                 return;
8336
8337         for (const declaration_t *decl = global_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
8338                 if (decl->used || decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
8339                         continue;
8340
8341                 type_t *const type = decl->type;
8342                 const char *s;
8343                 if (is_type_function(skip_typeref(type))) {
8344                         if (!warning.unused_function || decl->is_inline)
8345                                 continue;
8346
8347                         s = (decl->init.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared");
8348                 } else {
8349                         if (!warning.unused_variable)
8350                                 continue;
8351
8352                         s = "defined";
8353                 }
8354
8355                 warningf(&decl->source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
8356                         type, decl->symbol, s);
8357         }
8358 }
8359
8360 /**
8361  * Parse a translation unit.
8362  */
8363 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
8364 {
8365         while(token.type != T_EOF) {
8366                 if (token.type == ';') {
8367                         /* TODO error in strict mode */
8368                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
8369                         next_token();
8370                 } else {
8371                         parse_external_declaration();
8372                 }
8373         }
8374 }
8375
8376 /**
8377  * Parse the input.
8378  *
8379  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
8380  */
8381 void start_parsing(void)
8382 {
8383         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
8384         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
8385         diagnostic_count  = 0;
8386         error_count       = 0;
8387         warning_count     = 0;
8388
8389         type_set_output(stderr);
8390         ast_set_output(stderr);
8391
8392         assert(unit == NULL);
8393         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
8394
8395         assert(global_scope == NULL);
8396         global_scope = &unit->scope;
8397
8398         assert(scope == NULL);
8399         set_scope(&unit->scope);
8400
8401         initialize_builtin_types();
8402 }
8403
8404 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
8405 {
8406         assert(scope == &unit->scope);
8407         scope          = NULL;
8408         last_declaration = NULL;
8409
8410         assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
8411         check_unused_globals();
8412         global_scope = NULL;
8413
8414         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
8415         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
8416
8417         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
8418         unit = NULL;
8419         return result;
8420 }
8421
8422 void parse(void)
8423 {
8424         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
8425         for(int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
8426                 next_token();
8427         }
8428         parse_translation_unit();
8429 }
8430
8431 /**
8432  * Initialize the parser.
8433  */
8434 void init_parser(void)
8435 {
8436         if(c_mode & _MS) {
8437                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
8438                 sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
8439                 sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
8440                 sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
8441                 sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
8442                 sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
8443                 sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
8444                 sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
8445                 sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
8446                 sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
8447                 sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
8448                 sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
8449                 sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
8450                 sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
8451                 sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
8452                 sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
8453                 sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
8454                 sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
8455                 sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
8456         }
8457         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
8458
8459         init_expression_parsers();
8460         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
8461
8462         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
8463         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
8464 }
8465
8466 /**
8467  * Terminate the parser.
8468  */
8469 void exit_parser(void)
8470 {
8471         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
8472 }