nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "entity_t.h"
  37 #include "attribute_t.h"
  38 #include "lang_features.h"
  39 #include "walk_statements.h"
  40 #include "warning.h"
  41 #include "printer.h"
  42 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  43 #include "adt/error.h"
  44 #include "adt/array.h"
  45
  46 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  47 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 1
  48
  49 typedef struct {
  50         entity_t           *old_entity;
  51         symbol_t           *symbol;
  52         entity_namespace_t  namespc;
  53 } stack_entry_t;
  54
  55 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  56 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  57         source_position_t  source_position;
  58         storage_class_t    storage_class;
  59         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  60         bool               is_inline    : 1;
  61         bool               thread_local : 1;  /**< GCC __thread */
  62         attribute_t       *attributes;        /**< list of attributes */
  63         type_t            *type;
  64 };
  65
  66 /**
  67  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  68  */
  69 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  70         type_t     *type;   /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  71                                  array type with unspecified size this gets
  72                                  adjusted to the actual size. */
  73         entity_t   *entity; /**< the variable that is initialized if any */
  74         bool        must_be_constant;
  75 } parse_initializer_env_t;
  76
  77 typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
  78
  79 /** The current token. */
  80 static token_t              token;
  81 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
  82 static token_t              lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
  83 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
  84 static size_t               lookahead_bufpos;
  85 static stack_entry_t       *environment_stack = NULL;
  86 static stack_entry_t       *label_stack       = NULL;
  87 static scope_t             *file_scope        = NULL;
  88 static scope_t             *current_scope     = NULL;
  89 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
  90 static function_t          *current_function  = NULL;
  91 static entity_t            *current_entity    = NULL;
  92 static entity_t            *current_init_decl = NULL;
  93 static switch_statement_t  *current_switch    = NULL;
  94 static statement_t         *current_loop      = NULL;
  95 static statement_t         *current_parent    = NULL;
  96 static ms_try_statement_t  *current_try       = NULL;
  97 static linkage_kind_t       current_linkage   = LINKAGE_INVALID;
  98 static goto_statement_t    *goto_first        = NULL;
  99 static goto_statement_t   **goto_anchor       = NULL;
 100 static label_statement_t   *label_first       = NULL;
 101 static label_statement_t  **label_anchor      = NULL;
 102 /** current translation unit. */
 103 static translation_unit_t  *unit              = NULL;
 104 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type) */
 105 static bool                 in_type_prop      = false;
 106 /** true if we are in an __extension__ context. */
 107 static bool                 in_gcc_extension  = false;
 108 static struct obstack       temp_obst;
 109 static entity_t            *anonymous_entity;
 110 static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 111
 112
 113 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 114         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 115         ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 116 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 117
 118 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 119 static symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 120
 121 /** The token anchor set */
 122 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 123
 124 /** The current source position. */
 125 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 126
 127 /** true if we are in GCC mode. */
 128 #define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
 129
 130 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 131 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 132
 133 static expression_t *parse_subexpression(precedence_t);
 134 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 135 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 136 static void          parse_externals(void);
 137 static void          parse_external(void);
 138
 139 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound_declaration);
 140
 141 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
 142                                                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos);
 143
 144 typedef enum declarator_flags_t {
 145         DECL_FLAGS_NONE             = 0,
 146         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT        = 1U << 0,
 147         DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER = 1U << 1,
 148         DECL_IS_PARAMETER           = 1U << 2
 149 } declarator_flags_t;
 150
 151 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
 152                                   declarator_flags_t flags);
 153
 154 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 155
 156 #define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
 157         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 158         case T_extern:
 159
 160 #define STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 161         case T_typedef:         \
 162         case T_static:          \
 163         case T_auto:            \
 164         case T_register:        \
 165         case T___thread:
 166
 167 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 168         case T_const:           \
 169         case T_restrict:        \
 170         case T_volatile:        \
 171         case T_inline:          \
 172         case T__forceinline:    \
 173         case T___attribute__:
 174
 175 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 176         case T__Complex:
 177 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 178         case T__Imaginary:
 179
 180 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 181         case T__Bool:             \
 182         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 183         case T___typeof__:        \
 184         case T__declspec:         \
 185         case T_bool:              \
 186         case T_char:              \
 187         case T_double:            \
 188         case T_enum:              \
 189         case T_float:             \
 190         case T_int:               \
 191         case T_long:              \
 192         case T_short:             \
 193         case T_signed:            \
 194         case T_struct:            \
 195         case T_union:             \
 196         case T_unsigned:          \
 197         case T_void:              \
 198         case T_wchar_t:           \
 199         case T__int8:             \
 200         case T__int16:            \
 201         case T__int32:            \
 202         case T__int64:            \
 203         case T__int128:           \
 204         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 205         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 206
 207 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 208         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 209         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 210         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 211
 212 #define DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN \
 213         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN       \
 214         TYPE_QUALIFIERS                 \
 215         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 216
 217 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 218         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 219         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 220
 221 #define EXPRESSION_START              \
 222         case '!':                         \
 223         case '&':                         \
 224         case '(':                         \
 225         case '*':                         \
 226         case '+':                         \
 227         case '-':                         \
 228         case '~':                         \
 229         case T_ANDAND:                    \
 230         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        \
 231         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:             \
 232         case T_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL: \
 233         case T_INTEGER:                   \
 234         case T_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:       \
 235         case T_INTEGER_OCTAL:             \
 236         case T_MINUSMINUS:                \
 237         case T_PLUSPLUS:                  \
 238         case T_STRING_LITERAL:            \
 239         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   \
 240         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       \
 241         case T___FUNCDNAME__:             \
 242         case T___FUNCSIG__:               \
 243         case T___FUNCTION__:              \
 244         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:       \
 245         case T___alignof__:               \
 246         case T___builtin_classify_type:   \
 247         case T___builtin_constant_p:      \
 248         case T___builtin_isgreater:       \
 249         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:  \
 250         case T___builtin_isless:          \
 251         case T___builtin_islessequal:     \
 252         case T___builtin_islessgreater:   \
 253         case T___builtin_isunordered:     \
 254         case T___builtin_offsetof:        \
 255         case T___builtin_va_arg:          \
 256         case T___builtin_va_copy:         \
 257         case T___builtin_va_start:        \
 258         case T___func__:                  \
 259         case T___noop:                    \
 260         case T__assume:                   \
 261         case T_delete:                    \
 262         case T_false:                     \
 263         case T_sizeof:                    \
 264         case T_throw:                     \
 265         case T_true:
 266
 267 /**
 268  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 269  *
 270  * @param kind  the statement kind
 271  */
 272 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 273 {
 274         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 275                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 276                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 277                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 278                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 279                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 280                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 281                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 282                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 283                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 284                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 285                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 286                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 287                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 288                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 289                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 290                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 291                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 292                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 293                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 294         };
 295         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 296         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 297         return sizes[kind];
 298 }
 299
 300 /**
 301  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 302  *
 303  * @param kind  the expression kind
 304  */
 305 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 306 {
 307         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 308                 [EXPR_INVALID]                    = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 309                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                  = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 310                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]       = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 311                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER]            = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 312                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL]      = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 313                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL]= sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 314                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT]      = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 315                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL] = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 316                 [EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER]          = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 317                 [EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER]     = sizeof(literal_expression_t),
 318                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]             = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 319                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]        = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 320                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]           = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 321                 [EXPR_CALL]                       = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 322                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]                = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 323                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]               = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 324                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 325                 [EXPR_SELECT]                     = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 326                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]               = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 327                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                     = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 328                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 329                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 330                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 331                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 332                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = sizeof(builtin_types_compatible_expression_t),
 333                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 334                 [EXPR_VA_START]                   = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 335                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                     = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 336                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                    = sizeof(va_copy_expression_t),
 337                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                  = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 338                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]              = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
 339         };
 340         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 341                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 342         }
 343         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 344                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 345         }
 346         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 347         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 348         return sizes[kind];
 349 }
 350
 351 /**
 352  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 353  * fields with zero. Sets its source position to the position
 354  * of the current token.
 355  */
 356 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 357 {
 358         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 359         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 360
 361         res->base.kind            = kind;
 362         res->base.parent          = current_parent;
 363         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 364         return res;
 365 }
 366
 367 /**
 368  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 369  * fields with zero.
 370  *
 371  * @param kind  the kind of the expression to allocate
 372  */
 373 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 374 {
 375         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 376         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 377
 378         res->base.kind            = kind;
 379         res->base.type            = type_error_type;
 380         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 381         return res;
 382 }
 383
 384 /**
 385  * Creates a new invalid expression at the source position
 386  * of the current token.
 387  */
 388 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 389 {
 390         return allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 391 }
 392
 393 /**
 394  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 395  */
 396 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 397 {
 398         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 399 }
 400
 401 /**
 402  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 403  */
 404 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 405 {
 406         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 407 }
 408
 409 static function_parameter_t *allocate_parameter(type_t *const type)
 410 {
 411         function_parameter_t *const param
 412                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(*param));
 413         memset(param, 0, sizeof(*param));
 414         param->type = type;
 415         return param;
 416 }
 417
 418 /**
 419  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 420  *
 421  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 422  */
 423 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 424 {
 425         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 426                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 427                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 428                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 429                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 430                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 431         };
 432         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 433         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 434         return sizes[kind];
 435 }
 436
 437 /**
 438  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 439  * fields with zero.
 440  */
 441 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 442 {
 443         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 444         result->kind          = kind;
 445
 446         return result;
 447 }
 448
 449 /**
 450  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 451  */
 452 static size_t environment_top(void)
 453 {
 454         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 455 }
 456
 457 /**
 458  * Returns the index of the top element of the global label stack.
 459  */
 460 static size_t label_top(void)
 461 {
 462         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 463 }
 464
 465 /**
 466  * Return the next token.
 467  */
 468 static inline void next_token(void)
 469 {
 470         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 471         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 472         lexer_next_token();
 473
 474         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos + 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 475
 476 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 477         print_token(stderr, &token);
 478         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 479 #endif
 480 }
 481
 482 static inline bool next_if(int const type)
 483 {
 484         if (token.type == type) {
 485                 next_token();
 486                 return true;
 487         } else {
 488                 return false;
 489         }
 490 }
 491
 492 /**
 493  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 494  */
 495 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(size_t num)
 496 {
 497         assert(0 < num && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 498         size_t pos = (lookahead_bufpos + num - 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 499         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 500 }
 501
 502 /**
 503  * Adds a token type to the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 504  */
 505 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 506 {
 507         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 508         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 509 }
 510
 511 /**
 512  * Set the number of tokens types of the given type
 513  * to zero and return the old count.
 514  */
 515 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 516 {
 517         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 518         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 519         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 520         return count;
 521 }
 522
 523 /**
 524  * Restore the number of token types to the given count.
 525  */
 526 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 527 {
 528         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 529         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 530 }
 531
 532 /**
 533  * Remove a token type from the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 534  */
 535 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 536 {
 537         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 538         assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
 539         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 540 }
 541
 542 /**
 543  * Return true if the token type of the current token is
 544  * in the anchor set.
 545  */
 546 static bool at_anchor(void)
 547 {
 548         if (token.type < 0)
 549                 return false;
 550         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 551 }
 552
 553 /**
 554  * Eat tokens until a matching token type is found.
 555  */
 556 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 557 {
 558         int end_token;
 559         switch (type) {
 560                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 561                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 562                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 563                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 564         }
 565
 566         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 567         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 568         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 569         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 570                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 571                brace_count       != 0         ||
 572                bracket_count     != 0) {
 573                 switch (token.type) {
 574                 case T_EOF: return;
 575                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 576                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 577                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 578
 579                 case ')':
 580                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 581                                 --parenthesis_count;
 582                         goto check_stop;
 583
 584                 case '}':
 585                         if (brace_count > 0)
 586                                 --brace_count;
 587                         goto check_stop;
 588
 589                 case ']':
 590                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 591                                 --bracket_count;
 592 check_stop:
 593                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 594                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 595                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 596                             bracket_count     == 0)
 597                                 return;
 598                         break;
 599
 600                 default:
 601                         break;
 602                 }
 603                 next_token();
 604         }
 605 }
 606
 607 /**
 608  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 609  */
 610 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 611 {
 612         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 613                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 614                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 615                 next_token();
 616         }
 617 }
 618
 619 /**
 620  * Eat a whole block from input tokens.
 621  */
 622 static void eat_block(void)
 623 {
 624         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 625         next_if('}');
 626 }
 627
 628 #define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 629
 630 /**
 631  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 632  */
 633 static
 634 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 635 __attribute__((sentinel))
 636 #endif
 637 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 638 {
 639         if (message != NULL) {
 640                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 641         }
 642         va_list ap;
 643         va_start(ap, message);
 644         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 645         va_end(ap);
 646 }
 647
 648 /**
 649  * Report an incompatible type.
 650  */
 651 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 652                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 653 {
 654         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 655                msg, type1, type2);
 656 }
 657
 658 /**
 659  * Expect the current token is the expected token.
 660  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 661  * and goto the error_label label.
 662  */
 663 #define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
 664         do {                                                  \
 665                 if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
 666                         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 667                         add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 668                         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 669                         next_if((expected));                          \
 670                         rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 671                         goto error_label;                             \
 672                 }                                                 \
 673                 next_token();                                     \
 674         } while (0)
 675
 676 /**
 677  * Push a given scope on the scope stack and make it the
 678  * current scope
 679  */
 680 static scope_t *scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 681 {
 682         if (current_scope != NULL) {
 683                 new_scope->depth = current_scope->depth + 1;
 684         }
 685
 686         scope_t *old_scope = current_scope;
 687         current_scope      = new_scope;
 688         return old_scope;
 689 }
 690
 691 /**
 692  * Pop the current scope from the scope stack.
 693  */
 694 static void scope_pop(scope_t *old_scope)
 695 {
 696         current_scope = old_scope;
 697 }
 698
 699 /**
 700  * Search an entity by its symbol in a given namespace.
 701  */
 702 static entity_t *get_entity(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 703                             namespace_tag_t namespc)
 704 {
 705         assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 706         entity_t *entity = symbol->entity;
 707         for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.symbol_next) {
 708                 if (entity->base.namespc == namespc)
 709                         return entity;
 710         }
 711
 712         return NULL;
 713 }
 714
 715 /* §6.2.3:1 24)  There is only one name space for tags even though three are
 716  * possible. */
 717 static entity_t *get_tag(symbol_t const *const symbol,
 718                          entity_kind_tag_t const kind)
 719 {
 720         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_TAG);
 721         if (entity != NULL && entity->kind != kind) {
 722                 errorf(HERE,
 723                                 "'%Y' defined as wrong kind of tag (previous definition %P)",
 724                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
 725                 entity = NULL;
 726         }
 727         return entity;
 728 }
 729
 730 /**
 731  * pushs an entity on the environment stack and links the corresponding symbol
 732  * it.
 733  */
 734 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, entity_t *entity)
 735 {
 736         symbol_t           *symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
 737         entity_namespace_t  namespc = entity->base.namespc;
 738         assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 739
 740         /* replace/add entity into entity list of the symbol */
 741         entity_t **anchor;
 742         entity_t  *iter;
 743         for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 744                 iter = *anchor;
 745                 if (iter == NULL)
 746                         break;
 747
 748                 /* replace an entry? */
 749                 if (iter->base.namespc == namespc) {
 750                         entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 751                         break;
 752                 }
 753         }
 754         *anchor = entity;
 755
 756         /* remember old declaration */
 757         stack_entry_t entry;
 758         entry.symbol     = symbol;
 759         entry.old_entity = iter;
 760         entry.namespc    = namespc;
 761         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 762 }
 763
 764 /**
 765  * Push an entity on the environment stack.
 766  */
 767 static void environment_push(entity_t *entity)
 768 {
 769         assert(entity->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
 770         assert(entity->base.parent_scope != NULL);
 771         stack_push(&environment_stack, entity);
 772 }
 773
 774 /**
 775  * Push a declaration on the global label stack.
 776  *
 777  * @param declaration  the declaration
 778  */
 779 static void label_push(entity_t *label)
 780 {
 781         /* we abuse the parameters scope as parent for the labels */
 782         label->base.parent_scope = &current_function->parameters;
 783         stack_push(&label_stack, label);
 784 }
 785
 786 /**
 787  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 788  */
 789 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 790 {
 791         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 792         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 793         size_t         i;
 794
 795         assert(new_top <= top);
 796         if (new_top == top)
 797                 return;
 798
 799         for (i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 800                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 801
 802                 entity_t           *old_entity = entry->old_entity;
 803                 symbol_t           *symbol     = entry->symbol;
 804                 entity_namespace_t  namespc    = entry->namespc;
 805
 806                 /* replace with old_entity/remove */
 807                 entity_t **anchor;
 808                 entity_t  *iter;
 809                 for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 810                         iter = *anchor;
 811                         assert(iter != NULL);
 812                         /* replace an entry? */
 813                         if (iter->base.namespc == namespc)
 814                                 break;
 815                 }
 816
 817                 /* restore definition from outer scopes (if there was one) */
 818                 if (old_entity != NULL) {
 819                         old_entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 820                         *anchor                      = old_entity;
 821                 } else {
 822                         /* remove entry from list */
 823                         *anchor = iter->base.symbol_next;
 824                 }
 825         }
 826
 827         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, new_top);
 828 }
 829
 830 /**
 831  * Pop all entries from the environment stack until the new_top
 832  * is reached.
 833  *
 834  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 835  */
 836 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 837 {
 838         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 839 }
 840
 841 /**
 842  * Pop all entries from the global label stack until the new_top
 843  * is reached.
 844  *
 845  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 846  */
 847 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 848 {
 849         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 850 }
 851
 852 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 853 {
 854         return (int) akind;
 855 }
 856
 857 /**
 858  * Return the type rank for an atomic type.
 859  */
 860 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 861 {
 862         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 863         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 864                 return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 865
 866         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 867         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 868 }
 869
 870 /**
 871  * §6.3.1.1:2  Do integer promotion for a given type.
 872  *
 873  * @param type  the type to promote
 874  * @return the promoted type
 875  */
 876 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 877 {
 878         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 879                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 880
 881         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
 882                 type = type_int;
 883
 884         return type;
 885 }
 886
 887 /**
 888  * Create a cast expression.
 889  *
 890  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 891  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 892  */
 893 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 894                                             type_t *dest_type)
 895 {
 896         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 897
 898         cast->unary.value = expression;
 899         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 900
 901         return cast;
 902 }
 903
 904 /**
 905  * Check if a given expression represents a null pointer constant.
 906  *
 907  * @param expression  the expression to check
 908  */
 909 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 910 {
 911         /* skip void* cast */
 912         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
 913                         expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 914                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 915                 if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
 916                         expression = expression->unary.value;
 917         }
 918
 919         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 920         if (!is_type_integer(type))
 921                 return false;
 922         switch (is_constant_expression(expression)) {
 923                 case EXPR_CLASS_ERROR:    return true;
 924                 case EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT: return !fold_constant_to_bool(expression);
 925                 default:                  return false;
 926         }
 927 }
 928
 929 /**
 930  * Create an implicit cast expression.
 931  *
 932  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 933  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 934  */
 935 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
 936                                           type_t *dest_type)
 937 {
 938         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
 939
 940         if (source_type == dest_type)
 941                 return expression;
 942
 943         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
 944 }
 945
 946 typedef enum assign_error_t {
 947         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
 948         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
 949         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
 950         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
 951         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
 952         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
 953 } assign_error_t;
 954
 955 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
 956                                 const expression_t *const right,
 957                                 const char *context,
 958                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
 959 {
 960         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 961         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 962         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 963
 964         switch (error) {
 965         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
 966                 return;
 967         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
 968                 errorf(source_position,
 969                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
 970                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
 971                 return;
 972
 973         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
 974                 if (warning.other) {
 975                         type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
 976                         type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
 977
 978                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
 979                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
 980                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
 981                         warningf(source_position,
 982                                         "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
 983                                         orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
 984                 }
 985                 return;
 986         }
 987
 988         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
 989                 if (warning.other) {
 990                         warningf(source_position,
 991                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
 992                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
 993                 }
 994                 return;
 995
 996         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
 997                 if (warning.other) {
 998                         warningf(source_position,
 999                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
1000                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1001                 }
1002                 return;
1003
1004         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
1005                 if (warning.other) {
1006                         warningf(source_position,
1007                                         "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
1008                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1009                 }
1010                 return;
1011
1012         default:
1013                 panic("invalid error value");
1014         }
1015 }
1016
1017 /** Implements the rules from §6.5.16.1 */
1018 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1019                                       const expression_t *const right)
1020 {
1021         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1022         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1023         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1024
1025         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1026                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1027                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1028                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1029                         type_t *points_to_left
1030                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1031                         type_t *points_to_right
1032                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1033                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1034
1035                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1036                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1037                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1038                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1039                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1040                         }
1041
1042                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1043                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1044
1045                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1046                                 return res;
1047
1048                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1049                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:6 */
1050                                 return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
1051                         }
1052
1053                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1054                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1055                         }
1056
1057                         return res;
1058                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1059                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1060                 }
1061         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1062                         (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1063                                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1064                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1065         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1066                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1067                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1068                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1069                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1070                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1071                 }
1072         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1073                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1074         }
1075
1076         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1077                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1078
1079         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1080 }
1081
1082 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1083 {
1084         expression_t *result = parse_subexpression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
1085
1086         if (is_constant_expression(result) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
1087                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1088                        "expression '%E' is not constant", result);
1089         }
1090
1091         return result;
1092 }
1093
1094 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1095 {
1096         return parse_subexpression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
1097 }
1098
1099 static void warn_string_concat(const source_position_t *pos)
1100 {
1101         if (warning.traditional) {
1102                 warningf(pos, "traditional C rejects string constant concatenation");
1103         }
1104 }
1105
1106 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1107 {
1108         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1109         string_t result = token.literal;
1110
1111         next_token();
1112
1113         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1114                 warn_string_concat(&token.source_position);
1115                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.literal);
1116                 next_token();
1117         }
1118
1119         return result;
1120 }
1121
1122 /**
1123  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1124  */
1125 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1126 {
1127         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1128                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1129                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1130                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1131                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1132                 }
1133         }
1134
1135         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1136 }
1137
1138 static attribute_t *allocate_attribute_zero(attribute_kind_t kind)
1139 {
1140         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*attribute));
1141         attribute->kind        = kind;
1142         return attribute;
1143 }
1144
1145 /**
1146  * Parse (gcc) attribute argument. From gcc comments in gcc source:
1147  *
1148  *  attribute:
1149  *    __attribute__ ( ( attribute-list ) )
1150  *
1151  *  attribute-list:
1152  *    attrib
1153  *    attribute_list , attrib
1154  *
1155  *  attrib:
1156  *    empty
1157  *    any-word
1158  *    any-word ( identifier )
1159  *    any-word ( identifier , nonempty-expr-list )
1160  *    any-word ( expr-list )
1161  *
1162  *  where the "identifier" must not be declared as a type, and
1163  *  "any-word" may be any identifier (including one declared as a
1164  *  type), a reserved word storage class specifier, type specifier or
1165  *  type qualifier.  ??? This still leaves out most reserved keywords
1166  *  (following the old parser), shouldn't we include them, and why not
1167  *  allow identifiers declared as types to start the arguments?
1168  *
1169  *  Matze: this all looks confusing and little systematic, so we're even less
1170  *  strict and parse any list of things which are identifiers or
1171  *  (assignment-)expressions.
1172  */
1173 static attribute_argument_t *parse_attribute_arguments(void)
1174 {
1175         attribute_argument_t  *first  = NULL;
1176         attribute_argument_t **anchor = &first;
1177         if (token.type != ')') do {
1178                 attribute_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
1179
1180                 /* is it an identifier */
1181                 if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER
1182                                 && (look_ahead(1)->type == ',' || look_ahead(1)->type == ')')) {
1183                         symbol_t *symbol   = token.symbol;
1184                         argument->kind     = ATTRIBUTE_ARGUMENT_SYMBOL;
1185                         argument->v.symbol = symbol;
1186                         next_token();
1187                 } else {
1188                         /* must be an expression */
1189                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1190
1191                         argument->kind         = ATTRIBUTE_ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION;
1192                         argument->v.expression = expression;
1193                 }
1194
1195                 /* append argument */
1196                 *anchor = argument;
1197                 anchor  = &argument->next;
1198         } while (next_if(','));
1199         expect(')', end_error);
1200
1201         return first;
1202
1203 end_error:
1204         /* TODO... */
1205         return first;
1206 }
1207
1208 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_asm(void)
1209 {
1210         eat(T_asm);
1211
1212         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_GNU_ASM);
1213
1214         expect('(', end_error);
1215         attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
1216         return attribute;
1217
1218 end_error:
1219         return NULL;
1220 }
1221
1222 static symbol_t *get_symbol_from_token(void)
1223 {
1224         switch(token.type) {
1225         case T_IDENTIFIER:
1226                 return token.symbol;
1227         case T_auto:
1228         case T_char:
1229         case T_double:
1230         case T_enum:
1231         case T_extern:
1232         case T_float:
1233         case T_int:
1234         case T_long:
1235         case T_register:
1236         case T_short:
1237         case T_static:
1238         case T_struct:
1239         case T_union:
1240         case T_unsigned:
1241         case T_void:
1242         case T_bool:
1243         case T__Bool:
1244         case T_class:
1245         case T_explicit:
1246         case T_export:
1247         case T_wchar_t:
1248         case T_const:
1249         case T_signed:
1250         case T___real__:
1251         case T___imag__:
1252         case T_restrict:
1253         case T_volatile:
1254         case T_inline:
1255                 /* maybe we need more tokens ... add them on demand */
1256                 return get_token_symbol(&token);
1257         default:
1258                 return NULL;
1259         }
1260 }
1261
1262 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_gnu_single(void)
1263 {
1264         /* parse "any-word" */
1265         symbol_t *symbol = get_symbol_from_token();
1266         if (symbol == NULL) {
1267                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute((", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1268                 return NULL;
1269         }
1270
1271         const char *name = symbol->string;
1272         next_token();
1273
1274         attribute_kind_t kind;
1275         for (kind = ATTRIBUTE_GNU_FIRST; kind <= ATTRIBUTE_GNU_LAST; ++kind) {
1276                 const char *attribute_name = get_attribute_name(kind);
1277                 if (attribute_name != NULL
1278                                 && strcmp_underscore(attribute_name, name) == 0)
1279                         break;
1280         }
1281
1282         if (kind >= ATTRIBUTE_GNU_LAST) {
1283                 if (warning.attribute) {
1284                         warningf(HERE, "unknown attribute '%s' ignored", name);
1285                 }
1286                 /* TODO: we should still save the attribute in the list... */
1287                 kind = ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN;
1288         }
1289
1290         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(kind);
1291
1292         /* parse arguments */
1293         if (next_if('('))
1294                 attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
1295
1296         return attribute;
1297 }
1298
1299 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_gnu(void)
1300 {
1301         attribute_t  *first  = NULL;
1302         attribute_t **anchor = &first;
1303
1304         eat(T___attribute__);
1305         expect('(', end_error);
1306         expect('(', end_error);
1307
1308         if (token.type != ')') do {
1309                 attribute_t *attribute = parse_attribute_gnu_single();
1310                 if (attribute == NULL)
1311                         goto end_error;
1312
1313                 *anchor = attribute;
1314                 anchor  = &attribute->next;
1315         } while (next_if(','));
1316         expect(')', end_error);
1317         expect(')', end_error);
1318
1319 end_error:
1320         return first;
1321 }
1322
1323 /** Parse attributes. */
1324 static attribute_t *parse_attributes(attribute_t *first)
1325 {
1326         attribute_t **anchor = &first;
1327         for (;;) {
1328                 while (*anchor != NULL)
1329                         anchor = &(*anchor)->next;
1330
1331                 attribute_t *attribute;
1332                 switch (token.type) {
1333                 case T___attribute__:
1334                         attribute = parse_attribute_gnu();
1335                         break;
1336
1337                 case T_asm:
1338                         attribute = parse_attribute_asm();
1339                         break;
1340
1341                 case T_cdecl:
1342                         next_token();
1343                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_CDECL);
1344                         break;
1345
1346                 case T__fastcall:
1347                         next_token();
1348                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_FASTCALL);
1349                         break;
1350
1351                 case T__forceinline:
1352                         next_token();
1353                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_FORCEINLINE);
1354                         break;
1355
1356                 case T__stdcall:
1357                         next_token();
1358                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_STDCALL);
1359                         break;
1360
1361                 case T___thiscall:
1362                         next_token();
1363                         /* TODO record modifier */
1364                         if (warning.other)
1365                                 warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1366                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_THISCALL);
1367                         break;
1368
1369                 default:
1370                         return first;
1371                 }
1372
1373                 *anchor = attribute;
1374                 anchor  = &attribute->next;
1375         }
1376 }
1377
1378 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *expr, entity_t *lhs_ent);
1379
1380 static entity_t *determine_lhs_ent(expression_t *const expr,
1381                                    entity_t *lhs_ent)
1382 {
1383         switch (expr->kind) {
1384                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1385                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1386                         /* we should only find variables as lvalues... */
1387                         if (entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1388                                         && entity->base.kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1389                                 return NULL;
1390
1391                         return entity;
1392                 }
1393
1394                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1395                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1396                         entity_t     *      ent = NULL;
1397                         if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
1398                                 ent     = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1399                                 lhs_ent = ent;
1400                         } else {
1401                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1402                         }
1403                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1404                         return ent;
1405                 }
1406
1407                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
1408                         if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
1409                                 return determine_lhs_ent(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1410                         } else {
1411                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1412                                 return NULL;
1413                         }
1414                 }
1415
1416                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1417                         expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
1418                         if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
1419                                 /* *&x is a NOP */
1420                                 return determine_lhs_ent(val->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1421                         } else {
1422                                 mark_vars_read(val, NULL);
1423                                 return NULL;
1424                         }
1425                 }
1426
1427                 default:
1428                         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
1429                         return NULL;
1430         }
1431 }
1432
1433 #define ENT_ANY ((entity_t*)-1)
1434
1435 /**
1436  * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to detect variables, which
1437  * are never read.
1438  * Example:
1439  * x = x + 1;
1440  *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
1441  *   value.
1442  *
1443  * x += y; y += x;
1444  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
1445  *   involved.
1446  */
1447 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *const expr, entity_t *lhs_ent)
1448 {
1449         switch (expr->kind) {
1450                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1451                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1452                         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1453                                         && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1454                                 return;
1455
1456                         if (lhs_ent != entity && lhs_ent != ENT_ANY) {
1457                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1458                                         entity->variable.read = true;
1459                                 } else {
1460                                         entity->parameter.read = true;
1461                                 }
1462                         }
1463                         return;
1464                 }
1465
1466                 case EXPR_CALL:
1467                         // TODO respect pure/const
1468                         mark_vars_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
1469                         for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
1470                                 mark_vars_read(arg->expression, NULL);
1471                         }
1472                         return;
1473
1474                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
1475                         // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
1476                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
1477                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
1478                                 mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_ent);
1479                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_ent);
1480                         return;
1481
1482                 case EXPR_SELECT:
1483                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY
1484                                         && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
1485                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1486                         mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1487                         return;
1488
1489                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1490                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1491                         mark_vars_read(ref, lhs_ent);
1492                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1493                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1494                         return;
1495                 }
1496
1497                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1498                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_ent);
1499                         return;
1500
1501                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
1502                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_copye.src, lhs_ent);
1503                         return;
1504
1505                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1506                         /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
1507                         if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1508                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1509                         goto unary;
1510
1511
1512                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1513                         if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
1514                                 return;
1515                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
1516                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1517                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1518                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1519                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
1520                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1521                         goto unary;
1522
1523                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1524                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1525                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1526                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1527                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1528                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1529                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1530                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1531                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1532                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1533                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
1534 unary:
1535                         mark_vars_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1536                         return;
1537
1538                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1539                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1540                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1541                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1542                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1543                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1544                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1545                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1546                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1547                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1548                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1549                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1550                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1551                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1552                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1553                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1554                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1555                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1556                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1557                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1558                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1559                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1560                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1561                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1562                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1563                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_ent);
1564                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
1565                         return;
1566
1567                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1568                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1569                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1570                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1571                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1572                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1573                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1574                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1575                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1576                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1577                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
1578                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
1579                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1580                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(expr->binary.left, lhs_ent);
1581                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
1582                         return;
1583                 }
1584
1585                 case EXPR_VA_START:
1586                         determine_lhs_ent(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_ent);
1587                         return;
1588
1589                 EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
1590                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1591                 case EXPR_INVALID:
1592                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1593                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1594                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
1595                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:
1596                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1597                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1598                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1599                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1600                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
1601                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1602                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
1603                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1604                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1605                         return;
1606         }
1607
1608         panic("unhandled expression");
1609 }
1610
1611 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
1612 {
1613         designator_t  *result = NULL;
1614         designator_t **anchor = &result;
1615
1616         for (;;) {
1617                 designator_t *designator;
1618                 switch (token.type) {
1619                 case '[':
1620                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1621                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1622                         next_token();
1623                         add_anchor_token(']');
1624                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
1625                         rem_anchor_token(']');
1626                         expect(']', end_error);
1627                         break;
1628                 case '.':
1629                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1630                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1631                         next_token();
1632                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1633                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
1634                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1635                                 return NULL;
1636                         }
1637                         designator->symbol = token.symbol;
1638                         next_token();
1639                         break;
1640                 default:
1641                         expect('=', end_error);
1642                         return result;
1643                 }
1644
1645                 assert(designator != NULL);
1646                 *anchor = designator;
1647                 anchor  = &designator->next;
1648         }
1649 end_error:
1650         return NULL;
1651 }
1652
1653 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *const type,
1654                                               const string_t *const string)
1655 {
1656         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1657         (void) type;
1658
1659         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
1660         initializer->string.string = *string;
1661
1662         return initializer;
1663 }
1664
1665 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
1666                                                    const string_t *const string)
1667 {
1668         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1669         (void) type;
1670
1671         initializer_t *const initializer =
1672                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
1673         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
1674
1675         return initializer;
1676 }
1677
1678 /**
1679  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
1680  */
1681 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
1682                                                   expression_t *expression)
1683 {
1684         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
1685
1686         /* §6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
1687         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1688         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
1689         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
1690
1691         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
1692                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
1693                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
1694
1695                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
1696                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
1697                         switch (expression->kind) {
1698                         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1699                                 if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
1700                                                 || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
1701                                                 || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
1702                                         return initializer_from_string(array_type,
1703                                                         &expression->string_literal.value);
1704                                 }
1705                                 break;
1706
1707                         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
1708                                 type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
1709                                 if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
1710                                         return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
1711                                                         &expression->string_literal.value);
1712                                 }
1713                                 break;
1714                         }
1715
1716                         default:
1717                                 break;
1718                         }
1719                 }
1720         }
1721
1722         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
1723         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
1724                 return NULL;
1725         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
1726                             &expression->base.source_position);
1727
1728         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
1729         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
1730
1731         return result;
1732 }
1733
1734 /**
1735  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
1736  */
1737 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1738 {
1739         return
1740                 is_constant_expression(expression) != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE ||
1741                 is_address_constant(expression)    != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1742 }
1743
1744 /**
1745  * Parses an scalar initializer.
1746  *
1747  * §6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
1748  */
1749 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
1750                                                bool must_be_constant)
1751 {
1752         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
1753         int braces = 0;
1754         if (next_if('{')) {
1755                 if (warning.other)
1756                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
1757                 do {
1758                         ++braces;
1759                 } while (next_if('{'));
1760         }
1761
1762         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1763         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
1764         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
1765                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1766                        "initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
1767                        expression);
1768         }
1769
1770         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
1771
1772         if (initializer == NULL) {
1773                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1774                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
1775                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
1776                 /* TODO */
1777                 return NULL;
1778         }
1779
1780         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
1781         while (braces > 0) {
1782                 next_if(',');
1783                 if (token.type != '}') {
1784                         if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
1785                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
1786                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
1787                         }
1788                 }
1789                 eat_block();
1790                 braces--;
1791         }
1792
1793         return initializer;
1794 }
1795
1796 /**
1797  * An entry in the type path.
1798  */
1799 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
1800 struct type_path_entry_t {
1801         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
1802         union {
1803                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
1804                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
1805         } v;
1806 };
1807
1808 /**
1809  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
1810  */
1811 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
1812 struct type_path_t {
1813         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
1814         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
1815         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
1816 };
1817
1818 /**
1819  * Prints a type path for debugging.
1820  */
1821 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
1822                 const type_path_t *path)
1823 {
1824         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1825
1826         for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
1827                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
1828
1829                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
1830                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
1831                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
1832                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
1833                                 assert(i == len-1);
1834                                 continue;
1835                         }
1836                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s",
1837                                 entry->v.compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
1838                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
1839                         fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->v.index);
1840                 } else {
1841                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
1842                 }
1843         }
1844         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
1845                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
1846                 print_type(path->top_type);
1847                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
1848         }
1849 }
1850
1851 /**
1852  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
1853  * (type).a.b returns the b.
1854  */
1855 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
1856 {
1857         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1858         assert(len > 0);
1859         return &path->path[len-1];
1860 }
1861
1862 /**
1863  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
1864  */
1865 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
1866 {
1867         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1868         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
1869
1870         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
1871         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
1872         return result;
1873 }
1874
1875 /**
1876  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current top_type.
1877  */
1878 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
1879 {
1880         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
1881         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
1882
1883         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
1884         top->type              = top_type;
1885
1886         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
1887                 compound_t *compound  = top_type->compound.compound;
1888                 entity_t   *entry     = compound->members.entities;
1889
1890                 if (entry != NULL) {
1891                         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
1892                         top->v.compound_entry = &entry->declaration;
1893                         path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
1894                 } else {
1895                         path->top_type = NULL;
1896                 }
1897         } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
1898                 top->v.index   = 0;
1899                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
1900         } else {
1901                 assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
1902         }
1903 }
1904
1905 /**
1906  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
1907  * (type).a.b to (type).a
1908  */
1909 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
1910 {
1911         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
1912
1913         path->top_type = top->type;
1914
1915         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1916         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
1917 }
1918
1919 /**
1920  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
1921  * path level is reached.
1922  */
1923 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
1924 {
1925         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1926
1927         while (len > top_path_level) {
1928                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
1929                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1930         }
1931 }
1932
1933 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
1934                             bool used_in_offsetof)
1935 {
1936         for (; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
1937                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
1938                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
1939
1940                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1941
1942                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
1943                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
1944                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
1945                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
1946                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
1947                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
1948                                                symbol, orig_type);
1949                                 }
1950
1951                                 top->type             = type_error_type;
1952                                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
1953                                 orig_type             = type_error_type;
1954                         } else {
1955                                 compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
1956                                 entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
1957                                 for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
1958                                         if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
1959                                                 break;
1960                                         }
1961                                 }
1962                                 if (iter == NULL) {
1963                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
1964                                                "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
1965                                         goto failed;
1966                                 }
1967                                 assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
1968                                 if (used_in_offsetof) {
1969                                         type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
1970                                         if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
1971                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
1972                                                        "offsetof designator '%Y' must not specify bitfield",
1973                                                        symbol);
1974                                                 goto failed;
1975                                         }
1976                                 }
1977
1978                                 top->type             = orig_type;
1979                                 top->v.compound_entry = &iter->declaration;
1980                                 orig_type             = iter->declaration.type;
1981                         }
1982                 } else {
1983                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
1984                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
1985
1986                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
1987                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
1988                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
1989                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
1990                                                array_index, orig_type);
1991                                 }
1992                                 goto failed;
1993                         }
1994
1995                         long index = fold_constant_to_int(array_index);
1996                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
1997                                 if (index < 0) {
1998                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
1999                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2000                                 } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
2001                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2002                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2003                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2004                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2005                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2006                                         }
2007                                 }
2008                         }
2009
2010                         top->type    = orig_type;
2011                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2012                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2013                 }
2014                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2015
2016                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2017                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2018                 }
2019         }
2020         return true;
2021
2022 failed:
2023         return false;
2024 }
2025
2026 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2027 {
2028         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2029
2030         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2031         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2032                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2033                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2034         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2035                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2036
2037                 entity_t *next_entity = entry->base.next;
2038                 if (next_entity != NULL) {
2039                         assert(is_declaration(next_entity));
2040                         entry = &next_entity->declaration;
2041                 } else {
2042                         entry = NULL;
2043                 }
2044
2045                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2046                 if (entry != NULL) {
2047                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2048                         return;
2049                 }
2050         } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2051                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2052
2053                 top->v.index++;
2054
2055                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2056                         return;
2057                 }
2058         } else {
2059                 assert(!is_type_valid(type));
2060                 return;
2061         }
2062
2063         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2064          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2065         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2066
2067         if (len > top_path_level) {
2068                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2069                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2070         } else {
2071                 path->top_type = NULL;
2072         }
2073 }
2074
2075 /**
2076  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2077  */
2078 static void skip_initializers(void)
2079 {
2080         next_if('{');
2081
2082         while (token.type != '}') {
2083                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2084                         return;
2085                 if (token.type == '{') {
2086                         eat_block();
2087                         continue;
2088                 }
2089                 next_token();
2090         }
2091 }
2092
2093 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2094 {
2095         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2096                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2097         return &empty_initializer;
2098 }
2099
2100 /**
2101  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2102  */
2103 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2104                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2105                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2106 {
2107         if (token.type == '}') {
2108                 /* empty initializer */
2109                 return create_empty_initializer();
2110         }
2111
2112         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2113         type_t *type      = NULL;
2114
2115         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2116                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2117         } else {
2118                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2119         }
2120
2121         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2122
2123         while (true) {
2124                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2125                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2126                         designator = parse_designation();
2127                         goto finish_designator;
2128                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2129                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2130                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2131                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2132                         designator->symbol          = token.symbol;
2133                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2134                         eat(':');
2135
2136 finish_designator:
2137                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2138                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2139                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2140                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2141                                 goto end_error;
2142                         }
2143
2144                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2145                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2146                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2147                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2148
2149                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2150                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2151                 }
2152
2153                 initializer_t *sub;
2154
2155                 if (token.type == '{') {
2156                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2157                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2158                         } else {
2159                                 eat('{');
2160                                 if (type == NULL) {
2161                                         if (env->entity != NULL) {
2162                                                 errorf(HERE,
2163                                                      "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2164                                                      env->entity->base.symbol);
2165                                         } else {
2166                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2167                                         }
2168                                 } else
2169                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2170
2171                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2172                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2173                                                             env);
2174                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2175
2176                                 if (type != NULL) {
2177                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2178                                         expect('}', end_error);
2179                                 } else {
2180                                         expect('}', end_error);
2181                                         goto error_parse_next;
2182                                 }
2183                         }
2184                 } else {
2185                         /* must be an expression */
2186                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2187                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2188
2189                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2190                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2191                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2192                                        expression);
2193                         }
2194
2195                         if (type == NULL) {
2196                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2197                                 if (outer_type == NULL)
2198                                         goto error_parse_next;
2199                                 type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
2200                                 if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
2201                                     !outer_type_skip->compound.compound->complete) {
2202                                         goto error_parse_next;
2203                                 }
2204                                 goto error_excess;
2205                         }
2206
2207                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2208                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2209                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2210                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2211                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2212                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2213                                         next_if(',');
2214                                         if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
2215                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2216                                                                  orig_type);
2217                                         }
2218                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2219                                         return sub;
2220                                 }
2221                         }
2222
2223                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2224                         while (true) {
2225                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2226                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2227
2228                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2229                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2230                                         break;
2231                                 }
2232                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2233                                         goto end_error;
2234                                 }
2235                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2236                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2237                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2238                                                         expression, orig_type);
2239                                         goto end_error;
2240                                 }
2241
2242                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2243                         }
2244                 }
2245
2246                 /* update largest index of top array */
2247                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2248                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2249                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2250                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2251                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2252                         if (index > path->max_index)
2253                                 path->max_index = index;
2254                 }
2255
2256                 if (type != NULL) {
2257                         /* append to initializers list */
2258                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2259                 } else {
2260 error_excess:
2261                         if (warning.other) {
2262                                 if (env->entity != NULL) {
2263                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in initializer for '%Y'",
2264                                                  env->entity->base.symbol);
2265                                 } else {
2266                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in initializer");
2267                                 }
2268                         }
2269                 }
2270
2271 error_parse_next:
2272                 if (token.type == '}') {
2273                         break;
2274                 }
2275                 expect(',', end_error);
2276                 if (token.type == '}') {
2277                         break;
2278                 }
2279
2280                 if (type != NULL) {
2281                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2282                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2283                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2284                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2285                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2286                         else
2287                                 type = NULL;
2288                 }
2289         }
2290
2291         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2292         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2293         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2294         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2295         result->list.len      = len;
2296         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2297                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2298
2299         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2300         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2301
2302         return result;
2303
2304 end_error:
2305         skip_initializers();
2306         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2307         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2308         return NULL;
2309 }
2310
2311 static expression_t *make_size_literal(size_t value)
2312 {
2313         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER);
2314         literal->base.type    = type_size_t;
2315
2316         char buf[128];
2317         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", (unsigned) value);
2318         literal->literal.value = make_string(buf);
2319
2320         return literal;
2321 }
2322
2323 /**
2324  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2325  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2326  */
2327 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2328 {
2329         type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
2330         size_t         max_index = 0;
2331         initializer_t *result;
2332
2333         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2334                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2335         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2336                 eat('{');
2337
2338                 type_path_t path;
2339                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2340                 path.top_type = env->type;
2341                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2342
2343                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2344
2345                 add_anchor_token('}');
2346                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2347                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2348
2349                 max_index = path.max_index;
2350                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2351
2352                 expect('}', end_error);
2353         } else {
2354                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2355                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2356                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2357         }
2358
2359         /* §6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2360          * the array type size */
2361         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2362                         && result != NULL) {
2363                 size_t size;
2364                 switch (result->kind) {
2365                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2366                         assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
2367                         size = max_index + 1;
2368                         break;
2369
2370                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2371                         size = result->string.string.size;
2372                         break;
2373
2374                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2375                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2376                         break;
2377
2378                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2379                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2380                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2381                         size = 0;
2382                         break;
2383
2384                 default:
2385                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2386                 }
2387
2388                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2389
2390                 new_type->array.size_expression   = make_size_literal(size);
2391                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
2392                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
2393                 new_type->array.size              = size;
2394                 env->type = new_type;
2395         }
2396
2397         return result;
2398 end_error:
2399         return NULL;
2400 }
2401
2402 static void append_entity(scope_t *scope, entity_t *entity)
2403 {
2404         if (scope->last_entity != NULL) {
2405                 scope->last_entity->base.next = entity;
2406         } else {
2407                 scope->entities = entity;
2408         }
2409         entity->base.parent_entity = current_entity;
2410         scope->last_entity         = entity;
2411 }
2412
2413
2414 static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2415 {
2416         eat(is_struct ? T_struct : T_union);
2417
2418         symbol_t    *symbol   = NULL;
2419         compound_t  *compound = NULL;
2420         attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2421
2422         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2423                 attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
2424         }
2425
2426         entity_kind_tag_t const kind = is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION;
2427         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2428                 /* the compound has a name, check if we have seen it already */
2429                 symbol = token.symbol;
2430                 next_token();
2431
2432                 entity_t *entity = get_tag(symbol, kind);
2433                 if (entity != NULL) {
2434                         compound = &entity->compound;
2435                         if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
2436                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2437                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
2438                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
2439                                 compound = NULL;
2440                         } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
2441                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
2442                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition %P)",
2443                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
2444                                        &compound->base.source_position);
2445                                 /* clear members in the hope to avoid further errors */
2446                                 compound->members.entities = NULL;
2447                         }
2448                 }
2449         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2450                 if (is_struct) {
2451                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2452                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2453                 } else {
2454                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2455                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2456                 }
2457
2458                 return NULL;
2459         }
2460
2461         if (compound == NULL) {
2462                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
2463                 compound         = &entity->compound;
2464
2465                 compound->alignment            = 1;
2466                 compound->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
2467                 compound->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2468                 compound->base.symbol          = symbol;
2469                 compound->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
2470                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2471                         environment_push(entity);
2472                 }
2473                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
2474         }
2475
2476         if (token.type == '{') {
2477                 parse_compound_type_entries(compound);
2478
2479                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
2480                 if (symbol == NULL) {
2481                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
2482                         anonymous_entity = (entity_t*)compound;
2483                 }
2484         }
2485
2486         if (attributes != NULL) {
2487                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, (entity_t*) compound);
2488         }
2489
2490         return compound;
2491 }
2492
2493 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
2494 {
2495         eat('{');
2496
2497         if (token.type == '}') {
2498                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
2499                 next_token();
2500                 return;
2501         }
2502
2503         add_anchor_token('}');
2504         do {
2505                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2506                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2507                         eat_block();
2508                         rem_anchor_token('}');
2509                         return;
2510                 }
2511
2512                 entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE);
2513                 entity->enum_value.enum_type = enum_type;
2514                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
2515                 entity->base.symbol          = token.symbol;
2516                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2517                 next_token();
2518
2519                 if (next_if('=')) {
2520                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
2521
2522                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
2523                         entity->enum_value.value = value;
2524
2525                         /* TODO semantic */
2526                 }
2527
2528                 record_entity(entity, false);
2529         } while (next_if(',') && token.type != '}');
2530         rem_anchor_token('}');
2531
2532         expect('}', end_error);
2533
2534 end_error:
2535         ;
2536 }
2537
2538 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
2539 {
2540         entity_t *entity;
2541         symbol_t *symbol;
2542
2543         eat(T_enum);
2544         switch (token.type) {
2545                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
2546                         symbol = token.symbol;
2547                         next_token();
2548
2549                         entity = get_tag(symbol, ENTITY_ENUM);
2550                         if (entity != NULL) {
2551                                 if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
2552                                                 (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2553                                         /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
2554                                          * existing definition in outer scope */
2555                                         entity = NULL;
2556                                 } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
2557                                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
2558                                                         symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
2559                                 }
2560                         }
2561                         break;
2562
2563                 case '{':
2564                         entity = NULL;
2565                         symbol = NULL;
2566                         break;
2567
2568                 default:
2569                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
2570                                         T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2571                         return NULL;
2572         }
2573
2574         if (entity == NULL) {
2575                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM);
2576                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
2577                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2578                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
2579                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
2580         }
2581
2582         type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
2583         type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
2584         type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
2585
2586         if (token.type == '{') {
2587                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2588                         environment_push(entity);
2589                 }
2590                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
2591                 entity->enume.complete = true;
2592
2593                 parse_enum_entries(type);
2594                 parse_attributes(NULL);
2595
2596                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
2597                 if (symbol == NULL) {
2598                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
2599                         anonymous_entity = entity;
2600                 }
2601         } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
2602                 errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
2603                        symbol);
2604         }
2605
2606         return type;
2607 }
2608
2609 /**
2610  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
2611  */
2612 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
2613 {
2614         const entity_t *const entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2615         return entity != NULL && entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF;
2616 }
2617
2618 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
2619 {
2620         eat(T___typeof__);
2621
2622         type_t *type;
2623
2624         expect('(', end_error);
2625         add_anchor_token(')');
2626
2627         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
2628
2629         bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
2630         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
2631         in_type_prop           = true;
2632
2633         while (next_if(T___extension__)) {
2634                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
2635                 in_gcc_extension = true;
2636         }
2637         switch (token.type) {
2638         case T_IDENTIFIER:
2639                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.symbol)) {
2640         TYPENAME_START
2641                         type = parse_typename();
2642                 } else {
2643         default:
2644                         expression = parse_expression();
2645                         type       = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
2646                 }
2647                 break;
2648         }
2649         in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
2650         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
2651
2652         rem_anchor_token(')');
2653         expect(')', end_error);
2654
2655         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
2656         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
2657         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
2658
2659         return typeof_type;
2660 end_error:
2661         return NULL;
2662 }
2663
2664 typedef enum specifiers_t {
2665         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
2666         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
2667         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
2668         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
2669         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
2670         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
2671         SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
2672         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
2673         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
2674         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
2675         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
2676         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
2677         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
2678         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
2679         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
2680         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
2681         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
2682         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
2683         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
2684 } specifiers_t;
2685
2686 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
2687                                    type_t *const real_type)
2688 {
2689         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
2690         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
2691         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
2692         return identify_new_type(type);
2693 }
2694
2695 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
2696 {
2697         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2698         if (entity == NULL || entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
2699                 return NULL;
2700
2701         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
2702         type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
2703
2704         return type;
2705 }
2706
2707 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_ms_property(attribute_t *attribute)
2708 {
2709         expect('(', end_error);
2710
2711         attribute_property_argument_t *property
2712                 = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*property));
2713
2714         do {
2715                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2716                         parse_error_expected("while parsing property declspec",
2717                                              T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2718                         goto end_error;
2719                 }
2720
2721                 bool is_put;
2722                 symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
2723                 next_token();
2724                 if (strcmp(symbol->string, "put") == 0) {
2725                         is_put = true;
2726                 } else if (strcmp(symbol->string, "get") == 0) {
2727                         is_put = false;
2728                 } else {
2729                         errorf(HERE, "expected put or get in property declspec");
2730                         goto end_error;
2731                 }
2732                 expect('=', end_error);
2733                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2734                         parse_error_expected("while parsing property declspec",
2735                                              T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2736                         goto end_error;
2737                 }
2738                 if (is_put) {
2739                         property->put_symbol = token.symbol;
2740                 } else {
2741                         property->get_symbol = token.symbol;
2742                 }
2743                 next_token();
2744         } while (next_if(','));
2745
2746         attribute->a.property = property;
2747
2748         expect(')', end_error);
2749
2750 end_error:
2751         return attribute;
2752 }
2753
2754 static attribute_t *parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier_single(void)
2755 {
2756         attribute_kind_t kind = ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN;
2757         if (next_if(T_restrict)) {
2758                 kind = ATTRIBUTE_MS_RESTRICT;
2759         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2760                 const char *name = token.symbol->string;
2761                 next_token();
2762                 for (attribute_kind_t k = ATTRIBUTE_MS_FIRST; k <= ATTRIBUTE_MS_LAST;
2763                      ++k) {
2764                         const char *attribute_name = get_attribute_name(k);
2765                         if (attribute_name != NULL && strcmp(attribute_name, name) == 0) {
2766                                 kind = k;
2767                                 break;
2768                         }
2769                 }
2770
2771                 if (kind == ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN && warning.attribute) {
2772                         warningf(HERE, "unknown __declspec '%s' ignored", name);
2773                 }
2774         } else {
2775                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __declspec", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2776                 return NULL;
2777         }
2778
2779         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(kind);
2780
2781         if (kind == ATTRIBUTE_MS_PROPERTY) {
2782                 return parse_attribute_ms_property(attribute);
2783         }
2784
2785         /* parse arguments */
2786         if (next_if('('))
2787                 attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
2788
2789         return attribute;
2790 }
2791
2792 static attribute_t *parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(attribute_t *first)
2793 {
2794         eat(T__declspec);
2795
2796         expect('(', end_error);
2797
2798         if (next_if(')'))
2799                 return NULL;
2800
2801         add_anchor_token(')');
2802
2803         attribute_t **anchor = &first;
2804         do {
2805                 while (*anchor != NULL)
2806                         anchor = &(*anchor)->next;
2807
2808                 attribute_t *attribute
2809                         = parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier_single();
2810                 if (attribute == NULL)
2811                         goto end_error;
2812
2813                 *anchor = attribute;
2814                 anchor  = &attribute->next;
2815         } while (next_if(','));
2816
2817         rem_anchor_token(')');
2818         expect(')', end_error);
2819         return first;
2820
2821 end_error:
2822         rem_anchor_token(')');
2823         return first;
2824 }
2825
2826 static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
2827 {
2828         entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
2829         entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
2830         entity->base.source_position = *HERE;
2831         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
2832         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
2833                 entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
2834                 entity->declaration.implicit = true;
2835         } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
2836                 entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
2837                 entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
2838         }
2839         if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
2840                 record_entity(entity, false);
2841         return entity;
2842 }
2843
2844 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2845 {
2846         type_t            *type              = NULL;
2847         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
2848         unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
2849         bool               newtype           = false;
2850         bool               saw_error         = false;
2851         bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
2852
2853         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
2854
2855         while (true) {
2856                 specifiers->attributes = parse_attributes(specifiers->attributes);
2857
2858                 switch (token.type) {
2859                 /* storage class */
2860 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
2861                 case token:                                                        \
2862                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {         \
2863                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
2864                         }                                                              \
2865                         specifiers->storage_class = class;                             \
2866                         if (specifiers->thread_local)                                  \
2867                                 goto check_thread_storage_class;                           \
2868                         next_token();                                                  \
2869                         break;
2870
2871                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2872                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
2873                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
2874                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
2875                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
2876
2877                 case T__declspec:
2878                         specifiers->attributes
2879                                 = parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers->attributes);
2880                         break;
2881
2882                 case T___thread:
2883                         if (specifiers->thread_local) {
2884                                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate '__thread'");
2885                         } else {
2886                                 specifiers->thread_local = true;
2887 check_thread_storage_class:
2888                                 switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
2889                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
2890                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
2891                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
2892                                                 break;
2893
2894                                                 char const* wrong;
2895                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     wrong = "auto";     goto wrong_thread_storage_class;
2896                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: wrong = "register"; goto wrong_thread_storage_class;
2897                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  wrong = "typedef";  goto wrong_thread_storage_class;
2898 wrong_thread_storage_class:
2899                                                 errorf(HERE, "'__thread' used with '%s'", wrong);
2900                                                 break;
2901                                 }
2902                         }
2903                         next_token();
2904                         break;
2905
2906                 /* type qualifiers */
2907 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
2908                 case token:                                                     \
2909                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
2910                         next_token();                                               \
2911                         break
2912
2913                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
2914                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
2915                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
2916                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
2917                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
2918                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
2919                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
2920                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
2921
2922                 case T___extension__:
2923                         next_token();
2924                         in_gcc_extension = true;
2925                         break;
2926
2927                 /* type specifiers */
2928 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
2929                 case token:                                                     \
2930                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
2931                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
2932                         } else {                                                    \
2933                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
2934                         }                                                           \
2935                         next_token();                                               \
2936                         break
2937
2938                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
2939                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
2940                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
2941                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
2942                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
2943                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
2944                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
2945                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
2946                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_bool,       SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "bool");
2947                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
2948                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
2949                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
2950                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
2951                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
2952                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
2953                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
2954                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
2955                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
2956
2957                 case T_inline:
2958                         next_token();
2959                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
2960                         break;
2961
2962 #if 0
2963                 case T__forceinline:
2964                         next_token();
2965                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
2966                         break;
2967 #endif
2968
2969                 case T_long:
2970                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
2971                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
2972                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
2973                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
2974                         } else {
2975                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
2976                         }
2977                         next_token();
2978                         break;
2979
2980 #define CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE()        \
2981                         if ( type != NULL)     \
2982                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple data types in declaration specifiers");
2983
2984                 case T_struct:
2985                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
2986                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
2987
2988                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
2989                         break;
2990                 case T_union:
2991                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
2992                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
2993                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
2994                         break;
2995                 case T_enum:
2996                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
2997                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
2998                         break;
2999                 case T___typeof__:
3000                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3001                         type = parse_typeof();
3002                         break;
3003                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3004                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3005                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3006                         next_token();
3007                         break;
3008
3009                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3010                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3011                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3012                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3013                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3014                                  * '{' later on. */
3015                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3016                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3017                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3018                                         case T_const:
3019                                         case T_restrict:
3020                                         case T_volatile:
3021                                         case T_inline:
3022                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3023                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3024                                         case '&':
3025                                         case '*':
3026                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3027                                                 next_token();
3028                                                 continue;
3029
3030                                         default:
3031                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3032                                 }
3033                         }
3034
3035                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.symbol);
3036                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3037                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3038                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3039                                  * errors later on. */
3040                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3041                                 switch (la1_type) {
3042                                         DECLARATION_START
3043                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3044                                         case '&':
3045                                         case '*': {
3046                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3047
3048                                                 entity_t *entity =
3049                                                         create_error_entity(token.symbol, ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
3050
3051                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3052                                                 type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3053
3054                                                 next_token();
3055                                                 saw_error = true;
3056                                                 if (la1_type == '&' || la1_type == '*')
3057                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3058                                                 continue;
3059                                         }
3060
3061                                         default:
3062                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3063                                 }
3064                         }
3065
3066                         next_token();
3067                         type = typedef_type;
3068                         break;
3069                 }
3070
3071                 /* function specifier */
3072                 default:
3073                         goto finish_specifiers;
3074                 }
3075         }
3076
3077 finish_specifiers:
3078         specifiers->attributes = parse_attributes(specifiers->attributes);
3079
3080         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3081
3082         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3083                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3084
3085                 /* match valid basic types */
3086                 switch (type_specifiers) {
3087                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3088                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3089                         break;
3090                 case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
3091                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
3092                         break;
3093                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3094                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3095                         break;
3096                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3097                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3098                         break;
3099                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3100                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3101                         break;
3102                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3103                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3104                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3105                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3106                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3107                         break;
3108                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3109                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3110                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3111                         break;
3112                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3113                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3114                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3115                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3116                         break;
3117                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3118                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3119                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3120                         break;
3121                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3122                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3123                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3124                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3125                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3126                         break;
3127                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3128                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3129                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3130                         break;
3131
3132                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3133                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3134                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3135                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3136                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3137                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3138                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3139
3140                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3141                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3142                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3143                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3144 warn_about_long_long:
3145                         if (warning.long_long) {
3146                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3147                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3148                         }
3149                         break;
3150
3151                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3152                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3153                         break;
3154
3155                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3156                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3157                         break;
3158
3159                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3160                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3161                         break;
3162
3163                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3164                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3165                         break;
3166
3167                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3168                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3169                         break;
3170
3171                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3172                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3173                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3174                         break;
3175
3176                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3177                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3178                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3179                         break;
3180
3181                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3182                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3183                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3184                         break;
3185
3186                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3187                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3188                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3189                         break;
3190
3191                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3192                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3193                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3194                         break;
3195
3196                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3197                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3198                         break;
3199                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3200                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3201                         break;
3202                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3203                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3204                         break;
3205                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3206                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3207                         break;
3208                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3209                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3210                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3211                         break;
3212                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3213                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3214                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3215                         break;
3216                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3217                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3218                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3219                         break;
3220                 default:
3221                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3222                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
3223                                 if (saw_error)
3224                                         goto end_error;
3225
3226                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.5:4 */
3227                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX) && !strict_mode) {
3228                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3229                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3230                                         }
3231                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3232                                         break;
3233                                 } else {
3234                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3235                                 }
3236                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3237                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3238                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
3239                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3240                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3241                         } else {
3242                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3243                         }
3244                         goto end_error;
3245                 }
3246
3247                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
3248                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
3249                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3250                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
3251                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
3252                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3253                 } else {
3254                         type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
3255                         type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
3256                 }
3257                 newtype = true;
3258         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
3259                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3260         }
3261
3262         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3263         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
3264
3265         if (newtype) {
3266                 type = identify_new_type(type);
3267         } else {
3268                 type = typehash_insert(type);
3269         }
3270
3271         if (specifiers->attributes != NULL)
3272                 type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->attributes, type);
3273         specifiers->type = type;
3274         return;
3275
3276 end_error:
3277         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
3278 }
3279
3280 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3281 {
3282         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3283
3284         while (true) {
3285                 switch (token.type) {
3286                 /* type qualifiers */
3287                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3288                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3289                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3290                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3291                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3292                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3293                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3294                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3295                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3296
3297                 default:
3298                         return qualifiers;
3299                 }
3300         }
3301 }
3302
3303 /**
3304  * Parses an K&R identifier list
3305  */
3306 static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
3307 {
3308         do {
3309                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
3310                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3311                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
3312                 entity->base.symbol          = token.symbol;
3313                 /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
3314                 next_token();
3315
3316                 if (scope != NULL)
3317                         append_entity(scope, entity);
3318         } while (next_if(',') && token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3319 }
3320
3321 static entity_t *parse_parameter(void)
3322 {
3323         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
3324         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
3325
3326         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
3327
3328         entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers,
3329                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
3330         anonymous_entity = NULL;
3331         return entity;
3332 }
3333
3334 static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
3335 {
3336         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
3337
3338         /* §6.7.5.3:4  After adjustment, the parameters in a parameter type
3339          *             list in a function declarator that is part of a
3340          *             definition of that function shall not have
3341          *             incomplete type. */
3342         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
3343         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
3344                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
3345                                 "parameter '%#T' has incomplete type",
3346                                 entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
3347         }
3348 }
3349
3350 static bool has_parameters(void)
3351 {
3352         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
3353         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3354                 entity_t const *const entity = get_entity(token.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3355                 if (entity == NULL)
3356                         return true;
3357                 if (entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
3358                         return true;
3359                 if (skip_typeref(entity->typedefe.type) != type_void)
3360                         return true;
3361         } else if (token.type != T_void) {
3362                 return true;
3363         }
3364         if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')')
3365                 return true;
3366         next_token();
3367         return false;
3368 }
3369
3370 /**
3371  * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
3372  * for them in a scope)
3373  */
3374 static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
3375 {
3376         eat('(');
3377         add_anchor_token(')');
3378         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
3379
3380         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
3381             !is_typedef_symbol(token.symbol)) {
3382                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3383                 if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
3384                         type->kr_style_parameters = true;
3385                         parse_identifier_list(scope);
3386                         goto parameters_finished;
3387                 }
3388         }
3389
3390         if (token.type == ')') {
3391                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
3392                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
3393                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
3394                 goto parameters_finished;
3395         }
3396
3397         if (has_parameters()) {
3398                 function_parameter_t **anchor = &type->parameters;
3399                 do {
3400                         switch (token.type) {
3401                         case T_DOTDOTDOT:
3402                                 next_token();
3403                                 type->variadic = true;
3404                                 goto parameters_finished;
3405
3406                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3407                         case T___extension__:
3408                         DECLARATION_START
3409                         {
3410                                 entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
3411                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
3412                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
3413                                                         "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
3414                                         break;
3415                                 }
3416                                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
3417
3418                                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
3419
3420                                 function_parameter_t *const parameter =
3421                                         allocate_parameter(entity->declaration.type);
3422
3423                                 if (scope != NULL) {
3424                                         append_entity(scope, entity);
3425                                 }
3426
3427                                 *anchor = parameter;
3428                                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
3429                                 break;
3430                         }
3431
3432                         default:
3433                                 goto parameters_finished;
3434                         }
3435                 } while (next_if(','));
3436         }
3437
3438
3439 parameters_finished:
3440         rem_anchor_token(')');
3441         expect(')', end_error);
3442
3443 end_error:
3444         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3445 }
3446
3447 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
3448         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
3449         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
3450         CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE,
3451         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
3452         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
3453 } construct_type_kind_t;
3454
3455 typedef union construct_type_t construct_type_t;
3456
3457 typedef struct construct_type_base_t {
3458         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
3459         construct_type_t      *next;
3460 } construct_type_base_t;
3461
3462 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t {
3463         construct_type_base_t  base;
3464         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
3465         variable_t            *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
3466 } parsed_pointer_t;
3467
3468 typedef struct parsed_reference_t {
3469         construct_type_base_t base;
3470 } parsed_reference_t;
3471
3472 typedef struct construct_function_type_t {
3473         construct_type_base_t  base;
3474         type_t                *function_type;
3475 } construct_function_type_t;
3476
3477 typedef struct parsed_array_t {
3478         construct_type_base_t  base;
3479         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
3480         bool                   is_static;
3481         bool                   is_variable;
3482         expression_t          *size;
3483 } parsed_array_t;
3484
3485 union construct_type_t {
3486         construct_type_kind_t     kind;
3487         construct_type_base_t     base;
3488         parsed_pointer_t          pointer;
3489         parsed_reference_t        reference;
3490         construct_function_type_t function;
3491         parsed_array_t            array;
3492 };
3493
3494 static construct_type_t *allocate_declarator_zero(construct_type_kind_t const kind, size_t const size)
3495 {
3496         construct_type_t *const cons = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, size);
3497         memset(cons, 0, size);
3498         cons->kind = kind;
3499         return cons;
3500 }
3501
3502 /* §6.7.5.1 */
3503 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
3504 {
3505         eat('*');
3506
3507         construct_type_t *const cons = allocate_declarator_zero(CONSTRUCT_POINTER, sizeof(parsed_pointer_t));
3508         cons->pointer.type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3509         //cons->pointer.base_variable   = base_variable;
3510
3511         return cons;
3512 }
3513
3514 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.3.2 */
3515 static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
3516 {
3517         eat('&');
3518
3519         if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
3520                 errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
3521
3522         construct_type_t *const cons = allocate_declarator_zero(CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE, sizeof(parsed_reference_t));
3523
3524         return cons;
3525 }
3526
3527 /* §6.7.5.2 */
3528 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
3529 {
3530         eat('[');
3531         add_anchor_token(']');
3532
3533         construct_type_t *const cons  = allocate_declarator_zero(CONSTRUCT_ARRAY, sizeof(parsed_array_t));
3534         parsed_array_t   *const array = &cons->array;
3535
3536         bool is_static = next_if(T_static);
3537
3538         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3539
3540         if (!is_static)
3541                 is_static = next_if(T_static);
3542
3543         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3544         array->is_static       = is_static;
3545
3546         expression_t *size = NULL;
3547         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
3548                 array->is_variable = true;
3549                 next_token();
3550         } else if (token.type != ']') {
3551                 size = parse_assignment_expression();
3552
3553                 /* §6.7.5.2:1  Array size must have integer type */
3554                 type_t *const orig_type = size->base.type;
3555                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3556                 if (!is_type_integer(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
3557                         errorf(&size->base.source_position,
3558                                "array size '%E' must have integer type but has type '%T'",
3559                                size, orig_type);
3560                 }
3561
3562                 array->size = size;
3563                 mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
3564         }
3565
3566         if (is_static && size == NULL)
3567                 errorf(HERE, "static array parameters require a size");
3568
3569         rem_anchor_token(']');
3570         expect(']', end_error);
3571
3572 end_error:
3573         return cons;
3574 }
3575
3576 /* §6.7.5.3 */
3577 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope)
3578 {
3579         type_t          *type  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
3580         function_type_t *ftype = &type->function;
3581
3582         ftype->linkage            = current_linkage;
3583         ftype->calling_convention = CC_DEFAULT;
3584
3585         parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
3586
3587         construct_type_t *const cons = allocate_declarator_zero(CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION, sizeof(construct_function_type_t));
3588         cons->function.function_type = type;
3589
3590         return cons;
3591 }
3592
3593 typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
3594         bool               may_be_abstract : 1;
3595         bool               must_be_abstract : 1;
3596         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;
3597         symbol_t          *symbol;
3598         source_position_t  source_position;
3599         scope_t            parameters;
3600         attribute_t       *attributes;
3601 } parse_declarator_env_t;
3602
3603 /* §6.7.5 */
3604 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env)
3605 {
3606         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
3607          * how to construct the final declarator type */
3608         construct_type_t  *first      = NULL;
3609         construct_type_t **anchor     = &first;
3610
3611         env->attributes = parse_attributes(env->attributes);
3612
3613         for (;;) {
3614                 construct_type_t *type;
3615                 //variable_t       *based = NULL; /* MS __based extension */
3616                 switch (token.type) {
3617                         case '&':
3618                                 type = parse_reference_declarator();
3619                                 break;
3620
3621                         case T__based: {
3622                                 panic("based not supported anymore");
3623                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
3624                         }
3625
3626                         case '*':
3627                                 type = parse_pointer_declarator();
3628                                 break;
3629
3630                         default:
3631                                 goto ptr_operator_end;
3632                 }
3633
3634                 *anchor = type;
3635                 anchor  = &type->base.next;
3636
3637                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
3638                 env->attributes = parse_attributes(env->attributes);
3639         }
3640
3641 ptr_operator_end: ;
3642         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
3643
3644         switch (token.type) {
3645         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3646                 if (env->must_be_abstract) {
3647                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
3648                 } else {
3649                         env->symbol          = token.symbol;
3650                         env->source_position = token.source_position;
3651                 }
3652                 next_token();
3653                 break;
3654         case '(':
3655                 /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
3656                  * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
3657                  * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
3658                 if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
3659                         next_token();
3660                         add_anchor_token(')');
3661                         inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env);
3662                         if (inner_types != NULL) {
3663                                 /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
3664                                 env->must_be_abstract = true;
3665                         }
3666                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3667                         expect(')', end_error);
3668                 } else if (!env->may_be_abstract) {
3669                         errorf(HERE, "declarator must have a name");
3670                         goto error_out;
3671                 }
3672                 break;
3673         default:
3674                 if (env->may_be_abstract)
3675                         break;
3676                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
3677 error_out:
3678                 eat_until_anchor();
3679                 return NULL;
3680         }
3681
3682         construct_type_t **const p = anchor;
3683
3684         for (;;) {
3685                 construct_type_t *type;
3686                 switch (token.type) {
3687                 case '(': {
3688                         scope_t *scope = NULL;
3689                         if (!env->must_be_abstract) {
3690                                 scope = &env->parameters;
3691                         }
3692
3693                         type = parse_function_declarator(scope);
3694                         break;
3695                 }
3696                 case '[':
3697                         type = parse_array_declarator();
3698                         break;
3699                 default:
3700                         goto declarator_finished;
3701                 }
3702
3703                 /* insert in the middle of the list (at p) */
3704                 type->base.next = *p;
3705                 *p              = type;
3706                 if (anchor == p)
3707                         anchor = &type->base.next;
3708         }
3709
3710 declarator_finished:
3711         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set anchor anymore
3712          * as it's not needed anymore */
3713         *anchor = inner_types;
3714
3715         return first;
3716 end_error:
3717         return NULL;
3718 }
3719
3720 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
3721                                          type_t *type)
3722 {
3723         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
3724         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
3725                 switch (iter->kind) {
3726                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
3727                         break;
3728                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
3729                         construct_function_type_t *function      = &iter->function;
3730                         type_t                    *function_type = function->function_type;
3731
3732                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
3733
3734                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
3735                         /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
3736                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
3737                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
3738                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
3739                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
3740                         } else {
3741                                 if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
3742                                         warningf(HERE,
3743                                                 "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
3744                                 }
3745                         }
3746
3747                         /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
3748                          * destroy other types. */
3749                         type = typehash_insert(function_type);
3750                         continue;
3751                 }
3752
3753                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
3754                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3755                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
3756
3757                         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &iter->pointer;
3758                         type = make_based_pointer_type(type, pointer->type_qualifiers, pointer->base_variable);
3759                         continue;
3760                 }
3761
3762                 case CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE:
3763                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3764                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a reference to reference");
3765
3766                         type = make_reference_type(type);
3767                         continue;
3768
3769                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
3770                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3771                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
3772
3773                         parsed_array_t *array      = &iter->array;
3774                         type_t         *array_type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
3775
3776                         expression_t *size_expression = array->size;
3777                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
3778                                 size_expression
3779                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
3780                         }
3781
3782                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = array->type_qualifiers;
3783                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
3784                         array_type->array.is_static       = array->is_static;
3785                         array_type->array.is_variable     = array->is_variable;
3786                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
3787
3788                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
3789                                 switch (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
3790                                         case EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT: {
3791                                                 long const size = fold_constant_to_int(size_expression);
3792                                                 array_type->array.size          = size;
3793                                                 array_type->array.size_constant = true;
3794                                                 /* §6.7.5.2:1  If the expression is a constant expression, it shall
3795                                                  * have a value greater than zero. */
3796                                                 if (size <= 0) {
3797                                                         if (size < 0 || !GNU_MODE) {
3798                                                                 errorf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
3799                                                                                 "size of array must be greater than zero");
3800                                                         } else if (warning.other) {
3801                                                                 warningf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
3802                                                                                 "zero length arrays are a GCC extension");
3803                                                         }
3804                                                 }
3805                                                 break;
3806                                         }
3807
3808                                         case EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE:
3809                                                 array_type->array.is_vla = true;
3810                                                 break;
3811
3812                                         case EXPR_CLASS_ERROR:
3813                                                 break;
3814                                 }
3815                         }
3816
3817                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
3818                         /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
3819                         if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
3820                                 errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
3821                         } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
3822                                 errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
3823                         }
3824                         type = identify_new_type(array_type);
3825                         continue;
3826                 }
3827                 }
3828                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
3829         }
3830
3831         return type;
3832 }
3833
3834 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
3835
3836 static type_t *semantic_parameter(const source_position_t *pos,
3837                                   type_t *type,
3838                                   const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
3839                                   symbol_t *symbol)
3840 {
3841         /* §6.7.5.3:7  A declaration of a parameter as ``array of type''
3842          *             shall be adjusted to ``qualified pointer to type'',
3843          *             [...]
3844          * §6.7.5.3:8  A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning
3845          *             type'' shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function
3846          *             returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1. */
3847         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
3848
3849         if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
3850                 errorf(pos, "parameter '%#T' declared 'inline'", type, symbol);
3851         }
3852
3853         /* §6.9.1:6  The declarations in the declaration list shall contain
3854          *           no storage-class specifier other than register and no
3855          *           initializations. */
3856         if (specifiers->thread_local || (
3857                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
3858                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3859            ) {
3860                 errorf(pos, "invalid storage class for parameter '%#T'", type, symbol);
3861         }
3862
3863         /* delay test for incomplete type, because we might have (void)
3864          * which is legal but incomplete... */
3865
3866         return type;
3867 }
3868
3869 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
3870                                   declarator_flags_t flags)
3871 {
3872         parse_declarator_env_t env;
3873         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
3874         env.may_be_abstract = (flags & DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT) != 0;
3875
3876         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(&env);
3877         type_t           *orig_type      =
3878                 construct_declarator_type(construct_type, specifiers->type);
3879         type_t           *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3880
3881         if (construct_type != NULL) {
3882                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
3883         }
3884
3885         attribute_t *attributes = parse_attributes(env.attributes);
3886         /* append (shared) specifier attribute behind attributes of this
3887          * declarator */
3888         attribute_t **anchor = &attributes;
3889         while (*anchor != NULL)
3890                 anchor = &(*anchor)->next;
3891         *anchor = specifiers->attributes;
3892
3893         entity_t *entity;
3894         if (specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
3895                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
3896                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
3897                 entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
3898                 entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
3899                 entity->typedefe.type        = orig_type;
3900
3901                 if (anonymous_entity != NULL) {
3902                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
3903                                 assert(anonymous_entity->compound.alias == NULL);
3904                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_STRUCT ||
3905                                        anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_UNION);
3906                                 anonymous_entity->compound.alias = entity;
3907                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
3908                         } else if (is_type_enum(type)) {
3909                                 assert(anonymous_entity->enume.alias == NULL);
3910                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
3911                                 anonymous_entity->enume.alias = entity;
3912                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
3913                         }
3914                 }
3915         } else {
3916                 /* create a declaration type entity */
3917                 if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
3918                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
3919
3920                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
3921                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
3922                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
3923                                                         "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
3924                                 }
3925
3926                                 if (specifiers->thread_local ||
3927                                                 specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
3928                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
3929                                                         "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
3930                                                         env.symbol);
3931                                 }
3932                         }
3933                 } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
3934                         orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
3935                                                        specifiers, env.symbol);
3936
3937                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
3938                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
3939                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
3940
3941                         entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
3942                         entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
3943
3944                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
3945                                 /* this needs fixes for C++ */
3946                                 bool in_function_scope = current_function != NULL;
3947
3948                                 if (specifiers->thread_local || (
3949                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
3950                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
3951                                                         (in_function_scope || specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3952                                                 )) {
3953                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
3954                                                         "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
3955                                 }
3956                         }
3957                 } else {
3958                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
3959
3960                         entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
3961
3962                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
3963                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
3964                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
3965                                                         "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
3966                                 }
3967
3968                                 bool invalid_storage_class = false;
3969                                 if (current_scope == file_scope) {
3970                                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
3971                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
3972                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
3973                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
3974                                         }
3975                                 } else {
3976                                         if (specifiers->thread_local &&
3977                                                         specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
3978                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
3979                                         }
3980                                 }
3981                                 if (invalid_storage_class) {
3982                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
3983                                                         "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
3984                                 }
3985                         }
3986                 }
3987
3988                 if (env.symbol != NULL) {
3989                         entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
3990                         entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
3991                 } else {
3992                         entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
3993                 }
3994                 entity->base.namespc           = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
3995                 entity->declaration.type       = orig_type;
3996                 entity->declaration.alignment  = get_type_alignment(orig_type);
3997                 entity->declaration.modifiers  = env.modifiers;
3998                 entity->declaration.attributes = attributes;
3999
4000                 storage_class_t storage_class = specifiers->storage_class;
4001                 entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = storage_class;
4002
4003                 if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && current_function != NULL)
4004                         storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4005                 entity->declaration.storage_class = storage_class;
4006         }
4007
4008         if (attributes != NULL) {
4009                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
4010         }
4011
4012         return entity;
4013 }
4014
4015 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4016 {
4017         parse_declarator_env_t env;
4018         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
4019         env.may_be_abstract = true;
4020         env.must_be_abstract = true;
4021
4022         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(&env);
4023
4024         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4025         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4026                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4027         }
4028         result = handle_type_attributes(env.attributes, result);
4029
4030         return result;
4031 }
4032
4033 /**
4034  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4035  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4036  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4037  *
4038  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4039  *
4040  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4041  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4042  */
4043 static void check_main(const entity_t *entity)
4044 {
4045         const source_position_t *pos = &entity->base.source_position;
4046         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4047                 warningf(pos, "'main' is not a function");
4048                 return;
4049         }
4050
4051         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4052                 warningf(pos, "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4053         }
4054
4055         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4056         assert(is_type_function(type));
4057
4058         function_type_t *func_type = &type->function;
4059         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
4060                 warningf(pos, "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4061                          func_type->return_type);
4062         }
4063         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4064         if (parm != NULL) {
4065                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4066                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4067                         warningf(pos,
4068                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4069                                  first_type);
4070                 }
4071                 parm = parm->next;
4072                 if (parm != NULL) {
4073                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4074                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4075                                 warningf(pos, "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4076                         }
4077                         parm = parm->next;
4078                         if (parm != NULL) {
4079                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4080                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4081                                         warningf(pos, "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4082                                 }
4083                                 parm = parm->next;
4084                                 if (parm != NULL)
4085                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4086                         }
4087                 } else {
4088 warn_arg_count:
4089                         warningf(pos, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
4090                 }
4091         }
4092 }
4093
4094 /**
4095  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
4096  */
4097 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
4098 {
4099         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
4100 }
4101
4102 static void error_redefined_as_different_kind(const source_position_t *pos,
4103                 const entity_t *old, entity_kind_t new_kind)
4104 {
4105         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of %s '%Y' as %s (declared %P)",
4106                get_entity_kind_name(old->kind), old->base.symbol,
4107                get_entity_kind_name(new_kind), &old->base.source_position);
4108 }
4109
4110 static bool is_error_entity(entity_t *const ent)
4111 {
4112         if (is_declaration(ent)) {
4113                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->declaration.type));
4114         } else if (ent->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4115                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->typedefe.type));
4116         }
4117         return false;
4118 }
4119
4120 static bool contains_attribute(const attribute_t *list, const attribute_t *attr)
4121 {
4122         for (const attribute_t *tattr = list; tattr != NULL; tattr = tattr->next) {
4123                 if (attributes_equal(tattr, attr))
4124                         return true;
4125         }
4126         return false;
4127 }
4128
4129 /**
4130  * test wether new_list contains any attributes not included in old_list
4131  */
4132 static bool has_new_attributes(const attribute_t *old_list,
4133                                const attribute_t *new_list)
4134 {
4135         for (const attribute_t *attr = new_list; attr != NULL; attr = attr->next) {
4136                 if (!contains_attribute(old_list, attr))
4137                         return true;
4138         }
4139         return false;
4140 }
4141
4142 /**
4143  * Merge in attributes from an attribute list (probably from a previous
4144  * declaration with the same name). Warning: destroys the old structure
4145  * of the attribute list - don't reuse attributes after this call.
4146  */
4147 static void merge_in_attributes(declaration_t *decl, attribute_t *attributes)
4148 {
4149         attribute_t *next;
4150         for (attribute_t *attr = attributes; attr != NULL; attr = next) {
4151                 next = attr->next;
4152                 if (contains_attribute(decl->attributes, attr))
4153                         continue;
4154
4155                 /* move attribute to new declarations attributes list */
4156                 attr->next       = decl->attributes;
4157                 decl->attributes = attr;
4158         }
4159 }
4160
4161 /**
4162  * record entities for the NAMESPACE_NORMAL, and produce error messages/warnings
4163  * for various problems that occur for multiple definitions
4164  */
4165 entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
4166 {
4167         const symbol_t *const    symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
4168         const namespace_tag_t    namespc = (namespace_tag_t)entity->base.namespc;
4169         const source_position_t *pos     = &entity->base.source_position;
4170
4171         /* can happen in error cases */
4172         if (symbol == NULL)
4173                 return entity;
4174
4175         entity_t *const previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
4176         /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
4177         assert(previous_entity != entity);
4178
4179         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4180                 type_t *const orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
4181                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4182
4183                 assert(is_type_function(type));
4184                 if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4185                                 warning.strict_prototypes &&
4186                                 previous_entity == NULL) {
4187                         warningf(pos, "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
4188                                          orig_type, symbol);
4189                 }
4190
4191                 if (warning.main && current_scope == file_scope
4192                                 && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4193                         check_main(entity);
4194                 }
4195         }
4196
4197         if (is_declaration(entity) &&
4198                         warning.nested_externs &&
4199                         entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4200                         current_scope != file_scope) {
4201                 warningf(pos, "nested extern declaration of '%#T'",
4202                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4203         }
4204
4205         if (previous_entity != NULL) {
4206                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
4207                                 previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
4208                         assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4209                         errorf(pos,
4210                                         "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
4211                                         entity->declaration.type, symbol,
4212                                         previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
4213                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4214                         goto finish;
4215                 }
4216
4217                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
4218                         if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
4219                                 if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
4220                                         error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
4221                                                         entity->kind);
4222                                 }
4223                                 goto finish;
4224                         }
4225                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
4226                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
4227                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4228                                 goto finish;
4229                         }
4230                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4231                                 /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
4232                                 errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
4233                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4234                                 goto finish;
4235                         }
4236
4237                         /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
4238                         assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
4239
4240                         declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
4241                         declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
4242
4243                         /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
4244                         if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
4245                                         previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
4246                                         entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
4247                                 prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
4248                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
4249                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
4250                                 prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
4251                                 return previous_entity;
4252                         }
4253
4254                         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
4255                         assert(orig_type != NULL);
4256                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4257                         type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
4258
4259                         if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
4260                                 errorf(pos,
4261                                                 "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4262                                                 orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
4263                                                 &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4264                         } else {
4265                                 unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
4266
4267                                 if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
4268                                                 is_definition                     &&
4269                                                 !prev_decl->used                  &&
4270                                                 !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
4271                                                 prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4272                                         warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
4273                                                         "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
4274                                                         prev_decl->type, symbol);
4275                                 }
4276
4277                                 storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
4278
4279                                 /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
4280                                  * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
4281                                  * none nor extern) */
4282                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4283                                         /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
4284                                          * be a typedef, so use the new type */
4285                                         if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
4286                                                 prev_decl->type = type;
4287
4288                                         switch (old_storage_class) {
4289                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
4290                                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4291                                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
4292
4293                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
4294                                                         if (is_definition) {
4295                                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
4296                                                                                 prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4297                                                                                 !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4298                                                                         warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4299                                                                                         orig_type, symbol);
4300                                                                 }
4301                                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4302                                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4303                                                         }
4304                                                         break;
4305
4306                                                 default:
4307                                                         break;
4308                                         }
4309                                 } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
4310                                         prev_decl->type = type;
4311                                 }
4312
4313                                 if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4314                                                 new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4315
4316 warn_redundant_declaration: ;
4317                                         bool has_new_attrs
4318                                                 = has_new_attributes(prev_decl->attributes,
4319                                                                      decl->attributes);
4320                                         if (has_new_attrs) {
4321                                                 merge_in_attributes(decl, prev_decl->attributes);
4322                                         } else if (!is_definition        &&
4323                                                         warning.redundant_decls  &&
4324                                                         is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
4325                                                         strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
4326                                                                 "<builtin>") != 0) {
4327                                                 warningf(pos,
4328                                                          "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
4329                                                          symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4330                                         }
4331                                 } else if (current_function == NULL) {
4332                                         if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4333                                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4334                                                 errorf(pos,
4335                                                        "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
4336                                                        symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4337                                         } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4338                                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4339                                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4340                                         } else {
4341                                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
4342                                                 if (c_mode & _CXX)
4343                                                         goto error_redeclaration;
4344                                                 goto warn_redundant_declaration;
4345                                         }
4346                                 } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
4347                                         if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
4348 error_redeclaration:
4349                                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4350                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4351                                         } else {
4352                                                 errorf(pos,
4353                                                                 "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
4354                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4355                                         }
4356                                 }
4357                         }
4358
4359                         prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
4360                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4361                                 previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
4362                         }
4363                         return previous_entity;
4364                 }
4365
4366                 if (warning.shadow) {
4367                         warningf(pos, "%s '%Y' shadows %s (declared %P)",
4368                                         get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind), symbol,
4369                                         get_entity_kind_name(previous_entity->kind),
4370                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4371                 }
4372         }
4373
4374         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4375                 if (is_definition &&
4376                                 entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4377                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4378                                 warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4379                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4380                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4381                                 warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
4382                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4383                         }
4384                 }
4385         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
4386                         entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
4387                         current_scope == file_scope) {
4388                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
4389                 if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4390                         warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
4391                                  declaration->type, symbol);
4392                 }
4393         }
4394
4395 finish:
4396         assert(entity->base.parent_scope == NULL);
4397         assert(current_scope != NULL);
4398
4399         entity->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
4400         entity->base.namespc      = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4401         environment_push(entity);
4402         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
4403
4404         return entity;
4405 }
4406
4407 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
4408                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4409 {
4410         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4411                entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
4412 }
4413
4414 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
4415                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
4416 {
4417         switch (token->type) {
4418                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
4419                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
4420                         return true;
4421                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4422                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->symbol);
4423
4424                 case T___extension__:
4425                 STORAGE_CLASSES
4426                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
4427
4428                 default:
4429                         return false;
4430         }
4431 }
4432
4433 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
4434 {
4435         assert(is_declaration(entity));
4436         declaration_t *const declaration = &entity->declaration;
4437
4438         eat('=');
4439
4440         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4441         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4442
4443         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
4444                         && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
4445                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
4446         }
4447
4448         bool must_be_constant = false;
4449         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
4450             entity->base.parent_scope  == file_scope) {
4451                 must_be_constant = true;
4452         }
4453
4454         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4455                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4456                        "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
4457                        orig_type, entity->base.symbol);
4458                 orig_type = type_error_type;
4459         }
4460
4461         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4462         env.type             = orig_type;
4463         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4464         env.entity           = entity;
4465         current_init_decl    = entity;
4466
4467         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4468         current_init_decl = NULL;
4469
4470         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4471                 /* §6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
4472                  * determine the array type size */
4473                 declaration->type            = env.type;
4474                 entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
4475         }
4476 }
4477
4478 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4479 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4480                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
4481 {
4482         eat(';');
4483         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4484
4485         if (warning.other) {
4486                 if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
4487                                 specifiers->thread_local) {
4488                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4489                                  "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4490                 }
4491
4492                 type_t *type = specifiers->type;
4493                 switch (type->kind) {
4494                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4495                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4496                                 if (type->compound.compound->base.symbol == NULL) {
4497                                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4498                                                  "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4499                                 }
4500                                 break;
4501                         }
4502
4503                         case TYPE_ENUM:
4504                                 break;
4505
4506                         default:
4507                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
4508                                 break;
4509                 }
4510         }
4511 }
4512
4513 static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
4514 {
4515         if (ent->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
4516                 return;
4517
4518         /* §6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
4519          *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
4520         declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
4521         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN ||
4522                         decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
4523                 return;
4524
4525         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
4526         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4527         if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
4528                 return;
4529
4530         /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
4531          * are given length one. */
4532         if (is_type_array(type) && ent->base.parent_scope == file_scope) {
4533                 ARR_APP1(declaration_t*, incomplete_arrays, decl);
4534                 return;
4535         }
4536
4537         errorf(&ent->base.source_position, "variable '%#T' has incomplete type",
4538                         orig_type, ent->base.symbol);
4539 }
4540
4541
4542 static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
4543                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4544                 parsed_declaration_func         finished_declaration,
4545                 declarator_flags_t              flags)
4546 {
4547         add_anchor_token(';');
4548         add_anchor_token(',');
4549         while (true) {
4550                 entity_t *entity = finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
4551
4552                 if (token.type == '=') {
4553                         parse_init_declarator_rest(entity);
4554                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4555                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.5.3:3  The initializer can be omitted
4556                          * [...] where the extern specifier is explicitly used. */
4557                         declaration_t *decl = &entity->declaration;
4558                         if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4559                                 type_t *type = decl->type;
4560                                 if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type))) {
4561                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4562                                                         "reference '%#T' must be initialized",
4563                                                         type, entity->base.symbol);
4564                                 }
4565                         }
4566                 }
4567
4568                 check_variable_type_complete(entity);
4569
4570                 if (!next_if(','))
4571                         break;
4572
4573                 add_anchor_token('=');
4574                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
4575                 rem_anchor_token('=');
4576         }
4577         expect(';', end_error);
4578
4579 end_error:
4580         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4581         rem_anchor_token(';');
4582         rem_anchor_token(',');
4583 }
4584
4585 static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
4586 {
4587         symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
4588         if (symbol == NULL) {
4589                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4590                 return entity;
4591         }
4592
4593         assert(entity->base.namespc == NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4594         entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4595         if (previous_entity == NULL
4596                         || previous_entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
4597                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
4598                        symbol);
4599                 return entity;
4600         }
4601
4602         if (is_definition) {
4603                 errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
4604         }
4605
4606         return record_entity(entity, false);
4607 }
4608
4609 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration,
4610                               declarator_flags_t      flags)
4611 {
4612         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4613         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4614
4615         add_anchor_token(';');
4616         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4617         rem_anchor_token(';');
4618
4619         if (token.type == ';') {
4620                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
4621         } else {
4622                 entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers, flags);
4623                 parse_declaration_rest(entity, &specifiers, finished_declaration, flags);
4624         }
4625 }
4626
4627 /* §6.5.2.2:6 */
4628 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
4629 {
4630         type_t *result = orig_type;
4631
4632         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4633         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
4634                 result = promote_integer(type);
4635         } else if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT)) {
4636                 result = type_double;
4637         }
4638
4639         return result;
4640 }
4641
4642 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(entity_t *entity)
4643 {
4644         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
4645                 return;
4646
4647         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4648         assert(is_type_function(type));
4649         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
4650                 return;
4651
4652         add_anchor_token('{');
4653
4654         /* push function parameters */
4655         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
4656         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->function.parameters);
4657
4658         entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
4659         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
4660                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL);
4661                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
4662                 environment_push(parameter);
4663         }
4664
4665         /* parse declaration list */
4666         for (;;) {
4667                 switch (token.type) {
4668                         DECLARATION_START
4669                         case T___extension__:
4670                         /* This covers symbols, which are no type, too, and results in
4671                          * better error messages.  The typical cases are misspelled type
4672                          * names and missing includes. */
4673                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4674                                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration, DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
4675                                 break;
4676                         default:
4677                                 goto decl_list_end;
4678                 }
4679         }
4680 decl_list_end:
4681
4682         /* pop function parameters */
4683         assert(current_scope == &entity->function.parameters);
4684         scope_pop(old_scope);
4685         environment_pop_to(top);
4686
4687         /* update function type */
4688         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
4689
4690         function_parameter_t  *parameters = NULL;
4691         function_parameter_t **anchor     = &parameters;
4692
4693         /* did we have an earlier prototype? */
4694         entity_t *proto_type = get_entity(entity->base.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4695         if (proto_type != NULL && proto_type->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
4696                 proto_type = NULL;
4697
4698         function_parameter_t *proto_parameter = NULL;
4699         if (proto_type != NULL) {
4700                 type_t *proto_type_type = proto_type->declaration.type;
4701                 proto_parameter         = proto_type_type->function.parameters;
4702                 /* If a K&R function definition has a variadic prototype earlier, then
4703                  * make the function definition variadic, too. This should conform to
4704                  * §6.7.5.3:15 and §6.9.1:8. */
4705                 new_type->function.variadic = proto_type_type->function.variadic;
4706         } else {
4707                 /* §6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
4708                  * prototype */
4709                 new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4710         }
4711
4712         bool need_incompatible_warning = false;
4713         parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
4714         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next,
4715                         proto_parameter =
4716                                 proto_parameter == NULL ? NULL : proto_parameter->next) {
4717                 if (parameter->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
4718                         continue;
4719
4720                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
4721                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
4722                         if (strict_mode) {
4723                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
4724                                        parameter->base.symbol);
4725                                 parameter_type = type_error_type;
4726                         } else {
4727                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
4728                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
4729                                                  parameter->base.symbol);
4730                                 }
4731                                 parameter_type = type_int;
4732                         }
4733                         parameter->declaration.type = parameter_type;
4734                 }
4735
4736                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(parameter);
4737
4738                 /* we need the default promoted types for the function type */
4739                 type_t *not_promoted = parameter_type;
4740                 parameter_type       = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
4741
4742                 /* gcc special: if the type of the prototype matches the unpromoted
4743                  * type don't promote */
4744                 if (!strict_mode && proto_parameter != NULL) {
4745                         type_t *proto_p_type = skip_typeref(proto_parameter->type);
4746                         type_t *promo_skip   = skip_typeref(parameter_type);
4747                         type_t *param_skip   = skip_typeref(not_promoted);
4748                         if (!types_compatible(proto_p_type, promo_skip)
4749                                 && types_compatible(proto_p_type, param_skip)) {
4750                                 /* don't promote */
4751                                 need_incompatible_warning = true;
4752                                 parameter_type = not_promoted;
4753                         }
4754                 }
4755                 function_parameter_t *const parameter
4756                         = allocate_parameter(parameter_type);
4757
4758                 *anchor = parameter;
4759                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
4760         }
4761
4762         new_type->function.parameters = parameters;
4763         new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
4764
4765         if (warning.other && need_incompatible_warning) {
4766                 type_t *proto_type_type = proto_type->declaration.type;
4767                 warningf(HERE,
4768                          "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4769                          proto_type_type, proto_type->base.symbol,
4770                          new_type, entity->base.symbol,
4771                          &proto_type->base.source_position);
4772         }
4773
4774         entity->declaration.type = new_type;
4775
4776         rem_anchor_token('{');
4777 }
4778
4779 static bool first_err = true;
4780
4781 /**
4782  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
4783  * else does noting.
4784  */
4785 static void print_in_function(void)
4786 {
4787         if (first_err) {
4788                 first_err = false;
4789                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
4790                             current_function->base.base.source_position.input_name,
4791                             current_function->base.base.symbol);
4792         }
4793 }
4794
4795 /**
4796  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
4797  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
4798  */
4799 static void check_labels(void)
4800 {
4801         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
4802             goto_statement != NULL;
4803             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
4804                 /* skip computed gotos */
4805                 if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
4806                         continue;
4807
4808                 label_t *label = goto_statement->label;
4809
4810                 label->used = true;
4811                 if (label->base.source_position.input_name == NULL) {
4812                         print_in_function();
4813                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
4814                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->base.symbol);
4815                  }
4816         }
4817
4818         if (warning.unused_label) {
4819                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
4820                          label_statement != NULL;
4821                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
4822                         label_t *label = label_statement->label;
4823
4824                         if (! label->used) {
4825                                 print_in_function();
4826                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
4827                                          "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->base.symbol);
4828                         }
4829                 }
4830         }
4831 }
4832
4833 static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
4834 {
4835         entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
4836         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
4837                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
4838                         continue;
4839
4840                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
4841                 if (declaration->implicit)
4842                         continue;
4843
4844                 if (!declaration->used) {
4845                         print_in_function();
4846                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
4847                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused",
4848                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
4849                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE && !entity->variable.read) {
4850                         print_in_function();
4851                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
4852                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
4853                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
4854                 }
4855         }
4856 }
4857
4858 static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
4859 {
4860         (void)env;
4861
4862         switch (stmt->kind) {
4863                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
4864                         declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
4865                         warn_unused_entity(decls->declarations_begin,
4866                                            decls->declarations_end);
4867                         return;
4868                 }
4869
4870                 case STATEMENT_FOR:
4871                         warn_unused_entity(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
4872                         return;
4873
4874                 default:
4875                         return;
4876         }
4877 }
4878
4879 /**
4880  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
4881  */
4882 static void check_declarations(void)
4883 {
4884         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
4885                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->parameters;
4886
4887                 /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
4888                 if (!is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
4889                         warn_unused_entity(scope->entities, NULL);
4890                 }
4891         }
4892         if (warning.unused_variable) {
4893                 walk_statements(current_function->statement, check_unused_variables,
4894                                 NULL);
4895         }
4896 }
4897
4898 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
4899 {
4900         return
4901                 is_constant_expression(cond) != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT ? 0 :
4902                 fold_constant_to_bool(cond)                         ? 1 :
4903                 -1;
4904 }
4905
4906 static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
4907 static bool reaches_end;
4908
4909 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
4910 {
4911         switch (expr->kind) {
4912                 case EXPR_CALL: {
4913                         expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
4914                         if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
4915                                 entity_t *entity = func->reference.entity;
4916                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
4917                                                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
4918                                         return false;
4919                         }
4920
4921                         if (!expression_returns(func))
4922                                 return false;
4923
4924                         for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
4925                                 if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
4926                                         return false;
4927                         }
4928
4929                         return true;
4930                 }
4931
4932                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
4933                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
4934                 EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
4935                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
4936                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
4937                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
4938                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
4939                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
4940                 case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
4941                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
4942                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
4943                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
4944                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
4945                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
4946                 case EXPR_INVALID:
4947                         return true;
4948
4949                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
4950                         bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
4951                         reaches_end = false;
4952                         check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
4953                         bool returns = reaches_end;
4954                         reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
4955                         return returns;
4956                 }
4957
4958                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
4959                         // TODO handle constant expression
4960
4961                         if (!expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition))
4962                                 return false;
4963
4964                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL
4965                                         && expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression))
4966                                 return true;
4967
4968                         return expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression);
4969
4970                 case EXPR_SELECT:
4971                         return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
4972
4973                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
4974                         return
4975                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
4976                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
4977
4978                 case EXPR_VA_START:
4979                         return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
4980
4981                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
4982                         return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
4983
4984                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
4985                         return expression_returns(expr->va_copye.src);
4986
4987                 EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
4988                         return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
4989
4990                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
4991                         return false;
4992
4993                 EXPR_BINARY_CASES
4994                         // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
4995                         return
4996                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
4997                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
4998
4999                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
5000                         break;
5001         }
5002
5003         panic("unhandled expression");
5004 }
5005
5006 static bool initializer_returns(initializer_t const *const init)
5007 {
5008         switch (init->kind) {
5009                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
5010                         return expression_returns(init->value.value);
5011
5012                 case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
5013                         initializer_t * const*       i       = init->list.initializers;
5014                         initializer_t * const* const end     = i + init->list.len;
5015                         bool                         returns = true;
5016                         for (; i != end; ++i) {
5017                                 if (!initializer_returns(*i))
5018                                         returns = false;
5019                         }
5020                         return returns;
5021                 }
5022
5023                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
5024                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
5025                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR: // designators have no payload
5026                         return true;
5027         }
5028         panic("unhandled initializer");
5029 }
5030
5031 static bool noreturn_candidate;
5032
5033 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
5034 {
5035         if (stmt->base.reachable)
5036                 return;
5037         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
5038                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
5039
5040         statement_t *last = stmt;
5041         statement_t *next;
5042         switch (stmt->kind) {
5043                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5044                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5045                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5046                         next = stmt->base.next;
5047                         break;
5048
5049                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5050                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5051                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5052                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5053                         if (ent != NULL) {
5054                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5055                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5056                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL            &&
5057                                                         !initializer_returns(ent->variable.initializer)) {
5058                                                 return;
5059                                         }
5060                                         if (ent == last)
5061                                                 break;
5062                                 }
5063                         }
5064                         next = stmt->base.next;
5065                         break;
5066                 }
5067
5068                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5069                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
5070                         if (next == NULL)
5071                                 next = stmt->base.next;
5072                         break;
5073
5074                 case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
5075                         expression_t const *const val = stmt->returns.value;
5076                         if (val == NULL || expression_returns(val))
5077                                 noreturn_candidate = false;
5078                         return;
5079                 }
5080
5081                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
5082                         if_statement_t const *const ifs  = &stmt->ifs;
5083                         expression_t   const *const cond = ifs->condition;
5084
5085                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5086                                 return;
5087
5088                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5089
5090                         if (val >= 0)
5091                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
5092
5093                         if (val > 0)
5094                                 return;
5095
5096                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
5097                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
5098                                 return;
5099                         }
5100
5101                         next = stmt->base.next;
5102                         break;
5103                 }
5104
5105                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
5106                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
5107                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
5108
5109                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5110                                 return;
5111
5112                         if (is_constant_expression(expr) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
5113                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant_to_int(expr);
5114                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
5115                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5116                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
5117                                                 defaults = i;
5118                                                 continue;
5119                                         }
5120
5121                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
5122                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5123                                                 return;
5124                                         }
5125                                 }
5126
5127                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
5128                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
5129                                         return;
5130                                 }
5131                         } else {
5132                                 bool has_default = false;
5133                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5134                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
5135                                                 has_default = true;
5136
5137                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5138                                 }
5139
5140                                 if (has_default)
5141                                         return;
5142                         }
5143
5144                         next = stmt->base.next;
5145                         break;
5146                 }
5147
5148                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
5149                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
5150                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
5151                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5152                                 return;
5153
5154                         next = stmt->base.next;
5155                         break;
5156                 }
5157
5158                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
5159                         for (statement_t *parent = stmt;;) {
5160                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5161                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
5162                                         return;
5163
5164                                 next = parent;
5165                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5166                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
5167                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
5168                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
5169
5170                                         default: break;
5171                                 }
5172                         }
5173
5174                 case STATEMENT_BREAK:
5175                         for (statement_t *parent = stmt;;) {
5176                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5177                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
5178                                         return;
5179
5180                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5181                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5182                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
5183                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5184                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
5185                                                 last = parent;
5186                                                 next = parent->base.next;
5187                                                 goto found_break_parent;
5188
5189                                         default: break;
5190                                 }
5191                         }
5192 found_break_parent:
5193                         break;
5194
5195                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5196                         if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
5197                                 if (!expression_returns(stmt->gotos.expression))
5198                                         return;
5199
5200                                 statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
5201                                 if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
5202                                         return;
5203                                 next = parent;
5204                         } else {
5205                                 next = stmt->gotos.label->statement;
5206                                 if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
5207                                         return;
5208                         }
5209                         break;
5210
5211                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5212                         next = stmt->label.statement;
5213                         break;
5214
5215                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5216                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
5217                         break;
5218
5219                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5220                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
5221                         expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
5222
5223                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5224                                 return;
5225
5226                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5227
5228                         if (val >= 0)
5229                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
5230
5231                         if (val > 0)
5232                                 return;
5233
5234                         next = stmt->base.next;
5235                         break;
5236                 }
5237
5238                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5239                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
5240                         break;
5241
5242                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5243                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
5244
5245                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
5246                                 return;
5247                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
5248
5249                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5250
5251                         int val;
5252                         if (cond == NULL) {
5253                                 val = 1;
5254                         } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
5255                                 val = determine_truth(cond);
5256                         } else {
5257                                 return;
5258                         }
5259
5260                         if (val >= 0)
5261                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
5262
5263                         if (val > 0)
5264                                 return;
5265
5266                         next = stmt->base.next;
5267                         break;
5268                 }
5269
5270                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
5271                         ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
5272                         check_reachable(ms_try->try_statement);
5273                         next = ms_try->final_statement;
5274                         break;
5275                 }
5276
5277                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE: {
5278                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5279                         for (;;) {
5280                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5281                                 if (parent == NULL) /* __leave not within __try */
5282                                         return;
5283
5284                                 if (parent->kind == STATEMENT_MS_TRY) {
5285                                         last = parent;
5286                                         next = parent->ms_try.final_statement;
5287                                         break;
5288                                 }
5289                         }
5290                         break;
5291                 }
5292
5293                 default:
5294                         panic("invalid statement kind");
5295         }
5296
5297         while (next == NULL) {
5298                 next = last->base.parent;
5299                 if (next == NULL) {
5300                         noreturn_candidate = false;
5301
5302                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
5303                         assert(is_type_function(type));
5304                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
5305                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
5306                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
5307                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
5308                             !is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
5309                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
5310                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
5311                         }
5312                         return;
5313                 }
5314
5315                 switch (next->kind) {
5316                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5317                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5318                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
5319                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
5320                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
5321                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
5322                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
5323                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
5324                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5325                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
5326                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
5327
5328                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5329                                 if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
5330                                         reaches_end = true;
5331                                         return;
5332                                 }
5333                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
5334                         case STATEMENT_IF:
5335                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5336                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5337                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5338                                 last = next;
5339                                 next = next->base.next;
5340                                 break;
5341
5342                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5343 continue_while:
5344                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5345                                         return;
5346                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5347
5348                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
5349                                 expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
5350
5351                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
5352                                         return;
5353
5354                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5355
5356                                 if (val >= 0)
5357                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
5358
5359                                 if (val > 0)
5360                                         return;
5361
5362                                 last = next;
5363                                 next = next->base.next;
5364                                 break;
5365                         }
5366
5367                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
5368 continue_do_while:
5369                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5370                                         return;
5371                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5372
5373                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw   = &next->do_while;
5374                                 expression_t         const *const cond = dw->condition;
5375
5376                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
5377                                         return;
5378
5379                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5380
5381                                 if (val >= 0)
5382                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
5383
5384                                 if (val > 0)
5385                                         return;
5386
5387                                 last = next;
5388                                 next = next->base.next;
5389                                 break;
5390                         }
5391
5392                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5393 continue_for:;
5394                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
5395
5396                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
5397
5398                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
5399                                         return;
5400                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
5401
5402                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5403
5404                                 int val;
5405                                 if (cond == NULL) {
5406                                         val = 1;
5407                                 } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
5408                                         val = determine_truth(cond);
5409                                 } else {
5410                                         return;
5411                                 }
5412
5413                                 if (val >= 0)
5414                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
5415
5416                                 if (val > 0)
5417                                         return;
5418
5419                                 last = next;
5420                                 next = next->base.next;
5421                                 break;
5422                         }
5423
5424                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
5425                                 last = next;
5426                                 next = next->ms_try.final_statement;
5427                                 break;
5428                 }
5429         }
5430
5431         check_reachable(next);
5432 }
5433
5434 static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
5435 {
5436         (void)env;
5437
5438         switch (stmt->kind) {
5439                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5440                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
5441                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
5442                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
5443                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
5444                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
5445                                 }
5446                         }
5447                         return;
5448
5449                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5450                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
5451
5452                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
5453                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
5454                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5455                         } else {
5456                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
5457                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
5458                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
5459                                 }
5460
5461                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
5462                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
5463                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
5464                                 }
5465
5466                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
5467                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
5468                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
5469                                 }
5470                         }
5471                         return;
5472                 }
5473
5474                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5475                         if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
5476                                 return;
5477                         goto warn_unreachable;
5478
5479                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5480                         /* Only warn if there is at least one declarator with an initializer.
5481                          * This typically occurs in switch statements. */
5482                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5483                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5484                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5485                         if (ent != NULL) {
5486                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5487                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5488                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
5489                                                 goto warn_unreachable;
5490                                         }
5491                                         if (ent == last)
5492                                                 return;
5493                                 }
5494                         }
5495                 }
5496
5497                 default:
5498 warn_unreachable:
5499                         if (!stmt->base.reachable)
5500                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5501                         return;
5502         }
5503 }
5504
5505 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
5506 {
5507         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
5508          * specifiers */
5509         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5510         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5511
5512         add_anchor_token(';');
5513         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5514         rem_anchor_token(';');
5515
5516         /* must be a declaration */
5517         if (token.type == ';') {
5518                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5519                 return;
5520         }
5521
5522         add_anchor_token(',');
5523         add_anchor_token('=');
5524         add_anchor_token(';');
5525         add_anchor_token('{');
5526
5527         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
5528         entity_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
5529
5530         rem_anchor_token('{');
5531         rem_anchor_token(';');
5532         rem_anchor_token('=');
5533         rem_anchor_token(',');
5534
5535         /* must be a declaration */
5536         switch (token.type) {
5537                 case ',':
5538                 case ';':
5539                 case '=':
5540                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_entity,
5541                                         DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
5542                         return;
5543         }
5544
5545         /* must be a function definition */
5546         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
5547
5548         if (token.type != '{') {
5549                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
5550                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
5551                 return;
5552         }
5553
5554         assert(is_declaration(ndeclaration));
5555         type_t *const orig_type = ndeclaration->declaration.type;
5556         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5557
5558         if (!is_type_function(type)) {
5559                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5560                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
5561                                type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5562                 }
5563                 eat_block();
5564                 return;
5565         } else if (is_typeref(orig_type)) {
5566                 /* §6.9.1:2 */
5567                 errorf(&ndeclaration->base.source_position,
5568                                 "type of function definition '%#T' is a typedef",
5569                                 orig_type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5570         }
5571
5572         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
5573             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
5574                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
5575                          ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5576         }
5577         if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5578                 warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
5579                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5580         }
5581         if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5582                 warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
5583                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5584         }
5585
5586         /* §6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
5587          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
5588         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5589                         type->function.parameters == NULL) {
5590                 type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
5591                 copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
5592                 type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
5593
5594                 ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
5595         }
5596
5597         entity_t *const entity = record_entity(ndeclaration, true);
5598         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
5599         assert(ndeclaration->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
5600
5601         function_t *function = &entity->function;
5602         if (ndeclaration != entity) {
5603                 function->parameters = ndeclaration->function.parameters;
5604         }
5605         assert(is_declaration(entity));
5606         type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
5607
5608         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
5609         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
5610         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&function->parameters);
5611
5612         entity_t *parameter = function->parameters.entities;
5613         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5614                 if (parameter->base.parent_scope == &ndeclaration->function.parameters) {
5615                         parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5616                 }
5617                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL
5618                                 || parameter->base.parent_scope == current_scope);
5619                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5620                 if (parameter->base.symbol == NULL) {
5621                         errorf(&parameter->base.source_position, "parameter name omitted");
5622                         continue;
5623                 }
5624                 environment_push(parameter);
5625         }
5626
5627         if (function->statement != NULL) {
5628                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
5629                 eat_block();
5630         } else {
5631                 /* parse function body */
5632                 int         label_stack_top      = label_top();
5633                 function_t *old_current_function = current_function;
5634                 entity_t   *old_current_entity   = current_entity;
5635                 current_function                 = function;
5636                 current_entity                   = (entity_t*) function;
5637                 current_parent                   = NULL;
5638
5639                 goto_first   = NULL;
5640                 goto_anchor  = &goto_first;
5641                 label_first  = NULL;
5642                 label_anchor = &label_first;
5643
5644                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
5645                 function->statement = body;
5646                 first_err = true;
5647                 check_labels();
5648                 check_declarations();
5649                 if (warning.return_type      ||
5650                     warning.unreachable_code ||
5651                     (warning.missing_noreturn
5652                      && !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
5653                         noreturn_candidate = true;
5654                         check_reachable(body);
5655                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
5656                                 walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
5657                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
5658                             noreturn_candidate       &&
5659                             !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
5660                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
5661                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
5662                                          type, entity->base.symbol);
5663                         }
5664                 }
5665
5666                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
5667                 assert(current_function == function);
5668                 assert(current_entity   == (entity_t*) function);
5669                 current_entity   = old_current_entity;
5670                 current_function = old_current_function;
5671                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
5672         }
5673
5674         assert(current_scope == &function->parameters);
5675         scope_pop(old_scope);
5676         environment_pop_to(top);
5677 }
5678
5679 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
5680                                   source_position_t *source_position,
5681                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
5682 {
5683         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
5684
5685         type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
5686         type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
5687
5688         il_size_t bit_size;
5689         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
5690         if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
5691                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
5692                        base_type);
5693                 bit_size = 0;
5694         } else {
5695                 bit_size = get_type_size(base_type) * 8;
5696         }
5697
5698         if (is_constant_expression(size) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
5699                 long v = fold_constant_to_int(size);
5700                 const symbol_t *user_symbol = symbol == NULL ? sym_anonymous : symbol;
5701
5702                 if (v < 0) {
5703                         errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'",
5704                                user_symbol);
5705                 } else if (v == 0 && symbol != NULL) {
5706                         errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'",
5707                                user_symbol);
5708                 } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
5709                         errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type",
5710                                user_symbol);
5711                 } else {
5712                         type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
5713                 }
5714         }
5715
5716         return type;
5717 }
5718
5719 static entity_t *find_compound_entry(compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
5720 {
5721         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
5722         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
5723                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
5724                         continue;
5725
5726                 if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
5727                         return iter;
5728                 } else if (iter->base.symbol == NULL) {
5729                         /* search in anonymous structs and unions */
5730                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
5731                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
5732                                 if (find_compound_entry(type->compound.compound, symbol)
5733                                                 != NULL)
5734                                         return iter;
5735                         }
5736                         continue;
5737                 }
5738         }
5739
5740         return NULL;
5741 }
5742
5743 static void check_deprecated(const source_position_t *source_position,
5744                              const entity_t *entity)
5745 {
5746         if (!warning.deprecated_declarations)
5747                 return;
5748         if (!is_declaration(entity))
5749                 return;
5750         if ((entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) == 0)
5751                 return;
5752
5753         char const *const prefix = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5754         const char *deprecated_string
5755                         = get_deprecated_string(entity->declaration.attributes);
5756         if (deprecated_string != NULL) {
5757                 warningf(source_position, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
5758                                  prefix, entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position,
5759                                  deprecated_string);
5760         } else {
5761                 warningf(source_position, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
5762                                  entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
5763         }
5764 }
5765
5766
5767 static expression_t *create_select(const source_position_t *pos,
5768                                    expression_t *addr,
5769                                    type_qualifiers_t qualifiers,
5770                                                                    entity_t *entry)
5771 {
5772         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5773
5774         check_deprecated(pos, entry);
5775
5776         expression_t *select          = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
5777         select->select.compound       = addr;
5778         select->select.compound_entry = entry;
5779
5780         type_t *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
5781         type_t *res_type   = get_qualified_type(entry_type, qualifiers);
5782
5783         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5784          * code to revert this! */
5785         select->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(res_type);
5786         if (res_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
5787                 select->base.type = res_type->bitfield.base_type;
5788         }
5789
5790         return select;
5791 }
5792
5793 /**
5794  * Find entry with symbol in compound. Search anonymous structs and unions and
5795  * creates implicit select expressions for them.
5796  * Returns the adress for the innermost compound.
5797  */
5798 static expression_t *find_create_select(const source_position_t *pos,
5799                                         expression_t *addr,
5800                                         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers,
5801                                         compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
5802 {
5803         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
5804         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
5805                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
5806                         continue;
5807
5808                 symbol_t *iter_symbol = iter->base.symbol;
5809                 if (iter_symbol == NULL) {
5810                         type_t *type = iter->declaration.type;
5811                         if (type->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT
5812                                         && type->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION)
5813                                 continue;
5814
5815                         compound_t *sub_compound = type->compound.compound;
5816
5817                         if (find_compound_entry(sub_compound, symbol) == NULL)
5818                                 continue;
5819
5820                         expression_t *sub_addr = create_select(pos, addr, qualifiers, iter);
5821                         sub_addr->base.source_position = *pos;
5822                         sub_addr->select.implicit      = true;
5823                         return find_create_select(pos, sub_addr, qualifiers, sub_compound,
5824                                                   symbol);
5825                 }
5826
5827                 if (iter_symbol == symbol) {
5828                         return create_select(pos, addr, qualifiers, iter);
5829                 }
5830         }
5831
5832         return NULL;
5833 }
5834
5835 static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
5836                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5837 {
5838         do {
5839                 entity_t *entity;
5840
5841                 if (token.type == ':') {
5842                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5843                         next_token();
5844
5845                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
5846                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5847
5848                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
5849                                         &source_position, NULL);
5850
5851                         attribute_t  *attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
5852                         attribute_t **anchor     = &attributes;
5853                         while (*anchor != NULL)
5854                                 anchor = &(*anchor)->next;
5855                         *anchor = specifiers->attributes;
5856
5857                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5858                         entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5859                         entity->base.source_position               = source_position;
5860                         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5861                         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5862                         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
5863                         entity->declaration.attributes             = attributes;
5864
5865                         if (attributes != NULL) {
5866                                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
5867                         }
5868                         append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
5869                 } else {
5870                         entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
5871                                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5872                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
5873                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5874                                                 "typedef not allowed as compound member");
5875                         } else {
5876                                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5877
5878                                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
5879                                 symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
5880                                 if (symbol != NULL) {
5881                                         entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
5882                                         if (prev != NULL) {
5883                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5884                                                                 "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
5885                                                                 symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
5886                                         }
5887                                 }
5888
5889                                 if (token.type == ':') {
5890                                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5891                                         next_token();
5892                                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5893
5894                                         type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
5895                                         type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
5896                                                         &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
5897
5898                                         attribute_t *attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
5899                                         entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
5900                                         handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
5901                                 } else {
5902                                         type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
5903                                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5904                                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
5905                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5906                                                        "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
5907                                                                 entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
5908                                         } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
5909                                                 /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
5910                                                 if (!is_type_array(type)       ||
5911                                                                 token.type          != ';' ||
5912                                                                 look_ahead(1)->type != '}') {
5913                                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5914                                                                "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
5915                                                                         entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
5916                                                 }
5917                                         }
5918                                 }
5919
5920                                 append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
5921                         }
5922                 }
5923         } while (next_if(','));
5924         expect(';', end_error);
5925
5926 end_error:
5927         anonymous_entity = NULL;
5928 }
5929
5930 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound)
5931 {
5932         eat('{');
5933         add_anchor_token('}');
5934
5935         while (token.type != '}') {
5936                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
5937                         errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
5938                         break;
5939                 }
5940                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5941                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5942                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5943
5944                 parse_compound_declarators(compound, &specifiers);
5945         }
5946         rem_anchor_token('}');
5947         next_token();
5948
5949         /* §6.7.2.1:7 */
5950         compound->complete = true;
5951 }
5952
5953 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
5954 {
5955         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5956         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5957         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5958         if (specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
5959                         || specifiers.thread_local) {
5960                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
5961                  * storage class is...
5962                  */
5963                 errorf(HERE, "typename must not have a storage class");
5964         }
5965
5966         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
5967
5968         return result;
5969 }
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
5975 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
5976
5977 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
5978 struct expression_parser_function_t {
5979         parse_expression_function        parser;
5980         precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
5981         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
5982 };
5983
5984 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
5985
5986 /**
5987  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
5988  */
5989 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
5990 {
5991         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
5992         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
5993                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token %K", &token);
5994         }
5995         next_token();
5996
5997         return create_invalid_expression();
5998 }
5999
6000 static type_t *get_string_type(void)
6001 {
6002         return warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
6003 }
6004
6005 static type_t *get_wide_string_type(void)
6006 {
6007         return warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
6008 }
6009
6010 /**
6011  * Parse a string constant.
6012  */
6013 static expression_t *parse_string_literal(void)
6014 {
6015         source_position_t begin   = token.source_position;
6016         string_t          res     = token.literal;
6017         bool              is_wide = (token.type == T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6018
6019         next_token();
6020         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL
6021                         || token.type == T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
6022                 warn_string_concat(&token.source_position);
6023                 res = concat_strings(&res, &token.literal);
6024                 next_token();
6025                 is_wide |= token.type == T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL;
6026         }
6027
6028         expression_t *literal;
6029         if (is_wide) {
6030                 literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6031                 literal->base.type = get_wide_string_type();
6032         } else {
6033                 literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
6034                 literal->base.type = get_string_type();
6035         }
6036         literal->base.source_position = begin;
6037         literal->literal.value        = res;
6038
6039         return literal;
6040 }
6041
6042 /**
6043  * Parse a boolean constant.
6044  */
6045 static expression_t *parse_boolean_literal(bool value)
6046 {
6047         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN);
6048         literal->base.source_position = token.source_position;
6049         literal->base.type            = type_bool;
6050         literal->literal.value.begin  = value ? "true" : "false";
6051         literal->literal.value.size   = value ? 4 : 5;
6052
6053         next_token();
6054         return literal;
6055 }
6056
6057 static void warn_traditional_suffix(void)
6058 {
6059         if (!warning.traditional)
6060                 return;
6061         warningf(&token.source_position, "traditional C rejects the '%Y' suffix",
6062                  token.symbol);
6063 }
6064
6065 static void check_integer_suffix(void)
6066 {
6067         symbol_t *suffix = token.symbol;
6068         if (suffix == NULL)
6069                 return;
6070
6071         bool not_traditional = false;
6072         const char *c = suffix->string;
6073         if (*c == 'l' || *c == 'L') {
6074                 ++c;
6075                 if (*c == *(c-1)) {
6076                         not_traditional = true;
6077                         ++c;
6078                         if (*c == 'u' || *c == 'U') {
6079                                 ++c;
6080                         }
6081                 } else if (*c == 'u' || *c == 'U') {
6082                         not_traditional = true;
6083                         ++c;
6084                 }
6085         } else if (*c == 'u' || *c == 'U') {
6086                 not_traditional = true;
6087                 ++c;
6088                 if (*c == 'l' || *c == 'L') {
6089                         ++c;
6090                         if (*c == *(c-1)) {
6091                                 ++c;
6092                         }
6093                 }
6094         }
6095         if (*c != '\0') {
6096                 errorf(&token.source_position,
6097                        "invalid suffix '%s' on integer constant", suffix->string);
6098         } else if (not_traditional) {
6099                 warn_traditional_suffix();
6100         }
6101 }
6102
6103 static type_t *check_floatingpoint_suffix(void)
6104 {
6105         symbol_t *suffix = token.symbol;
6106         type_t   *type   = type_double;
6107         if (suffix == NULL)
6108                 return type;
6109
6110         bool not_traditional = false;
6111         const char *c = suffix->string;
6112         if (*c == 'f' || *c == 'F') {
6113                 ++c;
6114                 type = type_float;
6115         } else if (*c == 'l' || *c == 'L') {
6116                 ++c;
6117                 type = type_long_double;
6118         }
6119         if (*c != '\0') {
6120                 errorf(&token.source_position,
6121                        "invalid suffix '%s' on floatingpoint constant", suffix->string);
6122         } else if (not_traditional) {
6123                 warn_traditional_suffix();
6124         }
6125
6126         return type;
6127 }
6128
6129 /**
6130  * Parse an integer constant.
6131  */
6132 static expression_t *parse_number_literal(void)
6133 {
6134         expression_kind_t  kind;
6135         type_t            *type;
6136
6137         switch (token.type) {
6138         case T_INTEGER:
6139                 kind = EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER;
6140                 check_integer_suffix();
6141                 type = type_int;
6142                 break;
6143         case T_INTEGER_OCTAL:
6144                 kind = EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL;
6145                 check_integer_suffix();
6146                 type = type_int;
6147                 break;
6148         case T_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
6149                 kind = EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL;
6150                 check_integer_suffix();
6151                 type = type_int;
6152                 break;
6153         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:
6154                 kind = EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT;
6155                 type = check_floatingpoint_suffix();
6156                 break;
6157         case T_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL:
6158                 kind = EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL;
6159                 type = check_floatingpoint_suffix();
6160                 break;
6161         default:
6162                 panic("unexpected token type in parse_number_literal");
6163         }
6164
6165         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
6166         literal->base.source_position = token.source_position;
6167         literal->base.type            = type;
6168         literal->literal.value        = token.literal;
6169         literal->literal.suffix       = token.symbol;
6170         next_token();
6171
6172         /* integer type depends on the size of the number and the size
6173          * representable by the types. The backend/codegeneration has to determine
6174          * that
6175          */
6176         determine_literal_type(&literal->literal);
6177         return literal;
6178 }
6179
6180 /**
6181  * Parse a character constant.
6182  */
6183 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
6184 {
6185         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER);
6186         literal->base.source_position = token.source_position;
6187         literal->base.type            = c_mode & _CXX ? type_char : type_int;
6188         literal->literal.value        = token.literal;
6189
6190         size_t len = literal->literal.value.size;
6191         if (len != 1) {
6192                 if (!GNU_MODE && !(c_mode & _C99)) {
6193                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6194                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6195                         literal->base.type = type_int;
6196                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6197                 }
6198         }
6199
6200         next_token();
6201         return literal;
6202 }
6203
6204 /**
6205  * Parse a wide character constant.
6206  */
6207 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
6208 {
6209         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER);
6210         literal->base.source_position = token.source_position;
6211         literal->base.type            = type_int;
6212         literal->literal.value        = token.literal;
6213
6214         size_t len = wstrlen(&literal->literal.value);
6215         if (len != 1) {
6216                 warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6217         }
6218
6219         next_token();
6220         return literal;
6221 }
6222
6223 static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
6224                 const source_position_t *source_position)
6225 {
6226         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6227         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
6228         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
6229         ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
6230         type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
6231
6232         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6233         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6234         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6235         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6236         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
6237         entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
6238         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
6239         entity->base.source_position               = *source_position;
6240
6241         if (current_scope != NULL) {
6242                 bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
6243                 warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
6244                 record_entity(entity, false);
6245                 warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
6246         }
6247
6248         return entity;
6249 }
6250
6251 /**
6252  * Performs automatic type cast as described in §6.3.2.1.
6253  *
6254  * @param orig_type  the original type
6255  */
6256 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
6257 {
6258         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6259         if (is_type_array(type)) {
6260                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
6261                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
6262                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
6263
6264                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
6265         }
6266
6267         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6268                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6269         }
6270
6271         return orig_type;
6272 }
6273
6274 /**
6275  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
6276  * to function-pointer types as defined §6.3.2.1
6277  */
6278 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
6279 {
6280         switch (expression->kind) {
6281         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
6282                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
6283                 if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6284                         return entity->declaration.type;
6285                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6286                         return entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6287                 } else {
6288                         panic("no declaration or enum in reference");
6289                 }
6290         }
6291
6292         case EXPR_SELECT: {
6293                 entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
6294                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
6295                 type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
6296                 return get_qualified_type(type,
6297                                 expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
6298         }
6299
6300         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
6301                 const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
6302                 type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
6303                 if (!is_type_pointer(type))
6304                         return type_error_type;
6305                 return type->pointer.points_to;
6306         }
6307
6308         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
6309                 const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
6310                 type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
6311                 if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
6312                         return type_error_type;
6313                 return type_left->pointer.points_to;
6314         }
6315
6316         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
6317                 size_t size = expression->string_literal.value.size;
6318                 return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6319         }
6320
6321         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
6322                 size_t size = wstrlen(&expression->string_literal.value);
6323                 return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6324         }
6325
6326         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
6327                 return expression->compound_literal.type;
6328
6329         default:
6330                 break;
6331         }
6332         return expression->base.type;
6333 }
6334
6335 /**
6336  * Find an entity matching a symbol in a scope.
6337  * Uses current scope if scope is NULL
6338  */
6339 static entity_t *lookup_entity(const scope_t *scope, symbol_t *symbol,
6340                                namespace_tag_t namespc)
6341 {
6342         if (scope == NULL) {
6343                 return get_entity(symbol, namespc);
6344         }
6345
6346         /* we should optimize here, if scope grows above a certain size we should
6347            construct a hashmap here... */
6348         entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
6349         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
6350                 if (entity->base.symbol == symbol && entity->base.namespc == namespc)
6351                         break;
6352         }
6353
6354         return entity;
6355 }
6356
6357 static entity_t *parse_qualified_identifier(void)
6358 {
6359         /* namespace containing the symbol */
6360         symbol_t          *symbol;
6361         source_position_t  pos;
6362         const scope_t     *lookup_scope = NULL;
6363
6364         if (next_if(T_COLONCOLON))
6365                 lookup_scope = &unit->scope;
6366
6367         entity_t *entity;
6368         while (true) {
6369                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6370                         parse_error_expected("while parsing identifier", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6371                         return create_error_entity(sym_anonymous, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
6372                 }
6373                 symbol = token.symbol;
6374                 pos    = *HERE;
6375                 next_token();
6376
6377                 /* lookup entity */
6378                 entity = lookup_entity(lookup_scope, symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
6379
6380                 if (!next_if(T_COLONCOLON))
6381                         break;
6382
6383                 switch (entity->kind) {
6384                 case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
6385                         lookup_scope = &entity->namespacee.members;
6386                         break;
6387                 case ENTITY_STRUCT:
6388                 case ENTITY_UNION:
6389                 case ENTITY_CLASS:
6390                         lookup_scope = &entity->compound.members;
6391                         break;
6392                 default:
6393                         errorf(&pos, "'%Y' must be a namespace, class, struct or union (but is a %s)",
6394                                symbol, get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind));
6395                         goto end_error;
6396                 }
6397         }
6398
6399         if (entity == NULL) {
6400                 if (!strict_mode && token.type == '(') {
6401                         /* an implicitly declared function */
6402                         if (warning.error_implicit_function_declaration) {
6403                                 errorf(&pos, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
6404                         } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
6405                                 warningf(&pos, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
6406                         }
6407
6408                         entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, &pos);
6409                 } else {
6410                         errorf(&pos, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
6411                         entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
6412                 }
6413         }
6414
6415         return entity;
6416
6417 end_error:
6418         /* skip further qualifications */
6419         while (next_if(T_IDENTIFIER) && next_if(T_COLONCOLON)) {}
6420
6421         return create_error_entity(sym_anonymous, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
6422 }
6423
6424 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
6425 {
6426         entity_t *entity = parse_qualified_identifier();
6427
6428         type_t *orig_type;
6429         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6430                 orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
6431         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6432                 orig_type = entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6433         } else {
6434                 panic("expected declaration or enum value in reference");
6435         }
6436
6437         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
6438          * code to revert this! */
6439         type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
6440
6441         expression_kind_t kind = EXPR_REFERENCE;
6442         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
6443                 kind = EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE;
6444
6445         expression_t *expression     = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
6446         expression->reference.entity = entity;
6447         expression->base.type        = type;
6448
6449         /* this declaration is used */
6450         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6451                 entity->declaration.used = true;
6452         }
6453
6454         if (entity->base.parent_scope != file_scope
6455                 && (current_function != NULL
6456                         && entity->base.parent_scope->depth < current_function->parameters.depth)
6457                 && (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE || entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER)) {
6458                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
6459                         /* access of a variable from an outer function */
6460                         entity->variable.address_taken = true;
6461                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
6462                         entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
6463                 }
6464                 current_function->need_closure = true;
6465         }
6466
6467         check_deprecated(HERE, entity);
6468
6469         if (warning.init_self && entity == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop
6470             && entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
6471                 current_init_decl = NULL;
6472                 warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
6473                          entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
6474         }
6475
6476         return expression;
6477 }
6478
6479 static bool semantic_cast(expression_t *cast)
6480 {
6481         expression_t            *expression      = cast->unary.value;
6482         type_t                  *orig_dest_type  = cast->base.type;
6483         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
6484         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
6485         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6486         source_position_t const *pos             = &cast->base.source_position;
6487
6488         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
6489         if (dst_type == type_void)
6490                 return true;
6491
6492         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
6493         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
6494             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6495             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
6496             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6497                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
6498                 return false;
6499         }
6500
6501         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
6502                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
6503                 return false;
6504         }
6505
6506         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6507                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
6508                 return false;
6509         }
6510
6511         if (warning.cast_qual &&
6512             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6513             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
6514                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
6515                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
6516                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
6517                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
6518                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
6519                         warningf(pos,
6520                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
6521                                  missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
6522                 }
6523         }
6524         return true;
6525 }
6526
6527 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
6528 {
6529         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
6530
6531         parse_initializer_env_t env;
6532         env.type             = type;
6533         env.entity           = NULL;
6534         env.must_be_constant = false;
6535         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
6536         type = env.type;
6537
6538         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
6539         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
6540         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
6541
6542         return expression;
6543 }
6544
6545 /**
6546  * Parse a cast expression.
6547  */
6548 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
6549 {
6550         add_anchor_token(')');
6551
6552         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
6553
6554         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6555
6556         rem_anchor_token(')');
6557         expect(')', end_error);
6558
6559         if (token.type == '{') {
6560                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
6561         }
6562
6563         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
6564         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
6565
6566         expression_t *value = parse_subexpression(PREC_CAST);
6567         cast->base.type   = type;
6568         cast->unary.value = value;
6569
6570         if (! semantic_cast(cast)) {
6571                 /* TODO: record the error in the AST. else it is impossible to detect it */
6572         }
6573
6574         return cast;
6575 end_error:
6576         return create_invalid_expression();
6577 }
6578
6579 /**
6580  * Parse a statement expression.
6581  */
6582 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
6583 {
6584         add_anchor_token(')');
6585
6586         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
6587
6588         statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
6589         statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
6590         expression->statement.statement = statement;
6591
6592         /* find last statement and use its type */
6593         type_t *type = type_void;
6594         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
6595         if (stmt != NULL) {
6596                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
6597                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
6598
6599                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
6600                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
6601                 }
6602         } else if (warning.other) {
6603                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
6604         }
6605         expression->base.type = type;
6606
6607         rem_anchor_token(')');
6608         expect(')', end_error);
6609
6610 end_error:
6611         return expression;
6612 }
6613
6614 /**
6615  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
6616  */
6617 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
6618 {
6619         eat('(');
6620
6621         switch (token.type) {
6622         case '{':
6623                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
6624                 return parse_statement_expression();
6625
6626         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
6627         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
6628                 return parse_cast();
6629         case T_IDENTIFIER:
6630                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.symbol)) {
6631                         return parse_cast();
6632                 }
6633         }
6634
6635         add_anchor_token(')');
6636         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
6637         result->base.parenthesized = true;
6638         rem_anchor_token(')');
6639         expect(')', end_error);
6640
6641 end_error:
6642         return result;
6643 }
6644
6645 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
6646 {
6647         /* TODO */
6648
6649         if (current_function == NULL) {
6650                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
6651         }
6652
6653         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6654         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6655         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
6656
6657         next_token();
6658
6659         return expression;
6660 }
6661
6662 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
6663 {
6664         if (current_function == NULL) {
6665                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
6666         }
6667
6668         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6669         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6670         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
6671
6672         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
6673
6674         return expression;
6675 }
6676
6677 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
6678 {
6679         if (current_function == NULL) {
6680                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
6681         }
6682
6683         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6684         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6685         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
6686
6687         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
6688
6689         return expression;
6690 }
6691
6692 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
6693 {
6694         if (current_function == NULL) {
6695                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
6696         }
6697
6698         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6699         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6700         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
6701
6702         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
6703
6704         return expression;
6705 }
6706
6707 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
6708 {
6709         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6710         result->source_position = *HERE;
6711
6712         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6713                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6714                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6715                 return NULL;
6716         }
6717         result->symbol = token.symbol;
6718         next_token();
6719
6720         designator_t *last_designator = result;
6721         while (true) {
6722                 if (next_if('.')) {
6723                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6724                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6725                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6726                                 return NULL;
6727                         }
6728                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6729                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6730                         designator->symbol          = token.symbol;
6731                         next_token();
6732
6733                         last_designator->next = designator;
6734                         last_designator       = designator;
6735                         continue;
6736                 }
6737                 if (next_if('[')) {
6738                         add_anchor_token(']');
6739                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6740                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6741                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
6742                         rem_anchor_token(']');
6743                         expect(']', end_error);
6744                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
6745                                 return NULL;
6746                         }
6747
6748                         last_designator->next = designator;
6749                         last_designator       = designator;
6750                         continue;
6751                 }
6752                 break;
6753         }
6754
6755         return result;
6756 end_error:
6757         return NULL;
6758 }
6759
6760 /**
6761  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
6762  */
6763 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
6764 {
6765         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
6766         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
6767
6768         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
6769
6770         expect('(', end_error);
6771         add_anchor_token(',');
6772         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6773         rem_anchor_token(',');
6774         expect(',', end_error);
6775         add_anchor_token(')');
6776         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
6777         rem_anchor_token(')');
6778         expect(')', end_error);
6779
6780         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
6781         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
6782
6783         type_path_t path;
6784         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
6785         path.top_type = type;
6786         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
6787
6788         descend_into_subtype(&path);
6789
6790         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
6791                 return create_invalid_expression();
6792         }
6793
6794         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
6795
6796         return expression;
6797 end_error:
6798         return create_invalid_expression();
6799 }
6800
6801 /**
6802  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
6803  */
6804 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
6805 {
6806         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
6807
6808         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
6809
6810         expect('(', end_error);
6811         add_anchor_token(',');
6812         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6813         rem_anchor_token(',');
6814         expect(',', end_error);
6815         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
6816         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
6817                 entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
6818                 if (!current_function->base.type->function.variadic) {
6819                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
6820                                         "'va_start' used in non-variadic function");
6821                 } else if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_function->parameters ||
6822                                 entity->base.next != NULL ||
6823                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
6824                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
6825                                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
6826                 } else {
6827                         expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
6828                 }
6829                 expect(')', end_error);
6830                 return expression;
6831         }
6832         expect(')', end_error);
6833 end_error:
6834         return create_invalid_expression();
6835 }
6836
6837 /**
6838  * Parses a __builtin_va_arg() expression.
6839  */
6840 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
6841 {
6842         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
6843
6844         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
6845
6846         expect('(', end_error);
6847         call_argument_t ap;
6848         ap.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6849         expression->va_arge.ap = ap.expression;
6850         check_call_argument(type_valist, &ap, 1);
6851
6852         expect(',', end_error);
6853         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
6854         expect(')', end_error);
6855
6856         return expression;
6857 end_error:
6858         return create_invalid_expression();
6859 }
6860
6861 /**
6862  * Parses a __builtin_va_copy() expression.
6863  */
6864 static expression_t *parse_va_copy(void)
6865 {
6866         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_COPY);
6867
6868         eat(T___builtin_va_copy);
6869
6870         expect('(', end_error);
6871         expression_t *dst = parse_assignment_expression();
6872         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type_valist, dst);
6873         report_assign_error(error, type_valist, dst, "call argument 1",
6874                             &dst->base.source_position);
6875         expression->va_copye.dst = dst;
6876
6877         expect(',', end_error);
6878
6879         call_argument_t src;
6880         src.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6881         check_call_argument(type_valist, &src, 2);
6882         expression->va_copye.src = src.expression;
6883         expect(')', end_error);
6884
6885         return expression;
6886 end_error:
6887         return create_invalid_expression();
6888 }
6889
6890 /**
6891  * Parses a __builtin_constant_p() expression.
6892  */
6893 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
6894 {
6895         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
6896
6897         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
6898
6899         expect('(', end_error);
6900         add_anchor_token(')');
6901         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
6902         rem_anchor_token(')');
6903         expect(')', end_error);
6904         expression->base.type = type_int;
6905
6906         return expression;
6907 end_error:
6908         return create_invalid_expression();
6909 }
6910
6911 /**
6912  * Parses a __builtin_types_compatible_p() expression.
6913  */
6914 static expression_t *parse_builtin_types_compatible(void)
6915 {
6916         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P);
6917
6918         eat(T___builtin_types_compatible_p);
6919
6920         expect('(', end_error);
6921         add_anchor_token(')');
6922         add_anchor_token(',');
6923         expression->builtin_types_compatible.left = parse_typename();
6924         rem_anchor_token(',');
6925         expect(',', end_error);
6926         expression->builtin_types_compatible.right = parse_typename();
6927         rem_anchor_token(')');
6928         expect(')', end_error);
6929         expression->base.type = type_int;
6930
6931         return expression;
6932 end_error:
6933         return create_invalid_expression();
6934 }
6935
6936 /**
6937  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
6938  */
6939 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
6940 {
6941         expression_t *expression;
6942
6943         switch (token.type) {
6944         case T___builtin_isgreater:
6945                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
6946                 break;
6947         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
6948                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
6949                 break;
6950         case T___builtin_isless:
6951                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
6952                 break;
6953         case T___builtin_islessequal:
6954                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
6955                 break;
6956         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
6957                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
6958                 break;
6959         case T___builtin_isunordered:
6960                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
6961                 break;
6962         default:
6963                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
6964         }
6965         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
6966         next_token();
6967
6968         expect('(', end_error);
6969         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
6970         expect(',', end_error);
6971         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
6972         expect(')', end_error);
6973
6974         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
6975         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
6976
6977         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6978         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6979         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
6980                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6981                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
6982                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6983                 }
6984         } else {
6985                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
6986         }
6987
6988         return expression;
6989 end_error:
6990         return create_invalid_expression();
6991 }
6992
6993 /**
6994  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
6995  */
6996 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
6997 {
6998         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
6999
7000         eat(T__assume);
7001
7002         expect('(', end_error);
7003         add_anchor_token(')');
7004         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7005         rem_anchor_token(')');
7006         expect(')', end_error);
7007
7008         expression->base.type = type_void;
7009         return expression;
7010 end_error:
7011         return create_invalid_expression();
7012 }
7013
7014 /**
7015  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7016  *
7017  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
7018  */
7019 static label_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7020 {
7021         entity_t *label;
7022         assert(current_function != NULL);
7023
7024         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7025         /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
7026         if (label != NULL && label->kind == ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL) {
7027                 if (label->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
7028                         assert(label->base.parent_scope->depth < current_scope->depth);
7029                         current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
7030                 }
7031                 return &label->label;
7032         }
7033
7034         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7035         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7036          * declaration */
7037         if (label != NULL
7038                         && label->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters) {
7039                 return &label->label;
7040         }
7041
7042         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7043         label               = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LABEL);
7044         label->base.namespc = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7045         label->base.symbol  = symbol;
7046
7047         label_push(label);
7048
7049         return &label->label;
7050 }
7051
7052 /**
7053  * Parses a GNU && label address expression.
7054  */
7055 static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
7056 {
7057         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7058         eat(T_ANDAND);
7059         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7060                 parse_error_expected("while parsing label address", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7061                 goto end_error;
7062         }
7063         symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
7064         next_token();
7065
7066         label_t *label       = get_label(symbol);
7067         label->used          = true;
7068         label->address_taken = true;
7069
7070         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS);
7071         expression->base.source_position = source_position;
7072
7073         /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
7074         expression->base.type           = type_void_ptr;
7075         expression->label_address.label = label;
7076         return expression;
7077 end_error:
7078         return create_invalid_expression();
7079 }
7080
7081 /**
7082  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
7083  */
7084 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
7085 {
7086         /* the result is a (int)0 */
7087         expression_t *literal = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP);
7088         literal->base.type            = type_int;
7089         literal->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7090         literal->literal.value.begin  = "__noop";
7091         literal->literal.value.size   = 6;
7092
7093         eat(T___noop);
7094
7095         if (token.type == '(') {
7096                 /* parse arguments */
7097                 eat('(');
7098                 add_anchor_token(')');
7099                 add_anchor_token(',');
7100
7101                 if (token.type != ')') do {
7102                         (void)parse_assignment_expression();
7103                 } while (next_if(','));
7104         }
7105         rem_anchor_token(',');
7106         rem_anchor_token(')');
7107         expect(')', end_error);
7108
7109 end_error:
7110         return literal;
7111 }
7112
7113 /**
7114  * Parses a primary expression.
7115  */
7116 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
7117 {
7118         switch (token.type) {
7119         case T_false:                        return parse_boolean_literal(false);
7120         case T_true:                         return parse_boolean_literal(true);
7121         case T_INTEGER:
7122         case T_INTEGER_OCTAL:
7123         case T_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
7124         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:
7125         case T_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL:    return parse_number_literal();
7126         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:           return parse_character_constant();
7127         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:      return parse_wide_character_constant();
7128         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
7129         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:          return parse_string_literal();
7130         case T___FUNCTION__:
7131         case T___func__:                     return parse_function_keyword();
7132         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:          return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
7133         case T___FUNCSIG__:                  return parse_funcsig_keyword();
7134         case T___FUNCDNAME__:                return parse_funcdname_keyword();
7135         case T___builtin_offsetof:           return parse_offsetof();
7136         case T___builtin_va_start:           return parse_va_start();
7137         case T___builtin_va_arg:             return parse_va_arg();
7138         case T___builtin_va_copy:            return parse_va_copy();
7139         case T___builtin_isgreater:
7140         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7141         case T___builtin_isless:
7142         case T___builtin_islessequal:
7143         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7144         case T___builtin_isunordered:        return parse_compare_builtin();
7145         case T___builtin_constant_p:         return parse_builtin_constant();
7146         case T___builtin_types_compatible_p: return parse_builtin_types_compatible();
7147         case T__assume:                      return parse_assume();
7148         case T_ANDAND:
7149                 if (GNU_MODE)
7150                         return parse_label_address();
7151                 break;
7152
7153         case '(':                            return parse_parenthesized_expression();
7154         case T___noop:                       return parse_noop_expression();
7155
7156         /* Gracefully handle type names while parsing expressions. */
7157         case T_COLONCOLON:
7158                 return parse_reference();
7159         case T_IDENTIFIER:
7160                 if (!is_typedef_symbol(token.symbol)) {
7161                         return parse_reference();
7162                 }
7163                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
7164         TYPENAME_START {
7165                 source_position_t  const pos  = *HERE;
7166                 type_t const      *const type = parse_typename();
7167                 errorf(&pos, "encountered type '%T' while parsing expression", type);
7168                 return create_invalid_expression();
7169         }
7170         }
7171
7172         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
7173         eat_until_anchor();
7174         return create_invalid_expression();
7175 }
7176
7177 /**
7178  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
7179  */
7180 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
7181 {
7182         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
7183         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
7184
7185         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
7186                         warning.char_subscripts) {
7187                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7188                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
7189         }
7190 }
7191
7192 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
7193 {
7194         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
7195
7196         eat('[');
7197         add_anchor_token(']');
7198
7199         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
7200
7201         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
7202         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
7203
7204         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7205         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
7206
7207         type_t                    *return_type;
7208         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
7209         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7210                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
7211                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7212                 array_access->index     = inside;
7213                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
7214         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
7215                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
7216                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
7217                 array_access->index     = left;
7218                 array_access->flipped   = true;
7219                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
7220         } else {
7221                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
7222                         errorf(HERE,
7223                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
7224                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
7225                 }
7226                 return_type             = type_error_type;
7227                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7228                 array_access->index     = inside;
7229         }
7230
7231         expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
7232
7233         rem_anchor_token(']');
7234         expect(']', end_error);
7235 end_error:
7236         return expression;
7237 }
7238
7239 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
7240 {
7241         expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7242         tp_expression->base.type     = type_size_t;
7243
7244         eat(kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? T_sizeof : T___alignof__);
7245
7246         /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
7247         bool old     = in_type_prop;
7248         in_type_prop = true;
7249
7250         type_t       *orig_type;
7251         expression_t *expression;
7252         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
7253                 next_token();
7254                 add_anchor_token(')');
7255                 orig_type = parse_typename();
7256                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7257                 expect(')', end_error);
7258
7259                 if (token.type == '{') {
7260                         /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
7261                          * starting with a compound literal */
7262                         expression = parse_compound_literal(orig_type);
7263                         goto typeprop_expression;
7264                 }
7265         } else {
7266                 expression = parse_subexpression(PREC_UNARY);
7267
7268 typeprop_expression:
7269                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
7270
7271                 orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
7272                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
7273         }
7274
7275         tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
7276         type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7277         char   const* const wrong_type =
7278                 GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
7279                 is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
7280                 type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
7281                 type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
7282                 NULL;
7283         if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7284                 char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
7285                 errorf(&tp_expression->base.source_position,
7286                                 "operand of %s expression must not be of %s type '%T'",
7287                                 what, wrong_type, orig_type);
7288         }
7289
7290 end_error:
7291         in_type_prop = old;
7292         return tp_expression;
7293 }
7294
7295 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
7296 {
7297         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF);
7298 }
7299
7300 static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
7301 {
7302         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF);
7303 }
7304
7305 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *addr)
7306 {
7307         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7308         bool select_left_arrow = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7309         next_token();
7310
7311         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7312                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7313                 return create_invalid_expression();
7314         }
7315         symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
7316         next_token();
7317
7318         type_t *const orig_type = addr->base.type;
7319         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7320
7321         type_t *type_left;
7322         bool    saw_error = false;
7323         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7324                 if (!select_left_arrow) {
7325                         errorf(HERE,
7326                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7327                                symbol, orig_type);
7328                         saw_error = true;
7329                 }
7330                 type_left = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7331         } else {
7332                 if (select_left_arrow && is_type_valid(type)) {
7333                         errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
7334                         saw_error = true;
7335                 }
7336                 type_left = type;
7337         }
7338
7339         if (type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT &&
7340             type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
7341
7342                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && !saw_error) {
7343                         errorf(HERE,
7344                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7345                                symbol, type_left);
7346                 }
7347                 return create_invalid_expression();
7348         }
7349
7350         compound_t *compound = type_left->compound.compound;
7351         if (!compound->complete) {
7352                 errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' in incomplete type '%T'",
7353                        symbol, type_left);
7354                 return create_invalid_expression();
7355         }
7356
7357         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers = type_left->base.qualifiers;
7358         expression_t      *result
7359                 = find_create_select(HERE, addr, qualifiers, compound, symbol);
7360
7361         if (result == NULL) {
7362                 errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
7363                 return create_invalid_expression();
7364         }
7365
7366         return result;
7367 }
7368
7369 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
7370                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos)
7371 {
7372         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
7373         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
7374         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
7375         type_t         *arg_type           = skip_typeref(arg_expr->base.type);
7376
7377         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
7378         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
7379                         && (get_type_modifiers(expected_type) & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
7380                 compound_t *union_decl  = expected_type_skip->compound.compound;
7381                 type_t     *best_type   = NULL;
7382                 entity_t   *entry       = union_decl->members.entities;
7383                 for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
7384                         assert(is_declaration(entry));
7385                         type_t *decl_type = entry->declaration.type;
7386                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
7387                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
7388                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
7389                                 continue;
7390
7391                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7392                                 best_type = decl_type;
7393                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
7394                                 best_type = decl_type;
7395                         }
7396                 }
7397
7398                 if (best_type != NULL) {
7399                         expected_type = best_type;
7400                 }
7401         }
7402
7403         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
7404         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(arg_expr, expected_type);
7405
7406         if (error != ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7407                 /* report exact scope in error messages (like "in argument 3") */
7408                 char buf[64];
7409                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
7410                 report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
7411                                                         &arg_expr->base.source_position);
7412         } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
7413                 type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
7414                 if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
7415                     !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
7416                     !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
7417                         /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
7418                         warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
7419                                 "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
7420                                 pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
7421                 }
7422         }
7423 }
7424
7425 /**
7426  * Handle the semantic restrictions of builtin calls
7427  */
7428 static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
7429         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
7430                 case bk_gnu_builtin_return_address:
7431                 case bk_gnu_builtin_frame_address: {
7432                         /* argument must be constant */
7433                         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
7434
7435                         if (is_constant_expression(argument->expression) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
7436                                 errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7437                                        "argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7438                                        call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7439                         }
7440                         break;
7441                 }
7442                 case bk_gnu_builtin_object_size:
7443                         if (call->arguments == NULL)
7444                                 break;
7445
7446                         call_argument_t *arg = call->arguments->next;
7447                         if (arg != NULL && is_constant_expression(arg->expression) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
7448                                 errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7449                                            "second argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7450                                            call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7451                         }
7452                         break;
7453                 case bk_gnu_builtin_prefetch:
7454                         /* second and third argument must be constant if existent */
7455                         if (call->arguments == NULL)
7456                                 break;
7457                         call_argument_t *rw = call->arguments->next;
7458                         call_argument_t *locality = NULL;
7459
7460                         if (rw != NULL) {
7461                                 if (is_constant_expression(rw->expression) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
7462                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7463                                                "second argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7464                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7465                                 }
7466                                 locality = rw->next;
7467                         }
7468                         if (locality != NULL) {
7469                                 if (is_constant_expression(locality->expression) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
7470                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7471                                                "third argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7472                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7473                                 }
7474                                 locality = rw->next;
7475                         }
7476                         break;
7477                 default:
7478                         break;
7479         }
7480 }
7481
7482 /**
7483  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
7484  *
7485  * @param expression  the function address
7486  */
7487 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
7488 {
7489         expression_t      *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
7490         call_expression_t *call   = &result->call;
7491         call->function            = expression;
7492
7493         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
7494         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7495
7496         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
7497         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7498                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7499
7500                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
7501                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
7502                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
7503                 }
7504         }
7505
7506         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
7507                 errorf(HERE,
7508                        "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function",
7509                        expression, orig_type);
7510         }
7511
7512         /* parse arguments */
7513         eat('(');
7514         add_anchor_token(')');
7515         add_anchor_token(',');
7516
7517         if (token.type != ')') {
7518                 call_argument_t **anchor = &call->arguments;
7519                 do {
7520                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
7521                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
7522
7523                         *anchor = argument;
7524                         anchor  = &argument->next;
7525                 } while (next_if(','));
7526         }
7527         rem_anchor_token(',');
7528         rem_anchor_token(')');
7529         expect(')', end_error);
7530
7531         if (function_type == NULL)
7532                 return result;
7533
7534         /* check type and count of call arguments */
7535         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
7536         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
7537         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
7538                 for (unsigned pos = 0; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
7539                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
7540                         check_call_argument(parameter->type, argument, ++pos);
7541                 }
7542
7543                 if (parameter != NULL) {
7544                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7545                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
7546                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7547                 }
7548         }
7549
7550         /* do default promotion for other arguments */
7551         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
7552                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
7553                 if (!is_type_object(skip_typeref(type))) {
7554                         errorf(&argument->expression->base.source_position,
7555                                "call argument '%E' must not be void", argument->expression);
7556                 }
7557
7558                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
7559
7560                 argument->expression
7561                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
7562         }
7563
7564         check_format(&result->call);
7565
7566         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
7567             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
7568                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
7569                          "function call has aggregate value");
7570         }
7571
7572         if (call->function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7573                 reference_expression_t *reference = &call->function->reference;
7574                 if (reference->entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION &&
7575                     reference->entity->function.btk != bk_none)
7576                         handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call);
7577         }
7578
7579 end_error:
7580         return result;
7581 }
7582
7583 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
7584
7585 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
7586 {
7587         return
7588                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
7589                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
7590                 type1->compound.compound == type2->compound.compound;
7591 }
7592
7593 static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
7594 {
7595         bool regular_take_address = true;
7596         for (;;) {
7597                 if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
7598                         expr = expr->unary.value;
7599                 } else {
7600                         regular_take_address = false;
7601                 }
7602
7603                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
7604                         break;
7605
7606                 expr = expr->unary.value;
7607         }
7608
7609         if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
7610                 return NULL;
7611
7612         /* special case for functions which are automatically converted to a
7613          * pointer to function without an extra TAKE_ADDRESS operation */
7614         if (!regular_take_address &&
7615                         expr->reference.entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
7616                 return NULL;
7617         }
7618
7619         return expr;
7620 }
7621
7622 static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
7623 {
7624         if (!warning.address)
7625                 return;
7626
7627         expr = get_reference_address(expr);
7628         if (expr != NULL) {
7629                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
7630                          "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
7631                          expr->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7632         }
7633 }
7634
7635 static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
7636 {
7637         if (!warning.parentheses)
7638                 return;
7639         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
7640                 return;
7641         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
7642                 return;
7643         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
7644                         "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
7645 }
7646
7647 static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
7648                                char const *const context)
7649 {
7650         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7651         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
7652                 warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
7653                 warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
7654         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7655                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7656                                 "%s must have scalar type", context);
7657         }
7658 }
7659
7660 /**
7661  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
7662  *
7663  * @param expression  the conditional expression
7664  */
7665 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
7666 {
7667         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
7668
7669         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
7670         conditional->condition                = expression;
7671
7672         eat('?');
7673         add_anchor_token(':');
7674
7675         /* §6.5.15:2  The first operand shall have scalar type. */
7676         semantic_condition(expression, "condition of conditional operator");
7677
7678         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
7679         bool          gnu_cond = false;
7680         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
7681                 gnu_cond = true;
7682         } else {
7683                 true_expression = parse_expression();
7684         }
7685         rem_anchor_token(':');
7686         expect(':', end_error);
7687 end_error:;
7688         expression_t *false_expression =
7689                 parse_subexpression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
7690
7691         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
7692         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
7693         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
7694         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
7695
7696         /* 6.5.15.3 */
7697         type_t *result_type;
7698         if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7699                         is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7700                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
7701                 if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7702                         result_type = false_type;
7703                 } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7704                         result_type = true_type;
7705                 } else {
7706                         if (warning.other && (
7707                                                 !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7708                                                 !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
7709                                         )) {
7710                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7711                                                 "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
7712                         }
7713                         result_type = type_void;
7714                 }
7715         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
7716                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
7717                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
7718         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
7719                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
7720                 result_type = true_type;
7721         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
7722                 type_t *pointer_type;
7723                 type_t *other_type;
7724                 expression_t *other_expression;
7725                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
7726                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
7727                         pointer_type     = true_type;
7728                         other_type       = false_type;
7729                         other_expression = false_expression;
7730                 } else {
7731                         pointer_type     = false_type;
7732                         other_type       = true_type;
7733                         other_expression = true_expression;
7734                 }
7735
7736                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
7737                         result_type = pointer_type;
7738                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
7739                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
7740                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
7741
7742                         type_t *to;
7743                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7744                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7745                                 to = type_void;
7746                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
7747                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
7748                                 to = to1;
7749                         } else {
7750                                 if (warning.other) {
7751                                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7752                                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
7753                                                         true_type, false_type);
7754                                 }
7755                                 to = type_void;
7756                         }
7757
7758                         type_t *const type =
7759                                 get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
7760                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7761                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
7762                         if (warning.other) {
7763                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7764                                                 "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
7765                         }
7766                         result_type = pointer_type;
7767                 } else {
7768                         if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
7769                                 type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7770                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
7771                         }
7772                         result_type = type_error_type;
7773                 }
7774         } else {
7775                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
7776                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7777                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
7778                                                 false_type);
7779                 }
7780                 result_type = type_error_type;
7781         }
7782
7783         conditional->true_expression
7784                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7785         conditional->false_expression
7786                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7787         conditional->base.type = result_type;
7788         return result;
7789 }
7790
7791 /**
7792  * Parse an extension expression.
7793  */
7794 static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
7795 {
7796         eat(T___extension__);
7797
7798         bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
7799         in_gcc_extension         = true;
7800         expression_t *expression = parse_subexpression(PREC_UNARY);
7801         in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
7802         return expression;
7803 }
7804
7805 /**
7806  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
7807  */
7808 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
7809 {
7810         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
7811         result->base.type    = type_int;
7812
7813         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
7814
7815         expect('(', end_error);
7816         add_anchor_token(')');
7817         expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
7818         rem_anchor_token(')');
7819         expect(')', end_error);
7820         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
7821
7822         return result;
7823 end_error:
7824         return create_invalid_expression();
7825 }
7826
7827 /**
7828  * Parse a delete expression
7829  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.3.5
7830  */
7831 static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
7832 {
7833         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_DELETE);
7834         result->base.type          = type_void;
7835
7836         eat(T_delete);
7837
7838         if (next_if('[')) {
7839                 result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
7840                 expect(']', end_error);
7841 end_error:;
7842         }
7843
7844         expression_t *const value = parse_subexpression(PREC_CAST);
7845         result->unary.value = value;
7846
7847         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
7848         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
7849                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7850                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7851                                         "operand of delete must have pointer type");
7852                 }
7853         } else if (warning.other &&
7854                         is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7855                 warningf(&value->base.source_position,
7856                                 "deleting 'void*' is undefined");
7857         }
7858
7859         return result;
7860 }
7861
7862 /**
7863  * Parse a throw expression
7864  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
7865  */
7866 static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
7867 {
7868         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
7869         result->base.type          = type_void;
7870
7871         eat(T_throw);
7872
7873         expression_t *value = NULL;
7874         switch (token.type) {
7875                 EXPRESSION_START {
7876                         value = parse_assignment_expression();
7877                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
7878                         type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
7879                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7880                         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
7881                                 errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7882                                                 "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7883                         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7884                                 type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7885                                 if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
7886                                                 !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7887                                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7888                                                         "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7889                                 }
7890                         }
7891                 }
7892
7893                 default:
7894                         break;
7895         }
7896         result->unary.value = value;
7897
7898         return result;
7899 }
7900
7901 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
7902                                      type_t *pointer_type,
7903                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
7904 {
7905         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
7906         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
7907
7908         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
7909                 if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7910                         errorf(source_position,
7911                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
7912                                orig_pointer_type);
7913                         return false;
7914                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7915                         warningf(source_position,
7916                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
7917                                  orig_pointer_type);
7918                 }
7919         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
7920                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
7921                         errorf(source_position,
7922                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
7923                                orig_pointer_type);
7924                         return false;
7925                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7926                         warningf(source_position,
7927                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
7928                                  orig_pointer_type);
7929                 }
7930         }
7931         return true;
7932 }
7933
7934 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
7935 {
7936         /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
7937         switch (expression->kind) {
7938         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
7939         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
7940         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
7941         case EXPR_SELECT:
7942         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
7943                 return true;
7944
7945         default: {
7946                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
7947                 return
7948                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §3.10:3 */
7949                         is_type_reference(type) ||
7950                         /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
7951                          * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
7952                          * lvalue. */
7953                         !is_type_valid(type);
7954         }
7955         }
7956 }
7957
7958 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
7959 {
7960         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7961         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7962         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7963                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7964                                               type, orig_type)) {
7965                         return;
7966                 }
7967         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
7968                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7969                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7970                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
7971                 return;
7972         }
7973         if (!is_lvalue(expression->value)) {
7974                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7975                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "lvalue required as operand");
7976         }
7977         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7978 }
7979
7980 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
7981 {
7982         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7983         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7984         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
7985                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7986                         /* TODO: improve error message */
7987                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7988                                 "operation needs an arithmetic type");
7989                 }
7990                 return;
7991         }
7992
7993         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7994 }
7995
7996 static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
7997 {
7998         semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(expression);
7999         if (warning.traditional)
8000                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8001                         "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
8002 }
8003
8004 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
8005 {
8006         /* §6.5.3.3:1  The operand [...] of the ! operator, scalar type. */
8007         semantic_condition(expression->value, "operand of !");
8008         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8009 }
8010
8011 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
8012 {
8013         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8014         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8015         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
8016                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8017                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8018                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
8019                 }
8020                 return;
8021         }
8022
8023         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8024 }
8025
8026 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
8027 {
8028         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8029         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8030         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8031                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8032                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8033                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or array type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
8034                 }
8035                 return;
8036         }
8037
8038         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
8039         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
8040         expression->base.type = result_type;
8041 }
8042
8043 /**
8044  * Record that an address is taken (expression represents an lvalue).
8045  *
8046  * @param expression       the expression
8047  * @param may_be_register  if true, the expression might be an register
8048  */
8049 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
8050 {
8051         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8052                 return;
8053
8054         entity_t *const entity = expression->reference.entity;
8055
8056         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
8057                 return;
8058
8059         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER
8060                         && !may_be_register) {
8061                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8062                                 "address of register %s '%Y' requested",
8063                                 get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind),     entity->base.symbol);
8064         }
8065
8066         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
8067                 entity->variable.address_taken = true;
8068         } else {
8069                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
8070                 entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
8071         }
8072 }
8073
8074 /**
8075  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
8076  */
8077 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
8078 {
8079         expression_t *value = expression->value;
8080         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
8081
8082         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
8083         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8084         if (!is_type_valid(type))
8085                 return;
8086
8087         /* §6.5.3.2 */
8088         if (!is_lvalue(value)) {
8089                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "'&' requires an lvalue");
8090         }
8091         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8092                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8093                        "'&' not allowed on object with bitfield type '%T'",
8094                        type);
8095         }
8096
8097         set_address_taken(value, false);
8098
8099         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8100 }
8101
8102 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
8103 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
8104 {                                                                            \
8105         expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
8106                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
8107         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8108         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_subexpression(PREC_UNARY);         \
8109                                                                                  \
8110         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
8111                                                                                  \
8112         return unary_expression;                                                 \
8113 }
8114
8115 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
8116                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
8117 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
8118                                semantic_unexpr_plus)
8119 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
8120                                semantic_not)
8121 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
8122                                semantic_dereference)
8123 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
8124                                semantic_take_addr)
8125 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
8126                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
8127 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8128                                semantic_incdec)
8129 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8130                                semantic_incdec)
8131
8132 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
8133                                                sfunc)                         \
8134 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
8135 {                                                                             \
8136         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
8137                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
8138         eat(token_type);                                                          \
8139         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
8140                                                                                   \
8141         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
8142                                                                               \
8143         return unary_expression;                                                  \
8144 }
8145
8146 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
8147                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8148                                        semantic_incdec)
8149 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
8150                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8151                                        semantic_incdec)
8152
8153 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
8154 {
8155         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
8156
8157         type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
8158         type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
8159
8160         /* §6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
8161         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
8162                 return type_long_double;
8163         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
8164                 return type_double;
8165         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
8166                 return type_float;
8167         }
8168
8169         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8170         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8171
8172         if (type_left == type_right)
8173                 return type_left;
8174
8175         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8176         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8177         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
8178         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
8179
8180         if (signed_left == signed_right)
8181                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
8182
8183         int     s_rank;
8184         int     u_rank;
8185         type_t *s_type;
8186         type_t *u_type;
8187         if (signed_left) {
8188                 s_rank = rank_left;
8189                 s_type = type_left;
8190                 u_rank = rank_right;
8191                 u_type = type_right;
8192         } else {
8193                 s_rank = rank_right;
8194                 s_type = type_right;
8195                 u_rank = rank_left;
8196                 u_type = type_left;
8197         }
8198
8199         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
8200                 return u_type;
8201
8202         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
8203          * easier here... */
8204         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
8205                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
8206                 return s_type;
8207
8208         switch (s_rank) {
8209                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
8210                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
8211                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
8212
8213                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
8214         }
8215 }
8216
8217 /**
8218  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
8219  */
8220 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8221 {
8222         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8223         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8224         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8225         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8226         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8227         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8228
8229         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8230                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8231                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8232                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8233                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8234                 }
8235                 return;
8236         }
8237
8238         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8239         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8240         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8241         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8242 }
8243
8244 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
8245 {
8246         if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
8247             !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
8248                 return;
8249
8250         expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
8251         /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
8252         if (is_type_integer(right->base.type)                    &&
8253             is_constant_expression(right) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT &&
8254             !fold_constant_to_bool(right)) {
8255                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
8256         }
8257 }
8258
8259 /**
8260  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
8261  */
8262 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8263 {
8264         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8265         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8266 }
8267
8268 static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
8269 {
8270         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8271                 return;
8272
8273         char op;
8274         switch (expr->kind) {
8275                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
8276                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
8277                 default:              return;
8278         }
8279
8280         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8281                         "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
8282 }
8283
8284 static bool semantic_shift(binary_expression_t *expression)
8285 {
8286         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8287         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8288         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8289         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8290         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8291         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8292
8293         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8294                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8295                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8296                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8297                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
8298                 }
8299                 return false;
8300         }
8301
8302         type_left = promote_integer(type_left);
8303
8304         if (is_constant_expression(right) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
8305                 long count = fold_constant_to_int(right);
8306                 if (count < 0) {
8307                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
8308                                         "shift count must be non-negative");
8309                 } else if ((unsigned long)count >=
8310                                 get_atomic_type_size(type_left->atomic.akind) * 8) {
8311                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
8312                                         "shift count must be less than type width");
8313                 }
8314         }
8315
8316         type_right        = promote_integer(type_right);
8317         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
8318
8319         return true;
8320 }
8321
8322 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8323 {
8324         expression_t *const left  = expression->left;
8325         expression_t *const right = expression->right;
8326
8327         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
8328                 return;
8329
8330         if (warning.parentheses) {
8331                 warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
8332                 warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
8333         }
8334
8335         type_t *const orig_type_left = left->base.type;
8336         type_t *      type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8337
8338         type_left             = promote_integer(type_left);
8339         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
8340         expression->base.type = type_left;
8341 }
8342
8343 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
8344 {
8345         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8346         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8347         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8348         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8349         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8350         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8351
8352         /* §6.5.6 */
8353         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8354                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8355                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8356                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8357                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8358         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8359                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8360                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8361                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8362         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
8363                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8364                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
8365                 expression->base.type = type_right;
8366         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8367                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8368                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
8369                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8370         }
8371 }
8372
8373 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
8374 {
8375         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
8376         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
8377         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8378         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8379         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8380         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8381         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
8382
8383         /* §5.6.5 */
8384         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8385                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8386                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8387                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8388                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
8389         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8390                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8391                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8392                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8393         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8394                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
8395                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
8396                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
8397                         errorf(pos,
8398                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
8399                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8400                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
8401                         if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8402                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
8403                                        orig_type_left);
8404                         } else if (warning.other) {
8405                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
8406                         }
8407                 }
8408                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
8409         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8410                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
8411                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8412         }
8413 }
8414
8415 static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
8416 {
8417         while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8418                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8419                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
8420                         return;
8421                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8422         }
8423
8424         if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
8425                         || expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
8426                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8427                         "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
8428         }
8429 }
8430
8431 static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
8432 {
8433         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8434                 return;
8435         switch (expr->base.kind) {
8436                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
8437                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
8438                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
8439                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
8440                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
8441                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
8442                         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8443                                         "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
8444                         break;
8445                 default:
8446                         break;
8447         }
8448 }
8449
8450 static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
8451 {
8452         switch (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
8453                 case EXPR_CLASS_ERROR:    return false;
8454                 case EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT: return fold_constant_to_int(expr) < 0;
8455                 default:                  return true;
8456         }
8457 }
8458
8459 /**
8460  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
8461  *
8462  * @param expression   The expression to check.
8463  */
8464 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
8465 {
8466         expression_t *left  = expression->left;
8467         expression_t *right = expression->right;
8468
8469         if (warning.address) {
8470                 warn_string_literal_address(left);
8471                 warn_string_literal_address(right);
8472
8473                 expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
8474                 if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8475                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8476                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8477                                  func_left->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8478                 }
8479
8480                 expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
8481                 if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8482                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8483                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8484                                  func_right->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8485                 }
8486         }
8487
8488         if (warning.parentheses) {
8489                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
8490                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
8491         }
8492
8493         type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8494         type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8495         type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8496         type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8497
8498         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
8499         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8500                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8501
8502                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
8503                 if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
8504                         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8505                         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8506                         if (signed_left != signed_right) {
8507                                 /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
8508                                 /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
8509                                 if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
8510                                                 (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
8511                                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8512                                                         "comparison between signed and unsigned");
8513                                 }
8514                         }
8515                 }
8516
8517                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8518                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8519                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
8520                 if (warning.float_equal &&
8521                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
8522                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
8523                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
8524                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8525                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
8526                 }
8527         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8528                 /* TODO check compatibility */
8529         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
8530                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
8531         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8532                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
8533         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8534                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
8535                                         &expression->base.source_position,
8536                                         type_left, type_right);
8537         }
8538         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8539 }
8540
8541 /**
8542  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
8543  */
8544 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
8545 {
8546         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
8547         entity_t   *entry    = compound->members.entities;
8548
8549         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
8550                 if (!is_declaration(entry))
8551                         continue;
8552
8553                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
8554                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
8555                         return true;
8556         }
8557
8558         return false;
8559 }
8560
8561 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
8562 {
8563         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
8564         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8565
8566         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
8567                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
8568                        left);
8569                 return false;
8570         }
8571
8572         if (left->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE
8573                         && left->reference.entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
8574                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to function '%E'", left);
8575                 return false;
8576         }
8577
8578         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
8579                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to array '%E'", left);
8580                 return false;
8581         }
8582         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
8583                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
8584                        orig_type_left);
8585                 return false;
8586         }
8587         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
8588                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
8589                        left, orig_type_left);
8590                 return false;
8591         }
8592         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
8593                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
8594                        left, orig_type_left);
8595                 return false;
8596         }
8597
8598         return true;
8599 }
8600
8601 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8602 {
8603         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
8604         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
8605         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8606         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8607
8608         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8609                 return;
8610
8611         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8612         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8613
8614         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8615                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8616                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8617                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8618                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8619                 }
8620                 return;
8621         }
8622
8623         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8624          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8625          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8626          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8627         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8628         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8629         expression->base.type   = type_left;
8630 }
8631
8632 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8633 {
8634         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
8635         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8636 }
8637
8638 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8639 {
8640         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8641         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8642         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8643         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8644         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8645         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8646
8647         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8648                 return;
8649
8650         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8651                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8652                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8653                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8654                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8655                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8656                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8657                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8658         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8659                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8660                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8661                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8662         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8663                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8664                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
8665                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8666         }
8667 }
8668
8669 static void semantic_integer_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8670 {
8671         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
8672         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
8673         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8674         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8675
8676         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8677                 return;
8678
8679         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8680         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8681
8682         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8683                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8684                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8685                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8686                                "operation needs integer types");
8687                 }
8688                 return;
8689         }
8690
8691         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8692          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8693          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8694          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8695         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8696         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8697         expression->base.type   = type_left;
8698 }
8699
8700 static void semantic_shift_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8701 {
8702         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
8703
8704         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8705                 return;
8706
8707         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
8708                 return;
8709
8710         expression->base.type = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
8711 }
8712
8713 static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
8714 {
8715         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
8716                 return;
8717         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8718                 return;
8719         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8720                         "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
8721 }
8722
8723 /**
8724  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
8725  */
8726 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8727 {
8728         /* §6.5.13:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type.
8729          * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
8730         semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
8731         semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
8732         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
8733                         warning.parentheses) {
8734                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
8735                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
8736         }
8737         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8738 }
8739
8740 /**
8741  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
8742  */
8743 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8744 {
8745         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
8746         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
8747
8748         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8749                 return;
8750
8751         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
8752         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
8753                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
8754         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
8755         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
8756 }
8757
8758 /**
8759  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
8760  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
8761  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
8762  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
8763  * Examples:
8764  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
8765  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
8766  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
8767  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
8768  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
8769  * analysis. */
8770 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
8771 {
8772         switch (expr->kind) {
8773                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                    break;
8774                 case EXPR_INVALID:                    return true; /* do NOT warn */
8775                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                  return false;
8776                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:       return false;
8777                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              return false;
8778
8779                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
8780                 case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:            return true;
8781                 case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
8782                 case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
8783                 case EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER:
8784                 case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
8785                 case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
8786                 case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
8787                 case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
8788                 case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL: return false;
8789                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:             return false;
8790                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:        return false;
8791
8792                 case EXPR_CALL: {
8793                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
8794                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8795                                 return true;
8796
8797                         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
8798                                 /* FIXME: which builtins have no effect? */
8799                                 default:                      return true;
8800                         }
8801                 }
8802
8803                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
8804                  * conditional expression has no effect */
8805                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
8806                         conditional_expression_t const *const cond = &expr->conditional;
8807                         expression_t             const *const t    = cond->true_expression;
8808                         return
8809                                 (t == NULL || expression_has_effect(t)) &&
8810                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
8811                 }
8812
8813                 case EXPR_SELECT:                     return false;
8814                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               return false;
8815                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     return false;
8816                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              return false;
8817                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                    return false;
8818
8819                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   return false;
8820                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         return false;
8821                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: return false;
8822                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   return false;
8823                 case EXPR_VA_START:                   return true;
8824                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     return true;
8825                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:                    return true;
8826                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  return true; // TODO
8827                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           return false;
8828
8829                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:               return false;
8830                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                 return false;
8831                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:       return false;
8832                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                  return false;
8833                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:          return false;
8834                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:         return false;
8835                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
8836                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
8837                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:     return true;
8838                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:     return true;
8839
8840                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
8841                  * suppress the warning */
8842                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
8843                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8844                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
8845                 }
8846
8847                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:        return true;
8848                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:               return true;
8849                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:               return true;
8850                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:         return true;
8851                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:                return true;
8852
8853                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                 return false;
8854                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                 return false;
8855                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                 return false;
8856                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                 return false;
8857                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                 return false;
8858                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:               return false;
8859                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:            return false;
8860                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:                return false;
8861                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:           return false;
8862                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:             return false;
8863                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:        return false;
8864                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:         return false;
8865                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:          return false;
8866                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:         return false;
8867                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:           return false;
8868                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:          return false;
8869                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:              return true;
8870                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:          return true;
8871                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:          return true;
8872                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:          return true;
8873                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:          return true;
8874                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:          return true;
8875                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:    return true;
8876                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:   return true;
8877                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:  return true;
8878                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:  return true;
8879                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:   return true;
8880
8881                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
8882                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
8883                  * hand side */
8884                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
8885                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
8886                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
8887                  * hand side has a separate warning */
8888                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
8889                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
8890
8891                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:           return false;
8892                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:      return false;
8893                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:              return false;
8894                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:         return false;
8895                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:       return false;
8896                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:         return false;
8897         }
8898
8899         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
8900 }
8901
8902 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
8903 {
8904         if (warning.unused_value) {
8905                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
8906                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
8907                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
8908                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
8909                 }
8910         }
8911         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
8912 }
8913
8914 /**
8915  * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
8916  */
8917 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
8918 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
8919 {                                                                            \
8920         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
8921         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                            \
8922         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8923                                                                              \
8924         expression_t *right = parse_subexpression(prec_r);                       \
8925                                                                              \
8926         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
8927         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
8928                                                                              \
8929         return binexpr;                                                          \
8930 }
8931
8932 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8933 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8934 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8935 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
8936 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
8937 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8938 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8939 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8940 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8941 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8942 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8943 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8944 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8945 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8946 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8947 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8948 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
8949 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
8950 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
8951 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8952 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8953 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8954 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8955 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8956 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
8957 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
8958 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8959 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8960 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8961 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
8962
8963
8964 static expression_t *parse_subexpression(precedence_t precedence)
8965 {
8966         if (token.type < 0) {
8967                 return expected_expression_error();
8968         }
8969
8970         expression_parser_function_t *parser
8971                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
8972         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
8973         expression_t                 *left;
8974
8975         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
8976                 left = parser->parser();
8977         } else {
8978                 left = parse_primary_expression();
8979         }
8980         assert(left != NULL);
8981         left->base.source_position = source_position;
8982
8983         while (true) {
8984                 if (token.type < 0) {
8985                         return expected_expression_error();
8986                 }
8987
8988                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
8989                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
8990                         break;
8991                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
8992                         break;
8993
8994                 left = parser->infix_parser(left);
8995
8996                 assert(left != NULL);
8997                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
8998                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
8999         }
9000
9001         return left;
9002 }
9003
9004 /**
9005  * Parse an expression.
9006  */
9007 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
9008 {
9009         return parse_subexpression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
9010 }
9011
9012 /**
9013  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
9014  *
9015  * @param parser      the parser function
9016  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
9017  */
9018 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
9019                                        int token_type)
9020 {
9021         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9022
9023         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
9024                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9025                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
9026         }
9027         entry->parser = parser;
9028 }
9029
9030 /**
9031  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
9032  *
9033  * @param parser      the parser function
9034  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
9035  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
9036  */
9037 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
9038                 int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
9039 {
9040         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9041
9042         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
9043                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9044                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
9045                       "token");
9046         }
9047         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
9048         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
9049 }
9050
9051 /**
9052  * Initialize the expression parsers.
9053  */
9054 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
9055 {
9056         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
9057
9058         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9059         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9060         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9061         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
9062         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
9063         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
9064         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9065         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9066         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9067         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9068         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9069         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
9070         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
9071         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9072         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9073         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
9074         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
9075         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
9076         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
9077         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
9078         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
9079         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
9080         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
9081         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
9082         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
9083         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9084         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9085         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9086         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9087         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9088         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9089         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9090         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9091         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9092         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9093         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9094         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
9095
9096         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
9097         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
9098         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
9099         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
9100         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
9101         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
9102         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
9103         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
9104         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
9105         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
9106         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
9107         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
9108         register_expression_parser(parse_delete,                      T_delete);
9109         register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
9110 }
9111
9112 /**
9113  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
9114  */
9115 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
9116 {
9117         asm_argument_t  *result = NULL;
9118         asm_argument_t **anchor = &result;
9119
9120         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
9121                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
9122                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
9123
9124                 if (next_if('[')) {
9125                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9126                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
9127                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9128                                 return NULL;
9129                         }
9130                         argument->symbol = token.symbol;
9131
9132                         expect(']', end_error);
9133                 }
9134
9135                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
9136                 expect('(', end_error);
9137                 add_anchor_token(')');
9138                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9139                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9140                 if (is_out) {
9141                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
9142                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
9143                          * int -> float is not) */
9144                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
9145                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
9146                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
9147                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9148                                         unsigned flags;
9149                                         unsigned size;
9150                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9151                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
9152                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9153                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
9154                                         } else {
9155                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9156                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9157                                         }
9158
9159                                         do {
9160                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
9161                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
9162                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
9163
9164                                                 unsigned value_flags;
9165                                                 unsigned value_size;
9166                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9167                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
9168                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9169                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
9170                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9171                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9172                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9173                                                 } else {
9174                                                         break;
9175                                                 }
9176
9177                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
9178                                                         break;
9179
9180                                                 expression = value;
9181                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
9182                                 }
9183                         }
9184
9185                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
9186                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9187                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
9188                         }
9189
9190                         if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '=')
9191                                 determine_lhs_ent(expression, NULL);
9192                         else
9193                                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9194                 } else {
9195                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9196                 }
9197                 argument->expression = expression;
9198                 expect(')', end_error);
9199
9200                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
9201
9202                 *anchor = argument;
9203                 anchor  = &argument->next;
9204
9205                 if (!next_if(','))
9206                         break;
9207         }
9208
9209         return result;
9210 end_error:
9211         return NULL;
9212 }
9213
9214 /**
9215  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
9216  */
9217 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
9218 {
9219         asm_clobber_t *result  = NULL;
9220         asm_clobber_t **anchor = &result;
9221
9222         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9223                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
9224                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
9225
9226                 *anchor = clobber;
9227                 anchor  = &clobber->next;
9228
9229                 if (!next_if(','))
9230                         break;
9231         }
9232
9233         return result;
9234 }
9235
9236 /**
9237  * Parse an asm statement.
9238  */
9239 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
9240 {
9241         statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9242         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
9243
9244         eat(T_asm);
9245
9246         if (next_if(T_volatile))
9247                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9248
9249         expect('(', end_error);
9250         add_anchor_token(')');
9251         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9252                 parse_error_expected("after asm(", T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
9253                 goto end_of_asm;
9254         }
9255         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
9256
9257         add_anchor_token(':');
9258         if (!next_if(':')) {
9259                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9260                 goto end_of_asm;
9261         }
9262
9263         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
9264         if (!next_if(':')) {
9265                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9266                 goto end_of_asm;
9267         }
9268
9269         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
9270         if (!next_if(':')) {
9271                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9272                 goto end_of_asm;
9273         }
9274         rem_anchor_token(':');
9275
9276         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
9277
9278 end_of_asm:
9279         rem_anchor_token(')');
9280         expect(')', end_error);
9281         expect(';', end_error);
9282
9283         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
9284                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
9285                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
9286                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9287         }
9288
9289         return statement;
9290 end_error:
9291         return create_invalid_statement();
9292 }
9293
9294 static statement_t *parse_label_inner_statement(char const *const label, bool const eat_empty_stmt)
9295 {
9296         statement_t *inner_stmt;
9297         switch (token.type) {
9298                 case '}':
9299                         errorf(HERE, "%s at end of compound statement", label);
9300                         inner_stmt = create_invalid_statement();
9301                         break;
9302
9303                 case ';':
9304                         if (eat_empty_stmt) {
9305                                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
9306                                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
9307                                  * before a closing brace. */
9308                                 inner_stmt = create_empty_statement();
9309                                 next_token();
9310                                 break;
9311                         }
9312                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
9313
9314                 default:
9315                         inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9316                         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9317                                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after %s", label);
9318                         }
9319                         break;
9320         }
9321         return inner_stmt;
9322 }
9323
9324 /**
9325  * Parse a case statement.
9326  */
9327 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
9328 {
9329         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9330         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
9331
9332         eat(T_case);
9333
9334         expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
9335         statement->case_label.expression = expression;
9336         expression_classification_t const expr_class = is_constant_expression(expression);
9337         if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
9338                 if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_ERROR) {
9339                         errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
9340                 }
9341                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9342         } else {
9343                 long const val = fold_constant_to_int(expression);
9344                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
9345                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
9346         }
9347
9348         if (GNU_MODE) {
9349                 if (next_if(T_DOTDOTDOT)) {
9350                         expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
9351                         statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
9352                         expression_classification_t const end_class = is_constant_expression(end_range);
9353                         if (end_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
9354                                 if (end_class != EXPR_CLASS_ERROR) {
9355                                         errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
9356                                 }
9357                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9358                         } else {
9359                                 long const val = fold_constant_to_int(end_range);
9360                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
9361
9362                                 if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
9363                                         statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
9364                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
9365                                 }
9366                         }
9367                 }
9368         }
9369
9370         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9371
9372         expect(':', end_error);
9373 end_error:
9374
9375         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9376                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
9377                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
9378                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
9379                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9380                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
9381                                         continue;
9382
9383                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
9384                                         continue;
9385
9386                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
9387                                        &l->base.source_position);
9388                                 break;
9389                         }
9390                 }
9391                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9392                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9393                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9394                 } else {
9395                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9396                 }
9397                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9398         } else {
9399                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
9400         }
9401
9402         statement->case_label.statement = parse_label_inner_statement("case label", false);
9403
9404         POP_PARENT;
9405         return statement;
9406 }
9407
9408 /**
9409  * Parse a default statement.
9410  */
9411 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
9412 {
9413         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9414
9415         eat(T_default);
9416
9417         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9418
9419         expect(':', end_error);
9420 end_error:
9421
9422         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9423                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
9424                 if (def_label != NULL) {
9425                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
9426                                &def_label->base.source_position);
9427                 } else {
9428                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
9429
9430                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9431                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9432                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9433                         } else {
9434                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9435                         }
9436                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9437                 }
9438         } else {
9439                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
9440                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
9441         }
9442
9443         statement->case_label.statement = parse_label_inner_statement("default label", false);
9444
9445         POP_PARENT;
9446         return statement;
9447 }
9448
9449 /**
9450  * Parse a label statement.
9451  */
9452 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
9453 {
9454         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
9455         symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
9456         label_t  *label  = get_label(symbol);
9457
9458         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
9459         statement->label.label       = label;
9460
9461         next_token();
9462
9463         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9464
9465         /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
9466          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far
9467          */
9468         if (label->statement != NULL) {
9469                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
9470                        symbol, &label->base.source_position);
9471         } else {
9472                 label->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9473                 label->statement            = statement;
9474         }
9475
9476         eat(':');
9477
9478         statement->label.statement = parse_label_inner_statement("label", true);
9479
9480         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
9481         *label_anchor = &statement->label;
9482         label_anchor  = &statement->label.next;
9483
9484         POP_PARENT;
9485         return statement;
9486 }
9487
9488 /**
9489  * Parse an if statement.
9490  */
9491 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
9492 {
9493         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
9494
9495         eat(T_if);
9496
9497         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9498
9499         add_anchor_token('{');
9500
9501         expect('(', end_error);
9502         add_anchor_token(')');
9503         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9504         statement->ifs.condition = expr;
9505         /* §6.8.4.1:1  The controlling expression of an if statement shall have
9506          *             scalar type. */
9507         semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
9508         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
9509         rem_anchor_token(')');
9510         expect(')', end_error);
9511
9512 end_error:
9513         rem_anchor_token('{');
9514
9515         add_anchor_token(T_else);
9516         statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
9517         statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
9518         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
9519
9520         if (next_if(T_else)) {
9521                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
9522         } else if (warning.parentheses &&
9523                         true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
9524                         true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
9525                 warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
9526                                 "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
9527         }
9528
9529         POP_PARENT;
9530         return statement;
9531 }
9532
9533 /**
9534  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
9535  *
9536  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
9537  */
9538 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement)
9539 {
9540         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
9541         if (! is_type_enum(type))
9542                 return;
9543         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
9544
9545         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
9546         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
9547                 return;
9548
9549         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
9550         /* TODO: quadratic algorithm here. Change to an n log n one */
9551         long            last_value = -1;
9552         const entity_t *entry      = enumt->enume->base.next;
9553         for (; entry != NULL && entry->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE;
9554              entry = entry->base.next) {
9555                 const expression_t *expression = entry->enum_value.value;
9556                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant_to_int(expression) : last_value + 1;
9557                 bool                found      = false;
9558                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9559                         if (l->expression == NULL)
9560                                 continue;
9561                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
9562                                 found = true;
9563                                 break;
9564                         }
9565                 }
9566                 if (! found) {
9567                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9568                                  "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch",
9569                                  entry->base.symbol);
9570                 }
9571                 last_value = value;
9572         }
9573 }
9574
9575 /**
9576  * Parse a switch statement.
9577  */
9578 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
9579 {
9580         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
9581
9582         eat(T_switch);
9583
9584         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9585
9586         expect('(', end_error);
9587         add_anchor_token(')');
9588         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9589         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
9590         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9591         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
9592                 type = promote_integer(type);
9593                 if (warning.traditional) {
9594                         if (get_rank(type) >= get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG)) {
9595                                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9596                                         "'%T' switch expression not converted to '%T' in ISO C",
9597                                         type, type_int);
9598                         }
9599                 }
9600         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
9601                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
9602                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
9603                 type = type_error_type;
9604         }
9605         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
9606         expect(')', end_error);
9607         rem_anchor_token(')');
9608
9609         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
9610         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
9611         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
9612         current_switch          = rem;
9613
9614         if (warning.switch_default &&
9615             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
9616                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
9617         }
9618         if (warning.switch_enum)
9619                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
9620
9621         POP_PARENT;
9622         return statement;
9623 end_error:
9624         POP_PARENT;
9625         return create_invalid_statement();
9626 }
9627
9628 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
9629 {
9630         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
9631         current_loop = loop;
9632
9633         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
9634
9635         current_loop = rem;
9636         return body;
9637 }
9638
9639 /**
9640  * Parse a while statement.
9641  */
9642 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
9643 {
9644         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
9645
9646         eat(T_while);
9647
9648         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9649
9650         expect('(', end_error);
9651         add_anchor_token(')');
9652         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9653         statement->whiles.condition = cond;
9654         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
9655          *             have scalar type. */
9656         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
9657         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9658         rem_anchor_token(')');
9659         expect(')', end_error);
9660
9661         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9662
9663         POP_PARENT;
9664         return statement;
9665 end_error:
9666         POP_PARENT;
9667         return create_invalid_statement();
9668 }
9669
9670 /**
9671  * Parse a do statement.
9672  */
9673 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
9674 {
9675         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
9676
9677         eat(T_do);
9678
9679         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9680
9681         add_anchor_token(T_while);
9682         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9683         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
9684
9685         expect(T_while, end_error);
9686         expect('(', end_error);
9687         add_anchor_token(')');
9688         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9689         statement->do_while.condition = cond;
9690         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
9691          *             have scalar type. */
9692         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
9693         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9694         rem_anchor_token(')');
9695         expect(')', end_error);
9696         expect(';', end_error);
9697
9698         POP_PARENT;
9699         return statement;
9700 end_error:
9701         POP_PARENT;
9702         return create_invalid_statement();
9703 }
9704
9705 /**
9706  * Parse a for statement.
9707  */
9708 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
9709 {
9710         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
9711
9712         eat(T_for);
9713
9714         expect('(', end_error1);
9715         add_anchor_token(')');
9716
9717         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9718
9719         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
9720         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
9721
9722         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
9723         while (next_if(T___extension__)) {
9724                 in_gcc_extension = true;
9725         }
9726
9727         if (next_if(';')) {
9728         } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
9729                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
9730         } else {
9731                 add_anchor_token(';');
9732                 expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
9733                 statement->fors.initialisation = init;
9734                 mark_vars_read(init, ENT_ANY);
9735                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
9736                         warningf(&init->base.source_position,
9737                                         "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9738                 }
9739                 rem_anchor_token(';');
9740                 expect(';', end_error2);
9741         }
9742         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
9743
9744         if (token.type != ';') {
9745                 add_anchor_token(';');
9746                 expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9747                 statement->fors.condition = cond;
9748                 /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement
9749                  *             shall have scalar type. */
9750                 semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'for'-statement");
9751                 mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9752                 rem_anchor_token(';');
9753         }
9754         expect(';', end_error2);
9755         if (token.type != ')') {
9756                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
9757                 statement->fors.step = step;
9758                 mark_vars_read(step, ENT_ANY);
9759                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
9760                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
9761                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9762                 }
9763         }
9764         expect(')', end_error2);
9765         rem_anchor_token(')');
9766         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9767
9768         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9769         scope_pop(old_scope);
9770         environment_pop_to(top);
9771
9772         POP_PARENT;
9773         return statement;
9774
9775 end_error2:
9776         POP_PARENT;
9777         rem_anchor_token(')');
9778         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9779         scope_pop(old_scope);
9780         environment_pop_to(top);
9781         /* fallthrough */
9782
9783 end_error1:
9784         return create_invalid_statement();
9785 }
9786
9787 /**
9788  * Parse a goto statement.
9789  */
9790 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
9791 {
9792         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
9793         eat(T_goto);
9794
9795         if (GNU_MODE && next_if('*')) {
9796                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9797                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9798
9799                 /* Argh: although documentation says the expression must be of type void*,
9800                  * gcc accepts anything that can be casted into void* without error */
9801                 type_t *type = expression->base.type;
9802
9803                 if (type != type_error_type) {
9804                         if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
9805                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9806                                         "cannot convert to a pointer type");
9807                         } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
9808                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9809                                         "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
9810                         }
9811                         expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
9812                 }
9813
9814                 statement->gotos.expression = expression;
9815         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
9816                 symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
9817                 next_token();
9818                 statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
9819         } else {
9820                 if (GNU_MODE)
9821                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
9822                 else
9823                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9824                 eat_until_anchor();
9825                 return create_invalid_statement();
9826         }
9827
9828         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
9829         *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
9830         goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
9831
9832         expect(';', end_error);
9833
9834 end_error:
9835         return statement;
9836 }
9837
9838 /**
9839  * Parse a continue statement.
9840  */
9841 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
9842 {
9843         if (current_loop == NULL) {
9844                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
9845         }
9846
9847         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
9848
9849         eat(T_continue);
9850         expect(';', end_error);
9851
9852 end_error:
9853         return statement;
9854 }
9855
9856 /**
9857  * Parse a break statement.
9858  */
9859 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
9860 {
9861         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
9862                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
9863         }
9864
9865         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
9866
9867         eat(T_break);
9868         expect(';', end_error);
9869
9870 end_error:
9871         return statement;
9872 }
9873
9874 /**
9875  * Parse a __leave statement.
9876  */
9877 static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
9878 {
9879         if (current_try == NULL) {
9880                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
9881         }
9882
9883         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
9884
9885         eat(T___leave);
9886         expect(';', end_error);
9887
9888 end_error:
9889         return statement;
9890 }
9891
9892 /**
9893  * Check if a given entity represents a local variable.
9894  */
9895 static bool is_local_variable(const entity_t *entity)
9896 {
9897         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
9898                 return false;
9899
9900         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
9901         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
9902         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
9903                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
9904                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
9905                         return false;
9906                 } else {
9907                         return true;
9908                 }
9909         }
9910         default:
9911                 return false;
9912         }
9913 }
9914
9915 /**
9916  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
9917  */
9918 static bool expression_is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9919 {
9920         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9921                 return false;
9922         }
9923         const entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
9924         return is_local_variable(entity);
9925 }
9926
9927 /**
9928  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
9929  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
9930  */
9931 entity_t *expression_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9932 {
9933         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9934                 return NULL;
9935         }
9936         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
9937         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
9938                 return NULL;
9939
9940         return entity;
9941 }
9942
9943 /**
9944  * Parse a return statement.
9945  */
9946 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
9947 {
9948         eat(T_return);
9949
9950         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
9951
9952         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
9953         if (token.type != ';') {
9954                 return_value = parse_expression();
9955                 mark_vars_read(return_value, NULL);
9956         }
9957
9958         const type_t *const func_type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
9959         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
9960         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
9961
9962         source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
9963         if (return_value != NULL) {
9964                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
9965
9966                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9967                         if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9968                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
9969                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
9970                                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
9971                                         errorf(pos,
9972                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
9973                                 } else if (warning.other) {
9974                                         warningf(pos,
9975                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
9976                                 }
9977                         } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
9978                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
9979                                 if (strict_mode) {
9980                                         errorf(pos,
9981                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
9982                                 } else if (warning.other) {
9983                                         warningf(pos,
9984                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
9985                                 }
9986                         }
9987                 } else {
9988                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
9989                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
9990                                         pos);
9991                 }
9992                 return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
9993                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
9994                 if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
9995                                 && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
9996                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
9997                         if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
9998                                 warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
9999                         }
10000                 }
10001         } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10002                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10003                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10004                         errorf(pos,
10005                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10006                 } else {
10007                         warningf(pos,
10008                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10009                 }
10010         }
10011         statement->returns.value = return_value;
10012
10013         expect(';', end_error);
10014
10015 end_error:
10016         return statement;
10017 }
10018
10019 /**
10020  * Parse a declaration statement.
10021  */
10022 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
10023 {
10024         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10025
10026         entity_t *before = current_scope->last_entity;
10027         if (GNU_MODE) {
10028                 parse_external_declaration();
10029         } else {
10030                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10031         }
10032
10033         declaration_statement_t *const decl  = &statement->declaration;
10034         entity_t                *const begin =
10035                 before != NULL ? before->base.next : current_scope->entities;
10036         decl->declarations_begin = begin;
10037         decl->declarations_end   = begin != NULL ? current_scope->last_entity : NULL;
10038
10039         return statement;
10040 }
10041
10042 /**
10043  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
10044  */
10045 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
10046 {
10047         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10048
10049         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
10050         statement->expression.expression = expr;
10051         mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
10052
10053         expect(';', end_error);
10054
10055 end_error:
10056         return statement;
10057 }
10058
10059 /**
10060  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
10061  * __try{ } __except() { }
10062  */
10063 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
10064 {
10065         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
10066         eat(T___try);
10067
10068         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10069
10070         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
10071         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
10072         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10073         current_try = rem;
10074
10075         POP_PARENT;
10076
10077         if (next_if(T___except)) {
10078                 expect('(', end_error);
10079                 add_anchor_token(')');
10080                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10081                 mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10082                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10083                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10084                         type = promote_integer(type);
10085                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10086                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10087                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10088                         type = type_error_type;
10089                 }
10090                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10091                 rem_anchor_token(')');
10092                 expect(')', end_error);
10093                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10094         } else if (next_if(T__finally)) {
10095                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10096         } else {
10097                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
10098                 return create_invalid_statement();
10099         }
10100         return statement;
10101 end_error:
10102         return create_invalid_statement();
10103 }
10104
10105 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
10106 {
10107         if (warning.empty_statement) {
10108                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
10109         }
10110         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
10111         eat(';');
10112         return statement;
10113 }
10114
10115 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void)
10116 {
10117         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10118
10119         eat(T___label__);
10120
10121         entity_t *begin   = NULL;
10122         entity_t *end     = NULL;
10123         entity_t **anchor = &begin;
10124         do {
10125                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
10126                         parse_error_expected("while parsing local label declaration",
10127                                 T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10128                         goto end_error;
10129                 }
10130                 symbol_t *symbol = token.symbol;
10131                 entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
10132                 if (entity != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10133                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition %P)",
10134                                symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
10135                 } else {
10136                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL);
10137
10138                         entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10139                         entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
10140                         entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10141                         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10142
10143                         *anchor = entity;
10144                         anchor  = &entity->base.next;
10145                         end     = entity;
10146
10147                         environment_push(entity);
10148                 }
10149                 next_token();
10150         } while (next_if(','));
10151         expect(';', end_error);
10152 end_error:
10153         statement->declaration.declarations_begin = begin;
10154         statement->declaration.declarations_end   = end;
10155         return statement;
10156 }
10157
10158 static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
10159 {
10160         eat(T_namespace);
10161
10162         entity_t *entity = NULL;
10163         symbol_t *symbol = NULL;
10164
10165         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
10166                 symbol = token.symbol;
10167                 next_token();
10168
10169                 entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
10170                 if (entity != NULL
10171                                 && entity->kind != ENTITY_NAMESPACE
10172                                 && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10173                         if (!is_error_entity(entity)) {
10174                                 error_redefined_as_different_kind(&token.source_position,
10175                                                 entity, ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10176                         }
10177                         entity = NULL;
10178                 }
10179         }
10180
10181         if (entity == NULL) {
10182                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10183                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10184                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10185                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
10186                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10187         }
10188
10189         if (token.type == '=') {
10190                 /* TODO: parse namespace alias */
10191                 panic("namespace alias definition not supported yet");
10192         }
10193
10194         environment_push(entity);
10195         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
10196
10197         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10198         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
10199
10200         entity_t     *old_current_entity = current_entity;
10201         current_entity = entity;
10202
10203         expect('{', end_error);
10204         parse_externals();
10205         expect('}', end_error);
10206
10207 end_error:
10208         assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
10209         assert(current_entity == entity);
10210         current_entity = old_current_entity;
10211         scope_pop(old_scope);
10212         environment_pop_to(top);
10213 }
10214
10215 /**
10216  * Parse a statement.
10217  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
10218  * "statement has no effect" warnings
10219  */
10220 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
10221 {
10222         statement_t *statement = NULL;
10223
10224         /* declaration or statement */
10225         add_anchor_token(';');
10226         switch (token.type) {
10227         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
10228                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
10229                 if (la1_type == ':') {
10230                         statement = parse_label_statement();
10231                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.symbol)) {
10232                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10233                 } else {
10234                         /* it's an identifier, the grammar says this must be an
10235                          * expression statement. However it is common that users mistype
10236                          * declaration types, so we guess a bit here to improve robustness
10237                          * for incorrect programs */
10238                         switch (la1_type) {
10239                         case '&':
10240                         case '*':
10241                                 if (get_entity(token.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL) {
10242                         default:
10243                                         statement = parse_expression_statement();
10244                                 } else {
10245                         DECLARATION_START
10246                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10247                                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10248                                 }
10249                                 break;
10250                         }
10251                 }
10252                 break;
10253         }
10254
10255         case T___extension__:
10256                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
10257                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
10258                 while (next_if(T___extension__)) {}
10259                 bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
10260                 in_gcc_extension       = true;
10261                 statement = intern_parse_statement();
10262                 in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
10263                 break;
10264
10265         DECLARATION_START
10266                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10267                 break;
10268
10269         case T___label__:
10270                 statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
10271                 break;
10272
10273         case ';':         statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
10274         case '{':         statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
10275         case T___leave:   statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
10276         case T___try:     statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
10277         case T_asm:       statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
10278         case T_break:     statement = parse_break();                   break;
10279         case T_case:      statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
10280         case T_continue:  statement = parse_continue();                break;
10281         case T_default:   statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
10282         case T_do:        statement = parse_do();                      break;
10283         case T_for:       statement = parse_for();                     break;
10284         case T_goto:      statement = parse_goto();                    break;
10285         case T_if:        statement = parse_if();                      break;
10286         case T_return:    statement = parse_return();                  break;
10287         case T_switch:    statement = parse_switch();                  break;
10288         case T_while:     statement = parse_while();                   break;
10289
10290         EXPRESSION_START
10291                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10292                 break;
10293
10294         default:
10295                 errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
10296                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
10297                 if (!at_anchor())
10298                         next_token();
10299                 break;
10300         }
10301         rem_anchor_token(';');
10302
10303         assert(statement != NULL
10304                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
10305
10306         return statement;
10307 }
10308
10309 /**
10310  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
10311  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
10312  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
10313  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
10314  */
10315 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
10316 {
10317         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
10318
10319         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
10320                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
10321                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10322                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10323                                         "statement has no effect");
10324                 }
10325         }
10326
10327         return statement;
10328 }
10329
10330 /**
10331  * Parse a compound statement.
10332  */
10333 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
10334 {
10335         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10336
10337         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10338
10339         eat('{');
10340         add_anchor_token('}');
10341         /* tokens, which can start a statement */
10342         /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
10343         add_anchor_token('!');
10344         add_anchor_token('&');
10345         add_anchor_token('(');
10346         add_anchor_token('*');
10347         add_anchor_token('+');
10348         add_anchor_token('-');
10349         add_anchor_token('{');
10350         add_anchor_token('~');
10351         add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10352         add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
10353         add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
10354         add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
10355         add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
10356         add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
10357         add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
10358         add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
10359         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10360         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
10361         add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
10362         add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
10363         add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
10364         add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
10365         add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
10366         add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
10367         add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
10368         add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
10369         add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
10370         add_anchor_token(T___func__);
10371         add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
10372         add_anchor_token(T___label__);
10373         add_anchor_token(T___real__);
10374         add_anchor_token(T___thread);
10375         add_anchor_token(T_asm);
10376         add_anchor_token(T_auto);
10377         add_anchor_token(T_bool);
10378         add_anchor_token(T_break);
10379         add_anchor_token(T_case);
10380         add_anchor_token(T_char);
10381         add_anchor_token(T_class);
10382         add_anchor_token(T_const);
10383         add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
10384         add_anchor_token(T_continue);
10385         add_anchor_token(T_default);
10386         add_anchor_token(T_delete);
10387         add_anchor_token(T_double);
10388         add_anchor_token(T_do);
10389         add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
10390         add_anchor_token(T_enum);
10391         add_anchor_token(T_extern);
10392         add_anchor_token(T_false);
10393         add_anchor_token(T_float);
10394         add_anchor_token(T_for);
10395         add_anchor_token(T_goto);
10396         add_anchor_token(T_if);
10397         add_anchor_token(T_inline);
10398         add_anchor_token(T_int);
10399         add_anchor_token(T_long);
10400         add_anchor_token(T_new);
10401         add_anchor_token(T_operator);
10402         add_anchor_token(T_register);
10403         add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
10404         add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
10405         add_anchor_token(T_return);
10406         add_anchor_token(T_short);
10407         add_anchor_token(T_signed);
10408         add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
10409         add_anchor_token(T_static);
10410         add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
10411         add_anchor_token(T_struct);
10412         add_anchor_token(T_switch);
10413         add_anchor_token(T_template);
10414         add_anchor_token(T_this);
10415         add_anchor_token(T_throw);
10416         add_anchor_token(T_true);
10417         add_anchor_token(T_try);
10418         add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
10419         add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
10420         add_anchor_token(T_typename);
10421         add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
10422         add_anchor_token(T_union);
10423         add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
10424         add_anchor_token(T_using);
10425         add_anchor_token(T_void);
10426         add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
10427         add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
10428         add_anchor_token(T_while);
10429
10430         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10431         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
10432
10433         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
10434         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
10435         while (token.type != '}') {
10436                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
10437                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
10438                                "EOF while parsing compound statement");
10439                         break;
10440                 }
10441                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
10442                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
10443                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
10444                         if (at_anchor())
10445                                 goto end_error;
10446                         continue;
10447                 }
10448
10449                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
10450                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10451                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
10452                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
10453                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
10454                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
10455                         }
10456                 }
10457
10458                 *anchor = sub_statement;
10459
10460                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
10461                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
10462
10463                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
10464         }
10465         next_token();
10466
10467         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
10468         if (warning.unused_value) {
10469                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
10470                 for (; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
10471                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
10472                                 continue;
10473                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
10474                          * statement as it has always an effect */
10475                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
10476                                 continue;
10477
10478                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
10479                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10480                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10481                                          "statement has no effect");
10482                         }
10483                 }
10484         }
10485
10486 end_error:
10487         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
10488         rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
10489         rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
10490         rem_anchor_token(T_void);
10491         rem_anchor_token(T_using);
10492         rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
10493         rem_anchor_token(T_union);
10494         rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
10495         rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
10496         rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
10497         rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
10498         rem_anchor_token(T_try);
10499         rem_anchor_token(T_true);
10500         rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
10501         rem_anchor_token(T_this);
10502         rem_anchor_token(T_template);
10503         rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
10504         rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
10505         rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
10506         rem_anchor_token(T_static);
10507         rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
10508         rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
10509         rem_anchor_token(T_short);
10510         rem_anchor_token(T_return);
10511         rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
10512         rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
10513         rem_anchor_token(T_register);
10514         rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
10515         rem_anchor_token(T_new);
10516         rem_anchor_token(T_long);
10517         rem_anchor_token(T_int);
10518         rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
10519         rem_anchor_token(T_if);
10520         rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
10521         rem_anchor_token(T_for);
10522         rem_anchor_token(T_float);
10523         rem_anchor_token(T_false);
10524         rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
10525         rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
10526         rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
10527         rem_anchor_token(T_do);
10528         rem_anchor_token(T_double);
10529         rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
10530         rem_anchor_token(T_default);
10531         rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
10532         rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
10533         rem_anchor_token(T_const);
10534         rem_anchor_token(T_class);
10535         rem_anchor_token(T_char);
10536         rem_anchor_token(T_case);
10537         rem_anchor_token(T_break);
10538         rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
10539         rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
10540         rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
10541         rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
10542         rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
10543         rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
10544         rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
10545         rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
10546         rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
10547         rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
10548         rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
10549         rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
10550         rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
10551         rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
10552         rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
10553         rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
10554         rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
10555         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
10556         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10557         rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
10558         rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
10559         rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
10560         rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
10561         rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
10562         rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
10563         rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
10564         rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10565         rem_anchor_token('~');
10566         rem_anchor_token('{');
10567         rem_anchor_token('-');
10568         rem_anchor_token('+');
10569         rem_anchor_token('*');
10570         rem_anchor_token('(');
10571         rem_anchor_token('&');
10572         rem_anchor_token('!');
10573         rem_anchor_token('}');
10574         assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
10575         scope_pop(old_scope);
10576         environment_pop_to(top);
10577
10578         POP_PARENT;
10579         return statement;
10580 }
10581
10582 /**
10583  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
10584  */
10585 static void check_unused_globals(void)
10586 {
10587         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
10588                 return;
10589
10590         for (const entity_t *entity = file_scope->entities; entity != NULL;
10591              entity = entity->base.next) {
10592                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
10593                         continue;
10594
10595                 const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
10596                 if (declaration->used                  ||
10597                     declaration->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
10598                     declaration->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
10599                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
10600                         continue;
10601
10602                 type_t *const type = declaration->type;
10603                 const char *s;
10604                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
10605                         /* inhibit warning for static inline functions */
10606                         if (entity->function.is_inline)
10607                                 continue;
10608
10609                         s = entity->function.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared";
10610                 } else {
10611                         s = "defined";
10612                 }
10613
10614                 warningf(&declaration->base.source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
10615                         type, declaration->base.symbol, s);
10616         }
10617 }
10618
10619 static void parse_global_asm(void)
10620 {
10621         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
10622
10623         eat(T_asm);
10624         expect('(', end_error);
10625
10626         statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
10627         statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
10628         unit->global_asm         = statement;
10629
10630         expect(')', end_error);
10631         expect(';', end_error);
10632
10633 end_error:;
10634 }
10635
10636 static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
10637 {
10638         eat(T_extern);
10639         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
10640
10641         const char *linkage = parse_string_literals().begin;
10642
10643         linkage_kind_t old_linkage = current_linkage;
10644         linkage_kind_t new_linkage;
10645         if (strcmp(linkage, "C") == 0) {
10646                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_C;
10647         } else if (strcmp(linkage, "C++") == 0) {
10648                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_CXX;
10649         } else {
10650                 errorf(HERE, "linkage string \"%s\" not recognized", linkage);
10651                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_INVALID;
10652         }
10653         current_linkage = new_linkage;
10654
10655         if (next_if('{')) {
10656                 parse_externals();
10657                 expect('}', end_error);
10658         } else {
10659                 parse_external();
10660         }
10661
10662 end_error:
10663         assert(current_linkage == new_linkage);
10664         current_linkage = old_linkage;
10665 }
10666
10667 static void parse_external(void)
10668 {
10669         switch (token.type) {
10670                 DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN
10671                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
10672                 case T___extension__:
10673                 /* tokens below are for implicit int */
10674                 case '&': /* & x; -> int& x; (and error later, because C++ has no
10675                              implicit int) */
10676                 case '*': /* * x; -> int* x; */
10677                 case '(': /* (x); -> int (x); */
10678                         parse_external_declaration();
10679                         return;
10680
10681                 case T_extern:
10682                         if (look_ahead(1)->type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
10683                                 parse_linkage_specification();
10684                         } else {
10685                                 parse_external_declaration();
10686                         }
10687                         return;
10688
10689                 case T_asm:
10690                         parse_global_asm();
10691                         return;
10692
10693                 case T_namespace:
10694                         parse_namespace_definition();
10695                         return;
10696
10697                 case ';':
10698                         if (!strict_mode) {
10699                                 if (warning.other)
10700                                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
10701                                 next_token();
10702                                 return;
10703                         }
10704                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
10705
10706                 default:
10707                         errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
10708                         if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
10709                                 eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
10710                         next_token();
10711                         return;
10712         }
10713 }
10714
10715 static void parse_externals(void)
10716 {
10717         add_anchor_token('}');
10718         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10719
10720 #ifndef NDEBUG
10721         unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
10722         memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
10723 #endif
10724
10725         while (token.type != T_EOF && token.type != '}') {
10726 #ifndef NDEBUG
10727                 bool anchor_leak = false;
10728                 for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
10729                         unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
10730                         if (count != 0) {
10731                                 errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
10732                                 anchor_leak = true;
10733                         }
10734                 }
10735                 if (in_gcc_extension) {
10736                         errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
10737                         anchor_leak = true;
10738                 }
10739
10740                 if (anchor_leak)
10741                         abort();
10742 #endif
10743
10744                 parse_external();
10745         }
10746
10747         rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10748         rem_anchor_token('}');
10749 }
10750
10751 /**
10752  * Parse a translation unit.
10753  */
10754 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
10755 {
10756         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10757
10758         while (true) {
10759                 parse_externals();
10760
10761                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
10762                         break;
10763
10764                 errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
10765                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
10766                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
10767                 next_token();
10768         }
10769 }
10770
10771 /**
10772  * Parse the input.
10773  *
10774  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
10775  */
10776 void start_parsing(void)
10777 {
10778         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10779         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10780         diagnostic_count  = 0;
10781         error_count       = 0;
10782         warning_count     = 0;
10783
10784         print_to_file(stderr);
10785
10786         assert(unit == NULL);
10787         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
10788
10789         assert(file_scope == NULL);
10790         file_scope = &unit->scope;
10791
10792         assert(current_scope == NULL);
10793         scope_push(&unit->scope);
10794
10795         create_gnu_builtins();
10796         if (c_mode & _MS)
10797                 create_microsoft_intrinsics();
10798 }
10799
10800 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
10801 {
10802         assert(current_scope == &unit->scope);
10803         scope_pop(NULL);
10804
10805         assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
10806         check_unused_globals();
10807         file_scope = NULL;
10808
10809         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
10810         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
10811
10812         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
10813         unit = NULL;
10814         return result;
10815 }
10816
10817 /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
10818  * are given length one. */
10819 static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
10820 {
10821         size_t n = ARR_LEN(incomplete_arrays);
10822         for (size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
10823                 declaration_t *const decl      = incomplete_arrays[i];
10824                 type_t        *const orig_type = decl->type;
10825                 type_t        *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
10826
10827                 if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
10828                         continue;
10829
10830                 if (warning.other) {
10831                         warningf(&decl->base.source_position,
10832                                         "array '%#T' assumed to have one element",
10833                                         orig_type, decl->base.symbol);
10834                 }
10835
10836                 type_t *const new_type = duplicate_type(type);
10837                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
10838                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
10839                 new_type->array.size              = 1;
10840
10841                 type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
10842
10843                 decl->type = result;
10844         }
10845 }
10846
10847 void prepare_main_collect2(entity_t *entity)
10848 {
10849         // create call to __main
10850         symbol_t *symbol         = symbol_table_insert("__main");
10851         entity_t *subsubmain_ent
10852                 = create_implicit_function(symbol, &builtin_source_position);
10853
10854         expression_t *ref         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
10855         type_t       *ftype       = subsubmain_ent->declaration.type;
10856         ref->base.source_position = builtin_source_position;
10857         ref->base.type            = make_pointer_type(ftype, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10858         ref->reference.entity     = subsubmain_ent;
10859
10860         expression_t *call = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
10861         call->base.source_position = builtin_source_position;
10862         call->base.type            = type_void;
10863         call->call.function        = ref;
10864
10865         statement_t *expr_statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10866         expr_statement->base.source_position  = builtin_source_position;
10867         expr_statement->expression.expression = call;
10868
10869         statement_t *statement = entity->function.statement;
10870         assert(statement->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10871         compound_statement_t *compounds = &statement->compound;
10872
10873         expr_statement->base.next = compounds->statements;
10874         compounds->statements     = expr_statement;
10875 }
10876
10877 void parse(void)
10878 {
10879         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
10880         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
10881                 next_token();
10882         }
10883         current_linkage   = c_mode & _CXX ? LINKAGE_CXX : LINKAGE_C;
10884         incomplete_arrays = NEW_ARR_F(declaration_t*, 0);
10885         parse_translation_unit();
10886         complete_incomplete_arrays();
10887         DEL_ARR_F(incomplete_arrays);
10888         incomplete_arrays = NULL;
10889 }
10890
10891 /**
10892  * Initialize the parser.
10893  */
10894 void init_parser(void)
10895 {
10896         sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
10897
10898         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
10899
10900         init_expression_parsers();
10901         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
10902
10903         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
10904         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
10905 }
10906
10907 /**
10908  * Terminate the parser.
10909  */
10910 void exit_parser(void)
10911 {
10912         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
10913 }