nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "entity_t.h"
  37 #include "lang_features.h"
  38 #include "walk_statements.h"
  39 #include "warning.h"
  40 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  41 #include "adt/error.h"
  42 #include "adt/array.h"
  43
  44 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  45 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
  46
  47 typedef struct {
  48         entity_t           *old_entity;
  49         symbol_t           *symbol;
  50         entity_namespace_t  namespc;
  51 } stack_entry_t;
  52
  53 typedef struct argument_list_t argument_list_t;
  54 struct argument_list_t {
  55         long              argument;
  56         argument_list_t  *next;
  57 };
  58
  59 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  60 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  61         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;          /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
  62         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  63         bool                 invalid;       /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
  64         bool                 has_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
  65         union {
  66                 size_t              value;
  67                 string_t            string;
  68                 symbol_t           *symbol;
  69                 long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
  70                 argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
  71         } u;
  72 };
  73
  74 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  75 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  76         source_position_t  source_position;
  77         storage_class_t    storage_class;
  78         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  79         bool               is_inline    : 1;
  80         bool               thread_local : 1;  /**< GCC __thread */
  81         bool               deprecated   : 1;
  82         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
  83         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  84         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  85         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  86         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  87         type_t            *type;
  88 };
  89
  90 /**
  91  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  92  */
  93 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  94         type_t     *type;   /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  95                                  array type with unspecified size this gets
  96                                  adjusted to the actual size. */
  97         entity_t   *entity; /**< the variable that is initialized if any */
  98         bool        must_be_constant;
  99 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 100
 101 /**
 102  * Capture a MS __base extension.
 103  */
 104 typedef struct based_spec_t {
 105         source_position_t  source_position;
 106         variable_t        *base_variable;
 107 } based_spec_t;
 108
 109 typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 110
 111 /** The current token. */
 112 static token_t              token;
 113 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
 114 static token_t              lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
 115 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
 116 static size_t               lookahead_bufpos;
 117 static stack_entry_t       *environment_stack = NULL;
 118 static stack_entry_t       *label_stack       = NULL;
 119 static scope_t             *file_scope        = NULL;
 120 static scope_t             *current_scope     = NULL;
 121 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
 122 static function_t          *current_function  = NULL;
 123 static entity_t            *current_init_decl = NULL;
 124 static switch_statement_t  *current_switch    = NULL;
 125 static statement_t         *current_loop      = NULL;
 126 static statement_t         *current_parent    = NULL;
 127 static ms_try_statement_t  *current_try       = NULL;
 128 static linkage_kind_t       current_linkage   = LINKAGE_INVALID;
 129 static goto_statement_t    *goto_first        = NULL;
 130 static goto_statement_t   **goto_anchor       = NULL;
 131 static label_statement_t   *label_first       = NULL;
 132 static label_statement_t  **label_anchor      = NULL;
 133 /** current translation unit. */
 134 static translation_unit_t  *unit              = NULL;
 135 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
 136 static bool                 in_type_prop      = false;
 137 /** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
 138 static bool                 in_gcc_extension  = false;
 139 static struct obstack       temp_obst;
 140 static entity_t            *anonymous_entity;
 141 static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 142
 143
 144 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 145         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 146         ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 147 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 148
 149 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 150 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 151
 152 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 153 static const symbol_t *sym_align         = NULL;
 154 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate      = NULL;
 155 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport     = NULL;
 156 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport     = NULL;
 157 static const symbol_t *sym_naked         = NULL;
 158 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline      = NULL;
 159 static const symbol_t *sym_returns_twice = NULL;
 160 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn      = NULL;
 161 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow       = NULL;
 162 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable      = NULL;
 163 static const symbol_t *sym_property      = NULL;
 164 static const symbol_t *sym_get           = NULL;
 165 static const symbol_t *sym_put           = NULL;
 166 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany     = NULL;
 167 static const symbol_t *sym_thread        = NULL;
 168 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid          = NULL;
 169 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated    = NULL;
 170 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict      = NULL;
 171 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias       = NULL;
 172
 173 /** The token anchor set */
 174 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 175
 176 /** The current source position. */
 177 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 178
 179 /** true if we are in GCC mode. */
 180 #define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
 181
 182 static type_t *type_valist;
 183
 184 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 185 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 186
 187 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 188 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 189 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 190 static void          parse_externals(void);
 191 static void          parse_external(void);
 192
 193 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound_declaration);
 194
 195 typedef enum declarator_flags_t {
 196         DECL_FLAGS_NONE             = 0,
 197         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT        = 1U << 0,
 198         DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER = 1U << 1,
 199         DECL_IS_PARAMETER           = 1U << 2
 200 } declarator_flags_t;
 201
 202 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
 203                                   declarator_flags_t flags);
 204
 205 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition);
 206
 207 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 208
 209 #define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
 210         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 211         case T_extern:
 212
 213 #define STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 214         case T_typedef:         \
 215         case T_static:          \
 216         case T_auto:            \
 217         case T_register:        \
 218         case T___thread:
 219
 220 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 221         case T_const:           \
 222         case T_restrict:        \
 223         case T_volatile:        \
 224         case T_inline:          \
 225         case T__forceinline:    \
 226         case T___attribute__:
 227
 228 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 229         case T__Complex:
 230 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 231         case T__Imaginary:
 232
 233 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 234         case T__Bool:             \
 235         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 236         case T___typeof__:        \
 237         case T__declspec:         \
 238         case T_bool:              \
 239         case T_char:              \
 240         case T_double:            \
 241         case T_enum:              \
 242         case T_float:             \
 243         case T_int:               \
 244         case T_long:              \
 245         case T_short:             \
 246         case T_signed:            \
 247         case T_struct:            \
 248         case T_union:             \
 249         case T_unsigned:          \
 250         case T_void:              \
 251         case T_wchar_t:           \
 252         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 253         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 254
 255 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 256         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 257         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 258         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 259
 260 #define DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN \
 261         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN       \
 262         TYPE_QUALIFIERS                 \
 263         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 264
 265 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 266         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 267         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 268
 269 #define EXPRESSION_START           \
 270         case '!':                        \
 271         case '&':                        \
 272         case '(':                        \
 273         case '*':                        \
 274         case '+':                        \
 275         case '-':                        \
 276         case '~':                        \
 277         case T_ANDAND:                   \
 278         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       \
 279         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            \
 280         case T_INTEGER:                  \
 281         case T_MINUSMINUS:               \
 282         case T_PLUSPLUS:                 \
 283         case T_STRING_LITERAL:           \
 284         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  \
 285         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      \
 286         case T___FUNCDNAME__:            \
 287         case T___FUNCSIG__:              \
 288         case T___FUNCTION__:             \
 289         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
 290         case T___alignof__:              \
 291         case T___builtin_alloca:         \
 292         case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
 293         case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
 294         case T___builtin_expect:         \
 295         case T___builtin_huge_val:       \
 296         case T___builtin_inf:            \
 297         case T___builtin_inff:           \
 298         case T___builtin_infl:           \
 299         case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
 300         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
 301         case T___builtin_isless:         \
 302         case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
 303         case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
 304         case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
 305         case T___builtin_nan:            \
 306         case T___builtin_nanf:           \
 307         case T___builtin_nanl:           \
 308         case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
 309         case T___builtin_prefetch:       \
 310         case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
 311         case T___builtin_va_end:         \
 312         case T___builtin_va_start:       \
 313         case T___func__:                 \
 314         case T___noop:                   \
 315         case T__assume:                  \
 316         case T_delete:                   \
 317         case T_false:                    \
 318         case T_sizeof:                   \
 319         case T_throw:                    \
 320         case T_true:
 321
 322 /**
 323  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 324  * initialize all fields with zero.
 325  */
 326 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 327 {
 328         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 329         memset(res, 0, size);
 330         return res;
 331 }
 332
 333 /**
 334  * Returns the size of an entity node.
 335  *
 336  * @param kind  the entity kind
 337  */
 338 static size_t get_entity_struct_size(entity_kind_t kind)
 339 {
 340         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 341                 [ENTITY_VARIABLE]        = sizeof(variable_t),
 342                 [ENTITY_PARAMETER]       = sizeof(parameter_t),
 343                 [ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER] = sizeof(compound_member_t),
 344                 [ENTITY_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_t),
 345                 [ENTITY_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_t),
 346                 [ENTITY_STRUCT]          = sizeof(compound_t),
 347                 [ENTITY_UNION]           = sizeof(compound_t),
 348                 [ENTITY_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_t),
 349                 [ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE]      = sizeof(enum_value_t),
 350                 [ENTITY_LABEL]           = sizeof(label_t),
 351                 [ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL]     = sizeof(label_t),
 352                 [ENTITY_NAMESPACE]       = sizeof(namespace_t)
 353         };
 354         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 355         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 356         return sizes[kind];
 357 }
 358
 359 /**
 360  * Allocate an entity of given kind and initialize all
 361  * fields with zero.
 362  */
 363 static entity_t *allocate_entity_zero(entity_kind_t kind)
 364 {
 365         size_t    size   = get_entity_struct_size(kind);
 366         entity_t *entity = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 367         entity->kind     = kind;
 368         return entity;
 369 }
 370
 371 /**
 372  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 373  *
 374  * @param kind  the statement kind
 375  */
 376 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 377 {
 378         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 379                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 380                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 381                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 382                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 383                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 384                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 385                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 386                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 387                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 388                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 389                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 390                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 391                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 392                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 393                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 394                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 395                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 396                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 397                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 398         };
 399         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 400         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 401         return sizes[kind];
 402 }
 403
 404 /**
 405  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 406  *
 407  * @param kind  the expression kind
 408  */
 409 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 410 {
 411         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 412                 [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 413                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 414                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]    = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 415                 [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 416                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 417                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 418                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 419                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 420                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 421                 [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 422                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 423                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 424                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 425                 [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 426                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 427                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 428                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 429                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 430                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 431                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
 432                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 433                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
 434                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 435                 [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 436                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 437                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 438                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]           = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
 439         };
 440         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 441                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 442         }
 443         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 444                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 445         }
 446         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 447         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 448         return sizes[kind];
 449 }
 450
 451 /**
 452  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 453  * fields with zero. Sets its source position to the position
 454  * of the current token.
 455  */
 456 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 457 {
 458         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 459         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 460
 461         res->base.kind            = kind;
 462         res->base.parent          = current_parent;
 463         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 464         return res;
 465 }
 466
 467 /**
 468  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 469  * fields with zero.
 470  */
 471 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 472 {
 473         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 474         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 475
 476         res->base.kind            = kind;
 477         res->base.type            = type_error_type;
 478         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 479         return res;
 480 }
 481
 482 /**
 483  * Creates a new invalid expression at the source position
 484  * of the current token.
 485  */
 486 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 487 {
 488         return allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 489 }
 490
 491 /**
 492  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 493  */
 494 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 495 {
 496         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 497 }
 498
 499 /**
 500  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 501  */
 502 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 503 {
 504         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 505 }
 506
 507 /**
 508  * Returns the size of a type node.
 509  *
 510  * @param kind  the type kind
 511  */
 512 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 513 {
 514         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 515                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 516                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 517                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 518                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 519                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 520                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 521                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 522                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 523                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 524                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 525                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 526                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 527                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 528         };
 529         assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 530         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 531         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 532         return sizes[kind];
 533 }
 534
 535 /**
 536  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 537  * fields with zero.
 538  *
 539  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
 540  */
 541 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
 542 {
 543         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 544         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 545         memset(res, 0, size);
 546         res->base.kind = kind;
 547
 548         return res;
 549 }
 550
 551 /**
 552  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 553  *
 554  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 555  */
 556 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 557 {
 558         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 559                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 560                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 561                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 562                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 563                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 564         };
 565         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
 566         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 567         return sizes[kind];
 568 }
 569
 570 /**
 571  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 572  * fields with zero.
 573  */
 574 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 575 {
 576         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 577         result->kind          = kind;
 578
 579         return result;
 580 }
 581
 582 /**
 583  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 584  */
 585 static size_t environment_top(void)
 586 {
 587         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 588 }
 589
 590 /**
 591  * Returns the index of the top element of the global label stack.
 592  */
 593 static size_t label_top(void)
 594 {
 595         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 596 }
 597
 598 /**
 599  * Return the next token.
 600  */
 601 static inline void next_token(void)
 602 {
 603         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 604         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 605         lexer_next_token();
 606
 607         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos + 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 608
 609 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 610         print_token(stderr, &token);
 611         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 612 #endif
 613 }
 614
 615 /**
 616  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 617  */
 618 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(size_t num)
 619 {
 620         assert(0 < num && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 621         size_t pos = (lookahead_bufpos + num - 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 622         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 623 }
 624
 625 /**
 626  * Adds a token type to the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 627  */
 628 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 629 {
 630         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 631         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 632 }
 633
 634 /**
 635  * Set the number of tokens types of the given type
 636  * to zero and return the old count.
 637  */
 638 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 639 {
 640         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 641         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 642         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 643         return count;
 644 }
 645
 646 /**
 647  * Restore the number of token types to the given count.
 648  */
 649 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 650 {
 651         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 652         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 653 }
 654
 655 /**
 656  * Remove a token type from the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 657  */
 658 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 659 {
 660         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 661         assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
 662         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 663 }
 664
 665 /**
 666  * Return true if the token type of the current token is
 667  * in the anchor set.
 668  */
 669 static bool at_anchor(void)
 670 {
 671         if (token.type < 0)
 672                 return false;
 673         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 674 }
 675
 676 /**
 677  * Eat tokens until a matching token type is found.
 678  */
 679 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 680 {
 681         int end_token;
 682         switch (type) {
 683                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 684                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 685                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 686                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 687         }
 688
 689         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 690         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 691         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 692         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 693                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 694                brace_count       != 0         ||
 695                bracket_count     != 0) {
 696                 switch (token.type) {
 697                 case T_EOF: return;
 698                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 699                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 700                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 701
 702                 case ')':
 703                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 704                                 --parenthesis_count;
 705                         goto check_stop;
 706
 707                 case '}':
 708                         if (brace_count > 0)
 709                                 --brace_count;
 710                         goto check_stop;
 711
 712                 case ']':
 713                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 714                                 --bracket_count;
 715 check_stop:
 716                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 717                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 718                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 719                             bracket_count     == 0)
 720                                 return;
 721                         break;
 722
 723                 default:
 724                         break;
 725                 }
 726                 next_token();
 727         }
 728 }
 729
 730 /**
 731  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 732  */
 733 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 734 {
 735         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 736                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 737                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 738                 next_token();
 739         }
 740 }
 741
 742 /**
 743  * Eat a whole block from input tokens.
 744  */
 745 static void eat_block(void)
 746 {
 747         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 748         if (token.type == '}')
 749                 next_token();
 750 }
 751
 752 #define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 753
 754 /**
 755  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 756  */
 757 static
 758 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 759 __attribute__((sentinel))
 760 #endif
 761 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 762 {
 763         if (message != NULL) {
 764                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 765         }
 766         va_list ap;
 767         va_start(ap, message);
 768         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 769         va_end(ap);
 770 }
 771
 772 /**
 773  * Report an incompatible type.
 774  */
 775 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 776                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 777 {
 778         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 779                msg, type1, type2);
 780 }
 781
 782 /**
 783  * Expect the current token is the expected token.
 784  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 785  * and goto the end_error label.
 786  */
 787 #define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
 788         do {                                                  \
 789                 if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
 790                         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 791                         add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 792                         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 793                         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 794                                 next_token();                             \
 795                         rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 796                         goto error_label;                             \
 797                 }                                                 \
 798                 next_token();                                     \
 799         } while (0)
 800
 801 /**
 802  * Push a given scope on the scope stack and make it the
 803  * current scope
 804  */
 805 static scope_t *scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 806 {
 807         if (current_scope != NULL) {
 808                 new_scope->depth = current_scope->depth + 1;
 809         }
 810
 811         scope_t *old_scope = current_scope;
 812         current_scope      = new_scope;
 813         return old_scope;
 814 }
 815
 816 /**
 817  * Pop the current scope from the scope stack.
 818  */
 819 static void scope_pop(scope_t *old_scope)
 820 {
 821         current_scope = old_scope;
 822 }
 823
 824 /**
 825  * Search an entity by its symbol in a given namespace.
 826  */
 827 static entity_t *get_entity(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 828                             namespace_tag_t namespc)
 829 {
 830         entity_t *entity = symbol->entity;
 831         for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.symbol_next) {
 832                 if (entity->base.namespc == namespc)
 833                         return entity;
 834         }
 835
 836         return NULL;
 837 }
 838
 839 /**
 840  * pushs an entity on the environment stack and links the corresponding symbol
 841  * it.
 842  */
 843 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, entity_t *entity)
 844 {
 845         symbol_t           *symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
 846         entity_namespace_t  namespc = entity->base.namespc;
 847         assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 848
 849         /* replace/add entity into entity list of the symbol */
 850         entity_t **anchor;
 851         entity_t  *iter;
 852         for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 853                 iter = *anchor;
 854                 if (iter == NULL)
 855                         break;
 856
 857                 /* replace an entry? */
 858                 if (iter->base.namespc == namespc) {
 859                         entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 860                         break;
 861                 }
 862         }
 863         *anchor = entity;
 864
 865         /* remember old declaration */
 866         stack_entry_t entry;
 867         entry.symbol     = symbol;
 868         entry.old_entity = iter;
 869         entry.namespc    = namespc;
 870         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 871 }
 872
 873 /**
 874  * Push an entity on the environment stack.
 875  */
 876 static void environment_push(entity_t *entity)
 877 {
 878         assert(entity->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
 879         assert(entity->base.parent_scope != NULL);
 880         stack_push(&environment_stack, entity);
 881 }
 882
 883 /**
 884  * Push a declaration on the global label stack.
 885  *
 886  * @param declaration  the declaration
 887  */
 888 static void label_push(entity_t *label)
 889 {
 890         /* we abuse the parameters scope as parent for the labels */
 891         label->base.parent_scope = &current_function->parameters;
 892         stack_push(&label_stack, label);
 893 }
 894
 895 /**
 896  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 897  */
 898 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 899 {
 900         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 901         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 902         size_t         i;
 903
 904         assert(new_top <= top);
 905         if (new_top == top)
 906                 return;
 907
 908         for (i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 909                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 910
 911                 entity_t           *old_entity = entry->old_entity;
 912                 symbol_t           *symbol     = entry->symbol;
 913                 entity_namespace_t  namespc    = entry->namespc;
 914
 915                 /* replace with old_entity/remove */
 916                 entity_t **anchor;
 917                 entity_t  *iter;
 918                 for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 919                         iter = *anchor;
 920                         assert(iter != NULL);
 921                         /* replace an entry? */
 922                         if (iter->base.namespc == namespc)
 923                                 break;
 924                 }
 925
 926                 /* restore definition from outer scopes (if there was one) */
 927                 if (old_entity != NULL) {
 928                         old_entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 929                         *anchor                      = old_entity;
 930                 } else {
 931                         /* remove entry from list */
 932                         *anchor = iter->base.symbol_next;
 933                 }
 934         }
 935
 936         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 937 }
 938
 939 /**
 940  * Pop all entries from the environment stack until the new_top
 941  * is reached.
 942  *
 943  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 944  */
 945 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 946 {
 947         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 948 }
 949
 950 /**
 951  * Pop all entries from the global label stack until the new_top
 952  * is reached.
 953  *
 954  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 955  */
 956 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 957 {
 958         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 959 }
 960
 961 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 962 {
 963         return (int) akind;
 964 }
 965
 966 /**
 967  * Return the type rank for an atomic type.
 968  */
 969 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 970 {
 971         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 972         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 973                 return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 974
 975         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 976         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 977 }
 978
 979 /**
 980  * Do integer promotion for a given type.
 981  *
 982  * @param type  the type to promote
 983  * @return the promoted type
 984  */
 985 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 986 {
 987         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 988                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 989
 990         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
 991                 type = type_int;
 992
 993         return type;
 994 }
 995
 996 /**
 997  * Create a cast expression.
 998  *
 999  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1000  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1001  */
1002 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
1003                                             type_t *dest_type)
1004 {
1005         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
1006
1007         cast->unary.value = expression;
1008         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
1009
1010         return cast;
1011 }
1012
1013 /**
1014  * Check if a given expression represents a null pointer constant.
1015  *
1016  * @param expression  the expression to check
1017  */
1018 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1019 {
1020         /* skip void* cast */
1021         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
1022                         expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
1023                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1024                 if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
1025                         expression = expression->unary.value;
1026         }
1027
1028         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1029         return
1030                 is_type_integer(type)              &&
1031                 is_constant_expression(expression) &&
1032                 fold_constant(expression) == 0;
1033 }
1034
1035 /**
1036  * Create an implicit cast expression.
1037  *
1038  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1039  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1040  */
1041 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
1042                                           type_t *dest_type)
1043 {
1044         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
1045
1046         if (source_type == dest_type)
1047                 return expression;
1048
1049         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
1050 }
1051
1052 typedef enum assign_error_t {
1053         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
1054         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
1055         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
1056         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
1057         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
1058         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
1059 } assign_error_t;
1060
1061 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
1062                                 const expression_t *const right,
1063                                 const char *context,
1064                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
1065 {
1066         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1067         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1068         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1069
1070         switch (error) {
1071         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
1072                 return;
1073         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
1074                 errorf(source_position,
1075                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
1076                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
1077                 return;
1078
1079         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
1080                 if (warning.other) {
1081                         type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1082                         type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1083
1084                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1085                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1086                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1087                         warningf(source_position,
1088                                         "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
1089                                         orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
1090                 }
1091                 return;
1092         }
1093
1094         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
1095                 if (warning.other) {
1096                         warningf(source_position,
1097                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
1098                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
1099                 }
1100                 return;
1101
1102         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
1103                 if (warning.other) {
1104                         warningf(source_position,
1105                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
1106                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1107                 }
1108                 return;
1109
1110         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
1111                 if (warning.other) {
1112                         warningf(source_position,
1113                                         "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
1114                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1115                 }
1116                 return;
1117
1118         default:
1119                 panic("invalid error value");
1120         }
1121 }
1122
1123 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
1124 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1125                                       const expression_t *const right)
1126 {
1127         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1128         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1129         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1130
1131         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1132                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1133                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1134                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1135                         type_t *points_to_left
1136                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1137                         type_t *points_to_right
1138                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1139                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1140
1141                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1142                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1143                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1144                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1145                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1146                         }
1147
1148                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1149                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1150
1151                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1152                                 return res;
1153
1154                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1155                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:6 */
1156                                 return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
1157                         }
1158
1159                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1160                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1161                         }
1162
1163                         return res;
1164                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1165                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1166                 }
1167         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1168             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1169                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1170                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1171         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1172                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1173                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1174                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1175                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1176                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1177                 }
1178         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1179                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1180         }
1181
1182         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1183                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1184
1185         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1186 }
1187
1188 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1189 {
1190         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
1191
1192         if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1193                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1194                        "expression '%E' is not constant", result);
1195         }
1196
1197         return result;
1198 }
1199
1200 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1201 {
1202         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
1203 }
1204
1205 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1206 {
1207         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1208         string_t result = token.v.string;
1209
1210         next_token();
1211
1212         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1213                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1214                 next_token();
1215         }
1216
1217         return result;
1218 }
1219
1220 static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1221         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1222         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1223         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1224         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1225         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1226         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1227         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1228         [GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE]          = "returns_twice",
1229         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1230         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1231         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1232         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1233         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1234         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1235         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1236         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1237         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1238         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1239         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
1240         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1241         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1242         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1243         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1244         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1245         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1246         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1247         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1248         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1249         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1250         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1251         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1252         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1253         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]              = "interrupt",
1254         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1255         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1256         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1257         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1258         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1259         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1260         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1261         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1262         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1263         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1264         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1265         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1266         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1267         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1268         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1269         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1270         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1271         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1272         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1273         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1274         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1275         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1276         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1277         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1278         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1279         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1280         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1281         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1282         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1283         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1284         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1285         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1286         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1287 };
1288
1289 /**
1290  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1291  */
1292 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1293 {
1294         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1295                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1296                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1297                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1298                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1299                 }
1300         }
1301
1302         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1303 }
1304
1305 /**
1306  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute of given kind.
1307  */
1308 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
1309 {
1310         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1311         attribute->kind            = kind;
1312         attribute->next            = NULL;
1313         attribute->invalid         = false;
1314         attribute->has_arguments   = false;
1315
1316         return attribute;
1317 }
1318
1319 /**
1320  * Parse one constant expression argument of the given attribute.
1321  */
1322 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1323 {
1324         expression_t *expression;
1325         add_anchor_token(')');
1326         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1327         rem_anchor_token(')');
1328         expect(')', end_error);
1329         attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
1330         return;
1331 end_error:
1332         attribute->invalid = true;
1333 }
1334
1335 /**
1336  * Parse a list of constant expressions arguments of the given attribute.
1337  */
1338 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1339 {
1340         argument_list_t **list = &attribute->u.arguments;
1341         argument_list_t  *entry;
1342         expression_t     *expression;
1343         add_anchor_token(')');
1344         add_anchor_token(',');
1345         while (true) {
1346                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1347                 entry = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(entry));
1348                 entry->argument = fold_constant(expression);
1349                 entry->next     = NULL;
1350                 *list = entry;
1351                 list = &entry->next;
1352                 if (token.type != ',')
1353                         break;
1354                 next_token();
1355         }
1356         rem_anchor_token(',');
1357         rem_anchor_token(')');
1358         expect(')', end_error);
1359         return;
1360 end_error:
1361         attribute->invalid = true;
1362 }
1363
1364 /**
1365  * Parse one string literal argument of the given attribute.
1366  */
1367 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1368                                            string_t *string)
1369 {
1370         add_anchor_token('(');
1371         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1372                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1373                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1374                 goto end_error;
1375         }
1376         *string = parse_string_literals();
1377         rem_anchor_token('(');
1378         expect(')', end_error);
1379         return;
1380 end_error:
1381         attribute->invalid = true;
1382 }
1383
1384 /**
1385  * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
1386  */
1387 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1388 {
1389         static const char *const tls_models[] = {
1390                 "global-dynamic",
1391                 "local-dynamic",
1392                 "initial-exec",
1393                 "local-exec"
1394         };
1395         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1396         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1397         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1398                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1399                         if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1400                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1401                                 return;
1402                         }
1403                 }
1404                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1405         }
1406         attribute->invalid = true;
1407 }
1408
1409 /**
1410  * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
1411  */
1412 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1413 {
1414         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1415                 "default",
1416                 "protected",
1417                 "hidden",
1418                 "internal"
1419         };
1420         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1421         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1422         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1423                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1424                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1425                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1426                                 return;
1427                         }
1428                 }
1429                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1430         }
1431         attribute->invalid = true;
1432 }
1433
1434 /**
1435  * Parse one (code) model of the given attribute.
1436  */
1437 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1438 {
1439         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1440                 "small",
1441                 "medium",
1442                 "large"
1443         };
1444         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1445         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1446         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1447                 for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1448                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1449                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1450                                 return;
1451                         }
1452                 }
1453                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1454         }
1455         attribute->invalid = true;
1456 }
1457
1458 /**
1459  * Parse one mode of the given attribute.
1460  */
1461 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1462 {
1463         add_anchor_token(')');
1464
1465         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1466                 expect(T_IDENTIFIER, end_error);
1467         }
1468
1469         attribute->u.symbol = token.v.symbol;
1470         next_token();
1471
1472         rem_anchor_token(')');
1473         expect(')', end_error);
1474         return;
1475 end_error:
1476         attribute->invalid = true;
1477 }
1478
1479 /**
1480  * Parse one interrupt argument of the given attribute.
1481  */
1482 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1483 {
1484         static const char *const interrupts[] = {
1485                 "IRQ",
1486                 "FIQ",
1487                 "SWI",
1488                 "ABORT",
1489                 "UNDEF"
1490         };
1491         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1492         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1493         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1494                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1495                         if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1496                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1497                                 return;
1498                         }
1499                 }
1500                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
1501         }
1502         attribute->invalid = true;
1503 }
1504
1505 /**
1506  * Parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1507  */
1508 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1509 {
1510         static const char *const format_names[] = {
1511                 "printf",
1512                 "scanf",
1513                 "strftime",
1514                 "strfmon"
1515         };
1516         int i;
1517
1518         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1519                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1520                 goto end_error;
1521         }
1522         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1523         for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1524                 if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1525                         break;
1526         }
1527         if (i >= 4) {
1528                 if (warning.attribute)
1529                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1530         }
1531         next_token();
1532
1533         expect(',', end_error);
1534         add_anchor_token(')');
1535         add_anchor_token(',');
1536         parse_constant_expression();
1537         rem_anchor_token(',');
1538         rem_anchor_token(')');
1539
1540         expect(',', end_error);
1541         add_anchor_token(')');
1542         parse_constant_expression();
1543         rem_anchor_token(')');
1544         expect(')', end_error);
1545         return;
1546 end_error:
1547         attribute->u.value = true;
1548 }
1549
1550 /**
1551  * Check that a given GNU attribute has no arguments.
1552  */
1553 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
1554 {
1555         if (!attribute->has_arguments)
1556                 return;
1557
1558         /* should have no arguments */
1559         errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1560         eat_until_matching_token('(');
1561         /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1562         eat(')');
1563         attribute->invalid = true;
1564 }
1565
1566 /**
1567  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1568  *
1569  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1570  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1571  *
1572  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1573  *  const
1574  *  volatile
1575  *  cdecl
1576  *  stdcall
1577  *  fastcall
1578  *  deprecated
1579  *  noinline
1580  *  noreturn
1581  *  naked
1582  *  pure
1583  *  always_inline
1584  *  malloc
1585  *  weak
1586  *  constructor
1587  *  destructor
1588  *  nothrow
1589  *  transparent_union
1590  *  common
1591  *  nocommon
1592  *  packed
1593  *  shared
1594  *  notshared
1595  *  used
1596  *  unused
1597  *  no_instrument_function
1598  *  warn_unused_result
1599  *  longcall
1600  *  shortcall
1601  *  long_call
1602  *  short_call
1603  *  function_vector
1604  *  interrupt_handler
1605  *  nmi_handler
1606  *  nesting
1607  *  near
1608  *  far
1609  *  signal
1610  *  eightbit_data
1611  *  tiny_data
1612  *  saveall
1613  *  flatten
1614  *  sseregparm
1615  *  externally_visible
1616  *  return_twice
1617  *  may_alias
1618  *  ms_struct
1619  *  gcc_struct
1620  *  dllimport
1621  *  dllexport
1622  *
1623  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1624  *  aligned( const expression )
1625  *  alias( string literal )
1626  *  section( string literal )
1627  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1628  *  format_arg( const expression )
1629  *  tls_model( string literal )
1630  *  visibility( string literal )
1631  *  regparm( const expression )
1632  *  model( string leteral )
1633  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1634  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1635  *
1636  * The following attributes might have arguments
1637  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1638  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1639  *  interrupt( string literal )
1640  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1641  */
1642 static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1643 {
1644         gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
1645         gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
1646         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1647         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1648
1649         eat(T___attribute__);
1650         expect('(', end_error);
1651         expect('(', end_error);
1652
1653         if (token.type != ')') {
1654                 /* find the end of the list */
1655                 if (last != NULL) {
1656                         while (last->next != NULL)
1657                                 last = last->next;
1658                 }
1659
1660                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1661                 while (true) {
1662                         const char *name;
1663                         if (token.type == T_const) {
1664                                 name = "const";
1665                         } else if (token.type == T_volatile) {
1666                                 name = "volatile";
1667                         } else if (token.type == T_cdecl) {
1668                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1669                                 name = "cdecl";
1670                         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
1671                                 const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1672                                 name = sym->string;
1673                         } else {
1674                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1675                                 break;
1676                         }
1677
1678                         next_token();
1679
1680                         int i;
1681                         for (i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1682                                 if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1683                                         break;
1684                         }
1685                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1686
1687                         attribute = NULL;
1688                         if (kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1689                                 if (warning.attribute)
1690                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1691
1692                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1693                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1694                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1695                                 }
1696                         } else {
1697                                 /* check for arguments */
1698                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1699                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1700                                         next_token();
1701                                         if (token.type == ')') {
1702                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1703                                                 next_token();
1704                                         } else
1705                                                 attribute->has_arguments = true;
1706                                 }
1707
1708                                 switch (kind) {
1709                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1710                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1711                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1712                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1713                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1714                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1715                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1716                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1717                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1718                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1719                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1720                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1721                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1722                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1723                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1724                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1725                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1726                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1727                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1728                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1729                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1730                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1731                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1732                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1733                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1734                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1735                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1736                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1737                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1738                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1739                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1740                                         goto no_arg;
1741
1742                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:             modifiers |= DM_CDECL;             goto no_arg;
1743                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:          modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL;          goto no_arg;
1744                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:           modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;           goto no_arg;
1745                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:            modifiers |= DM_UNUSED;            goto no_arg;
1746                                 case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
1747                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
1748                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:             modifiers |= DM_CONST;             goto no_arg;
1749                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
1750                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
1751                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
1752                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
1753                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
1754                                 case GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE:     modifiers |= DM_RETURNS_TWICE;     goto no_arg;
1755                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
1756                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
1757                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
1758                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:       modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;       goto no_arg;
1759                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:        modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;        goto no_arg;
1760                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:        modifiers |= DM_DEPRECATED;        goto no_arg;
1761
1762                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1763                                         /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
1764                                         if (attribute->has_arguments) {
1765                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1766                                         }
1767                                         break;
1768
1769                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1770                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1771                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1772                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1773                                                 /* should have arguments */
1774                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1775                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1776                                         } else
1777                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1778                                         break;
1779                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1780                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1781                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1782                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1783                                                 /* should have arguments */
1784                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1785                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1786                                         } else
1787                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1788                                         break;
1789                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1790                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1791                                                 /* should have arguments */
1792                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1793                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1794                                         } else
1795                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1796                                         break;
1797                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1798                                         /* may have one string argument */
1799                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1800                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1801                                         break;
1802                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1803                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1804                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1805                                         break;
1806                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1807                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1808                                                 /* should have arguments */
1809                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1810                                         } else
1811                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1812                                         break;
1813                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1814                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1815                                                 /* should have arguments */
1816                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1817                                         } else
1818                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1819                                         break;
1820                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1821                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1822                                                 /* should have arguments */
1823                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1824                                         } else {
1825                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1826                                         }
1827                                         break;
1828                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1829                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1830                                                 /* should have arguments */
1831                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1832                                         } else {
1833                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1834                                         }
1835                                         break;
1836                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1837                                         /* may have one string argument */
1838                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1839                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1840                                         break;
1841                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1842                                         /* may have one string argument */
1843                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1844                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1845                                         break;
1846                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1847                                         /* already handled */
1848                                         break;
1849
1850 no_arg:
1851                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1852                                 }
1853                         }
1854                         if (attribute != NULL) {
1855                                 if (last != NULL) {
1856                                         last->next = attribute;
1857                                         last       = attribute;
1858                                 } else {
1859                                         head = last = attribute;
1860                                 }
1861                         }
1862
1863                         if (token.type != ',')
1864                                 break;
1865                         next_token();
1866                 }
1867         }
1868         expect(')', end_error);
1869         expect(')', end_error);
1870 end_error:
1871         *attributes = head;
1872
1873         return modifiers;
1874 }
1875
1876 /**
1877  * Parse GNU attributes.
1878  */
1879 static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1880 {
1881         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1882
1883         while (true) {
1884                 switch (token.type) {
1885                 case T___attribute__:
1886                         modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1887                         continue;
1888
1889                 case T_asm:
1890                         next_token();
1891                         expect('(', end_error);
1892                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1893                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1894                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1895                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1896                                 break;
1897                         } else {
1898                                 parse_string_literals();
1899                         }
1900                         expect(')', end_error);
1901                         continue;
1902
1903                 case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
1904                 case T__fastcall: modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL; break;
1905                 case T__stdcall:  modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;  break;
1906
1907                 case T___thiscall:
1908                         /* TODO record modifier */
1909                         if (warning.other)
1910                                 warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1911                         break;
1912
1913 end_error:
1914                 default: return modifiers;
1915                 }
1916
1917                 next_token();
1918         }
1919 }
1920
1921 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *expr, entity_t *lhs_ent);
1922
1923 static entity_t *determine_lhs_ent(expression_t *const expr,
1924                                    entity_t *lhs_ent)
1925 {
1926         switch (expr->kind) {
1927                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1928                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1929                         /* we should only find variables as lvalues... */
1930                         if (entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1931                                         && entity->base.kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1932                                 return NULL;
1933
1934                         return entity;
1935                 }
1936
1937                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1938                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1939                         entity_t     *      ent = NULL;
1940                         if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
1941                                 ent     = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1942                                 lhs_ent = ent;
1943                         } else {
1944                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1945                         }
1946                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1947                         return ent;
1948                 }
1949
1950                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
1951                         if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
1952                                 return determine_lhs_ent(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1953                         } else {
1954                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1955                                 return NULL;
1956                         }
1957                 }
1958
1959                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1960                         expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
1961                         if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
1962                                 /* *&x is a NOP */
1963                                 return determine_lhs_ent(val->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1964                         } else {
1965                                 mark_vars_read(val, NULL);
1966                                 return NULL;
1967                         }
1968                 }
1969
1970                 default:
1971                         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
1972                         return NULL;
1973         }
1974 }
1975
1976 #define ENT_ANY ((entity_t*)-1)
1977
1978 /**
1979  * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to detect variables, which
1980  * are never read.
1981  * Example:
1982  * x = x + 1;
1983  *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
1984  *   value.
1985  *
1986  * x += y; y += x;
1987  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
1988  *   involved.
1989  */
1990 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *const expr, entity_t *lhs_ent)
1991 {
1992         switch (expr->kind) {
1993                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1994                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1995                         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1996                                         && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1997                                 return;
1998
1999                         if (lhs_ent != entity && lhs_ent != ENT_ANY) {
2000                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
2001                                         entity->variable.read = true;
2002                                 } else {
2003                                         entity->parameter.read = true;
2004                                 }
2005                         }
2006                         return;
2007                 }
2008
2009                 case EXPR_CALL:
2010                         // TODO respect pure/const
2011                         mark_vars_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
2012                         for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
2013                                 mark_vars_read(arg->expression, NULL);
2014                         }
2015                         return;
2016
2017                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
2018                         // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
2019                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
2020                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
2021                                 mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_ent);
2022                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_ent);
2023                         return;
2024
2025                 case EXPR_SELECT:
2026                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY
2027                                         && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
2028                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2029                         mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
2030                         return;
2031
2032                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
2033                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
2034                         mark_vars_read(ref, lhs_ent);
2035                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
2036                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
2037                         return;
2038                 }
2039
2040                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
2041                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_ent);
2042                         return;
2043
2044                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
2045                         /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
2046                         if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
2047                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2048                         goto unary;
2049
2050
2051                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
2052                         if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
2053                                 return;
2054                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
2055                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
2056                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
2057                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
2058                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
2059                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2060                         goto unary;
2061
2062                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
2063                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
2064                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
2065                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
2066                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
2067                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
2068                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
2069                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
2070                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
2071                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
2072                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
2073 unary:
2074                         mark_vars_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_ent);
2075                         return;
2076
2077                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
2078                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
2079                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
2080                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
2081                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
2082                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
2083                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
2084                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
2085                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
2086                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
2087                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
2088                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
2089                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
2090                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
2091                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
2092                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
2093                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
2094                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
2095                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
2096                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
2097                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
2098                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
2099                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
2100                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
2101                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
2102                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_ent);
2103                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
2104                         return;
2105
2106                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
2107                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
2108                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
2109                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
2110                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
2111                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
2112                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
2113                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
2114                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
2115                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
2116                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
2117                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
2118                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2119                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(expr->binary.left, lhs_ent);
2120                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
2121                         return;
2122                 }
2123
2124                 case EXPR_VA_START:
2125                         determine_lhs_ent(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_ent);
2126                         return;
2127
2128                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
2129                 case EXPR_INVALID:
2130                 case EXPR_CONST:
2131                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2132                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2133                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2134                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
2135                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
2136                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:
2137                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
2138                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
2139                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
2140                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
2141                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
2142                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
2143                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
2144                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
2145                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
2146                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
2147                         return;
2148         }
2149
2150         panic("unhandled expression");
2151 }
2152
2153 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
2154 {
2155         designator_t *result = NULL;
2156         designator_t *last   = NULL;
2157
2158         while (true) {
2159                 designator_t *designator;
2160                 switch (token.type) {
2161                 case '[':
2162                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2163                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2164                         next_token();
2165                         add_anchor_token(']');
2166                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
2167                         rem_anchor_token(']');
2168                         expect(']', end_error);
2169                         break;
2170                 case '.':
2171                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2172                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2173                         next_token();
2174                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2175                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
2176                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2177                                 return NULL;
2178                         }
2179                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
2180                         next_token();
2181                         break;
2182                 default:
2183                         expect('=', end_error);
2184                         return result;
2185                 }
2186
2187                 assert(designator != NULL);
2188                 if (last != NULL) {
2189                         last->next = designator;
2190                 } else {
2191                         result = designator;
2192                 }
2193                 last = designator;
2194         }
2195 end_error:
2196         return NULL;
2197 }
2198
2199 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
2200                                               const string_t *const string)
2201 {
2202         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2203         (void) type;
2204
2205         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
2206         initializer->string.string = *string;
2207
2208         return initializer;
2209 }
2210
2211 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
2212                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
2213 {
2214         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2215         (void) type;
2216
2217         initializer_t *const initializer =
2218                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
2219         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
2220
2221         return initializer;
2222 }
2223
2224 /**
2225  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
2226  */
2227 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
2228                                                   expression_t *expression)
2229 {
2230         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
2231
2232         /* § 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
2233         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2234         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
2235         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
2236         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
2237                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
2238                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
2239
2240                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
2241                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
2242                         switch (expression->kind) {
2243                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2244                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
2245                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
2246                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
2247                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
2248                                                         &expression->string.value);
2249                                         }
2250                                         break;
2251
2252                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
2253                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
2254                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
2255                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
2256                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
2257                                         }
2258                                         break;
2259                                 }
2260
2261                                 default:
2262                                         break;
2263                         }
2264                 }
2265         }
2266
2267         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
2268         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
2269                 return NULL;
2270         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
2271                             &expression->base.source_position);
2272
2273         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
2274 #if 0
2275         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2276                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
2277         }
2278 #endif
2279         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
2280
2281         return result;
2282 }
2283
2284 /**
2285  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
2286  */
2287 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
2288 {
2289         return is_constant_expression(expression)
2290                 || is_address_constant(expression);
2291 }
2292
2293 /**
2294  * Parses an scalar initializer.
2295  *
2296  * § 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
2297  */
2298 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
2299                                                bool must_be_constant)
2300 {
2301         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
2302         int braces = 0;
2303         if (token.type == '{') {
2304                 if (warning.other)
2305                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
2306                 do {
2307                         ++braces;
2308                         next_token();
2309                 } while (token.type == '{');
2310         }
2311
2312         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2313         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2314         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2315                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2316                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2317                        expression);
2318         }
2319
2320         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
2321
2322         if (initializer == NULL) {
2323                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2324                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2325                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
2326                 /* TODO */
2327                 return NULL;
2328         }
2329
2330         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
2331         while (braces > 0) {
2332                 if (token.type == ',') {
2333                         next_token();
2334                 }
2335                 if (token.type != '}') {
2336                         if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
2337                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
2338                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
2339                         }
2340                 }
2341                 eat_block();
2342                 braces--;
2343         }
2344
2345         return initializer;
2346 }
2347
2348 /**
2349  * An entry in the type path.
2350  */
2351 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
2352 struct type_path_entry_t {
2353         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
2354         union {
2355                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
2356                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
2357         } v;
2358 };
2359
2360 /**
2361  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
2362  */
2363 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
2364 struct type_path_t {
2365         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
2366         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
2367         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
2368 };
2369
2370 /**
2371  * Prints a type path for debugging.
2372  */
2373 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
2374                 const type_path_t *path)
2375 {
2376         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2377
2378         for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
2379                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
2380
2381                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
2382                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
2383                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
2384                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
2385                                 assert(i == len-1);
2386                                 continue;
2387                         }
2388                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s",
2389                                 entry->v.compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
2390                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2391                         fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->v.index);
2392                 } else {
2393                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
2394                 }
2395         }
2396         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
2397                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
2398                 print_type(path->top_type);
2399                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
2400         }
2401 }
2402
2403 /**
2404  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
2405  * (type).a.b returns the b.
2406  */
2407 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
2408 {
2409         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2410         assert(len > 0);
2411         return &path->path[len-1];
2412 }
2413
2414 /**
2415  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
2416  */
2417 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
2418 {
2419         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2420         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
2421
2422         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
2423         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
2424         return result;
2425 }
2426
2427 /**
2428  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current top_type.
2429  */
2430 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2431 {
2432         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2433         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2434
2435         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2436         top->type              = top_type;
2437
2438         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2439                 compound_t *compound  = top_type->compound.compound;
2440                 entity_t   *entry     = compound->members.entities;
2441
2442                 if (entry != NULL) {
2443                         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2444                         top->v.compound_entry = &entry->declaration;
2445                         path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
2446                 } else {
2447                         path->top_type = NULL;
2448                 }
2449         } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
2450                 top->v.index   = 0;
2451                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2452         } else {
2453                 assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
2454         }
2455 }
2456
2457 /**
2458  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2459  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2460  */
2461 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2462 {
2463         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2464
2465         path->top_type = top->type;
2466
2467         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2468         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2469 }
2470
2471 /**
2472  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2473  * path level is reached.
2474  */
2475 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2476 {
2477         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2478
2479         while (len > top_path_level) {
2480                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2481                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2482         }
2483 }
2484
2485 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2486                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2487 {
2488         for (; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2489                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2490                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2491
2492                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2493
2494                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
2495                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2496                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
2497                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2498                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2499                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2500                                                symbol, orig_type);
2501                                 }
2502
2503                                 top->type             = type_error_type;
2504                                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2505                                 orig_type             = type_error_type;
2506                         } else {
2507                                 compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
2508                                 entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
2509                                 for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
2510                                         if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
2511                                                 break;
2512                                         }
2513                                 }
2514                                 if (iter == NULL) {
2515                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2516                                                "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2517                                         goto failed;
2518                                 }
2519                                 assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2520                                 if (used_in_offsetof) {
2521                                         type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
2522                                         if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2523                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2524                                                        "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2525                                                        symbol);
2526                                                 goto failed;
2527                                         }
2528                                 }
2529
2530                                 top->type             = orig_type;
2531                                 top->v.compound_entry = &iter->declaration;
2532                                 orig_type             = iter->declaration.type;
2533                         }
2534                 } else {
2535                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2536                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2537
2538                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
2539                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2540                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2541                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2542                                                array_index, orig_type);
2543                                 }
2544                                 goto failed;
2545                         }
2546
2547                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2548                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
2549                                 if (index < 0) {
2550                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2551                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2552                                 } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
2553                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2554                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2555                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2556                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2557                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2558                                         }
2559                                 }
2560                         }
2561
2562                         top->type    = orig_type;
2563                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2564                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2565                 }
2566                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2567
2568                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2569                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2570                 }
2571         }
2572         return true;
2573
2574 failed:
2575         return false;
2576 }
2577
2578 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2579 {
2580         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2581
2582         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2583         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2584                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2585                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2586         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2587                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2588
2589                 entity_t *next_entity = entry->base.next;
2590                 if (next_entity != NULL) {
2591                         assert(is_declaration(next_entity));
2592                         entry = &next_entity->declaration;
2593                 } else {
2594                         entry = NULL;
2595                 }
2596
2597                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2598                 if (entry != NULL) {
2599                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2600                         return;
2601                 }
2602         } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2603                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2604
2605                 top->v.index++;
2606
2607                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2608                         return;
2609                 }
2610         } else {
2611                 assert(!is_type_valid(type));
2612                 return;
2613         }
2614
2615         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2616          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2617         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2618
2619         if (len > top_path_level) {
2620                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2621                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2622         } else {
2623                 path->top_type = NULL;
2624         }
2625 }
2626
2627 /**
2628  * skip until token is found.
2629  */
2630 static void skip_until(int type)
2631 {
2632         while (token.type != type) {
2633                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2634                         return;
2635                 next_token();
2636         }
2637 }
2638
2639 /**
2640  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2641  */
2642 static void skip_initializers(void)
2643 {
2644         if (token.type == '{')
2645                 next_token();
2646
2647         while (token.type != '}') {
2648                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2649                         return;
2650                 if (token.type == '{') {
2651                         eat_block();
2652                         continue;
2653                 }
2654                 next_token();
2655         }
2656 }
2657
2658 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2659 {
2660         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2661                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2662         return &empty_initializer;
2663 }
2664
2665 /**
2666  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2667  */
2668 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2669                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2670                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2671 {
2672         if (token.type == '}') {
2673                 /* empty initializer */
2674                 return create_empty_initializer();
2675         }
2676
2677         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2678         type_t *type      = NULL;
2679
2680         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2681                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2682         } else {
2683                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2684         }
2685
2686         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2687
2688         while (true) {
2689                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2690                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2691                         designator = parse_designation();
2692                         goto finish_designator;
2693                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2694                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2695                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2696                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2697                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2698                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2699                         eat(':');
2700
2701 finish_designator:
2702                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2703                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2704                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2705                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2706                                 goto end_error;
2707                         }
2708
2709                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2710                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2711                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2712                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2713
2714                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2715                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2716                 }
2717
2718                 initializer_t *sub;
2719
2720                 if (token.type == '{') {
2721                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2722                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2723                         } else {
2724                                 eat('{');
2725                                 if (type == NULL) {
2726                                         if (env->entity != NULL) {
2727                                                 errorf(HERE,
2728                                                      "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2729                                                      env->entity->base.symbol);
2730                                         } else {
2731                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2732                                         }
2733                                 } else
2734                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2735
2736                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2737                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2738                                                             env);
2739                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2740
2741                                 if (type != NULL) {
2742                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2743                                         expect('}', end_error);
2744                                 } else {
2745                                         expect('}', end_error);
2746                                         goto error_parse_next;
2747                                 }
2748                         }
2749                 } else {
2750                         /* must be an expression */
2751                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2752                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2753
2754                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2755                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2756                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2757                                        expression);
2758                         }
2759
2760                         if (type == NULL) {
2761                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2762                                 type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
2763                                 if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
2764                                     !outer_type_skip->compound.compound->complete) {
2765                                         goto error_parse_next;
2766                                 }
2767                                 goto error_excess;
2768                         }
2769
2770                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2771                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2772                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2773                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2774                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2775                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2776                                         if (token.type == ',') {
2777                                                 next_token();
2778                                         }
2779                                         if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
2780                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2781                                                                  orig_type);
2782                                         }
2783                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2784                                         return sub;
2785                                 }
2786                         }
2787
2788                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2789                         while (true) {
2790                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2791                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2792
2793                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2794                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2795                                         break;
2796                                 }
2797                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2798                                         goto end_error;
2799                                 }
2800                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2801                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2802                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2803                                                         expression, orig_type);
2804                                         goto end_error;
2805                                 }
2806
2807                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2808                         }
2809                 }
2810
2811                 /* update largest index of top array */
2812                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2813                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2814                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2815                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2816                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2817                         if (index > path->max_index)
2818                                 path->max_index = index;
2819                 }
2820
2821                 if (type != NULL) {
2822                         /* append to initializers list */
2823                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2824                 } else {
2825 error_excess:
2826                         if (warning.other) {
2827                                 if (env->entity != NULL) {
2828                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2829                                            env->entity->base.symbol);
2830                                 } else {
2831                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2832                                 }
2833                         }
2834                 }
2835
2836 error_parse_next:
2837                 if (token.type == '}') {
2838                         break;
2839                 }
2840                 expect(',', end_error);
2841                 if (token.type == '}') {
2842                         break;
2843                 }
2844
2845                 if (type != NULL) {
2846                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2847                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2848                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2849                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2850                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2851                         else
2852                                 type = NULL;
2853                 }
2854         }
2855
2856         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2857         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2858         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2859         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2860         result->list.len      = len;
2861         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2862                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2863
2864         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2865         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2866
2867         return result;
2868
2869 end_error:
2870         skip_initializers();
2871         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2872         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2873         return NULL;
2874 }
2875
2876 /**
2877  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2878  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2879  */
2880 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2881 {
2882         type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
2883         size_t         max_index = 0xdeadbeaf;   // TODO: Resolve this uninitialized variable problem
2884         initializer_t *result;
2885
2886         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2887                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2888         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2889                 eat('{');
2890
2891                 type_path_t path;
2892                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2893                 path.top_type = env->type;
2894                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2895
2896                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2897
2898                 add_anchor_token('}');
2899                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2900                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2901
2902                 max_index = path.max_index;
2903                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2904
2905                 expect('}', end_error);
2906         } else {
2907                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2908                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2909                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2910         }
2911
2912         /* § 6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2913          * the array type size */
2914         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2915                         && result != NULL) {
2916                 size_t size;
2917                 switch (result->kind) {
2918                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2919                         assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
2920                         size = max_index + 1;
2921                         break;
2922
2923                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2924                         size = result->string.string.size;
2925                         break;
2926
2927                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2928                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2929                         break;
2930
2931                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2932                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2933                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2934                         size = 0;
2935                         break;
2936
2937                 default:
2938                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2939                 }
2940
2941                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2942                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2943                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2944
2945                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2946
2947                 new_type->array.size_expression   = cnst;
2948                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
2949                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
2950                 new_type->array.size              = size;
2951                 env->type = new_type;
2952         }
2953
2954         return result;
2955 end_error:
2956         return NULL;
2957 }
2958
2959 static void append_entity(scope_t *scope, entity_t *entity)
2960 {
2961         if (scope->last_entity != NULL) {
2962                 scope->last_entity->base.next = entity;
2963         } else {
2964                 scope->entities = entity;
2965         }
2966         scope->last_entity = entity;
2967 }
2968
2969
2970 static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2971 {
2972         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
2973         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
2974         if (is_struct) {
2975                 eat(T_struct);
2976         } else {
2977                 eat(T_union);
2978         }
2979
2980         symbol_t   *symbol   = NULL;
2981         compound_t *compound = NULL;
2982
2983         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2984                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2985         }
2986
2987         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2988                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2989                 next_token();
2990
2991                 namespace_tag_t const namespc =
2992                         is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION;
2993                 entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
2994                 if (entity != NULL) {
2995                         assert(entity->kind == (is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION));
2996                         compound = &entity->compound;
2997                         if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
2998                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2999                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
3000                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
3001                                 compound = NULL;
3002                         } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
3003                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
3004                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition %P)",
3005                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
3006                                        &compound->base.source_position);
3007                                 /* clear members in the hope to avoid further errors */
3008                                 compound->members.entities = NULL;
3009                         }
3010                 }
3011         } else if (token.type != '{') {
3012                 if (is_struct) {
3013                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
3014                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3015                 } else {
3016                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
3017                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3018                 }
3019
3020                 return NULL;
3021         }
3022
3023         if (compound == NULL) {
3024                 entity_kind_t  kind   = is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION;
3025                 entity_t      *entity = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
3026                 compound              = &entity->compound;
3027
3028                 compound->base.namespc =
3029                         (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
3030                 compound->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3031                 compound->base.symbol          = symbol;
3032                 compound->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
3033                 if (symbol != NULL) {
3034                         environment_push(entity);
3035                 }
3036                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
3037         }
3038
3039         if (token.type == '{') {
3040                 parse_compound_type_entries(compound);
3041                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
3042
3043                 if (symbol == NULL) {
3044                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
3045                         anonymous_entity = (entity_t*)compound;
3046                 }
3047         }
3048
3049         compound->modifiers |= modifiers;
3050         return compound;
3051 }
3052
3053 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
3054 {
3055         eat('{');
3056
3057         if (token.type == '}') {
3058                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
3059                 next_token();
3060                 return;
3061         }
3062
3063         add_anchor_token('}');
3064         do {
3065                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
3066                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
3067                         eat_block();
3068                         rem_anchor_token('}');
3069                         return;
3070                 }
3071
3072                 entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE);
3073                 entity->enum_value.enum_type = enum_type;
3074                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3075                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3076                 next_token();
3077
3078                 if (token.type == '=') {
3079                         next_token();
3080                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
3081
3082                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
3083                         entity->enum_value.value = value;
3084
3085                         /* TODO semantic */
3086                 }
3087
3088                 record_entity(entity, false);
3089
3090                 if (token.type != ',')
3091                         break;
3092                 next_token();
3093         } while (token.type != '}');
3094         rem_anchor_token('}');
3095
3096         expect('}', end_error);
3097
3098 end_error:
3099         ;
3100 }
3101
3102 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
3103 {
3104         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
3105         entity_t        *entity;
3106         symbol_t        *symbol;
3107
3108         eat(T_enum);
3109         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3110                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
3111                 next_token();
3112
3113                 entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
3114                 if (entity != NULL) {
3115                         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
3116                         if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
3117                                         (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
3118                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
3119                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
3120                                 entity = NULL;
3121                         } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
3122                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
3123                                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
3124                         }
3125                 }
3126         } else if (token.type != '{') {
3127                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
3128                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3129                 return NULL;
3130         } else {
3131                 entity  = NULL;
3132                 symbol  = NULL;
3133         }
3134
3135         if (entity == NULL) {
3136                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM);
3137                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
3138                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3139                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
3140                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
3141         }
3142
3143         type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
3144         type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
3145         type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3146
3147         if (token.type == '{') {
3148                 if (symbol != NULL) {
3149                         environment_push(entity);
3150                 }
3151                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
3152                 entity->enume.complete = true;
3153
3154                 parse_enum_entries(type);
3155                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
3156
3157                 if (symbol == NULL) {
3158                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
3159                         anonymous_entity = entity;
3160                 }
3161         } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
3162                 errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
3163                        symbol);
3164         }
3165
3166         return type;
3167 }
3168
3169 /**
3170  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
3171  */
3172 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
3173 {
3174         const entity_t *const entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3175         return entity != NULL && entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF;
3176 }
3177
3178 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
3179 {
3180         eat(T___typeof__);
3181
3182         type_t *type;
3183
3184         expect('(', end_error);
3185         add_anchor_token(')');
3186
3187         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
3188
3189         bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
3190         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3191         in_type_prop           = true;
3192
3193         while (token.type == T___extension__) {
3194                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
3195                 next_token();
3196                 in_gcc_extension = true;
3197         }
3198         switch (token.type) {
3199         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3200                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
3201                         type = parse_typename();
3202                 } else {
3203                         expression = parse_expression();
3204                         type       = expression->base.type;
3205                 }
3206                 break;
3207
3208         TYPENAME_START
3209                 type = parse_typename();
3210                 break;
3211
3212         default:
3213                 expression = parse_expression();
3214                 type       = expression->base.type;
3215                 break;
3216         }
3217         in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
3218         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3219
3220         rem_anchor_token(')');
3221         expect(')', end_error);
3222
3223         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
3224         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
3225         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
3226
3227         return typeof_type;
3228 end_error:
3229         return NULL;
3230 }
3231
3232 typedef enum specifiers_t {
3233         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
3234         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
3235         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
3236         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
3237         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
3238         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
3239         SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
3240         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
3241         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
3242         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
3243         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
3244         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
3245         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
3246         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
3247         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
3248         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
3249         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
3250         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
3251         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
3252 } specifiers_t;
3253
3254 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
3255                                    type_t *const real_type)
3256 {
3257         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
3258         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
3259         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
3260         return identify_new_type(type);
3261 }
3262
3263 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
3264 {
3265         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3266         if (entity == NULL || entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
3267                 return NULL;
3268
3269         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3270         type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3271
3272         return type;
3273 }
3274
3275 /**
3276  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
3277  */
3278 static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
3279 {
3280         if (intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
3281                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
3282                 return false;
3283         }
3284         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
3285         for (unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
3286                 if (i == v)
3287                         return true;
3288         }
3289         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
3290         return false;
3291 }
3292
3293 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
3294         if (*modifiers & tag && warning.other) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
3295         *modifiers |= tag; \
3296 } while (0)
3297
3298 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3299 {
3300         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
3301
3302         while (true) {
3303                 if (token.type == T_restrict) {
3304                         next_token();
3305                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
3306                         goto end_loop;
3307                 } else if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3308                         break;
3309                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3310                 if (symbol == sym_align) {
3311                         next_token();
3312                         expect('(', end_error);
3313                         if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
3314                                 goto end_error;
3315                         if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
3316                                 if (specifiers->alignment != 0 && warning.other)
3317                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
3318                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
3319                         }
3320                         next_token();
3321                         expect(')', end_error);
3322                 } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
3323                         next_token();
3324                         expect('(', end_error);
3325                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3326                                 goto end_error;
3327                         (void)token.v.symbol;
3328                         expect(')', end_error);
3329                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
3330                         next_token();
3331                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
3332                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllexport) {
3333                         next_token();
3334                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
3335                 } else if (symbol == sym_thread) {
3336                         next_token();
3337                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
3338                 } else if (symbol == sym_naked) {
3339                         next_token();
3340                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
3341                 } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
3342                         next_token();
3343                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
3344                 } else if (symbol == sym_returns_twice) {
3345                         next_token();
3346                         DET_MOD(returns_twice, DM_RETURNS_TWICE);
3347                 } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
3348                         next_token();
3349                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
3350                 } else if (symbol == sym_nothrow) {
3351                         next_token();
3352                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
3353                 } else if (symbol == sym_novtable) {
3354                         next_token();
3355                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
3356                 } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
3357                         next_token();
3358                         expect('(', end_error);
3359                         for (;;) {
3360                                 bool is_get = false;
3361                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3362                                         goto end_error;
3363                                 if (token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
3364                                         is_get = true;
3365                                 } else if (token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
3366                                 } else {
3367                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
3368                                         goto end_error;
3369                                 }
3370                                 next_token();
3371                                 expect('=', end_error);
3372                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3373                                         goto end_error;
3374                                 if (is_get) {
3375                                         if (specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
3376                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
3377                                         } else {
3378                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3379                                         }
3380                                 } else {
3381                                         if (specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
3382                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
3383                                         } else {
3384                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3385                                         }
3386                                 }
3387                                 next_token();
3388                                 if (token.type == ',') {
3389                                         next_token();
3390                                         continue;
3391                                 }
3392                                 break;
3393                         }
3394                         expect(')', end_error);
3395                 } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
3396                         next_token();
3397                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
3398                 } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
3399                         next_token();
3400                         expect('(', end_error);
3401                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
3402                                 goto end_error;
3403                         next_token();
3404                         expect(')', end_error);
3405                 } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
3406                         next_token();
3407                         if (specifiers->deprecated != 0 && warning.other)
3408                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
3409                         specifiers->deprecated = true;
3410                         if (token.type == '(') {
3411                                 next_token();
3412                                 if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
3413                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
3414                                         next_token();
3415                                 } else {
3416                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
3417                                 }
3418                                 expect(')', end_error);
3419                         }
3420                 } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
3421                         next_token();
3422                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
3423                 } else {
3424                         if (warning.other)
3425                                 warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier '%Y' ignored", token.v.symbol);
3426                         next_token();
3427                         if (token.type == '(')
3428                                 skip_until(')');
3429                 }
3430 end_loop:
3431                 if (token.type == ',')
3432                         next_token();
3433         }
3434 end_error:
3435         return;
3436 }
3437
3438 static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
3439 {
3440         entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
3441         entity->base.source_position = *HERE;
3442         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
3443         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
3444                 entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
3445                 entity->declaration.implicit = true;
3446         } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
3447                 entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
3448                 entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
3449         }
3450         if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3451                 record_entity(entity, false);
3452         return entity;
3453 }
3454
3455 static void parse_microsoft_based(based_spec_t *based_spec)
3456 {
3457         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
3458                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __based", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
3459                 return;
3460         }
3461         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3462         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3463
3464         if (entity == NULL || entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
3465                 errorf(HERE, "'%Y' is not a variable name.", symbol);
3466                 entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
3467         } else {
3468                 variable_t *variable = &entity->variable;
3469
3470                 if (based_spec->base_variable != NULL) {
3471                         errorf(HERE, "__based type qualifier specified more than once");
3472                 }
3473                 based_spec->source_position = token.source_position;
3474                 based_spec->base_variable   = variable;
3475
3476                 type_t *const type = variable->base.type;
3477
3478                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
3479                         if (! is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(type))) {
3480                                 errorf(HERE, "variable in __based modifier must have pointer type instead of '%T'", type);
3481                         }
3482                         if (variable->base.base.parent_scope != file_scope) {
3483                                 errorf(HERE, "a nonstatic local variable may not be used in a __based specification");
3484                         }
3485                 }
3486         }
3487         next_token();
3488 }
3489
3490 /**
3491  * Finish the construction of a struct type by calculating
3492  * its size, offsets, alignment.
3493  */
3494 static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type)
3495 {
3496         assert(type->compound != NULL);
3497
3498         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
3499         if (!compound->complete)
3500                 return;
3501
3502         il_size_t      size           = 0;
3503         il_size_t      offset;
3504         il_alignment_t alignment      = 1;
3505         bool           need_pad       = false;
3506
3507         entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
3508         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
3509                 if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3510                         continue;
3511
3512                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
3513                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type)) {
3514                         /* simply ignore errors here */
3515                         continue;
3516                 }
3517                 il_alignment_t m_alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3518                 if (m_alignment > alignment)
3519                         alignment = m_alignment;
3520
3521                 offset = (size + m_alignment - 1) & -m_alignment;
3522
3523                 if (offset > size)
3524                         need_pad = true;
3525                 entry->compound_member.offset = offset;
3526                 size = offset + m_type->base.size;
3527         }
3528         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3529                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3530         }
3531
3532         offset = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3533         if (offset > size)
3534                 need_pad = true;
3535
3536         if (need_pad) {
3537                 if (warning.padded) {
3538                         warningf(&compound->base.source_position, "'%T' needs padding", type);
3539                 }
3540         } else {
3541                 if (compound->modifiers & DM_PACKED && warning.packed) {
3542                         warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
3543                                         "superfluous packed attribute on '%T'", type);
3544                 }
3545         }
3546
3547         type->base.size      = offset;
3548         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3549 }
3550
3551 /**
3552  * Finish the construction of an union type by calculating
3553  * its size and alignment.
3554  */
3555 static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type)
3556 {
3557         assert(type->compound != NULL);
3558
3559         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
3560         if (! compound->complete)
3561                 return;
3562
3563         il_size_t      size      = 0;
3564         il_alignment_t alignment = 1;
3565
3566         entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
3567         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
3568                 if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3569                         continue;
3570
3571                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
3572                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type))
3573                         continue;
3574
3575                 entry->compound_member.offset = 0;
3576                 if (m_type->base.size > size)
3577                         size = m_type->base.size;
3578                 if (m_type->base.alignment > alignment)
3579                         alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3580         }
3581         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3582                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3583         }
3584         size = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3585         type->base.size      = size;
3586         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3587 }
3588
3589 static type_t *handle_attribute_mode(const gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
3590                                      type_t *orig_type)
3591 {
3592         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3593
3594         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
3595          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
3596
3597         /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
3598          * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
3599         const char         *symbol_str = attribute->u.symbol->string;
3600         bool                sign       = is_type_signed(type);
3601         atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
3602         if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
3603             strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
3604                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR : ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3605         } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
3606                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT : ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3607         } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
3608                 || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
3609                 || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
3610                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_INT : ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3611         } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
3612                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG : ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3613         } else {
3614                 if (warning.other)
3615                         warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
3616                 return orig_type;
3617         }
3618
3619         if (type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
3620                 type_t *copy       = duplicate_type(type);
3621                 copy->atomic.akind = akind;
3622                 return identify_new_type(copy);
3623         } else if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM) {
3624                 type_t *copy      = duplicate_type(type);
3625                 copy->enumt.akind = akind;
3626                 return identify_new_type(copy);
3627         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
3628                 warningf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) on pointers not implemented yet (ignored)");
3629                 return type;
3630         }
3631
3632         errorf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) only allowed on integer, enum or pointer type");
3633         return orig_type;
3634 }
3635
3636 static type_t *handle_type_attributes(const gnu_attribute_t *attributes,
3637                                       type_t *type)
3638 {
3639         const gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
3640         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
3641                 if (attribute->invalid)
3642                         continue;
3643
3644                 if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
3645                         type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
3646                 } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
3647                         int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum useful alignment for
3648                                                target machine */
3649                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
3650                                 alignment = attribute->u.argument;
3651
3652                         type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
3653                         copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
3654                         type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
3655                 }
3656         }
3657
3658         return type;
3659 }
3660
3661 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3662 {
3663         type_t            *type              = NULL;
3664         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3665         type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
3666         unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
3667         bool               newtype           = false;
3668         bool               saw_error         = false;
3669         bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3670
3671         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
3672
3673         while (true) {
3674                 specifiers->modifiers
3675                         |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3676
3677                 switch (token.type) {
3678                 /* storage class */
3679 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
3680                 case token:                                                        \
3681                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {         \
3682                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
3683                         }                                                              \
3684                         specifiers->storage_class = class;                             \
3685                         if (specifiers->thread_local)                                  \
3686                                 goto check_thread_storage_class;                           \
3687                         next_token();                                                  \
3688                         break;
3689
3690                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3691                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
3692                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3693                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
3694                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3695
3696                 case T__declspec:
3697                         next_token();
3698                         expect('(', end_error);
3699                         add_anchor_token(')');
3700                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
3701                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3702                         expect(')', end_error);
3703                         break;
3704
3705                 case T___thread:
3706                         if (specifiers->thread_local) {
3707                                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate '__thread'");
3708                         } else {
3709                                 specifiers->thread_local = true;
3710 check_thread_storage_class:
3711                                 switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
3712                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3713                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3714                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3715                                                 break;
3716
3717                                                 char const* wrong;
3718                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     wrong = "auto";     goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3719                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: wrong = "register"; goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3720                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  wrong = "typedef";  goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3721 wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
3722                                                 errorf(HERE, "'__thread' used with '%s'", wrong);
3723                                                 break;
3724                                 }
3725                         }
3726                         next_token();
3727                         break;
3728
3729                 /* type qualifiers */
3730 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3731                 case token:                                                     \
3732                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3733                         next_token();                                               \
3734                         break
3735
3736                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3737                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3738                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3739                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3740                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3741                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3742                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3743                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3744
3745                 case T___extension__:
3746                         next_token();
3747                         in_gcc_extension = true;
3748                         break;
3749
3750                 /* type specifiers */
3751 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3752                 case token:                                                     \
3753                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3754                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3755                         } else {                                                    \
3756                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3757                         }                                                           \
3758                         next_token();                                               \
3759                         break
3760
3761                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
3762                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
3763                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
3764                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
3765                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
3766                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
3767                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
3768                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
3769                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_bool,       SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "bool");
3770                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
3771                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
3772                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
3773                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
3774                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
3775                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
3776                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
3777                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
3778                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
3779
3780                 case T__forceinline:
3781                         /* only in microsoft mode */
3782                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3783                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
3784
3785                 case T_inline:
3786                         next_token();
3787                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3788                         break;
3789
3790                 case T_long:
3791                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3792                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3793                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3794                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3795                         } else {
3796                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3797                         }
3798                         next_token();
3799                         break;
3800
3801                 case T_struct: {
3802                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
3803
3804                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3805                         finish_struct_type(&type->compound);
3806                         break;
3807                 }
3808                 case T_union: {
3809                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
3810                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3811                         if (type->compound.compound->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3812                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3813                         finish_union_type(&type->compound);
3814                         break;
3815                 }
3816                 case T_enum:
3817                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3818                         break;
3819                 case T___typeof__:
3820                         type = parse_typeof();
3821                         break;
3822                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3823                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3824                         next_token();
3825                         break;
3826
3827                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3828                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3829                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3830                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3831                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3832                                  * '{' later on. */
3833                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3834                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3835                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3836                                         case T_const:
3837                                         case T_restrict:
3838                                         case T_volatile:
3839                                         case T_inline:
3840                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3841                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3842                                         case '&':
3843                                         case '*':
3844                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3845                                                 next_token();
3846                                                 continue;
3847
3848                                         default:
3849                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3850                                 }
3851                         }
3852
3853                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3854                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3855                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3856                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3857                                  * errors later on. */
3858                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3859                                 switch (la1_type) {
3860                                         DECLARATION_START
3861                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3862                                         case '&':
3863                                         case '*': {
3864                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3865
3866                                                 entity_t *entity =
3867                                                         create_error_entity(token.v.symbol, ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
3868
3869                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3870                                                 type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3871
3872                                                 next_token();
3873                                                 saw_error = true;
3874                                                 if (la1_type == '&' || la1_type == '*')
3875                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3876                                                 continue;
3877                                         }
3878
3879                                         default:
3880                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3881                                 }
3882                         }
3883
3884                         next_token();
3885                         type = typedef_type;
3886                         break;
3887                 }
3888
3889                 /* function specifier */
3890                 default:
3891                         goto finish_specifiers;
3892                 }
3893         }
3894
3895 finish_specifiers:
3896         specifiers->modifiers
3897                 |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3898
3899         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3900
3901         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3902                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3903
3904                 /* match valid basic types */
3905                 switch (type_specifiers) {
3906                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3907                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3908                         break;
3909                 case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
3910                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
3911                         break;
3912                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3913                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3914                         break;
3915                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3916                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3917                         break;
3918                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3919                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3920                         break;
3921                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3922                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3923                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3924                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3925                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3926                         break;
3927                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3928                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3929                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3930                         break;
3931                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3932                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3933                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3934                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3935                         break;
3936                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3937                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3938                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3939                         break;
3940                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3941                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3942                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3943                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3944                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3945                         break;
3946                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3947                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3948                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3949                         break;
3950
3951                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3952                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3953                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3954                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3955                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3956                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3957                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3958
3959                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3960                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3961                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3962                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3963 warn_about_long_long:
3964                         if (warning.long_long) {
3965                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3966                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3967                         }
3968                         break;
3969
3970                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3971                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3972                         break;
3973
3974                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3975                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3976                         break;
3977
3978                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3979                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3980                         break;
3981
3982                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3983                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3984                         break;
3985
3986                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3987                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3988                         break;
3989
3990                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3991                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3992                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3993                         break;
3994
3995                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3996                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3997                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3998                         break;
3999
4000                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
4001                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
4002                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
4003                         break;
4004
4005                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
4006                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
4007                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
4008                         break;
4009
4010                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
4011                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
4012                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
4013                         break;
4014
4015                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
4016                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
4017                         break;
4018                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
4019                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
4020                         break;
4021                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
4022                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
4023                         break;
4024                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
4025                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
4026                         break;
4027                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4028                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4029                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
4030                         break;
4031                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4032                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4033                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
4034                         break;
4035                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4036                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4037                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
4038                         break;
4039                 default:
4040                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
4041                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
4042                                 if (saw_error)
4043                                         goto end_error;
4044
4045                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.5:4 */
4046                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX) && !strict_mode) {
4047                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
4048                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
4049                                         }
4050                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
4051                                         break;
4052                                 } else {
4053                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
4054                                 }
4055                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
4056                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
4057                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
4058                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
4059                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
4060                         } else {
4061                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
4062                         }
4063                         goto end_error;
4064                 }
4065
4066                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
4067                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
4068                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
4069                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
4070                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
4071                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
4072                 } else {
4073                         type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
4074                         type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
4075                 }
4076                 type->base.alignment = get_atomic_type_alignment(atomic_type);
4077                 unsigned const size  = get_atomic_type_size(atomic_type);
4078                 type->base.size      =
4079                         type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX ? size * 2 : size;
4080                 newtype = true;
4081         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
4082                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
4083         }
4084
4085         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
4086
4087         if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
4088                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
4089         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
4090         type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
4091
4092         if (newtype) {
4093                 type = identify_new_type(type);
4094         } else {
4095                 type = typehash_insert(type);
4096         }
4097
4098         type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->gnu_attributes, type);
4099         specifiers->type = type;
4100         return;
4101
4102 end_error:
4103         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
4104         return;
4105 }
4106
4107 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
4108 {
4109         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
4110
4111         while (true) {
4112                 switch (token.type) {
4113                 /* type qualifiers */
4114                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
4115                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
4116                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
4117                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
4118                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
4119                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
4120                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
4121                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
4122                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
4123
4124                 default:
4125                         return qualifiers;
4126                 }
4127         }
4128 }
4129
4130 /**
4131  * Parses an K&R identifier list
4132  */
4133 static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
4134 {
4135         do {
4136                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4137                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
4138                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4139                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
4140                 /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
4141                 next_token();
4142
4143                 if (scope != NULL)
4144                         append_entity(scope, entity);
4145
4146                 if (token.type != ',') {
4147                         break;
4148                 }
4149                 next_token();
4150         } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
4151 }
4152
4153 static entity_t *parse_parameter(void)
4154 {
4155         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4156         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4157
4158         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4159
4160         entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers,
4161                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
4162         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4163         return entity;
4164 }
4165
4166 static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
4167 {
4168         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4169
4170         /* §6.7.5.3:4  After adjustment, the parameters in a parameter type
4171          *             list in a function declarator that is part of a
4172          *             definition of that function shall not have
4173          *             incomplete type. */
4174         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4175         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
4176                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4177                        "parameter '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'", entity->base.symbol,
4178                        entity->declaration.type);
4179         }
4180 }
4181
4182 /**
4183  * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
4184  * for them in a scope)
4185  */
4186 static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
4187 {
4188         eat('(');
4189         add_anchor_token(')');
4190         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
4191
4192         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
4193             !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
4194                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
4195                 if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
4196                         type->kr_style_parameters    = true;
4197                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
4198                         parse_identifier_list(scope);
4199                         goto parameters_finished;
4200                 }
4201         }
4202
4203         if (token.type == ')') {
4204                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
4205                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
4206                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
4207                 goto parameters_finished;
4208         }
4209
4210         function_parameter_t *parameter;
4211         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
4212
4213         while (true) {
4214                 switch (token.type) {
4215                 case T_DOTDOTDOT:
4216                         next_token();
4217                         type->variadic = true;
4218                         goto parameters_finished;
4219
4220                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4221                 case T___extension__:
4222                 DECLARATION_START
4223                 {
4224                         entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
4225                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4226                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4227                                        "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
4228                                 break;
4229                         }
4230                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
4231
4232                         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
4233                         if (last_parameter == NULL
4234                                         && token.type == ')'
4235                                         && entity->base.symbol == NULL
4236                                         && skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type) == type_void) {
4237                                 goto parameters_finished;
4238                         }
4239                         semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
4240
4241                         parameter = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4242                         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4243                         parameter->type = entity->declaration.type;
4244
4245                         if (scope != NULL) {
4246                                 append_entity(scope, entity);
4247                         }
4248
4249                         if (last_parameter != NULL) {
4250                                 last_parameter->next = parameter;
4251                         } else {
4252                                 type->parameters = parameter;
4253                         }
4254                         last_parameter   = parameter;
4255                         break;
4256                 }
4257
4258                 default:
4259                         goto parameters_finished;
4260                 }
4261                 if (token.type != ',') {
4262                         goto parameters_finished;
4263                 }
4264                 next_token();
4265         }
4266
4267
4268 parameters_finished:
4269         rem_anchor_token(')');
4270         expect(')', end_error);
4271
4272 end_error:
4273         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
4274 }
4275
4276 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
4277         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
4278         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
4279         CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE,
4280         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
4281         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
4282 } construct_type_kind_t;
4283
4284 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
4285 struct construct_type_t {
4286         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
4287         construct_type_t      *next;
4288 };
4289
4290 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
4291 struct parsed_pointer_t {
4292         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4293         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
4294         variable_t        *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
4295 };
4296
4297 typedef struct parsed_reference_t parsed_reference_t;
4298 struct parsed_reference_t {
4299         construct_type_t construct_type;
4300 };
4301
4302 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
4303 struct construct_function_type_t {
4304         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4305         type_t           *function_type;
4306 };
4307
4308 typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
4309 struct parsed_array_t {
4310         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4311         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
4312         bool              is_static;
4313         bool              is_variable;
4314         expression_t     *size;
4315 };
4316
4317 typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
4318 struct construct_base_type_t {
4319         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4320         type_t           *type;
4321 };
4322
4323 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(variable_t *base_variable)
4324 {
4325         eat('*');
4326
4327         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
4328         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
4329         pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
4330         pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
4331         pointer->base_variable       = base_variable;
4332
4333         return &pointer->construct_type;
4334 }
4335
4336 static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
4337 {
4338         eat('&');
4339
4340         parsed_reference_t *reference = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(reference[0]));
4341         memset(reference, 0, sizeof(reference[0]));
4342         reference->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
4343
4344         return (construct_type_t*)reference;
4345 }
4346
4347 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
4348 {
4349         eat('[');
4350         add_anchor_token(']');
4351
4352         parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
4353         memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
4354         array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
4355
4356         if (token.type == T_static) {
4357                 array->is_static = true;
4358                 next_token();
4359         }
4360
4361         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
4362         if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
4363                 if (token.type == T_static) {
4364                         array->is_static = true;
4365                         next_token();
4366                 }
4367         }
4368         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
4369
4370         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
4371                 array->is_variable = true;
4372                 next_token();
4373         } else if (token.type != ']') {
4374                 expression_t *const size = parse_assignment_expression();
4375                 array->size = size;
4376                 mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
4377         }
4378
4379         rem_anchor_token(']');
4380         expect(']', end_error);
4381
4382 end_error:
4383         return &array->construct_type;
4384 }
4385
4386 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope,
4387                                                    decl_modifiers_t modifiers)
4388 {
4389         type_t          *type  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
4390         function_type_t *ftype = &type->function;
4391
4392         ftype->linkage = current_linkage;
4393
4394         switch (modifiers & (DM_CDECL | DM_STDCALL | DM_FASTCALL | DM_THISCALL)) {
4395                 case DM_NONE:     break;
4396                 case DM_CDECL:    ftype->calling_convention = CC_CDECL;    break;
4397                 case DM_STDCALL:  ftype->calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;  break;
4398                 case DM_FASTCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL; break;
4399                 case DM_THISCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_THISCALL; break;
4400
4401                 default:
4402                         errorf(HERE, "multiple calling conventions in declaration");
4403                         break;
4404         }
4405
4406         parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
4407
4408         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
4409                 obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
4410         memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
4411         construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
4412         construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
4413
4414         return &construct_function_type->construct_type;
4415 }
4416
4417 typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
4418         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;
4419         symbol_t          *symbol;
4420         source_position_t  source_position;
4421         scope_t            parameters;
4422 } parse_declarator_env_t;
4423
4424 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env,
4425                 bool may_be_abstract)
4426 {
4427         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
4428          * how to construct the final declarator type */
4429         construct_type_t *first      = NULL;
4430         construct_type_t *last       = NULL;
4431         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
4432
4433         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4434
4435         /* MS __based extension */
4436         based_spec_t base_spec;
4437         base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
4438
4439         for (;;) {
4440                 construct_type_t *type;
4441                 switch (token.type) {
4442                         case '&':
4443                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
4444                                         errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
4445                                 if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
4446                                         warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
4447                                                  "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
4448                                 }
4449                                 type = parse_reference_declarator();
4450                                 /* consumed */
4451                                 base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
4452                                 break;
4453
4454                         case '*':
4455                                 type = parse_pointer_declarator(base_spec.base_variable);
4456                                 /* consumed */
4457                                 base_spec.base_variable = NULL;
4458                                 break;
4459
4460                         case T__based:
4461                                 next_token();
4462                                 expect('(', end_error);
4463                                 add_anchor_token(')');
4464                                 parse_microsoft_based(&base_spec);
4465                                 rem_anchor_token(')');
4466                                 expect(')', end_error);
4467                                 continue;
4468
4469                         default:
4470                                 goto ptr_operator_end;
4471                 }
4472
4473                 if (last == NULL) {
4474                         first = type;
4475                         last  = type;
4476                 } else {
4477                         last->next = type;
4478                         last       = type;
4479                 }
4480
4481                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
4482                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
4483         }
4484 ptr_operator_end:
4485         if (base_spec.base_variable != NULL && warning.other) {
4486                 warningf(&base_spec.source_position,
4487                          "__based does not precede a pointer operator, ignored");
4488         }
4489
4490         if (env != NULL) {
4491                 modifiers      |= env->modifiers;
4492                 env->modifiers  = modifiers;
4493         }
4494
4495         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
4496
4497         switch (token.type) {
4498         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4499                 if (env == NULL) {
4500                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
4501                 } else {
4502                         env->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
4503                         env->source_position = token.source_position;
4504                 }
4505                 next_token();
4506                 break;
4507         case '(':
4508                 /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
4509                  * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
4510                  * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
4511                 if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
4512                         next_token();
4513                         add_anchor_token(')');
4514                         inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env, may_be_abstract);
4515                         if (inner_types != NULL) {
4516                                 /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
4517                                 env = NULL;
4518                         }
4519                         rem_anchor_token(')');
4520                         expect(')', end_error);
4521                 }
4522                 break;
4523         default:
4524                 if (may_be_abstract)
4525                         break;
4526                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
4527                 eat_until_anchor();
4528                 return NULL;
4529         }
4530
4531         construct_type_t *p = last;
4532
4533         while (true) {
4534                 construct_type_t *type;
4535                 switch (token.type) {
4536                 case '(': {
4537                         scope_t *scope = NULL;
4538                         if (env != NULL)
4539                                 scope = &env->parameters;
4540
4541                         type = parse_function_declarator(scope, modifiers);
4542                         break;
4543                 }
4544                 case '[':
4545                         type = parse_array_declarator();
4546                         break;
4547                 default:
4548                         goto declarator_finished;
4549                 }
4550
4551                 /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
4552                 if (p != NULL) {
4553                         type->next = p->next;
4554                         p->next    = type;
4555                 } else {
4556                         type->next = first;
4557                         first      = type;
4558                 }
4559                 if (last == p) {
4560                         last = type;
4561                 }
4562         }
4563
4564 declarator_finished:
4565         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
4566          * as it's not needed anymore */
4567         if (last == NULL) {
4568                 assert(first == NULL);
4569                 first = inner_types;
4570         } else {
4571                 last->next = inner_types;
4572         }
4573
4574         return first;
4575 end_error:
4576         return NULL;
4577 }
4578
4579 static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
4580 {
4581         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
4582         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4583
4584         if (entity == NULL)
4585                 return;
4586
4587         type_t *type;
4588         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4589                 modifiers |= entity->typedefe.modifiers;
4590                 type       = entity->typedefe.type;
4591         } else {
4592                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
4593                 modifiers |= entity->declaration.modifiers;
4594                 type       = entity->declaration.type;
4595         }
4596         if (type == NULL)
4597                 return;
4598
4599         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
4600         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
4601                 if (attribute->invalid)
4602                         continue;
4603
4604                 if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
4605                         type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
4606                 } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
4607                         int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum usefull alignment for target machine */
4608                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
4609                                 alignment = attribute->u.argument;
4610
4611                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4612                                 type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
4613                                 copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
4614                                 type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
4615                         } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4616                                 entity->variable.alignment = alignment;
4617                         } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
4618                                 entity->compound_member.alignment = alignment;
4619                         }
4620                 }
4621         }
4622
4623         type_modifiers_t type_modifiers = type->base.modifiers;
4624         if (modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
4625                 type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
4626
4627         if (type->base.modifiers != type_modifiers) {
4628                 type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
4629                 copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
4630                 type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
4631         }
4632
4633         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4634                 entity->typedefe.type      = type;
4635                 entity->typedefe.modifiers = modifiers;
4636         } else {
4637                 entity->declaration.type      = type;
4638                 entity->declaration.modifiers = modifiers;
4639         }
4640 }
4641
4642 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_t *type)
4643 {
4644         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
4645         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
4646                 switch (iter->kind) {
4647                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
4648                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
4649                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
4650                         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
4651                                 = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
4652
4653                         type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
4654
4655                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
4656
4657                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
4658                         /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
4659                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
4660                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
4661                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
4662                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
4663                         } else {
4664                                 if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
4665                                         warningf(HERE,
4666                                                 "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
4667                                 }
4668                         }
4669
4670                         type = function_type;
4671                         break;
4672                 }
4673
4674                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
4675                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4676                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
4677
4678                         parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
4679                         type = make_based_pointer_type(type, parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers, parsed_pointer->base_variable);
4680                         continue;
4681                 }
4682
4683                 case CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE:
4684                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4685                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a reference to reference");
4686
4687                         type = make_reference_type(type);
4688                         continue;
4689
4690                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
4691                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4692                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
4693
4694                         parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
4695                         type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
4696
4697                         expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
4698                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4699                                 size_expression
4700                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
4701                         }
4702
4703                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
4704                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
4705                         array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
4706                         array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
4707                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
4708
4709                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4710                                 if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
4711                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
4712                                         array_type->array.size
4713                                                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
4714                                 } else {
4715                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
4716                                 }
4717                         }
4718
4719                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
4720                         /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
4721                         if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
4722                                 errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
4723                         } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
4724                                 errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
4725                         }
4726                         type = array_type;
4727                         break;
4728                 }
4729                 }
4730
4731                 /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
4732                  * destroy other types. */
4733                 if (iter->kind == CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
4734                         type = typehash_insert(type);
4735                 } else {
4736                         type = identify_new_type(type);
4737                 }
4738         }
4739
4740         return type;
4741 }
4742
4743 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
4744
4745 static type_t *semantic_parameter(const source_position_t *pos,
4746                                   type_t *type,
4747                                   const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4748                                   symbol_t *symbol)
4749 {
4750         /* §6.7.5.3:7  A declaration of a parameter as ``array of type''
4751          *             shall be adjusted to ``qualified pointer to type'',
4752          *             [...]
4753          * §6.7.5.3:8  A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning
4754          *             type'' shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function
4755          *             returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1. */
4756         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
4757
4758         if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4759                 errorf(pos, "parameter '%Y' declared 'inline'", symbol);
4760         }
4761
4762         /* §6.9.1:6  The declarations in the declaration list shall contain
4763          *           no storage-class specifier other than register and no
4764          *           initializations. */
4765         if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4766                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4767                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
4768            ) {
4769                 errorf(pos, "invalid storage class for parameter '%Y'", symbol);
4770         }
4771
4772         /* delay test for incomplete type, because we might have (void)
4773          * which is legal but incomplete... */
4774
4775         return type;
4776 }
4777
4778 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4779                                   declarator_flags_t flags)
4780 {
4781         parse_declarator_env_t env;
4782         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
4783         env.modifiers = specifiers->modifiers;
4784
4785         construct_type_t *construct_type =
4786                 parse_inner_declarator(&env, (flags & DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT) != 0);
4787         type_t           *orig_type      =
4788                 construct_declarator_type(construct_type, specifiers->type);
4789         type_t           *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4790
4791         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4792                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4793         }
4794
4795         entity_t *entity;
4796         if (specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
4797                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
4798                 entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4799                 entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4800                 entity->typedefe.type        = orig_type;
4801
4802                 if (anonymous_entity != NULL) {
4803                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
4804                                 assert(anonymous_entity->compound.alias == NULL);
4805                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_STRUCT ||
4806                                        anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_UNION);
4807                                 anonymous_entity->compound.alias = entity;
4808                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4809                         } else if (is_type_enum(type)) {
4810                                 assert(anonymous_entity->enume.alias == NULL);
4811                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
4812                                 anonymous_entity->enume.alias = entity;
4813                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4814                         }
4815                 }
4816         } else {
4817                 /* create a declaration type entity */
4818                 if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
4819                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
4820
4821                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4822                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4823                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4824                                                         "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4825                                 }
4826
4827                                 if (specifiers->thread_local ||
4828                                                 specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4829                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4830                                                         "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
4831                                                         env.symbol);
4832                                 }
4833                         }
4834                 } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
4835                         orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
4836                                                        specifiers, env.symbol);
4837
4838                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4839                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
4840                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
4841
4842                         entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
4843                         entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
4844
4845                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4846                                 if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4847                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4848                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4849                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
4850                                                 )) {
4851                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4852                                                         "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
4853                                 }
4854                         }
4855                 } else {
4856                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
4857
4858                         entity->variable.get_property_sym = specifiers->get_property_sym;
4859                         entity->variable.put_property_sym = specifiers->put_property_sym;
4860
4861                         entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
4862
4863                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4864                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4865                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4866                                                         "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4867                                 }
4868
4869                                 bool invalid_storage_class = false;
4870                                 if (current_scope == file_scope) {
4871                                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4872                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4873                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4874                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4875                                         }
4876                                 } else {
4877                                         if (specifiers->thread_local &&
4878                                                         specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4879                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4880                                         }
4881                                 }
4882                                 if (invalid_storage_class) {
4883                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4884                                                         "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
4885                                 }
4886                         }
4887                 }
4888
4889                 if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4890                         entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4891                         entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4892                 } else {
4893                         entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
4894                 }
4895                 entity->base.namespc                  = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4896                 entity->declaration.type              = orig_type;
4897                 entity->declaration.modifiers         = env.modifiers;
4898                 entity->declaration.deprecated_string = specifiers->deprecated_string;
4899
4900                 storage_class_t storage_class = specifiers->storage_class;
4901                 entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = storage_class;
4902
4903                 if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && current_scope != file_scope)
4904                         storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4905                 entity->declaration.storage_class = storage_class;
4906         }
4907
4908         parse_declaration_attributes(entity);
4909
4910         return entity;
4911 }
4912
4913 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4914 {
4915         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
4916
4917         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4918         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4919                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4920         }
4921
4922         return result;
4923 }
4924
4925 /**
4926  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4927  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4928  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4929  *
4930  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4931  *
4932  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4933  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4934  */
4935 static void check_type_of_main(const entity_t *entity)
4936 {
4937         const source_position_t *pos = &entity->base.source_position;
4938         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4939                 warningf(pos, "'main' is not a function");
4940                 return;
4941         }
4942
4943         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4944                 warningf(pos, "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4945         }
4946
4947         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4948         assert(is_type_function(type));
4949
4950         function_type_t *func_type = &type->function;
4951         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
4952                 warningf(pos, "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4953                          func_type->return_type);
4954         }
4955         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4956         if (parm != NULL) {
4957                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4958                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4959                         warningf(pos,
4960                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4961                                  first_type);
4962                 }
4963                 parm = parm->next;
4964                 if (parm != NULL) {
4965                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4966                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4967                                 warningf(pos, "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4968                         }
4969                         parm = parm->next;
4970                         if (parm != NULL) {
4971                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4972                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4973                                         warningf(pos, "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4974                                 }
4975                                 parm = parm->next;
4976                                 if (parm != NULL)
4977                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4978                         }
4979                 } else {
4980 warn_arg_count:
4981                         warningf(pos, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
4982                 }
4983         }
4984 }
4985
4986 /**
4987  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
4988  */
4989 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
4990 {
4991         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
4992 }
4993
4994 static void error_redefined_as_different_kind(const source_position_t *pos,
4995                 const entity_t *old, entity_kind_t new_kind)
4996 {
4997         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of %s '%Y' as %s (declared %P)",
4998                get_entity_kind_name(old->kind), old->base.symbol,
4999                get_entity_kind_name(new_kind), &old->base.source_position);
5000 }
5001
5002 /**
5003  * record entities for the NAMESPACE_NORMAL, and produce error messages/warnings
5004  * for various problems that occur for multiple definitions
5005  */
5006 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
5007 {
5008         const symbol_t *const    symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
5009         const namespace_tag_t    namespc = (namespace_tag_t)entity->base.namespc;
5010         const source_position_t *pos     = &entity->base.source_position;
5011
5012         /* can happen in error cases */
5013         if (symbol == NULL)
5014                 return entity;
5015
5016         entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
5017         /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
5018         assert(previous_entity != entity);
5019
5020         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5021                 type_t *const orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
5022                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5023
5024                 assert(is_type_function(type));
5025                 if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5026                                 warning.strict_prototypes &&
5027                                 previous_entity == NULL) {
5028                         warningf(pos, "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
5029                                          orig_type, symbol);
5030                 }
5031
5032                 if (warning.main && current_scope == file_scope
5033                                 && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5034                         check_type_of_main(entity);
5035                 }
5036         }
5037
5038         if (is_declaration(entity) &&
5039                         warning.nested_externs &&
5040                         entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
5041                         current_scope != file_scope) {
5042                 warningf(pos, "nested extern declaration of '%#T'",
5043                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5044         }
5045
5046         if (previous_entity != NULL &&
5047                         previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
5048                         previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
5049                 assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
5050                 errorf(pos,
5051                        "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
5052                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol,
5053                                          previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
5054                                          &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5055                 goto finish;
5056         }
5057
5058         if (previous_entity != NULL &&
5059                         previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
5060                 if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
5061                         error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
5062                                                           entity->kind);
5063                         goto finish;
5064                 }
5065                 if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
5066                         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
5067                                    symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5068                         goto finish;
5069                 }
5070                 if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
5071                         /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
5072                         errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
5073                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5074                         goto finish;
5075                 }
5076
5077                 /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
5078                 assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
5079
5080                 declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
5081                 declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
5082
5083                 /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
5084                 if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
5085                                 previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
5086                                 entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
5087                         prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
5088                         prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
5089                         prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
5090                         prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
5091                         prev_decl->deprecated_string      = decl->deprecated_string;
5092                         return previous_entity;
5093                 }
5094
5095                 type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
5096                 assert(orig_type != NULL);
5097                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5098                 type_t *      prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
5099
5100                 if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
5101                         errorf(pos,
5102                                    "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
5103                                    orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
5104                                    &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5105                 } else {
5106                         unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
5107                         if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
5108                                         is_definition                     &&
5109                                         !prev_decl->used                  &&
5110                                         !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
5111                                         prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5112                                 warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
5113                                          "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
5114                                          prev_decl->type, symbol);
5115                         }
5116
5117                         unsigned new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
5118                         if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
5119                                 prev_decl->type = type;
5120                                 prev_type       = type;
5121                         }
5122
5123                         /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
5124                          * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
5125                          * none nor extern) */
5126                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5127                                 if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5128                                         prev_decl->type = type;
5129                                         prev_type       = type;
5130                                 }
5131
5132                                 switch (old_storage_class) {
5133                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
5134                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5135                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
5136
5137                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
5138                                         if (is_definition) {
5139                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
5140                                                     prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5141                                                     !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5142                                                         warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
5143                                                                          orig_type, symbol);
5144                                                 }
5145                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
5146                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5147                                         }
5148                                         break;
5149
5150                                 default:
5151                                         break;
5152                                 }
5153                         }
5154
5155                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
5156                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5157 warn_redundant_declaration:
5158                                 if (!is_definition           &&
5159                                     warning.redundant_decls  &&
5160                                     is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
5161                                     strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
5162                                            "<builtin>") != 0) {
5163                                         warningf(pos,
5164                                                  "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
5165                                                  symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5166                                 }
5167                         } else if (current_function == NULL) {
5168                                 if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
5169                                     new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5170                                         errorf(pos,
5171                                                "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
5172                                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5173                                 } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5174                                         prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5175                                         prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5176                                 } else {
5177                                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
5178                                         if (c_mode & _CXX)
5179                                                 goto error_redeclaration;
5180                                         goto warn_redundant_declaration;
5181                                 }
5182                         } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
5183                                 if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
5184 error_redeclaration:
5185                                         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
5186                                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5187                                 } else {
5188                                         errorf(pos,
5189                                                "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
5190                                                symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5191                                 }
5192                         }
5193                 }
5194
5195                 prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
5196                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5197                         previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
5198                 }
5199                 return previous_entity;
5200         }
5201
5202         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5203                 if (is_definition &&
5204                                 entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5205                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5206                                 warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
5207                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5208                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5209                                 warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
5210                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5211                         }
5212                 }
5213         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
5214                         entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5215                         current_scope == file_scope) {
5216                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
5217                 if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
5218                         warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
5219                                  declaration->type, symbol);
5220                 }
5221         }
5222
5223 finish:
5224         assert(entity->base.parent_scope == NULL);
5225         assert(current_scope != NULL);
5226
5227         entity->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5228         entity->base.namespc      = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5229         environment_push(entity);
5230         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
5231
5232         return entity;
5233 }
5234
5235 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
5236                 const source_position_t *source_position)
5237 {
5238         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
5239                entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
5240 }
5241
5242 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
5243                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
5244 {
5245         switch (token->type) {
5246                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
5247                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
5248                         return true;
5249                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
5250                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
5251
5252                 case T___extension__:
5253                 STORAGE_CLASSES
5254                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
5255
5256                 default:
5257                         return false;
5258         }
5259 }
5260
5261 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
5262 {
5263         assert(is_declaration(entity));
5264         declaration_t *const declaration = &entity->declaration;
5265
5266         eat('=');
5267
5268         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
5269         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5270
5271         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
5272                         && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
5273                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
5274         }
5275
5276         bool must_be_constant = false;
5277         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
5278             entity->base.parent_scope  == file_scope) {
5279                 must_be_constant = true;
5280         }
5281
5282         if (is_type_function(type)) {
5283                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5284                        "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
5285                        orig_type, entity->base.symbol);
5286                 orig_type = type_error_type;
5287         }
5288
5289         parse_initializer_env_t env;
5290         env.type             = orig_type;
5291         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
5292         env.entity           = entity;
5293         current_init_decl    = entity;
5294
5295         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
5296         current_init_decl = NULL;
5297
5298         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
5299                 /* § 6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
5300                  * determine the array type size */
5301                 declaration->type            = env.type;
5302                 entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
5303         }
5304 }
5305
5306 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
5307 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
5308                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5309 {
5310         eat(';');
5311         anonymous_entity = NULL;
5312
5313         if (warning.other) {
5314                 if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
5315                                 specifiers->thread_local) {
5316                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
5317                                  "useless storage class in empty declaration");
5318                 }
5319
5320                 type_t *type = specifiers->type;
5321                 switch (type->kind) {
5322                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
5323                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
5324                                 if (type->compound.compound->base.symbol == NULL) {
5325                                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
5326                                                  "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
5327                                 }
5328                                 break;
5329                         }
5330
5331                         case TYPE_ENUM:
5332                                 break;
5333
5334                         default:
5335                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
5336                                 break;
5337                 }
5338         }
5339 }
5340
5341 static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
5342 {
5343         if (ent->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
5344                 return;
5345
5346         /* §6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
5347          *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
5348         declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
5349         if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE)
5350                 return;
5351
5352         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
5353         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5354         if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
5355                 return;
5356
5357         /* GCC allows global arrays without size and assigns them a length of one,
5358          * if no different declaration follows */
5359         if (is_type_array(type) &&
5360                         c_mode & _GNUC      &&
5361                         ent->base.parent_scope == file_scope) {
5362                 ARR_APP1(declaration_t*, incomplete_arrays, decl);
5363                 return;
5364         }
5365
5366         errorf(&ent->base.source_position, "variable '%#T' has incomplete type",
5367                         orig_type, ent->base.symbol);
5368 }
5369
5370
5371 static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
5372                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
5373                 parsed_declaration_func         finished_declaration,
5374                 declarator_flags_t              flags)
5375 {
5376         add_anchor_token(';');
5377         add_anchor_token(',');
5378         while (true) {
5379                 entity_t *entity = finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
5380
5381                 if (token.type == '=') {
5382                         parse_init_declarator_rest(entity);
5383                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
5384                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.5.3:3  The initializer can be omitted
5385                          * [...] where the extern specifier is explicitly used. */
5386                         declaration_t *decl = &entity->declaration;
5387                         if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5388                                 type_t *type = decl->type;
5389                                 if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type))) {
5390                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5391                                                         "reference '%#T' must be initialized",
5392                                                         type, entity->base.symbol);
5393                                 }
5394                         }
5395                 }
5396
5397                 check_variable_type_complete(entity);
5398
5399                 if (token.type != ',')
5400                         break;
5401                 eat(',');
5402
5403                 add_anchor_token('=');
5404                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
5405                 rem_anchor_token('=');
5406         }
5407         expect(';', end_error);
5408
5409 end_error:
5410         anonymous_entity = NULL;
5411         rem_anchor_token(';');
5412         rem_anchor_token(',');
5413 }
5414
5415 static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
5416 {
5417         symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
5418         if (symbol == NULL) {
5419                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
5420                 return entity;
5421         }
5422
5423         assert(entity->base.namespc == NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5424         entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5425         if (previous_entity == NULL
5426                         || previous_entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
5427                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
5428                        symbol);
5429                 return entity;
5430         }
5431
5432         if (is_definition) {
5433                 errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
5434         }
5435
5436         return record_entity(entity, false);
5437 }
5438
5439 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration,
5440                               declarator_flags_t      flags)
5441 {
5442         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5443         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5444
5445         add_anchor_token(';');
5446         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5447         rem_anchor_token(';');
5448
5449         if (token.type == ';') {
5450                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5451         } else {
5452                 entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers, flags);
5453                 parse_declaration_rest(entity, &specifiers, finished_declaration, flags);
5454         }
5455 }
5456
5457 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
5458 {
5459         type_t *result = orig_type;
5460
5461         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5462         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
5463                 result = promote_integer(type);
5464         } else if (type == type_float) {
5465                 result = type_double;
5466         }
5467
5468         return result;
5469 }
5470
5471 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(entity_t *entity)
5472 {
5473         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
5474                 return;
5475
5476         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
5477         assert(is_type_function(type));
5478         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
5479                 return;
5480
5481
5482         add_anchor_token('{');
5483
5484         /* push function parameters */
5485         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
5486         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->function.parameters);
5487
5488         entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
5489         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5490                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL);
5491                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5492                 environment_push(parameter);
5493         }
5494
5495         /* parse declaration list */
5496         for (;;) {
5497                 switch (token.type) {
5498                         DECLARATION_START
5499                         case T___extension__:
5500                         /* This covers symbols, which are no type, too, and results in
5501                          * better error messages.  The typical cases are misspelled type
5502                          * names and missing includes. */
5503                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
5504                                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration, DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
5505                                 break;
5506                         default:
5507                                 goto decl_list_end;
5508                 }
5509         }
5510 decl_list_end:
5511
5512         /* pop function parameters */
5513         assert(current_scope == &entity->function.parameters);
5514         scope_pop(old_scope);
5515         environment_pop_to(top);
5516
5517         /* update function type */
5518         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
5519
5520         function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
5521         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
5522
5523         parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
5524         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5525                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
5526                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
5527                         if (strict_mode) {
5528                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
5529                                        parameter->base.symbol);
5530                         } else {
5531                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
5532                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
5533                                                  parameter->base.symbol);
5534                                 }
5535                                 parameter_type              = type_int;
5536                                 parameter->declaration.type = parameter_type;
5537                         }
5538                 }
5539
5540                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(parameter);
5541                 parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
5542
5543                 /*
5544                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
5545                  */
5546                 parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
5547
5548                 function_parameter_t *function_parameter
5549                         = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
5550                 memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
5551
5552                 function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
5553                 if (last_parameter != NULL) {
5554                         last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
5555                 } else {
5556                         parameters = function_parameter;
5557                 }
5558                 last_parameter = function_parameter;
5559         }
5560
5561         /* § 6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
5562          * prototype */
5563         new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
5564         new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
5565
5566         new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
5567
5568         entity->declaration.type = new_type;
5569
5570         rem_anchor_token('{');
5571 }
5572
5573 static bool first_err = true;
5574
5575 /**
5576  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
5577  * else does noting.
5578  */
5579 static void print_in_function(void)
5580 {
5581         if (first_err) {
5582                 first_err = false;
5583                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
5584                             current_function->base.base.source_position.input_name,
5585                             current_function->base.base.symbol);
5586         }
5587 }
5588
5589 /**
5590  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
5591  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
5592  */
5593 static void check_labels(void)
5594 {
5595         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
5596             goto_statement != NULL;
5597             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
5598                 /* skip computed gotos */
5599                 if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
5600                         continue;
5601
5602                 label_t *label = goto_statement->label;
5603
5604                 label->used = true;
5605                 if (label->base.source_position.input_name == NULL) {
5606                         print_in_function();
5607                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
5608                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->base.symbol);
5609                  }
5610         }
5611
5612         if (warning.unused_label) {
5613                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
5614                          label_statement != NULL;
5615                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
5616                         label_t *label = label_statement->label;
5617
5618                         if (! label->used) {
5619                                 print_in_function();
5620                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
5621                                          "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->base.symbol);
5622                         }
5623                 }
5624         }
5625 }
5626
5627 static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
5628 {
5629         entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
5630         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
5631                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
5632                         continue;
5633
5634                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
5635                 if (declaration->implicit)
5636                         continue;
5637
5638                 if (!declaration->used) {
5639                         print_in_function();
5640                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5641                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused",
5642                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
5643                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE && !entity->variable.read) {
5644                         print_in_function();
5645                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5646                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
5647                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
5648                 }
5649         }
5650 }
5651
5652 static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
5653 {
5654         (void)env;
5655
5656         switch (stmt->kind) {
5657                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5658                         declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
5659                         warn_unused_entity(decls->declarations_begin,
5660                                            decls->declarations_end);
5661                         return;
5662                 }
5663
5664                 case STATEMENT_FOR:
5665                         warn_unused_entity(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
5666                         return;
5667
5668                 default:
5669                         return;
5670         }
5671 }
5672
5673 /**
5674  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
5675  */
5676 static void check_declarations(void)
5677 {
5678         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
5679                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->parameters;
5680
5681                 /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
5682                 if (!is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
5683                         warn_unused_entity(scope->entities, NULL);
5684                 }
5685         }
5686         if (warning.unused_variable) {
5687                 walk_statements(current_function->statement, check_unused_variables,
5688                                 NULL);
5689         }
5690 }
5691
5692 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
5693 {
5694         return
5695                 !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
5696                 fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
5697                 -1;
5698 }
5699
5700 static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
5701 static bool reaches_end;
5702
5703 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
5704 {
5705         switch (expr->kind) {
5706                 case EXPR_CALL: {
5707                         expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
5708                         if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5709                                 entity_t *entity = func->reference.entity;
5710                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
5711                                                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
5712                                         return false;
5713                         }
5714
5715                         if (!expression_returns(func))
5716                                 return false;
5717
5718                         for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
5719                                 if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
5720                                         return false;
5721                         }
5722
5723                         return true;
5724                 }
5725
5726                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
5727                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
5728                 case EXPR_CONST:
5729                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5730                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5731                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
5732                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
5733                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
5734                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
5735                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
5736                 case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
5737                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
5738                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
5739                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
5740                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
5741                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
5742                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
5743                 case EXPR_INVALID:
5744                         return true;
5745
5746                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
5747                         bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
5748                         reaches_end = false;
5749                         check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
5750                         bool returns = reaches_end;
5751                         reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
5752                         return returns;
5753                 }
5754
5755                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
5756                         // TODO handle constant expression
5757
5758                         if (!expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition))
5759                                 return false;
5760
5761                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL
5762                                         && expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression))
5763                                 return true;
5764
5765                         return expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression);
5766
5767                 case EXPR_SELECT:
5768                         return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
5769
5770                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
5771                         return
5772                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
5773                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
5774
5775                 case EXPR_VA_START:
5776                         return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
5777
5778                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
5779                         return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
5780
5781                 EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
5782                         return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
5783
5784                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
5785                         return false;
5786
5787                 EXPR_BINARY_CASES
5788                         // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
5789                         return
5790                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
5791                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
5792
5793                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
5794                         break;
5795         }
5796
5797         panic("unhandled expression");
5798 }
5799
5800 static bool initializer_returns(initializer_t const *const init)
5801 {
5802         switch (init->kind) {
5803                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
5804                         return expression_returns(init->value.value);
5805
5806                 case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
5807                         initializer_t * const*       i       = init->list.initializers;
5808                         initializer_t * const* const end     = i + init->list.len;
5809                         bool                         returns = true;
5810                         for (; i != end; ++i) {
5811                                 if (!initializer_returns(*i))
5812                                         returns = false;
5813                         }
5814                         return returns;
5815                 }
5816
5817                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
5818                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
5819                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR: // designators have no payload
5820                         return true;
5821         }
5822         panic("unhandled initializer");
5823 }
5824
5825 static bool noreturn_candidate;
5826
5827 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
5828 {
5829         if (stmt->base.reachable)
5830                 return;
5831         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
5832                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
5833
5834         statement_t *last = stmt;
5835         statement_t *next;
5836         switch (stmt->kind) {
5837                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5838                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5839                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5840                         next = stmt->base.next;
5841                         break;
5842
5843                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5844                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5845                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5846                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5847                         if (ent != NULL) {
5848                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5849                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5850                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL            &&
5851                                                         !initializer_returns(ent->variable.initializer)) {
5852                                                 return;
5853                                         }
5854                                         if (ent == last)
5855                                                 break;
5856                                 }
5857                         }
5858                         next = stmt->base.next;
5859                         break;
5860                 }
5861
5862                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5863                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
5864                         if (next == NULL)
5865                                 next = stmt->base.next;
5866                         break;
5867
5868                 case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
5869                         expression_t const *const val = stmt->returns.value;
5870                         if (val == NULL || expression_returns(val))
5871                                 noreturn_candidate = false;
5872                         return;
5873                 }
5874
5875                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
5876                         if_statement_t const *const ifs  = &stmt->ifs;
5877                         expression_t   const *const cond = ifs->condition;
5878
5879                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5880                                 return;
5881
5882                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5883
5884                         if (val >= 0)
5885                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
5886
5887                         if (val > 0)
5888                                 return;
5889
5890                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
5891                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
5892                                 return;
5893                         }
5894
5895                         next = stmt->base.next;
5896                         break;
5897                 }
5898
5899                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
5900                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
5901                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
5902
5903                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5904                                 return;
5905
5906                         if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
5907                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant(expr);
5908                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
5909                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5910                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
5911                                                 defaults = i;
5912                                                 continue;
5913                                         }
5914
5915                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
5916                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5917                                                 return;
5918                                         }
5919                                 }
5920
5921                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
5922                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
5923                                         return;
5924                                 }
5925                         } else {
5926                                 bool has_default = false;
5927                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5928                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
5929                                                 has_default = true;
5930
5931                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5932                                 }
5933
5934                                 if (has_default)
5935                                         return;
5936                         }
5937
5938                         next = stmt->base.next;
5939                         break;
5940                 }
5941
5942                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
5943                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
5944                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
5945                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5946                                 return;
5947
5948                         next = stmt->base.next;
5949                         break;
5950                 }
5951
5952                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE: {
5953                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5954                         for (;;) {
5955                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5956                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
5957                                         return;
5958
5959                                 next = parent;
5960                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5961                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
5962                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
5963                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
5964
5965                                         default: break;
5966                                 }
5967                         }
5968                 }
5969
5970                 case STATEMENT_BREAK: {
5971                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5972                         for (;;) {
5973                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5974                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
5975                                         return;
5976
5977                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5978                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5979                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
5980                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5981                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
5982                                                 last = parent;
5983                                                 next = parent->base.next;
5984                                                 goto found_break_parent;
5985
5986                                         default: break;
5987                                 }
5988                         }
5989 found_break_parent:
5990                         break;
5991                 }
5992
5993                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5994                         if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
5995                                 if (!expression_returns(stmt->gotos.expression))
5996                                         return;
5997
5998                                 statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
5999                                 if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
6000                                         return;
6001                                 next = parent;
6002                         } else {
6003                                 next = stmt->gotos.label->statement;
6004                                 if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
6005                                         return;
6006                         }
6007                         break;
6008
6009                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
6010                         next = stmt->label.statement;
6011                         break;
6012
6013                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
6014                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
6015                         break;
6016
6017                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
6018                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
6019                         expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
6020
6021                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
6022                                 return;
6023
6024                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6025
6026                         if (val >= 0)
6027                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
6028
6029                         if (val > 0)
6030                                 return;
6031
6032                         next = stmt->base.next;
6033                         break;
6034                 }
6035
6036                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
6037                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
6038                         break;
6039
6040                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6041                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
6042
6043                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
6044                                 return;
6045                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
6046
6047                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
6048
6049                         int val;
6050                         if (cond == NULL) {
6051                                 val = 1;
6052                         } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
6053                                 val = determine_truth(cond);
6054                         } else {
6055                                 return;
6056                         }
6057
6058                         if (val >= 0)
6059                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
6060
6061                         if (val > 0)
6062                                 return;
6063
6064                         next = stmt->base.next;
6065                         break;
6066                 }
6067
6068                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
6069                         ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
6070                         check_reachable(ms_try->try_statement);
6071                         next = ms_try->final_statement;
6072                         break;
6073                 }
6074
6075                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE: {
6076                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
6077                         for (;;) {
6078                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
6079                                 if (parent == NULL) /* __leave not within __try */
6080                                         return;
6081
6082                                 if (parent->kind == STATEMENT_MS_TRY) {
6083                                         last = parent;
6084                                         next = parent->ms_try.final_statement;
6085                                         break;
6086                                 }
6087                         }
6088                         break;
6089                 }
6090
6091                 default:
6092                         panic("invalid statement kind");
6093         }
6094
6095         while (next == NULL) {
6096                 next = last->base.parent;
6097                 if (next == NULL) {
6098                         noreturn_candidate = false;
6099
6100                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
6101                         assert(is_type_function(type));
6102                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
6103                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
6104                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
6105                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
6106                             !is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
6107                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
6108                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
6109                         }
6110                         return;
6111                 }
6112
6113                 switch (next->kind) {
6114                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
6115                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
6116                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
6117                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
6118                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
6119                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
6120                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
6121                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
6122                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
6123                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
6124                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
6125
6126                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
6127                                 if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
6128                                         reaches_end = true;
6129                                         return;
6130                                 }
6131                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
6132                         case STATEMENT_IF:
6133                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
6134                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
6135                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
6136                                 last = next;
6137                                 next = next->base.next;
6138                                 break;
6139
6140                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
6141 continue_while:
6142                                 if (next->base.reachable)
6143                                         return;
6144                                 next->base.reachable = true;
6145
6146                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
6147                                 expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
6148
6149                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
6150                                         return;
6151
6152                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6153
6154                                 if (val >= 0)
6155                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
6156
6157                                 if (val > 0)
6158                                         return;
6159
6160                                 last = next;
6161                                 next = next->base.next;
6162                                 break;
6163                         }
6164
6165                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
6166 continue_do_while:
6167                                 if (next->base.reachable)
6168                                         return;
6169                                 next->base.reachable = true;
6170
6171                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw   = &next->do_while;
6172                                 expression_t         const *const cond = dw->condition;
6173
6174                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
6175                                         return;
6176
6177                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6178
6179                                 if (val >= 0)
6180                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
6181
6182                                 if (val > 0)
6183                                         return;
6184
6185                                 last = next;
6186                                 next = next->base.next;
6187                                 break;
6188                         }
6189
6190                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6191 continue_for:;
6192                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
6193
6194                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
6195
6196                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
6197                                         return;
6198                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
6199
6200                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
6201
6202                                 int val;
6203                                 if (cond == NULL) {
6204                                         val = 1;
6205                                 } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
6206                                         val = determine_truth(cond);
6207                                 } else {
6208                                         return;
6209                                 }
6210
6211                                 if (val >= 0)
6212                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
6213
6214                                 if (val > 0)
6215                                         return;
6216
6217                                 last = next;
6218                                 next = next->base.next;
6219                                 break;
6220                         }
6221
6222                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
6223                                 last = next;
6224                                 next = next->ms_try.final_statement;
6225                                 break;
6226                 }
6227         }
6228
6229         check_reachable(next);
6230 }
6231
6232 static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
6233 {
6234         (void)env;
6235
6236         switch (stmt->kind) {
6237                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
6238                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
6239                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
6240                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
6241                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
6242                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
6243                                 }
6244                         }
6245                         return;
6246
6247                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6248                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
6249
6250                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
6251                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
6252                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
6253                         } else {
6254                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
6255                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
6256                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
6257                                 }
6258
6259                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
6260                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
6261                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
6262                                 }
6263
6264                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
6265                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
6266                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
6267                                 }
6268                         }
6269                         return;
6270                 }
6271
6272                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
6273                         if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
6274                                 return;
6275                         goto warn_unreachable;
6276
6277                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
6278                         /* Only warn if there is at least one declarator with an initializer.
6279                          * This typically occurs in switch statements. */
6280                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
6281                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
6282                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
6283                         if (ent != NULL) {
6284                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
6285                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
6286                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
6287                                                 goto warn_unreachable;
6288                                         }
6289                                         if (ent == last)
6290                                                 return;
6291                                 }
6292                         }
6293                 }
6294
6295                 default:
6296 warn_unreachable:
6297                         if (!stmt->base.reachable)
6298                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
6299                         return;
6300         }
6301 }
6302
6303 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
6304 {
6305         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
6306          * specifiers */
6307         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6308         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6309
6310         add_anchor_token(';');
6311         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6312         rem_anchor_token(';');
6313
6314         /* must be a declaration */
6315         if (token.type == ';') {
6316                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
6317                 return;
6318         }
6319
6320         add_anchor_token(',');
6321         add_anchor_token('=');
6322         add_anchor_token(';');
6323         add_anchor_token('{');
6324
6325         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
6326         entity_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
6327
6328         rem_anchor_token('{');
6329         rem_anchor_token(';');
6330         rem_anchor_token('=');
6331         rem_anchor_token(',');
6332
6333         /* must be a declaration */
6334         switch (token.type) {
6335                 case ',':
6336                 case ';':
6337                 case '=':
6338                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_entity,
6339                                         DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
6340                         return;
6341         }
6342
6343         /* must be a function definition */
6344         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
6345
6346         if (token.type != '{') {
6347                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
6348                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
6349                 return;
6350         }
6351
6352         assert(is_declaration(ndeclaration));
6353         type_t *const orig_type = ndeclaration->declaration.type;
6354         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6355
6356         if (!is_type_function(type)) {
6357                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6358                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
6359                                type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6360                 }
6361                 eat_block();
6362                 return;
6363         } else if (is_typeref(orig_type)) {
6364                 /* §6.9.1:2 */
6365                 errorf(&ndeclaration->base.source_position,
6366                                 "type of function definition '%#T' is a typedef",
6367                                 orig_type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6368         }
6369
6370         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
6371             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
6372                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
6373                          ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6374         }
6375         if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
6376                 warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
6377                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6378         }
6379         if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
6380                 warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
6381                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6382         }
6383
6384         /* § 6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
6385          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
6386         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
6387                         type->function.parameters == NULL     &&
6388                         !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
6389                 type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
6390                 copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
6391                 type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
6392
6393                 ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
6394         }
6395
6396         entity_t *const entity = record_entity(ndeclaration, true);
6397         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6398         assert(ndeclaration->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6399
6400         function_t *function = &entity->function;
6401         if (ndeclaration != entity) {
6402                 function->parameters = ndeclaration->function.parameters;
6403         }
6404         assert(is_declaration(entity));
6405         type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
6406
6407         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
6408         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
6409         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&function->parameters);
6410
6411         entity_t *parameter = function->parameters.entities;
6412         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
6413                 if (parameter->base.parent_scope == &ndeclaration->function.parameters) {
6414                         parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
6415                 }
6416                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL
6417                                 || parameter->base.parent_scope == current_scope);
6418                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
6419                 if (parameter->base.symbol == NULL) {
6420                         errorf(&parameter->base.source_position, "parameter name omitted");
6421                         continue;
6422                 }
6423                 environment_push(parameter);
6424         }
6425
6426         if (function->statement != NULL) {
6427                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
6428                 eat_block();
6429         } else {
6430                 /* parse function body */
6431                 int         label_stack_top      = label_top();
6432                 function_t *old_current_function = current_function;
6433                 current_function                 = function;
6434                 current_parent                   = NULL;
6435
6436                 goto_first   = NULL;
6437                 goto_anchor  = &goto_first;
6438                 label_first  = NULL;
6439                 label_anchor = &label_first;
6440
6441                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
6442                 function->statement = body;
6443                 first_err = true;
6444                 check_labels();
6445                 check_declarations();
6446                 if (warning.return_type      ||
6447                     warning.unreachable_code ||
6448                     (warning.missing_noreturn
6449                      && !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
6450                         noreturn_candidate = true;
6451                         check_reachable(body);
6452                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
6453                                 walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
6454                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
6455                             noreturn_candidate       &&
6456                             !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
6457                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
6458                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
6459                                          type, entity->base.symbol);
6460                         }
6461                 }
6462
6463                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
6464                 assert(current_function == function);
6465                 current_function = old_current_function;
6466                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
6467         }
6468
6469         assert(current_scope == &function->parameters);
6470         scope_pop(old_scope);
6471         environment_pop_to(top);
6472 }
6473
6474 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
6475                                   source_position_t *source_position,
6476                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
6477 {
6478         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
6479
6480         type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
6481         type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
6482
6483         il_size_t bit_size;
6484         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
6485         if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
6486                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
6487                         base_type);
6488                 bit_size = 0;
6489         } else {
6490                 bit_size = skipped_type->base.size * 8;
6491         }
6492
6493         if (is_constant_expression(size)) {
6494                 long v = fold_constant(size);
6495
6496                 if (v < 0) {
6497                         errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
6498                 } else if (v == 0) {
6499                         errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
6500                 } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
6501                         errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type", symbol);
6502                 } else {
6503                         type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
6504                 }
6505         }
6506
6507         return type;
6508 }
6509
6510 static entity_t *find_compound_entry(compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
6511 {
6512         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
6513         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
6514                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
6515                         continue;
6516
6517                 if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
6518                         return iter;
6519                 } else if (iter->base.symbol == NULL) {
6520                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
6521                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
6522                                 entity_t *result
6523                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.compound, symbol);
6524                                 if (result != NULL)
6525                                         return result;
6526                         }
6527                         continue;
6528                 }
6529         }
6530
6531         return NULL;
6532 }
6533
6534 static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
6535                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
6536 {
6537         while (true) {
6538                 entity_t *entity;
6539
6540                 if (token.type == ':') {
6541                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
6542                         next_token();
6543
6544                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
6545                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
6546
6547                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
6548                                         &source_position, sym_anonymous);
6549
6550                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6551                         entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
6552                         entity->base.source_position               = source_position;
6553                         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
6554                         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
6555                         entity->declaration.modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
6556                         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6557                         append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
6558                 } else {
6559                         entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
6560                                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6561                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
6562                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6563                                                 "typedef not allowed as compound member");
6564                         } else {
6565                                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6566
6567                                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
6568                                 symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
6569                                 if (symbol != NULL) {
6570                                         entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
6571                                         if (prev != NULL) {
6572                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6573                                                                 "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
6574                                                                 symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
6575                                         }
6576                                 }
6577
6578                                 if (token.type == ':') {
6579                                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
6580                                         next_token();
6581                                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
6582
6583                                         type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
6584                                         type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
6585                                                         &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
6586                                         entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
6587                                 } else {
6588                                         type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
6589                                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6590                                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6591                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6592                                                                 "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
6593                                                                 entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6594                                         } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
6595                                                 /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
6596                                                 if (is_type_array(type) &&
6597                                                                 token.type == ';'   &&
6598                                                                 look_ahead(1)->type == '}') {
6599                                                         compound->has_flexible_member = true;
6600                                                 } else {
6601                                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6602                                                                         "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
6603                                                                         entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6604                                                 }
6605                                         }
6606                                 }
6607
6608                                 append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
6609                         }
6610                 }
6611
6612                 if (token.type != ',')
6613                         break;
6614                 next_token();
6615         }
6616         expect(';', end_error);
6617
6618 end_error:
6619         anonymous_entity = NULL;
6620 }
6621
6622 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound)
6623 {
6624         eat('{');
6625         add_anchor_token('}');
6626
6627         while (token.type != '}') {
6628                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
6629                         errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
6630                         break;
6631                 }
6632                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6633                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6634                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6635
6636                 parse_compound_declarators(compound, &specifiers);
6637         }
6638         rem_anchor_token('}');
6639         next_token();
6640
6641         /* §6.7.2.1:7 */
6642         compound->complete = true;
6643 }
6644
6645 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
6646 {
6647         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6648         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6649         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6650         if (specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
6651                         specifiers.thread_local) {
6652                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
6653                  * storage class is...
6654                  */
6655                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
6656         }
6657
6658         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
6659
6660         return result;
6661 }
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
6667 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
6668
6669 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
6670 struct expression_parser_function_t {
6671         parse_expression_function        parser;
6672         precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
6673         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
6674 };
6675
6676 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
6677
6678 /**
6679  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
6680  */
6681 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
6682 {
6683         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
6684         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
6685                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token %K", &token);
6686         }
6687         next_token();
6688
6689         return create_invalid_expression();
6690 }
6691
6692 /**
6693  * Parse a string constant.
6694  */
6695 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
6696 {
6697         wide_string_t wres;
6698         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6699                 string_t res = token.v.string;
6700                 next_token();
6701                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6702                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
6703                         next_token();
6704                 }
6705                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
6706                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
6707                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
6708                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
6709                          * will construct the array type */
6710                         cnst->base.type    = warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
6711                         cnst->string.value = res;
6712                         return cnst;
6713                 }
6714
6715                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
6716         } else {
6717                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
6718         }
6719         next_token();
6720
6721         for (;;) {
6722                 switch (token.type) {
6723                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
6724                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
6725                                 break;
6726
6727                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
6728                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
6729                                 break;
6730
6731                         default: {
6732                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6733                                 cnst->base.type         = warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
6734                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
6735                                 return cnst;
6736                         }
6737                 }
6738                 next_token();
6739         }
6740 }
6741
6742 /**
6743  * Parse a boolean constant.
6744  */
6745 static expression_t *parse_bool_const(bool value)
6746 {
6747         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6748         cnst->base.type          = type_bool;
6749         cnst->conste.v.int_value = value;
6750
6751         next_token();
6752
6753         return cnst;
6754 }
6755
6756 /**
6757  * Parse an integer constant.
6758  */
6759 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
6760 {
6761         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6762         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6763         cnst->conste.v.int_value = token.v.intvalue;
6764
6765         next_token();
6766
6767         return cnst;
6768 }
6769
6770 /**
6771  * Parse a character constant.
6772  */
6773 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
6774 {
6775         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6776         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6777         cnst->conste.v.character = token.v.string;
6778
6779         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
6780                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6781                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6782                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6783                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6784                 }
6785         }
6786         next_token();
6787
6788         return cnst;
6789 }
6790
6791 /**
6792  * Parse a wide character constant.
6793  */
6794 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
6795 {
6796         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6797         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
6798         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
6799
6800         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
6801                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6802                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6803                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6804                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6805                 }
6806         }
6807         next_token();
6808
6809         return cnst;
6810 }
6811
6812 /**
6813  * Parse a float constant.
6814  */
6815 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
6816 {
6817         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6818         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6819         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
6820
6821         next_token();
6822
6823         return cnst;
6824 }
6825
6826 static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
6827                 const source_position_t *source_position)
6828 {
6829         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6830         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
6831         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
6832         ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
6833         type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
6834
6835         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6836         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6837         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6838         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6839         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
6840         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
6841         entity->base.source_position               = *source_position;
6842
6843         bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
6844         warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
6845         record_entity(entity, false);
6846         warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
6847
6848         return entity;
6849 }
6850
6851 /**
6852  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6853  * already exists.
6854  */
6855 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
6856                                     type_t *argument_type2)
6857 {
6858         function_parameter_t *parameter2
6859                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
6860         memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
6861         parameter2->type = argument_type2;
6862
6863         function_parameter_t *parameter1
6864                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
6865         memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
6866         parameter1->type = argument_type1;
6867         parameter1->next = parameter2;
6868
6869         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6870         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6871         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
6872
6873         return identify_new_type(type);
6874 }
6875
6876 /**
6877  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6878  * already exists.
6879  *
6880  * @param return_type    the return type
6881  * @param argument_type  the argument type
6882  */
6883 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6884 {
6885         function_parameter_t *parameter
6886                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
6887         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
6888         parameter->type = argument_type;
6889
6890         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6891         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6892         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
6893
6894         return identify_new_type(type);
6895 }
6896
6897 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
6898 {
6899         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6900         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6901         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6902
6903         return identify_new_type(type);
6904 }
6905
6906 /**
6907  * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
6908  *
6909  * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
6910  */
6911 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
6912 {
6913         switch (symbol->ID) {
6914         case T___builtin_alloca:
6915                 return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
6916         case T___builtin_huge_val:
6917                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
6918         case T___builtin_inf:
6919                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
6920         case T___builtin_inff:
6921                 return make_function_0_type(type_float);
6922         case T___builtin_infl:
6923                 return make_function_0_type(type_long_double);
6924         case T___builtin_nan:
6925                 return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
6926         case T___builtin_nanf:
6927                 return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
6928         case T___builtin_nanl:
6929                 return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
6930         case T___builtin_va_end:
6931                 return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
6932         case T___builtin_expect:
6933                 return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
6934         default:
6935                 internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin identifier found");
6936         }
6937 }
6938
6939 /**
6940  * Performs automatic type cast as described in § 6.3.2.1.
6941  *
6942  * @param orig_type  the original type
6943  */
6944 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
6945 {
6946         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6947         if (is_type_array(type)) {
6948                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
6949                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
6950                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
6951
6952                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
6953         }
6954
6955         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6956                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6957         }
6958
6959         return orig_type;
6960 }
6961
6962 /**
6963  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
6964  * to function-pointer types as defined § 6.3.2.1
6965  */
6966 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
6967 {
6968         switch (expression->kind) {
6969                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
6970                         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
6971                         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6972                                 return entity->declaration.type;
6973                         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6974                                 return entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6975                         } else {
6976                                 panic("no declaration or enum in reference");
6977                         }
6978                 }
6979
6980                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
6981                         entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
6982                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
6983                         type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
6984                         return get_qualified_type(type,
6985                                         expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
6986                 }
6987
6988                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
6989                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
6990                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
6991                         if (!is_type_pointer(type))
6992                                 return type_error_type;
6993                         return type->pointer.points_to;
6994                 }
6995
6996                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
6997                         return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
6998
6999                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
7000                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
7001                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
7002                         if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
7003                                 return type_error_type;
7004                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
7005                 }
7006
7007                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
7008                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
7009                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7010                 }
7011
7012                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
7013                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
7014                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7015                 }
7016
7017                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
7018                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
7019
7020                 default:
7021                         return expression->base.type;
7022         }
7023 }
7024
7025 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
7026 {
7027         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
7028
7029         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
7030
7031         if (entity == NULL) {
7032                 if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
7033                         /* an implicitly declared function */
7034                         if (warning.error_implicit_function_declaration) {
7035                                 errorf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
7036                         } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
7037                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
7038                         }
7039
7040                         entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
7041                 } else {
7042                         errorf(HERE, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
7043                         entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
7044                 }
7045         }
7046
7047         type_t *orig_type;
7048
7049         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
7050                 orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
7051         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
7052                 orig_type = entity->enum_value.enum_type;
7053         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
7054                 errorf(HERE, "encountered typedef name '%Y' while parsing expression",
7055                         symbol);
7056                 next_token();
7057                 return create_invalid_expression();
7058         } else {
7059                 panic("expected declaration or enum value in reference");
7060         }
7061
7062         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
7063          * code to revert this! */
7064         type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
7065
7066         expression_kind_t kind = EXPR_REFERENCE;
7067         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
7068                 kind = EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE;
7069
7070         expression_t *expression     = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7071         expression->reference.entity = entity;
7072         expression->base.type        = type;
7073
7074         /* this declaration is used */
7075         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
7076                 entity->declaration.used = true;
7077         }
7078
7079         if (entity->base.parent_scope != file_scope
7080                 && entity->base.parent_scope->depth < current_function->parameters.depth
7081                 && is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
7082                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
7083                         /* access of a variable from an outer function */
7084                         entity->variable.address_taken = true;
7085                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
7086                         entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
7087                 }
7088                 current_function->need_closure = true;
7089         }
7090
7091         /* check for deprecated functions */
7092         if (warning.deprecated_declarations
7093                 && is_declaration(entity)
7094                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
7095                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
7096
7097                 char const *const prefix = entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION ?
7098                         "function" : "variable";
7099
7100                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
7101                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
7102                                  prefix, entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position,
7103                                  declaration->deprecated_string);
7104                 } else {
7105                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
7106                                  entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
7107                 }
7108         }
7109
7110         if (warning.init_self && entity == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop
7111             && entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
7112                 current_init_decl = NULL;
7113                 warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
7114                          entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
7115         }
7116
7117         next_token();
7118         return expression;
7119 }
7120
7121 static bool semantic_cast(expression_t *cast)
7122 {
7123         expression_t            *expression      = cast->unary.value;
7124         type_t                  *orig_dest_type  = cast->base.type;
7125         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
7126         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
7127         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7128         source_position_t const *pos             = &cast->base.source_position;
7129
7130         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
7131         if (dst_type == type_void)
7132                 return true;
7133
7134         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
7135         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
7136             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
7137             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
7138             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
7139                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
7140                 return false;
7141         }
7142
7143         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
7144                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
7145                 return false;
7146         }
7147
7148         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
7149                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
7150                 return false;
7151         }
7152
7153         if (warning.cast_qual &&
7154             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
7155             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
7156                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
7157                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
7158                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
7159                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
7160                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
7161                         warningf(pos,
7162                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
7163                                  missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
7164                 }
7165         }
7166         return true;
7167 }
7168
7169 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
7170 {
7171         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
7172
7173         parse_initializer_env_t env;
7174         env.type             = type;
7175         env.entity           = NULL;
7176         env.must_be_constant = false;
7177         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
7178         type = env.type;
7179
7180         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
7181         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
7182         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
7183
7184         return expression;
7185 }
7186
7187 /**
7188  * Parse a cast expression.
7189  */
7190 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
7191 {
7192         add_anchor_token(')');
7193
7194         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7195
7196         type_t *type = parse_typename();
7197
7198         rem_anchor_token(')');
7199         expect(')', end_error);
7200
7201         if (token.type == '{') {
7202                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
7203         }
7204
7205         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
7206         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
7207
7208         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
7209         cast->base.type   = type;
7210         cast->unary.value = value;
7211
7212         if (! semantic_cast(cast)) {
7213                 /* TODO: record the error in the AST. else it is impossible to detect it */
7214         }
7215
7216         return cast;
7217 end_error:
7218         return create_invalid_expression();
7219 }
7220
7221 /**
7222  * Parse a statement expression.
7223  */
7224 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
7225 {
7226         add_anchor_token(')');
7227
7228         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
7229
7230         statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
7231         statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
7232         expression->statement.statement = statement;
7233
7234         /* find last statement and use its type */
7235         type_t *type = type_void;
7236         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
7237         if (stmt != NULL) {
7238                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
7239                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
7240
7241                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
7242                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
7243                 }
7244         } else if (warning.other) {
7245                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
7246         }
7247         expression->base.type = type;
7248
7249         rem_anchor_token(')');
7250         expect(')', end_error);
7251
7252 end_error:
7253         return expression;
7254 }
7255
7256 /**
7257  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
7258  */
7259 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
7260 {
7261         eat('(');
7262
7263         switch (token.type) {
7264         case '{':
7265                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
7266                 return parse_statement_expression();
7267
7268         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
7269         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
7270                 return parse_cast();
7271         case T_IDENTIFIER:
7272                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
7273                         return parse_cast();
7274                 }
7275         }
7276
7277         add_anchor_token(')');
7278         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
7279         result->base.parenthesized = true;
7280         rem_anchor_token(')');
7281         expect(')', end_error);
7282
7283 end_error:
7284         return result;
7285 }
7286
7287 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
7288 {
7289         /* TODO */
7290
7291         if (current_function == NULL) {
7292                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
7293         }
7294
7295         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7296         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7297         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
7298
7299         next_token();
7300
7301         return expression;
7302 }
7303
7304 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
7305 {
7306         if (current_function == NULL) {
7307                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
7308         }
7309
7310         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7311         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7312         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
7313
7314         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
7315
7316         return expression;
7317 }
7318
7319 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
7320 {
7321         if (current_function == NULL) {
7322                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
7323         }
7324
7325         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7326         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7327         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
7328
7329         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
7330
7331         return expression;
7332 }
7333
7334 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
7335 {
7336         if (current_function == NULL) {
7337                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
7338         }
7339
7340         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7341         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7342         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
7343
7344         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
7345
7346         return expression;
7347 }
7348
7349 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
7350 {
7351         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7352         result->source_position = *HERE;
7353
7354         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7355                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
7356                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7357                 return NULL;
7358         }
7359         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
7360         next_token();
7361
7362         designator_t *last_designator = result;
7363         while (true) {
7364                 if (token.type == '.') {
7365                         next_token();
7366                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7367                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
7368                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7369                                 return NULL;
7370                         }
7371                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7372                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
7373                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
7374                         next_token();
7375
7376                         last_designator->next = designator;
7377                         last_designator       = designator;
7378                         continue;
7379                 }
7380                 if (token.type == '[') {
7381                         next_token();
7382                         add_anchor_token(']');
7383                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7384                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
7385                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
7386                         rem_anchor_token(']');
7387                         expect(']', end_error);
7388                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
7389                                 return NULL;
7390                         }
7391
7392                         last_designator->next = designator;
7393                         last_designator       = designator;
7394                         continue;
7395                 }
7396                 break;
7397         }
7398
7399         return result;
7400 end_error:
7401         return NULL;
7402 }
7403
7404 /**
7405  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
7406  */
7407 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
7408 {
7409         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
7410         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
7411
7412         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
7413
7414         expect('(', end_error);
7415         add_anchor_token(',');
7416         type_t *type = parse_typename();
7417         rem_anchor_token(',');
7418         expect(',', end_error);
7419         add_anchor_token(')');
7420         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
7421         rem_anchor_token(')');
7422         expect(')', end_error);
7423
7424         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
7425         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
7426
7427         type_path_t path;
7428         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
7429         path.top_type = type;
7430         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
7431
7432         descend_into_subtype(&path);
7433
7434         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
7435                 return create_invalid_expression();
7436         }
7437
7438         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
7439
7440         return expression;
7441 end_error:
7442         return create_invalid_expression();
7443 }
7444
7445 /**
7446  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
7447  */
7448 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
7449 {
7450         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
7451
7452         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
7453
7454         expect('(', end_error);
7455         add_anchor_token(',');
7456         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
7457         rem_anchor_token(',');
7458         expect(',', end_error);
7459         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
7460         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7461                 entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
7462                 if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_function->parameters
7463                                 || entity->base.next != NULL
7464                                 || entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
7465                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7466                                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
7467                 } else {
7468                         expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
7469                 }
7470                 expect(')', end_error);
7471                 return expression;
7472         }
7473         expect(')', end_error);
7474 end_error:
7475         return create_invalid_expression();
7476 }
7477
7478 /**
7479  * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
7480  */
7481 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
7482 {
7483         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
7484
7485         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
7486
7487         expect('(', end_error);
7488         expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
7489         expect(',', end_error);
7490         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
7491         expect(')', end_error);
7492
7493         return expression;
7494 end_error:
7495         return create_invalid_expression();
7496 }
7497
7498 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
7499 {
7500         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
7501
7502         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7503
7504         expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
7505         next_token();
7506
7507         type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
7508         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
7509
7510         expression->base.type = type;
7511         return expression;
7512 }
7513
7514 /**
7515  * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
7516  */
7517 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
7518 {
7519         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
7520
7521         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
7522
7523         expect('(', end_error);
7524         add_anchor_token(')');
7525         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7526         rem_anchor_token(')');
7527         expect(')', end_error);
7528         expression->base.type = type_int;
7529
7530         return expression;
7531 end_error:
7532         return create_invalid_expression();
7533 }
7534
7535 /**
7536  * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
7537  */
7538 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
7539 {
7540         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
7541
7542         eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
7543
7544         expect('(', end_error);
7545         add_anchor_token(')');
7546         expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
7547         if (token.type == ',') {
7548                 next_token();
7549                 expression->builtin_prefetch.rw = parse_assignment_expression();
7550         }
7551         if (token.type == ',') {
7552                 next_token();
7553                 expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
7554         }
7555         rem_anchor_token(')');
7556         expect(')', end_error);
7557         expression->base.type = type_void;
7558
7559         return expression;
7560 end_error:
7561         return create_invalid_expression();
7562 }
7563
7564 /**
7565  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
7566  */
7567 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
7568 {
7569         expression_t *expression;
7570
7571         switch (token.type) {
7572         case T___builtin_isgreater:
7573                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
7574                 break;
7575         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7576                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
7577                 break;
7578         case T___builtin_isless:
7579                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
7580                 break;
7581         case T___builtin_islessequal:
7582                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
7583                 break;
7584         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7585                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
7586                 break;
7587         case T___builtin_isunordered:
7588                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
7589                 break;
7590         default:
7591                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
7592         }
7593         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
7594         next_token();
7595
7596         expect('(', end_error);
7597         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7598         expect(',', end_error);
7599         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
7600         expect(')', end_error);
7601
7602         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7603         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
7604
7605         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7606         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7607         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
7608                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7609                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
7610                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7611                 }
7612         } else {
7613                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
7614         }
7615
7616         return expression;
7617 end_error:
7618         return create_invalid_expression();
7619 }
7620
7621 #if 0
7622 /**
7623  * Parses a __builtin_expect(, end_error) expression.
7624  */
7625 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void, end_error)
7626 {
7627         expression_t *expression
7628                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
7629
7630         eat(T___builtin_expect);
7631
7632         expect('(', end_error);
7633         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7634         expect(',', end_error);
7635         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
7636         expect(')', end_error);
7637
7638         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7639
7640         return expression;
7641 end_error:
7642         return create_invalid_expression();
7643 }
7644 #endif
7645
7646 /**
7647  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
7648  */
7649 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
7650 {
7651         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
7652
7653         eat(T__assume);
7654
7655         expect('(', end_error);
7656         add_anchor_token(')');
7657         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7658         rem_anchor_token(')');
7659         expect(')', end_error);
7660
7661         expression->base.type = type_void;
7662         return expression;
7663 end_error:
7664         return create_invalid_expression();
7665 }
7666
7667 /**
7668  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7669  *
7670  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
7671  */
7672 static label_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7673 {
7674         entity_t *label;
7675         assert(current_function != NULL);
7676
7677         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7678         /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
7679         if (label != NULL && label->kind == ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL) {
7680                 if (label->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
7681                         assert(label->base.parent_scope->depth < current_scope->depth);
7682                         current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
7683                 }
7684                 return &label->label;
7685         }
7686
7687         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7688         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7689          * declaration */
7690         if (label != NULL
7691                         && label->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters) {
7692                 return &label->label;
7693         }
7694
7695         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7696         label               = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LABEL);
7697         label->base.namespc = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7698         label->base.symbol  = symbol;
7699
7700         label_push(label);
7701
7702         return &label->label;
7703 }
7704
7705 /**
7706  * Parses a GNU && label address expression.
7707  */
7708 static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
7709 {
7710         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7711         eat(T_ANDAND);
7712         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7713                 parse_error_expected("while parsing label address", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7714                 goto end_error;
7715         }
7716         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7717         next_token();
7718
7719         label_t *label       = get_label(symbol);
7720         label->used          = true;
7721         label->address_taken = true;
7722
7723         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS);
7724         expression->base.source_position = source_position;
7725
7726         /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
7727         expression->base.type           = type_void_ptr;
7728         expression->label_address.label = label;
7729         return expression;
7730 end_error:
7731         return create_invalid_expression();
7732 }
7733
7734 /**
7735  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
7736  */
7737 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
7738 {
7739         /* the result is a (int)0 */
7740         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
7741         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
7742         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
7743         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
7744
7745         eat(T___noop);
7746
7747         if (token.type == '(') {
7748                 /* parse arguments */
7749                 eat('(');
7750                 add_anchor_token(')');
7751                 add_anchor_token(',');
7752
7753                 if (token.type != ')') {
7754                         while (true) {
7755                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
7756                                 if (token.type != ',')
7757                                         break;
7758                                 next_token();
7759                         }
7760                 }
7761         }
7762         rem_anchor_token(',');
7763         rem_anchor_token(')');
7764         expect(')', end_error);
7765
7766 end_error:
7767         return cnst;
7768 }
7769
7770 /**
7771  * Parses a primary expression.
7772  */
7773 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
7774 {
7775         switch (token.type) {
7776                 case T_false:                    return parse_bool_const(false);
7777                 case T_true:                     return parse_bool_const(true);
7778                 case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
7779                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
7780                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
7781                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
7782                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
7783                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
7784                 case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
7785                 case T___FUNCTION__:
7786                 case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
7787                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
7788                 case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
7789                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
7790                 case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
7791                 case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
7792                 case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
7793                 case T___builtin_expect:
7794                 case T___builtin_alloca:
7795                 case T___builtin_inf:
7796                 case T___builtin_inff:
7797                 case T___builtin_infl:
7798                 case T___builtin_nan:
7799                 case T___builtin_nanf:
7800                 case T___builtin_nanl:
7801                 case T___builtin_huge_val:
7802                 case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
7803                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
7804                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7805                 case T___builtin_isless:
7806                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
7807                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7808                 case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
7809                 case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
7810                 case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
7811                 case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
7812                 case T_ANDAND:
7813                         if (GNU_MODE)
7814                                 return parse_label_address();
7815                         break;
7816
7817                 case '(':                        return parse_parenthesized_expression();
7818                 case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
7819         }
7820
7821         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
7822         return create_invalid_expression();
7823 }
7824
7825 /**
7826  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
7827  */
7828 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
7829 {
7830         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
7831         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
7832
7833         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
7834                         warning.char_subscripts) {
7835                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7836                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
7837         }
7838 }
7839
7840 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
7841 {
7842         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
7843
7844         eat('[');
7845         add_anchor_token(']');
7846
7847         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
7848
7849         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
7850         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
7851
7852         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7853         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
7854
7855         type_t                    *return_type;
7856         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
7857         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7858                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
7859                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7860                 array_access->index     = inside;
7861                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
7862         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
7863                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
7864                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
7865                 array_access->index     = left;
7866                 array_access->flipped   = true;
7867                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
7868         } else {
7869                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
7870                         errorf(HERE,
7871                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
7872                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
7873                 }
7874                 return_type             = type_error_type;
7875                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7876                 array_access->index     = inside;
7877         }
7878
7879         expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
7880
7881         rem_anchor_token(']');
7882         expect(']', end_error);
7883 end_error:
7884         return expression;
7885 }
7886
7887 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
7888 {
7889         expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7890         tp_expression->base.type     = type_size_t;
7891
7892         eat(kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? T_sizeof : T___alignof__);
7893
7894         /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
7895         bool old     = in_type_prop;
7896         in_type_prop = true;
7897
7898         type_t       *orig_type;
7899         expression_t *expression;
7900         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
7901                 next_token();
7902                 add_anchor_token(')');
7903                 orig_type = parse_typename();
7904                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7905                 expect(')', end_error);
7906
7907                 if (token.type == '{') {
7908                         /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
7909                          * starting with a compound literal */
7910                         expression = parse_compound_literal(orig_type);
7911                         goto typeprop_expression;
7912                 }
7913         } else {
7914                 expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7915
7916 typeprop_expression:
7917                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
7918
7919                 orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
7920                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
7921         }
7922
7923         tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
7924         type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7925         char   const* const wrong_type =
7926                 GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
7927                 is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
7928                 type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
7929                 type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
7930                 NULL;
7931         if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7932                 char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
7933                 errorf(&tp_expression->base.source_position,
7934                                 "operand of %s expression must not be of %s type '%T'",
7935                                 what, wrong_type, orig_type);
7936         }
7937
7938 end_error:
7939         in_type_prop = old;
7940         return tp_expression;
7941 }
7942
7943 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
7944 {
7945         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF);
7946 }
7947
7948 static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
7949 {
7950         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF);
7951 }
7952
7953 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
7954 {
7955         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
7956         select->select.compound = compound;
7957
7958         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7959         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7960         next_token();
7961
7962         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7963                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7964                 return select;
7965         }
7966         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7967         next_token();
7968
7969         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
7970         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7971
7972         type_t *type_left;
7973         bool    saw_error = false;
7974         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7975                 if (!is_pointer) {
7976                         errorf(HERE,
7977                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7978                                symbol, orig_type);
7979                         saw_error = true;
7980                 }
7981                 type_left = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7982         } else {
7983                 if (is_pointer && is_type_valid(type)) {
7984                         errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
7985                         saw_error = true;
7986                 }
7987                 type_left = type;
7988         }
7989
7990         entity_t *entry;
7991         if (type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT ||
7992             type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
7993                 compound_t *compound = type_left->compound.compound;
7994
7995                 if (!compound->complete) {
7996                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
7997                                symbol, type_left);
7998                         goto create_error_entry;
7999                 }
8000
8001                 entry = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
8002                 if (entry == NULL) {
8003                         errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
8004                         goto create_error_entry;
8005                 }
8006         } else {
8007                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && !saw_error) {
8008                         errorf(HERE,
8009                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
8010                                symbol, type_left);
8011                 }
8012 create_error_entry:
8013                 entry = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
8014         }
8015
8016         assert(is_declaration(entry));
8017         select->select.compound_entry = entry;
8018
8019         type_t *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
8020         type_t *res_type
8021                 = get_qualified_type(entry_type, type_left->base.qualifiers);
8022
8023         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
8024          * code to revert this! */
8025         select->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(res_type);
8026
8027         type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(res_type);
8028         if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8029                 select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
8030         }
8031
8032         return select;
8033 }
8034
8035 static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
8036                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos)
8037 {
8038         type_t         *expected_type      = parameter->type;
8039         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
8040         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
8041         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
8042         type_t         *arg_type           = skip_typeref(arg_expr->base.type);
8043
8044         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
8045         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
8046                         && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
8047                                 & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
8048                 compound_t *union_decl  = expected_type_skip->compound.compound;
8049                 type_t     *best_type   = NULL;
8050                 entity_t   *entry       = union_decl->members.entities;
8051                 for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
8052                         assert(is_declaration(entry));
8053                         type_t *decl_type = entry->declaration.type;
8054                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
8055                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
8056                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
8057                                 continue;
8058
8059                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
8060                                 best_type = decl_type;
8061                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
8062                                 best_type = decl_type;
8063                         }
8064                 }
8065
8066                 if (best_type != NULL) {
8067                         expected_type = best_type;
8068                 }
8069         }
8070
8071         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
8072         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression,
8073                                                     expected_type);
8074
8075         if (error != ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
8076                 /* report exact scope in error messages (like "in argument 3") */
8077                 char buf[64];
8078                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
8079                 report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
8080                                                         &arg_expr->base.source_position);
8081         } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
8082                 type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
8083                 if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
8084                     !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
8085                     !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
8086                         /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
8087                         warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
8088                                 "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
8089                                 pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
8090                 }
8091         }
8092 }
8093
8094 /**
8095  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
8096  *
8097  * @param expression  the function address
8098  */
8099 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
8100 {
8101         expression_t      *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
8102         call_expression_t *call   = &result->call;
8103         call->function            = expression;
8104
8105         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
8106         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8107
8108         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
8109         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8110                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
8111
8112                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
8113                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
8114                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
8115                 }
8116         }
8117
8118         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
8119                 errorf(HERE, "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function", expression, orig_type);
8120         }
8121
8122         /* parse arguments */
8123         eat('(');
8124         add_anchor_token(')');
8125         add_anchor_token(',');
8126
8127         if (token.type != ')') {
8128                 call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
8129
8130                 while (true) {
8131                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
8132
8133                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
8134                         if (last_argument == NULL) {
8135                                 call->arguments = argument;
8136                         } else {
8137                                 last_argument->next = argument;
8138                         }
8139                         last_argument = argument;
8140
8141                         if (token.type != ',')
8142                                 break;
8143                         next_token();
8144                 }
8145         }
8146         rem_anchor_token(',');
8147         rem_anchor_token(')');
8148         expect(')', end_error);
8149
8150         if (function_type == NULL)
8151                 return result;
8152
8153         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
8154         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
8155         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
8156                 for (unsigned pos = 0; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
8157                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
8158                         check_call_argument(parameter, argument, ++pos);
8159                 }
8160
8161                 if (parameter != NULL) {
8162                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
8163                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
8164                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
8165                 }
8166         }
8167
8168         /* do default promotion */
8169         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
8170                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
8171
8172                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
8173
8174                 argument->expression
8175                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
8176         }
8177
8178         check_format(&result->call);
8179
8180         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
8181             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
8182                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
8183                          "function call has aggregate value");
8184         }
8185
8186 end_error:
8187         return result;
8188 }
8189
8190 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
8191
8192 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
8193 {
8194         return
8195                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
8196                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
8197                 type1->compound.compound == type2->compound.compound;
8198 }
8199
8200 static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
8201 {
8202         bool regular_take_address = true;
8203         for (;;) {
8204                 if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8205                         expr = expr->unary.value;
8206                 } else {
8207                         regular_take_address = false;
8208                 }
8209
8210                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
8211                         break;
8212
8213                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8214         }
8215
8216         if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8217                 return NULL;
8218
8219         /* special case for functions which are automatically converted to a
8220          * pointer to function without an extra TAKE_ADDRESS operation */
8221         if (!regular_take_address &&
8222                         expr->reference.entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
8223                 return NULL;
8224         }
8225
8226         return expr;
8227 }
8228
8229 static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
8230 {
8231         if (!warning.address)
8232                 return;
8233
8234         expr = get_reference_address(expr);
8235         if (expr != NULL) {
8236                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8237                          "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
8238                          expr->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8239         }
8240 }
8241
8242 static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
8243 {
8244         if (!warning.parentheses)
8245                 return;
8246         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
8247                 return;
8248         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8249                 return;
8250         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8251                         "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
8252 }
8253
8254 static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
8255                                char const *const context)
8256 {
8257         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8258         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
8259                 warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
8260                 warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
8261         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8262                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
8263                                 "%s must have scalar type", context);
8264         }
8265 }
8266
8267 /**
8268  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
8269  *
8270  * @param expression  the conditional expression
8271  */
8272 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
8273 {
8274         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
8275
8276         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
8277         conditional->condition                = expression;
8278
8279         eat('?');
8280         add_anchor_token(':');
8281
8282         /* §6.5.15:2  The first operand shall have scalar type. */
8283         semantic_condition(expression, "condition of conditional operator");
8284
8285         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
8286         bool          gnu_cond = false;
8287         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
8288                 gnu_cond = true;
8289         } else {
8290                 true_expression = parse_expression();
8291         }
8292         rem_anchor_token(':');
8293         expect(':', end_error);
8294 end_error:;
8295         expression_t *false_expression =
8296                 parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
8297
8298         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
8299         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
8300         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
8301         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
8302
8303         /* 6.5.15.3 */
8304         type_t *result_type;
8305         if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8306                         is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8307                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
8308                 if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
8309                         result_type = false_type;
8310                 } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
8311                         result_type = true_type;
8312                 } else {
8313                         if (warning.other && (
8314                                                 !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8315                                                 !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
8316                                         )) {
8317                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8318                                                 "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
8319                         }
8320                         result_type = type_void;
8321                 }
8322         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
8323                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
8324                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
8325
8326                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
8327                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
8328
8329                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
8330                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
8331                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
8332         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
8333                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
8334                 result_type = true_type;
8335         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
8336                 type_t *pointer_type;
8337                 type_t *other_type;
8338                 expression_t *other_expression;
8339                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
8340                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
8341                         pointer_type     = true_type;
8342                         other_type       = false_type;
8343                         other_expression = false_expression;
8344                 } else {
8345                         pointer_type     = false_type;
8346                         other_type       = true_type;
8347                         other_expression = true_expression;
8348                 }
8349
8350                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
8351                         result_type = pointer_type;
8352                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
8353                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
8354                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
8355
8356                         type_t *to;
8357                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8358                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8359                                 to = type_void;
8360                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
8361                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
8362                                 to = to1;
8363                         } else {
8364                                 if (warning.other) {
8365                                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8366                                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
8367                                                         true_type, false_type);
8368                                 }
8369                                 to = type_void;
8370                         }
8371
8372                         type_t *const type =
8373                                 get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
8374                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8375                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
8376                         if (warning.other) {
8377                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8378                                                 "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
8379                         }
8380                         result_type = pointer_type;
8381                 } else {
8382                         if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
8383                                 type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
8384                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
8385                         }
8386                         result_type = type_error_type;
8387                 }
8388         } else {
8389                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
8390                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
8391                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
8392                                                 false_type);
8393                 }
8394                 result_type = type_error_type;
8395         }
8396
8397         conditional->true_expression
8398                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
8399         conditional->false_expression
8400                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
8401         conditional->base.type = result_type;
8402         return result;
8403 }
8404
8405 /**
8406  * Parse an extension expression.
8407  */
8408 static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
8409 {
8410         eat(T___extension__);
8411
8412         bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
8413         in_gcc_extension         = true;
8414         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
8415         in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
8416         return expression;
8417 }
8418
8419 /**
8420  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
8421  */
8422 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
8423 {
8424         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
8425         result->base.type    = type_int;
8426
8427         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
8428
8429         expect('(', end_error);
8430         add_anchor_token(')');
8431         expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
8432         rem_anchor_token(')');
8433         expect(')', end_error);
8434         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
8435
8436         return result;
8437 end_error:
8438         return create_invalid_expression();
8439 }
8440
8441 /**
8442  * Parse a delete expression
8443  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.3.5
8444  */
8445 static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
8446 {
8447         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_DELETE);
8448         result->base.type          = type_void;
8449
8450         eat(T_delete);
8451
8452         if (token.type == '[') {
8453                 next_token();
8454                 result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
8455                 expect(']', end_error);
8456 end_error:;
8457         }
8458
8459         expression_t *const value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
8460         result->unary.value = value;
8461
8462         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
8463         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8464                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8465                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8466                                         "operand of delete must have pointer type");
8467                 }
8468         } else if (warning.other &&
8469                         is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8470                 warningf(&value->base.source_position,
8471                                 "deleting 'void*' is undefined");
8472         }
8473
8474         return result;
8475 }
8476
8477 /**
8478  * Parse a throw expression
8479  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
8480  */
8481 static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
8482 {
8483         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
8484         result->base.type          = type_void;
8485
8486         eat(T_throw);
8487
8488         expression_t *value = NULL;
8489         switch (token.type) {
8490                 EXPRESSION_START {
8491                         value = parse_assignment_expression();
8492                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
8493                         type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
8494                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8495                         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
8496                                 errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8497                                                 "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
8498                         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8499                                 type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
8500                                 if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
8501                                                 !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8502                                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8503                                                         "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
8504                                 }
8505                         }
8506                 }
8507
8508                 default:
8509                         break;
8510         }
8511         result->unary.value = value;
8512
8513         return result;
8514 }
8515
8516 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
8517                                      type_t *pointer_type,
8518                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
8519 {
8520         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
8521         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
8522
8523         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
8524                 if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8525                         errorf(source_position,
8526                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
8527                                orig_pointer_type);
8528                         return false;
8529                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
8530                         warningf(source_position,
8531                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
8532                                  orig_pointer_type);
8533                 }
8534         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
8535                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
8536                         errorf(source_position,
8537                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
8538                                orig_pointer_type);
8539                         return false;
8540                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
8541                         warningf(source_position,
8542                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
8543                                  orig_pointer_type);
8544                 }
8545         }
8546         return true;
8547 }
8548
8549 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
8550 {
8551         /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
8552         switch (expression->kind) {
8553         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
8554         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
8555         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
8556         case EXPR_SELECT:
8557         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
8558                 return true;
8559
8560         default: {
8561           type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
8562           return
8563                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §3.10:3 */
8564                 is_type_reference(type) ||
8565                 /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
8566                  * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
8567                  * lvalue. */
8568                 !is_type_valid(type);
8569         }
8570         }
8571 }
8572
8573 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
8574 {
8575         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8576         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8577         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8578                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8579                                               type, orig_type)) {
8580                         return;
8581                 }
8582         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
8583                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8584                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8585                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
8586                 return;
8587         }
8588         if (!is_lvalue(expression->value)) {
8589                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8590                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "lvalue required as operand");
8591         }
8592         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8593 }
8594
8595 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
8596 {
8597         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8598         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8599         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
8600                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8601                         /* TODO: improve error message */
8602                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8603                                 "operation needs an arithmetic type");
8604                 }
8605                 return;
8606         }
8607
8608         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8609 }
8610
8611 static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
8612 {
8613         semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8614         if (warning.traditional)
8615                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8616                         "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
8617 }
8618
8619 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
8620 {
8621         /* §6.5.3.3:1  The operand [...] of the ! operator, scalar type. */
8622         semantic_condition(expression->value, "operand of !");
8623         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8624 }
8625
8626 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
8627 {
8628         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8629         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8630         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
8631                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8632                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8633                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
8634                 }
8635                 return;
8636         }
8637
8638         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8639 }
8640
8641 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
8642 {
8643         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8644         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8645         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8646                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8647                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8648                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or array type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
8649                 }
8650                 return;
8651         }
8652
8653         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
8654         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
8655         expression->base.type = result_type;
8656 }
8657
8658 /**
8659  * Record that an address is taken (expression represents an lvalue).
8660  *
8661  * @param expression       the expression
8662  * @param may_be_register  if true, the expression might be an register
8663  */
8664 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
8665 {
8666         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8667                 return;
8668
8669         entity_t *const entity = expression->reference.entity;
8670
8671         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
8672                 return;
8673
8674         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER
8675                         && !may_be_register) {
8676                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8677                                 "address of register %s '%Y' requested",
8678                                 get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind),     entity->base.symbol);
8679         }
8680
8681         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
8682                 entity->variable.address_taken = true;
8683         } else {
8684                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
8685                 entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
8686         }
8687 }
8688
8689 /**
8690  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
8691  */
8692 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
8693 {
8694         expression_t *value = expression->value;
8695         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
8696
8697         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
8698         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8699         if (!is_type_valid(type))
8700                 return;
8701
8702         /* §6.5.3.2 */
8703         if (!is_lvalue(value)) {
8704                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "'&' requires an lvalue");
8705         }
8706         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8707                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8708                        "'&' not allowed on object with bitfield type '%T'",
8709                        type);
8710         }
8711
8712         set_address_taken(value, false);
8713
8714         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8715 }
8716
8717 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
8718 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
8719 {                                                                            \
8720         expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
8721                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
8722         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8723         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
8724                                                                                  \
8725         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
8726                                                                                  \
8727         return unary_expression;                                                 \
8728 }
8729
8730 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
8731                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
8732 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
8733                                semantic_unexpr_plus)
8734 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
8735                                semantic_not)
8736 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
8737                                semantic_dereference)
8738 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
8739                                semantic_take_addr)
8740 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
8741                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
8742 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8743                                semantic_incdec)
8744 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8745                                semantic_incdec)
8746
8747 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
8748                                                sfunc)                         \
8749 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
8750 {                                                                             \
8751         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
8752                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
8753         eat(token_type);                                                          \
8754         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
8755                                                                                   \
8756         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
8757                                                                               \
8758         return unary_expression;                                                  \
8759 }
8760
8761 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
8762                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8763                                        semantic_incdec)
8764 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
8765                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8766                                        semantic_incdec)
8767
8768 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
8769 {
8770         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
8771
8772         type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
8773         type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
8774
8775         /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
8776         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
8777                 return type_long_double;
8778         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
8779                 return type_double;
8780         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
8781                 return type_float;
8782         }
8783
8784         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8785         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8786
8787         if (type_left == type_right)
8788                 return type_left;
8789
8790         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8791         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8792         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
8793         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
8794
8795         if (signed_left == signed_right)
8796                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
8797
8798         int     s_rank;
8799         int     u_rank;
8800         type_t *s_type;
8801         type_t *u_type;
8802         if (signed_left) {
8803                 s_rank = rank_left;
8804                 s_type = type_left;
8805                 u_rank = rank_right;
8806                 u_type = type_right;
8807         } else {
8808                 s_rank = rank_right;
8809                 s_type = type_right;
8810                 u_rank = rank_left;
8811                 u_type = type_left;
8812         }
8813
8814         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
8815                 return u_type;
8816
8817         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
8818          * easier here... */
8819         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
8820                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
8821                 return s_type;
8822
8823         switch (s_rank) {
8824                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
8825                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
8826                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
8827
8828                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
8829         }
8830 }
8831
8832 /**
8833  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
8834  */
8835 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8836 {
8837         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8838         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8839         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8840         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8841         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8842         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8843
8844         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8845                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8846                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8847                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8848                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8849                 }
8850                 return;
8851         }
8852
8853         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8854         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8855         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8856         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8857 }
8858
8859 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
8860 {
8861         if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
8862             !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
8863                 return;
8864
8865         expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
8866         /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
8867         if (is_type_integer(right->base.type) &&
8868             is_constant_expression(right)     &&
8869             fold_constant(right) == 0) {
8870                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
8871         }
8872 }
8873
8874 /**
8875  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
8876  */
8877 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression) {
8878         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8879         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8880 }
8881
8882 static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
8883 {
8884         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8885                 return;
8886
8887         char op;
8888         switch (expr->kind) {
8889                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
8890                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
8891                 default:              return;
8892         }
8893
8894         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8895                         "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
8896 }
8897
8898 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8899 {
8900         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8901         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8902         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8903         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8904         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8905         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8906
8907         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8908                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8909                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8910                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8911                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
8912                 }
8913                 return;
8914         }
8915
8916         if (warning.parentheses) {
8917                 warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
8918                 warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
8919         }
8920
8921         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8922         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8923
8924         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
8925         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
8926         expression->base.type = type_left;
8927 }
8928
8929 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
8930 {
8931         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8932         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8933         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8934         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8935         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8936         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8937
8938         /* § 6.5.6 */
8939         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8940                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8941                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8942                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8943                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8944         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8945                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8946                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8947                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8948         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
8949                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8950                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
8951                 expression->base.type = type_right;
8952         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8953                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8954                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
8955                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8956         }
8957 }
8958
8959 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
8960 {
8961         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
8962         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
8963         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8964         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8965         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8966         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8967         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
8968
8969         /* § 5.6.5 */
8970         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8971                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8972                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8973                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8974                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
8975         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8976                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8977                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8978                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8979         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8980                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
8981                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
8982                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
8983                         errorf(pos,
8984                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
8985                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8986                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
8987                         if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8988                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
8989                                        orig_type_left);
8990                         } else if (warning.other) {
8991                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
8992                         }
8993                 }
8994                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
8995         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8996                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
8997                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8998         }
8999 }
9000
9001 static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
9002 {
9003         while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
9004                 expr = expr->unary.value;
9005                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
9006                         return;
9007                 expr = expr->unary.value;
9008         }
9009
9010         if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL ||
9011             expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
9012                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9013                         "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
9014         }
9015 }
9016
9017 static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
9018 {
9019         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
9020                 return;
9021         switch (expr->base.kind) {
9022                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
9023                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
9024                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
9025                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
9026                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
9027                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
9028                         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9029                                         "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
9030                         break;
9031                 default:
9032                         break;
9033         }
9034 }
9035
9036 static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
9037 {
9038         return
9039                 !is_constant_expression(expr) ||
9040                 fold_constant(expr) < 0;
9041 }
9042
9043 /**
9044  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
9045  *
9046  * @param expression   The expression to check.
9047  */
9048 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
9049 {
9050         expression_t *left  = expression->left;
9051         expression_t *right = expression->right;
9052
9053         if (warning.address) {
9054                 warn_string_literal_address(left);
9055                 warn_string_literal_address(right);
9056
9057                 expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
9058                 if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
9059                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9060                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
9061                                  func_left->reference.entity->base.symbol);
9062                 }
9063
9064                 expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
9065                 if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
9066                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9067                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
9068                                  func_right->reference.entity->base.symbol);
9069                 }
9070         }
9071
9072         if (warning.parentheses) {
9073                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
9074                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
9075         }
9076
9077         type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9078         type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9079         type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9080         type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9081
9082         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
9083         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9084                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9085
9086                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
9087                 if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
9088                         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
9089                         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
9090                         if (signed_left != signed_right) {
9091                                 /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
9092                                 /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
9093                                 if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
9094                                                 (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
9095                                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9096                                                         "comparison between signed and unsigned");
9097                                 }
9098                         }
9099                 }
9100
9101                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
9102                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9103                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
9104                 if (warning.float_equal &&
9105                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
9106                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
9107                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
9108                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9109                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
9110                 }
9111         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
9112                 /* TODO check compatibility */
9113         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
9114                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
9115         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
9116                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
9117         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9118                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
9119                                         &expression->base.source_position,
9120                                         type_left, type_right);
9121         }
9122         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
9123 }
9124
9125 /**
9126  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
9127  */
9128 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
9129 {
9130         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
9131         entity_t   *entry    = compound->members.entities;
9132
9133         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
9134                 if (!is_declaration(entry))
9135                         continue;
9136
9137                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
9138                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
9139                         return true;
9140         }
9141
9142         return false;
9143 }
9144
9145 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
9146 {
9147         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
9148         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9149
9150         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
9151                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
9152                        left);
9153                 return false;
9154         }
9155
9156         if (left->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE
9157                         && left->reference.entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
9158                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to function '%E'", left);
9159                 return false;
9160         }
9161
9162         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
9163                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to array '%E'", left);
9164                 return false;
9165         }
9166         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
9167                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
9168                        orig_type_left);
9169                 return false;
9170         }
9171         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
9172                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
9173                        left, orig_type_left);
9174                 return false;
9175         }
9176         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
9177                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
9178                        left, orig_type_left);
9179                 return false;
9180         }
9181
9182         return true;
9183 }
9184
9185 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9186 {
9187         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
9188         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
9189         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9190         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9191
9192         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9193                 return;
9194
9195         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9196         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9197
9198         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9199                 /* TODO: improve error message */
9200                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9201                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9202                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
9203                 }
9204                 return;
9205         }
9206
9207         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
9208          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
9209          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
9210          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
9211         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9212         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9213         expression->base.type   = type_left;
9214 }
9215
9216 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9217 {
9218         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
9219         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
9220 }
9221
9222 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9223 {
9224         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
9225         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
9226         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9227         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9228         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9229         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9230
9231         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9232                 return;
9233
9234         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9235                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
9236                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
9237                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
9238                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
9239                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9240                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9241                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9242         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
9243                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
9244                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
9245                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9246         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9247                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9248                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
9249                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
9250         }
9251 }
9252
9253 static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
9254 {
9255         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
9256                 return;
9257         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
9258                 return;
9259         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9260                         "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
9261 }
9262
9263 /**
9264  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
9265  */
9266 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
9267 {
9268         /* §6.5.13:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type.
9269          * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
9270         semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
9271         semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
9272         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
9273                         warning.parentheses) {
9274                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
9275                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
9276         }
9277         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
9278 }
9279
9280 /**
9281  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
9282  */
9283 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9284 {
9285         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
9286         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
9287
9288         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9289                 return;
9290
9291         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
9292         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
9293                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
9294         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
9295         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
9296 }
9297
9298 /**
9299  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
9300  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
9301  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
9302  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
9303  * Examples:
9304  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
9305  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
9306  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
9307  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
9308  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
9309  * analysis. */
9310 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
9311 {
9312         switch (expr->kind) {
9313                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
9314                 case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
9315                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
9316                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:      return false;
9317                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
9318                 case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
9319                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
9320                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
9321                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
9322                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
9323                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:             return false;
9324
9325                 case EXPR_CALL: {
9326                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
9327                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
9328                                 return true;
9329
9330                         switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
9331                                 case T___builtin_va_end: return true;
9332                                 default:                 return false;
9333                         }
9334                 }
9335
9336                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
9337                  * conditional expression has no effect */
9338                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
9339                         const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
9340                         return
9341                                 expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
9342                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
9343                 }
9344
9345                 case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
9346                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
9347                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
9348                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
9349                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
9350
9351                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
9352                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
9353                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
9354                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
9355                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
9356                 case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
9357                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
9358                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
9359                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
9360
9361                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
9362                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
9363                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
9364                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
9365                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
9366                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
9367                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
9368                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
9369                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
9370                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
9371
9372                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
9373                  * suppress the warning */
9374                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
9375                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9376                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
9377                 }
9378
9379                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
9380                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
9381                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:              return true;
9382                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:        return true;
9383                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:               return true;
9384
9385                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
9386                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
9387                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
9388                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
9389                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
9390                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
9391                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
9392                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
9393                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
9394                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
9395                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
9396                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
9397                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
9398                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
9399                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
9400                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
9401                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
9402                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
9403                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
9404                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
9405                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
9406                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
9407                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
9408                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
9409                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
9410                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
9411                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
9412
9413                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
9414                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
9415                  * hand side */
9416                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
9417                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
9418                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
9419                  * hand side has a separate warning */
9420                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
9421                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
9422
9423                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
9424                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
9425                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
9426                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
9427                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
9428                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
9429         }
9430
9431         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
9432 }
9433
9434 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
9435 {
9436         if (warning.unused_value) {
9437                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
9438                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
9439                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
9440                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
9441                 }
9442         }
9443         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
9444 }
9445
9446 /**
9447  * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
9448  */
9449 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
9450 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
9451 {                                                                            \
9452         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
9453         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                            \
9454         eat(token_type);                                                         \
9455                                                                              \
9456         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
9457                                                                              \
9458         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
9459         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
9460                                                                              \
9461         return binexpr;                                                          \
9462 }
9463
9464 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9465 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
9466 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
9467 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
9468 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
9469 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
9470 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
9471 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9472 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9473 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9474 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9475 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
9476 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
9477 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9478 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9479 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9480 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
9481 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
9482 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
9483 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
9484 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
9485 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9486 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
9487 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
9488 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9489 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9490 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9491 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9492 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9493 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
9494
9495
9496 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
9497 {
9498         if (token.type < 0) {
9499                 return expected_expression_error();
9500         }
9501
9502         expression_parser_function_t *parser
9503                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9504         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
9505         expression_t                 *left;
9506
9507         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
9508                 left = parser->parser();
9509         } else {
9510                 left = parse_primary_expression();
9511         }
9512         assert(left != NULL);
9513         left->base.source_position = source_position;
9514
9515         while (true) {
9516                 if (token.type < 0) {
9517                         return expected_expression_error();
9518                 }
9519
9520                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9521                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
9522                         break;
9523                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
9524                         break;
9525
9526                 left = parser->infix_parser(left);
9527
9528                 assert(left != NULL);
9529                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
9530                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
9531         }
9532
9533         return left;
9534 }
9535
9536 /**
9537  * Parse an expression.
9538  */
9539 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
9540 {
9541         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
9542 }
9543
9544 /**
9545  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
9546  *
9547  * @param parser      the parser function
9548  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
9549  */
9550 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
9551                                        int token_type)
9552 {
9553         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9554
9555         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
9556                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9557                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
9558         }
9559         entry->parser = parser;
9560 }
9561
9562 /**
9563  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
9564  *
9565  * @param parser      the parser function
9566  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
9567  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
9568  */
9569 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
9570                 int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
9571 {
9572         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9573
9574         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
9575                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9576                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
9577                       "token");
9578         }
9579         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
9580         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
9581 }
9582
9583 /**
9584  * Initialize the expression parsers.
9585  */
9586 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
9587 {
9588         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
9589
9590         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9591         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9592         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9593         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
9594         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
9595         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
9596         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9597         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9598         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9599         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9600         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9601         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
9602         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
9603         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9604         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9605         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
9606         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
9607         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
9608         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
9609         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
9610         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
9611         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
9612         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
9613         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
9614         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
9615         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9616         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9617         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9618         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9619         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9620         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9621         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9622         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9623         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9624         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9625         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9626         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
9627
9628         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
9629         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
9630         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
9631         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
9632         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
9633         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
9634         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
9635         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
9636         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
9637         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
9638         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
9639         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
9640         register_expression_parser(parse_delete,                      T_delete);
9641         register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
9642 }
9643
9644 /**
9645  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
9646  */
9647 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
9648 {
9649         asm_argument_t  *result = NULL;
9650         asm_argument_t **anchor = &result;
9651
9652         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
9653                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
9654                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
9655
9656                 if (token.type == '[') {
9657                         eat('[');
9658                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9659                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
9660                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9661                                 return NULL;
9662                         }
9663                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
9664
9665                         expect(']', end_error);
9666                 }
9667
9668                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
9669                 expect('(', end_error);
9670                 add_anchor_token(')');
9671                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9672                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9673                 if (is_out) {
9674                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
9675                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
9676                          * int -> float is not) */
9677                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
9678                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
9679                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
9680                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9681                                         unsigned flags;
9682                                         unsigned size;
9683                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9684                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
9685                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9686                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
9687                                         } else {
9688                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9689                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9690                                         }
9691
9692                                         do {
9693                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
9694                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
9695                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
9696
9697                                                 unsigned value_flags;
9698                                                 unsigned value_size;
9699                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9700                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
9701                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9702                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
9703                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9704                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9705                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9706                                                 } else {
9707                                                         break;
9708                                                 }
9709
9710                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
9711                                                         break;
9712
9713                                                 expression = value;
9714                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
9715                                 }
9716                         }
9717
9718                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
9719                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9720                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
9721                         }
9722
9723                         if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
9724                                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9725                 } else {
9726                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9727                 }
9728                 argument->expression = expression;
9729                 expect(')', end_error);
9730
9731                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
9732
9733                 *anchor = argument;
9734                 anchor  = &argument->next;
9735
9736                 if (token.type != ',')
9737                         break;
9738                 eat(',');
9739         }
9740
9741         return result;
9742 end_error:
9743         return NULL;
9744 }
9745
9746 /**
9747  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
9748  */
9749 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
9750 {
9751         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
9752         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
9753
9754         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9755                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
9756                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
9757
9758                 if (last != NULL) {
9759                         last->next = clobber;
9760                 } else {
9761                         result = clobber;
9762                 }
9763                 last = clobber;
9764
9765                 if (token.type != ',')
9766                         break;
9767                 eat(',');
9768         }
9769
9770         return result;
9771 }
9772
9773 /**
9774  * Parse an asm statement.
9775  */
9776 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
9777 {
9778         statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9779         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
9780
9781         eat(T_asm);
9782
9783         if (token.type == T_volatile) {
9784                 next_token();
9785                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9786         }
9787
9788         expect('(', end_error);
9789         add_anchor_token(')');
9790         add_anchor_token(':');
9791         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
9792
9793         if (token.type != ':') {
9794                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9795                 goto end_of_asm;
9796         }
9797         eat(':');
9798
9799         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
9800         if (token.type != ':') {
9801                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9802                 goto end_of_asm;
9803         }
9804         eat(':');
9805
9806         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
9807         if (token.type != ':') {
9808                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9809                 goto end_of_asm;
9810         }
9811         rem_anchor_token(':');
9812         eat(':');
9813
9814         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
9815
9816 end_of_asm:
9817         rem_anchor_token(')');
9818         expect(')', end_error);
9819         expect(';', end_error);
9820
9821         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
9822                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
9823                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
9824                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9825         }
9826
9827         return statement;
9828 end_error:
9829         return create_invalid_statement();
9830 }
9831
9832 /**
9833  * Parse a case statement.
9834  */
9835 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
9836 {
9837         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9838         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
9839
9840         eat(T_case);
9841
9842         expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
9843         statement->case_label.expression = expression;
9844         if (!is_constant_expression(expression)) {
9845                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9846                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9847                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9848                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))) {
9849                         errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
9850                 }
9851                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9852         } else {
9853                 long const val = fold_constant(expression);
9854                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
9855                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
9856         }
9857
9858         if (GNU_MODE) {
9859                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
9860                         next_token();
9861                         expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
9862                         statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
9863                         if (!is_constant_expression(end_range)) {
9864                                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9865                                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9866                                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9867                                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(end_range->base.type))) {
9868                                         errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
9869                                 }
9870                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9871                         } else {
9872                                 long const val = fold_constant(end_range);
9873                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
9874
9875                                 if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
9876                                         statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
9877                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
9878                                 }
9879                         }
9880                 }
9881         }
9882
9883         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9884
9885         expect(':', end_error);
9886 end_error:
9887
9888         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9889                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
9890                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
9891                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
9892                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9893                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
9894                                         continue;
9895
9896                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
9897                                         continue;
9898
9899                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
9900                                        &l->base.source_position);
9901                                 break;
9902                         }
9903                 }
9904                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9905                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9906                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9907                 } else {
9908                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9909                 }
9910                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9911         } else {
9912                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
9913         }
9914
9915         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9916         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9917         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9918                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after case label");
9919         }
9920
9921         POP_PARENT;
9922         return statement;
9923 }
9924
9925 /**
9926  * Parse a default statement.
9927  */
9928 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
9929 {
9930         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9931
9932         eat(T_default);
9933
9934         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9935
9936         expect(':', end_error);
9937         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9938                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
9939                 if (def_label != NULL) {
9940                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
9941                                &def_label->base.source_position);
9942                 } else {
9943                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
9944
9945                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9946                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9947                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9948                         } else {
9949                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9950                         }
9951                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9952                 }
9953         } else {
9954                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
9955                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
9956         }
9957
9958         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9959         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9960         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9961                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after default label");
9962         }
9963
9964         POP_PARENT;
9965         return statement;
9966 end_error:
9967         POP_PARENT;
9968         return create_invalid_statement();
9969 }
9970
9971 /**
9972  * Parse a label statement.
9973  */
9974 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
9975 {
9976         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
9977         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
9978         label_t  *label  = get_label(symbol);
9979
9980         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
9981         statement->label.label       = label;
9982
9983         next_token();
9984
9985         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9986
9987         /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
9988          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far
9989          */
9990         if (label->statement != NULL) {
9991                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
9992                        symbol, &label->base.source_position);
9993         } else {
9994                 label->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9995                 label->statement            = statement;
9996         }
9997
9998         eat(':');
9999
10000         if (token.type == '}') {
10001                 /* TODO only warn? */
10002                 if (warning.other && false) {
10003                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
10004                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
10005                 } else {
10006                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
10007                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
10008                 }
10009         } else if (token.type == ';') {
10010                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
10011                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
10012                  * before a closing brace. */
10013                 statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
10014                 next_token();
10015         } else {
10016                 statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
10017                 statement->label.statement = inner_stmt;
10018                 if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10019                         errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after label");
10020                 }
10021         }
10022
10023         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
10024         *label_anchor = &statement->label;
10025         label_anchor  = &statement->label.next;
10026
10027         POP_PARENT;
10028         return statement;
10029 }
10030
10031 /**
10032  * Parse an if statement.
10033  */
10034 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
10035 {
10036         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
10037
10038         eat(T_if);
10039
10040         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10041
10042         add_anchor_token('{');
10043
10044         expect('(', end_error);
10045         add_anchor_token(')');
10046         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10047         statement->ifs.condition = expr;
10048         /* §6.8.4.1:1  The controlling expression of an if statement shall have
10049          *             scalar type. */
10050         semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
10051         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10052         rem_anchor_token(')');
10053         expect(')', end_error);
10054
10055 end_error:
10056         rem_anchor_token('{');
10057
10058         add_anchor_token(T_else);
10059         statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
10060         statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
10061         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
10062
10063         if (token.type == T_else) {
10064                 next_token();
10065                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
10066         } else if (warning.parentheses &&
10067                         true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
10068                         true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
10069                 warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
10070                                 "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
10071         }
10072
10073         POP_PARENT;
10074         return statement;
10075 }
10076
10077 /**
10078  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
10079  *
10080  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
10081  */
10082 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
10083         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
10084         if (! is_type_enum(type))
10085                 return;
10086         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
10087
10088         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
10089         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
10090                 return;
10091
10092         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
10093         /* TODO: quadratic algorithm here. Change to an n log n one */
10094         long            last_value = -1;
10095         const entity_t *entry      = enumt->enume->base.next;
10096         for (; entry != NULL && entry->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE;
10097              entry = entry->base.next) {
10098                 const expression_t *expression = entry->enum_value.value;
10099                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant(expression) : last_value + 1;
10100                 bool                found      = false;
10101                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
10102                         if (l->expression == NULL)
10103                                 continue;
10104                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
10105                                 found = true;
10106                                 break;
10107                         }
10108                 }
10109                 if (! found) {
10110                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
10111                                  "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch",
10112                                  entry->base.symbol);
10113                 }
10114                 last_value = value;
10115         }
10116 }
10117
10118 /**
10119  * Parse a switch statement.
10120  */
10121 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
10122 {
10123         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
10124
10125         eat(T_switch);
10126
10127         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10128
10129         expect('(', end_error);
10130         add_anchor_token(')');
10131         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10132         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10133         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10134         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10135                 type = promote_integer(type);
10136                 if (warning.traditional) {
10137                         if (get_rank(type) >= get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG)) {
10138                                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
10139                                         "'%T' switch expression not converted to '%T' in ISO C",
10140                                         type, type_int);
10141                         }
10142                 }
10143         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10144                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10145                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10146                 type = type_error_type;
10147         }
10148         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10149         expect(')', end_error);
10150         rem_anchor_token(')');
10151
10152         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
10153         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
10154         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
10155         current_switch          = rem;
10156
10157         if (warning.switch_default &&
10158             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
10159                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
10160         }
10161         if (warning.switch_enum)
10162                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
10163
10164         POP_PARENT;
10165         return statement;
10166 end_error:
10167         POP_PARENT;
10168         return create_invalid_statement();
10169 }
10170
10171 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
10172 {
10173         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
10174         current_loop = loop;
10175
10176         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
10177
10178         current_loop = rem;
10179         return body;
10180 }
10181
10182 /**
10183  * Parse a while statement.
10184  */
10185 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
10186 {
10187         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
10188
10189         eat(T_while);
10190
10191         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10192
10193         expect('(', end_error);
10194         add_anchor_token(')');
10195         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10196         statement->whiles.condition = cond;
10197         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
10198          *             have scalar type. */
10199         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
10200         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10201         rem_anchor_token(')');
10202         expect(')', end_error);
10203
10204         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10205
10206         POP_PARENT;
10207         return statement;
10208 end_error:
10209         POP_PARENT;
10210         return create_invalid_statement();
10211 }
10212
10213 /**
10214  * Parse a do statement.
10215  */
10216 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
10217 {
10218         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
10219
10220         eat(T_do);
10221
10222         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10223
10224         add_anchor_token(T_while);
10225         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10226         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
10227
10228         expect(T_while, end_error);
10229         expect('(', end_error);
10230         add_anchor_token(')');
10231         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10232         statement->do_while.condition = cond;
10233         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
10234          *             have scalar type. */
10235         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
10236         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10237         rem_anchor_token(')');
10238         expect(')', end_error);
10239         expect(';', end_error);
10240
10241         POP_PARENT;
10242         return statement;
10243 end_error:
10244         POP_PARENT;
10245         return create_invalid_statement();
10246 }
10247
10248 /**
10249  * Parse a for statement.
10250  */
10251 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
10252 {
10253         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
10254
10255         eat(T_for);
10256
10257         expect('(', end_error1);
10258         add_anchor_token(')');
10259
10260         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10261
10262         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10263         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
10264
10265         if (token.type == ';') {
10266                 next_token();
10267         } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
10268                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10269         } else {
10270                 add_anchor_token(';');
10271                 expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
10272                 statement->fors.initialisation = init;
10273                 mark_vars_read(init, ENT_ANY);
10274                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
10275                         warningf(&init->base.source_position,
10276                                         "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
10277                 }
10278                 rem_anchor_token(';');
10279                 expect(';', end_error2);
10280         }
10281
10282         if (token.type != ';') {
10283                 add_anchor_token(';');
10284                 expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10285                 statement->fors.condition = cond;
10286                 /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement
10287                  *             shall have scalar type. */
10288                 semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'for'-statement");
10289                 mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10290                 rem_anchor_token(';');
10291         }
10292         expect(';', end_error2);
10293         if (token.type != ')') {
10294                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
10295                 statement->fors.step = step;
10296                 mark_vars_read(step, ENT_ANY);
10297                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
10298                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
10299                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
10300                 }
10301         }
10302         expect(')', end_error2);
10303         rem_anchor_token(')');
10304         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10305
10306         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
10307         scope_pop(old_scope);
10308         environment_pop_to(top);
10309
10310         POP_PARENT;
10311         return statement;
10312
10313 end_error2:
10314         POP_PARENT;
10315         rem_anchor_token(')');
10316         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
10317         scope_pop(old_scope);
10318         environment_pop_to(top);
10319         /* fallthrough */
10320
10321 end_error1:
10322         return create_invalid_statement();
10323 }
10324
10325 /**
10326  * Parse a goto statement.
10327  */
10328 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
10329 {
10330         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
10331         eat(T_goto);
10332
10333         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
10334                 next_token();
10335                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
10336                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
10337
10338                 /* Argh: although documentation says the expression must be of type void*,
10339                  * gcc accepts anything that can be casted into void* without error */
10340                 type_t *type = expression->base.type;
10341
10342                 if (type != type_error_type) {
10343                         if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
10344                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
10345                                         "cannot convert to a pointer type");
10346                         } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
10347                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10348                                         "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
10349                         }
10350                         expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
10351                 }
10352
10353                 statement->gotos.expression = expression;
10354         } else {
10355                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
10356                         if (GNU_MODE)
10357                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
10358                         else
10359                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10360                         eat_until_anchor();
10361                         goto end_error;
10362                 }
10363                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10364                 next_token();
10365
10366                 statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
10367         }
10368
10369         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
10370         *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
10371         goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
10372
10373         expect(';', end_error);
10374
10375         return statement;
10376 end_error:
10377         return create_invalid_statement();
10378 }
10379
10380 /**
10381  * Parse a continue statement.
10382  */
10383 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
10384 {
10385         if (current_loop == NULL) {
10386                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
10387         }
10388
10389         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
10390
10391         eat(T_continue);
10392         expect(';', end_error);
10393
10394 end_error:
10395         return statement;
10396 }
10397
10398 /**
10399  * Parse a break statement.
10400  */
10401 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
10402 {
10403         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
10404                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
10405         }
10406
10407         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
10408
10409         eat(T_break);
10410         expect(';', end_error);
10411
10412 end_error:
10413         return statement;
10414 }
10415
10416 /**
10417  * Parse a __leave statement.
10418  */
10419 static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
10420 {
10421         if (current_try == NULL) {
10422                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
10423         }
10424
10425         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
10426
10427         eat(T___leave);
10428         expect(';', end_error);
10429
10430 end_error:
10431         return statement;
10432 }
10433
10434 /**
10435  * Check if a given entity represents a local variable.
10436  */
10437 static bool is_local_variable(const entity_t *entity)
10438 {
10439         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
10440                 return false;
10441
10442         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
10443         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
10444         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
10445                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
10446                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
10447                         return false;
10448                 } else {
10449                         return true;
10450                 }
10451         }
10452         default:
10453                 return false;
10454         }
10455 }
10456
10457 /**
10458  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
10459  */
10460 static bool expression_is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
10461 {
10462         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
10463                 return false;
10464         }
10465         const entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
10466         return is_local_variable(entity);
10467 }
10468
10469 /**
10470  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
10471  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
10472  */
10473 entity_t *expression_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
10474 {
10475         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
10476                 return NULL;
10477         }
10478         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
10479         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
10480                 return NULL;
10481
10482         return entity;
10483 }
10484
10485 /**
10486  * Parse a return statement.
10487  */
10488 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
10489 {
10490         eat(T_return);
10491
10492         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
10493
10494         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
10495         if (token.type != ';') {
10496                 return_value = parse_expression();
10497                 mark_vars_read(return_value, NULL);
10498         }
10499
10500         const type_t *const func_type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
10501         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
10502         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
10503
10504         source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
10505         if (return_value != NULL) {
10506                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
10507
10508                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10509                         if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10510                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
10511                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10512                                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10513                                         errorf(pos,
10514                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10515                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10516                                         warningf(pos,
10517                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10518                                 }
10519                         } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10520                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10521                                 if (strict_mode) {
10522                                         errorf(pos,
10523                                                         "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
10524                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10525                                         warningf(pos,
10526                                                         "'return' with expression in function return 'void'");
10527                                 }
10528                         }
10529                 } else {
10530                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
10531                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
10532                                         pos);
10533                 }
10534                 return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
10535                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
10536                 if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
10537                                 && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
10538                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
10539                         if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
10540                                 warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
10541                         }
10542                 }
10543         } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10544                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10545                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10546                         errorf(pos,
10547                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10548                 } else {
10549                         warningf(pos,
10550                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10551                 }
10552         }
10553         statement->returns.value = return_value;
10554
10555         expect(';', end_error);
10556
10557 end_error:
10558         return statement;
10559 }
10560
10561 /**
10562  * Parse a declaration statement.
10563  */
10564 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
10565 {
10566         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10567
10568         entity_t *before = current_scope->last_entity;
10569         if (GNU_MODE) {
10570                 parse_external_declaration();
10571         } else {
10572                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10573         }
10574
10575         if (before == NULL) {
10576                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = current_scope->entities;
10577         } else {
10578                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->base.next;
10579         }
10580         statement->declaration.declarations_end = current_scope->last_entity;
10581
10582         return statement;
10583 }
10584
10585 /**
10586  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
10587  */
10588 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
10589 {
10590         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10591
10592         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
10593         statement->expression.expression = expr;
10594         mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
10595
10596         expect(';', end_error);
10597
10598 end_error:
10599         return statement;
10600 }
10601
10602 /**
10603  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
10604  * __try{ } __except() { }
10605  */
10606 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
10607 {
10608         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
10609         eat(T___try);
10610
10611         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10612
10613         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
10614         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
10615         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10616         current_try = rem;
10617
10618         POP_PARENT;
10619
10620         if (token.type == T___except) {
10621                 eat(T___except);
10622                 expect('(', end_error);
10623                 add_anchor_token(')');
10624                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10625                 mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10626                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10627                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10628                         type = promote_integer(type);
10629                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10630                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10631                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10632                         type = type_error_type;
10633                 }
10634                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10635                 rem_anchor_token(')');
10636                 expect(')', end_error);
10637                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10638         } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
10639                 eat(T___finally);
10640                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10641         } else {
10642                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
10643                 return create_invalid_statement();
10644         }
10645         return statement;
10646 end_error:
10647         return create_invalid_statement();
10648 }
10649
10650 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
10651 {
10652         if (warning.empty_statement) {
10653                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
10654         }
10655         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
10656         eat(';');
10657         return statement;
10658 }
10659
10660 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void)
10661 {
10662         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10663
10664         eat(T___label__);
10665
10666         entity_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
10667
10668         while (true) {
10669                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
10670                         parse_error_expected("while parsing local label declaration",
10671                                 T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10672                         goto end_error;
10673                 }
10674                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10675                 entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
10676                 if (entity != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10677                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition %P)",
10678                                symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
10679                 } else {
10680                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL);
10681
10682                         entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10683                         entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
10684                         entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10685                         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10686
10687                         if (end != NULL)
10688                                 end->base.next = entity;
10689                         end = entity;
10690                         if (begin == NULL)
10691                                 begin = entity;
10692
10693                         environment_push(entity);
10694                 }
10695                 next_token();
10696
10697                 if (token.type != ',')
10698                         break;
10699                 next_token();
10700         }
10701         eat(';');
10702 end_error:
10703         statement->declaration.declarations_begin = begin;
10704         statement->declaration.declarations_end   = end;
10705         return statement;
10706 }
10707
10708 static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
10709 {
10710         eat(T_namespace);
10711
10712         entity_t *entity = NULL;
10713         symbol_t *symbol = NULL;
10714
10715         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
10716                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
10717                 next_token();
10718
10719                 entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
10720                 if (entity != NULL && entity->kind != ENTITY_NAMESPACE
10721                                 && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10722                         error_redefined_as_different_kind(&token.source_position,
10723                                                           entity, ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10724                         entity = NULL;
10725                 }
10726         }
10727
10728         if (entity == NULL) {
10729                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10730                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10731                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10732                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
10733                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10734         }
10735
10736         if (token.type == '=') {
10737                 /* TODO: parse namespace alias */
10738                 panic("namespace alias definition not supported yet");
10739         }
10740
10741         environment_push(entity);
10742         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
10743
10744         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10745         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
10746
10747         expect('{', end_error);
10748         parse_externals();
10749         expect('}', end_error);
10750
10751 end_error:
10752         assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
10753         scope_pop(old_scope);
10754         environment_pop_to(top);
10755 }
10756
10757 /**
10758  * Parse a statement.
10759  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
10760  * "statement has no effect" warnings
10761  */
10762 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
10763 {
10764         statement_t *statement = NULL;
10765
10766         /* declaration or statement */
10767         add_anchor_token(';');
10768         switch (token.type) {
10769         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
10770                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
10771                 if (la1_type == ':') {
10772                         statement = parse_label_statement();
10773                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
10774                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10775                 } else {
10776                         /* it's an identifier, the grammar says this must be an
10777                          * expression statement. However it is common that users mistype
10778                          * declaration types, so we guess a bit here to improve robustness
10779                          * for incorrect programs */
10780                         switch (la1_type) {
10781                         case '&':
10782                         case '*':
10783                                 if (get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
10784                                         goto expression_statment;
10785                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
10786
10787                         DECLARATION_START
10788                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10789                                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10790                                 break;
10791
10792                         default:
10793 expression_statment:
10794                                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10795                                 break;
10796                         }
10797                 }
10798                 break;
10799         }
10800
10801         case T___extension__:
10802                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
10803                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
10804                 do {
10805                         next_token();
10806                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
10807                 bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
10808                 in_gcc_extension       = true;
10809                 statement = intern_parse_statement();
10810                 in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
10811                 break;
10812
10813         DECLARATION_START
10814                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10815                 break;
10816
10817         case T___label__:
10818                 statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
10819                 break;
10820
10821         case ';':         statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
10822         case '{':         statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
10823         case T___leave:   statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
10824         case T___try:     statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
10825         case T_asm:       statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
10826         case T_break:     statement = parse_break();                   break;
10827         case T_case:      statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
10828         case T_continue:  statement = parse_continue();                break;
10829         case T_default:   statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
10830         case T_do:        statement = parse_do();                      break;
10831         case T_for:       statement = parse_for();                     break;
10832         case T_goto:      statement = parse_goto();                    break;
10833         case T_if:        statement = parse_if();                      break;
10834         case T_return:    statement = parse_return();                  break;
10835         case T_switch:    statement = parse_switch();                  break;
10836         case T_while:     statement = parse_while();                   break;
10837
10838         EXPRESSION_START
10839                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10840                 break;
10841
10842         default:
10843                 errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
10844                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
10845                 if (!at_anchor())
10846                         next_token();
10847                 break;
10848         }
10849         rem_anchor_token(';');
10850
10851         assert(statement != NULL
10852                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
10853
10854         return statement;
10855 }
10856
10857 /**
10858  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
10859  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
10860  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
10861  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
10862  */
10863 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
10864 {
10865         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
10866
10867         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
10868                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
10869                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10870                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10871                                         "statement has no effect");
10872                 }
10873         }
10874
10875         return statement;
10876 }
10877
10878 /**
10879  * Parse a compound statement.
10880  */
10881 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
10882 {
10883         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10884
10885         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10886
10887         eat('{');
10888         add_anchor_token('}');
10889         /* tokens, which can start a statement */
10890         /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
10891         add_anchor_token('!');
10892         add_anchor_token('&');
10893         add_anchor_token('(');
10894         add_anchor_token('*');
10895         add_anchor_token('+');
10896         add_anchor_token('-');
10897         add_anchor_token('{');
10898         add_anchor_token('~');
10899         add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10900         add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
10901         add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
10902         add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
10903         add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
10904         add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
10905         add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
10906         add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
10907         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10908         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
10909         add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
10910         add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
10911         add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
10912         add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
10913         add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
10914         add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
10915         add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
10916         add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
10917         add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
10918         add_anchor_token(T___func__);
10919         add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
10920         add_anchor_token(T___label__);
10921         add_anchor_token(T___real__);
10922         add_anchor_token(T___thread);
10923         add_anchor_token(T_asm);
10924         add_anchor_token(T_auto);
10925         add_anchor_token(T_bool);
10926         add_anchor_token(T_break);
10927         add_anchor_token(T_case);
10928         add_anchor_token(T_char);
10929         add_anchor_token(T_class);
10930         add_anchor_token(T_const);
10931         add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
10932         add_anchor_token(T_continue);
10933         add_anchor_token(T_default);
10934         add_anchor_token(T_delete);
10935         add_anchor_token(T_double);
10936         add_anchor_token(T_do);
10937         add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
10938         add_anchor_token(T_enum);
10939         add_anchor_token(T_extern);
10940         add_anchor_token(T_false);
10941         add_anchor_token(T_float);
10942         add_anchor_token(T_for);
10943         add_anchor_token(T_goto);
10944         add_anchor_token(T_if);
10945         add_anchor_token(T_inline);
10946         add_anchor_token(T_int);
10947         add_anchor_token(T_long);
10948         add_anchor_token(T_new);
10949         add_anchor_token(T_operator);
10950         add_anchor_token(T_register);
10951         add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
10952         add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
10953         add_anchor_token(T_return);
10954         add_anchor_token(T_short);
10955         add_anchor_token(T_signed);
10956         add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
10957         add_anchor_token(T_static);
10958         add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
10959         add_anchor_token(T_struct);
10960         add_anchor_token(T_switch);
10961         add_anchor_token(T_template);
10962         add_anchor_token(T_this);
10963         add_anchor_token(T_throw);
10964         add_anchor_token(T_true);
10965         add_anchor_token(T_try);
10966         add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
10967         add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
10968         add_anchor_token(T_typename);
10969         add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
10970         add_anchor_token(T_union);
10971         add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
10972         add_anchor_token(T_using);
10973         add_anchor_token(T_void);
10974         add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
10975         add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
10976         add_anchor_token(T_while);
10977
10978         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10979         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
10980
10981         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
10982         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
10983         while (token.type != '}') {
10984                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
10985                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
10986                                "EOF while parsing compound statement");
10987                         break;
10988                 }
10989                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
10990                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
10991                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
10992                         if (at_anchor())
10993                                 goto end_error;
10994                         continue;
10995                 }
10996
10997                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
10998                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10999                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
11000                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
11001                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
11002                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
11003                         }
11004                 }
11005
11006                 *anchor = sub_statement;
11007
11008                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
11009                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
11010
11011                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
11012         }
11013         next_token();
11014
11015         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
11016         if (warning.unused_value) {
11017                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
11018                 for (; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
11019                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
11020                                 continue;
11021                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
11022                          * statement as it has always an effect */
11023                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
11024                                 continue;
11025
11026                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
11027                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
11028                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
11029                                          "statement has no effect");
11030                         }
11031                 }
11032         }
11033
11034 end_error:
11035         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
11036         rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
11037         rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
11038         rem_anchor_token(T_void);
11039         rem_anchor_token(T_using);
11040         rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
11041         rem_anchor_token(T_union);
11042         rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
11043         rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
11044         rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
11045         rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
11046         rem_anchor_token(T_try);
11047         rem_anchor_token(T_true);
11048         rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
11049         rem_anchor_token(T_this);
11050         rem_anchor_token(T_template);
11051         rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
11052         rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
11053         rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
11054         rem_anchor_token(T_static);
11055         rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
11056         rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
11057         rem_anchor_token(T_short);
11058         rem_anchor_token(T_return);
11059         rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
11060         rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
11061         rem_anchor_token(T_register);
11062         rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
11063         rem_anchor_token(T_new);
11064         rem_anchor_token(T_long);
11065         rem_anchor_token(T_int);
11066         rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
11067         rem_anchor_token(T_if);
11068         rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
11069         rem_anchor_token(T_for);
11070         rem_anchor_token(T_float);
11071         rem_anchor_token(T_false);
11072         rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
11073         rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
11074         rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
11075         rem_anchor_token(T_do);
11076         rem_anchor_token(T_double);
11077         rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
11078         rem_anchor_token(T_default);
11079         rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
11080         rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
11081         rem_anchor_token(T_const);
11082         rem_anchor_token(T_class);
11083         rem_anchor_token(T_char);
11084         rem_anchor_token(T_case);
11085         rem_anchor_token(T_break);
11086         rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
11087         rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
11088         rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
11089         rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
11090         rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
11091         rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
11092         rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
11093         rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
11094         rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
11095         rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
11096         rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
11097         rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
11098         rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
11099         rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
11100         rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
11101         rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
11102         rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
11103         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
11104         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11105         rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
11106         rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
11107         rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
11108         rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
11109         rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
11110         rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
11111         rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
11112         rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11113         rem_anchor_token('~');
11114         rem_anchor_token('{');
11115         rem_anchor_token('-');
11116         rem_anchor_token('+');
11117         rem_anchor_token('*');
11118         rem_anchor_token('(');
11119         rem_anchor_token('&');
11120         rem_anchor_token('!');
11121         rem_anchor_token('}');
11122         assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
11123         scope_pop(old_scope);
11124         environment_pop_to(top);
11125
11126         POP_PARENT;
11127         return statement;
11128 }
11129
11130 /**
11131  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
11132  */
11133 static void check_unused_globals(void)
11134 {
11135         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
11136                 return;
11137
11138         for (const entity_t *entity = file_scope->entities; entity != NULL;
11139              entity = entity->base.next) {
11140                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
11141                         continue;
11142
11143                 const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
11144                 if (declaration->used                  ||
11145                     declaration->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
11146                     declaration->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
11147                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
11148                         continue;
11149
11150                 type_t *const type = declaration->type;
11151                 const char *s;
11152                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
11153                         /* inhibit warning for static inline functions */
11154                         if (entity->function.is_inline)
11155                                 continue;
11156
11157                         s = entity->function.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared";
11158                 } else {
11159                         s = "defined";
11160                 }
11161
11162                 warningf(&declaration->base.source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
11163                         type, declaration->base.symbol, s);
11164         }
11165 }
11166
11167 static void parse_global_asm(void)
11168 {
11169         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
11170
11171         eat(T_asm);
11172         expect('(', end_error);
11173
11174         statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
11175         statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
11176         unit->global_asm         = statement;
11177
11178         expect(')', end_error);
11179         expect(';', end_error);
11180
11181 end_error:;
11182 }
11183
11184 static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
11185 {
11186         eat(T_extern);
11187         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
11188
11189         const char *linkage = parse_string_literals().begin;
11190
11191         linkage_kind_t old_linkage = current_linkage;
11192         linkage_kind_t new_linkage;
11193         if (strcmp(linkage, "C") == 0) {
11194                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_C;
11195         } else if (strcmp(linkage, "C++") == 0) {
11196                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_CXX;
11197         } else {
11198                 errorf(HERE, "linkage string \"%s\" not recognized", linkage);
11199                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_INVALID;
11200         }
11201         current_linkage = new_linkage;
11202
11203         if (token.type == '{') {
11204                 next_token();
11205                 parse_externals();
11206                 expect('}', end_error);
11207         } else {
11208                 parse_external();
11209         }
11210
11211 end_error:
11212         assert(current_linkage == new_linkage);
11213         current_linkage = old_linkage;
11214 }
11215
11216 static void parse_external(void)
11217 {
11218         switch (token.type) {
11219                 DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN
11220                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
11221                 case T___extension__:
11222                 /* tokens below are for implicit int */
11223                 case '&': /* & x; -> int& x; (and error later, because C++ has no
11224                              implicit int) */
11225                 case '*': /* * x; -> int* x; */
11226                 case '(': /* (x); -> int (x); */
11227                         parse_external_declaration();
11228                         return;
11229
11230                 case T_extern:
11231                         if (look_ahead(1)->type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
11232                                 parse_linkage_specification();
11233                         } else {
11234                                 parse_external_declaration();
11235                         }
11236                         return;
11237
11238                 case T_asm:
11239                         parse_global_asm();
11240                         return;
11241
11242                 case T_namespace:
11243                         parse_namespace_definition();
11244                         return;
11245
11246                 case ';':
11247                         if (!strict_mode) {
11248                                 if (warning.other)
11249                                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
11250                                 next_token();
11251                                 return;
11252                         }
11253                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
11254
11255                 default:
11256                         errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
11257                         if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
11258                                 eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
11259                         next_token();
11260                         return;
11261         }
11262 }
11263
11264 static void parse_externals(void)
11265 {
11266         add_anchor_token('}');
11267         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11268
11269 #ifndef NDEBUG
11270         unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
11271         memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
11272 #endif
11273
11274         while (token.type != T_EOF && token.type != '}') {
11275 #ifndef NDEBUG
11276                 bool anchor_leak = false;
11277                 for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
11278                         unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
11279                         if (count != 0) {
11280                                 errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
11281                                 anchor_leak = true;
11282                         }
11283                 }
11284                 if (in_gcc_extension) {
11285                         errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
11286                         anchor_leak = true;
11287                 }
11288
11289                 if (anchor_leak)
11290                         abort();
11291 #endif
11292
11293                 parse_external();
11294         }
11295
11296         rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11297         rem_anchor_token('}');
11298 }
11299
11300 /**
11301  * Parse a translation unit.
11302  */
11303 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
11304 {
11305         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11306
11307         while (true) {
11308                 parse_externals();
11309
11310                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
11311                         break;
11312
11313                 errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
11314                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
11315                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
11316                 next_token();
11317         }
11318 }
11319
11320 /**
11321  * Parse the input.
11322  *
11323  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
11324  */
11325 void start_parsing(void)
11326 {
11327         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
11328         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
11329         diagnostic_count  = 0;
11330         error_count       = 0;
11331         warning_count     = 0;
11332
11333         type_set_output(stderr);
11334         ast_set_output(stderr);
11335
11336         assert(unit == NULL);
11337         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
11338
11339         assert(file_scope == NULL);
11340         file_scope = &unit->scope;
11341
11342         assert(current_scope == NULL);
11343         scope_push(&unit->scope);
11344 }
11345
11346 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
11347 {
11348         assert(current_scope == &unit->scope);
11349         scope_pop(NULL);
11350
11351         assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
11352         check_unused_globals();
11353         file_scope = NULL;
11354
11355         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
11356         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
11357
11358         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
11359         unit = NULL;
11360         return result;
11361 }
11362
11363 /* GCC allows global arrays without size and assigns them a length of one,
11364  * if no different declaration follows */
11365 static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
11366 {
11367         size_t n = ARR_LEN(incomplete_arrays);
11368         for (size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
11369                 declaration_t *const decl      = incomplete_arrays[i];
11370                 type_t        *const orig_type = decl->type;
11371                 type_t        *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
11372
11373                 if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
11374                         continue;
11375
11376                 if (warning.other) {
11377                         warningf(&decl->base.source_position,
11378                                         "array '%#T' assumed to have one element",
11379                                         orig_type, decl->base.symbol);
11380                 }
11381
11382                 type_t *const new_type = duplicate_type(type);
11383                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
11384                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
11385                 new_type->array.size              = 1;
11386
11387                 type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
11388
11389                 decl->type = result;
11390         }
11391 }
11392
11393 void parse(void)
11394 {
11395         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
11396         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
11397                 next_token();
11398         }
11399         current_linkage   = c_mode & _CXX ? LINKAGE_CXX : LINKAGE_C;
11400         incomplete_arrays = NEW_ARR_F(declaration_t*, 0);
11401         parse_translation_unit();
11402         complete_incomplete_arrays();
11403         DEL_ARR_F(incomplete_arrays);
11404         incomplete_arrays = NULL;
11405 }
11406
11407 /**
11408  * Initialize the parser.
11409  */
11410 void init_parser(void)
11411 {
11412         sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
11413
11414         if (c_mode & _MS) {
11415                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
11416                 sym_align         = symbol_table_insert("align");
11417                 sym_allocate      = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
11418                 sym_dllimport     = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
11419                 sym_dllexport     = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
11420                 sym_naked         = symbol_table_insert("naked");
11421                 sym_noinline      = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
11422                 sym_returns_twice = symbol_table_insert("returns_twice");
11423                 sym_noreturn      = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
11424                 sym_nothrow       = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
11425                 sym_novtable      = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
11426                 sym_property      = symbol_table_insert("property");
11427                 sym_get           = symbol_table_insert("get");
11428                 sym_put           = symbol_table_insert("put");
11429                 sym_selectany     = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
11430                 sym_thread        = symbol_table_insert("thread");
11431                 sym_uuid          = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
11432                 sym_deprecated    = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
11433                 sym_restrict      = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
11434                 sym_noalias       = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
11435         }
11436         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
11437
11438         init_expression_parsers();
11439         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
11440
11441         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
11442         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
11443 }
11444
11445 /**
11446  * Terminate the parser.
11447  */
11448 void exit_parser(void)
11449 {
11450         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
11451 }