nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "entity_t.h"
  37 #include "lang_features.h"
  38 #include "walk_statements.h"
  39 #include "warning.h"
  40 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  41 #include "adt/error.h"
  42 #include "adt/array.h"
  43
  44 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  45 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 1
  46
  47 typedef struct {
  48         entity_t           *old_entity;
  49         symbol_t           *symbol;
  50         entity_namespace_t  namespc;
  51 } stack_entry_t;
  52
  53 typedef struct argument_list_t argument_list_t;
  54 struct argument_list_t {
  55         long              argument;
  56         argument_list_t  *next;
  57 };
  58
  59 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  60 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  61         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;          /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
  62         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  63         bool                 invalid;       /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
  64         bool                 has_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
  65         union {
  66                 size_t              value;
  67                 string_t            string;
  68                 symbol_t           *symbol;
  69                 long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
  70                 argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
  71         } u;
  72 };
  73
  74 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  75 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  76         source_position_t  source_position;
  77         storage_class_t    storage_class;
  78         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  79         bool               is_inline    : 1;
  80         bool               thread_local : 1;  /**< GCC __thread */
  81         bool               deprecated   : 1;
  82         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
  83         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  84         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  85         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  86         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  87         type_t            *type;
  88 };
  89
  90 /**
  91  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  92  */
  93 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  94         type_t     *type;   /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  95                                  array type with unspecified size this gets
  96                                  adjusted to the actual size. */
  97         entity_t   *entity; /**< the variable that is initialized if any */
  98         bool        must_be_constant;
  99 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 100
 101 typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 102
 103 /** The current token. */
 104 static token_t              token;
 105 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
 106 static token_t              lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
 107 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
 108 static size_t               lookahead_bufpos;
 109 static stack_entry_t       *environment_stack = NULL;
 110 static stack_entry_t       *label_stack       = NULL;
 111 static scope_t             *file_scope        = NULL;
 112 static scope_t             *current_scope     = NULL;
 113 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
 114 static function_t          *current_function  = NULL;
 115 static entity_t            *current_init_decl = NULL;
 116 static switch_statement_t  *current_switch    = NULL;
 117 static statement_t         *current_loop      = NULL;
 118 static statement_t         *current_parent    = NULL;
 119 static ms_try_statement_t  *current_try       = NULL;
 120 static linkage_kind_t       current_linkage   = LINKAGE_INVALID;
 121 static goto_statement_t    *goto_first        = NULL;
 122 static goto_statement_t   **goto_anchor       = NULL;
 123 static label_statement_t   *label_first       = NULL;
 124 static label_statement_t  **label_anchor      = NULL;
 125 /** current translation unit. */
 126 static translation_unit_t  *unit              = NULL;
 127 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
 128 static bool                 in_type_prop      = false;
 129 /** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
 130 static bool                 in_gcc_extension  = false;
 131 static struct obstack       temp_obst;
 132 static entity_t            *anonymous_entity;
 133 static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 134
 135
 136 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 137         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 138         ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 139 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 140
 141 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 142 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 143
 144 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 145 static const symbol_t *sym_align         = NULL;
 146 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate      = NULL;
 147 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport     = NULL;
 148 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport     = NULL;
 149 static const symbol_t *sym_naked         = NULL;
 150 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline      = NULL;
 151 static const symbol_t *sym_returns_twice = NULL;
 152 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn      = NULL;
 153 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow       = NULL;
 154 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable      = NULL;
 155 static const symbol_t *sym_property      = NULL;
 156 static const symbol_t *sym_get           = NULL;
 157 static const symbol_t *sym_put           = NULL;
 158 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany     = NULL;
 159 static const symbol_t *sym_thread        = NULL;
 160 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid          = NULL;
 161 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated    = NULL;
 162 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict      = NULL;
 163 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias       = NULL;
 164
 165 /** The token anchor set */
 166 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 167
 168 /** The current source position. */
 169 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 170
 171 /** true if we are in GCC mode. */
 172 #define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
 173
 174 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 175 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 176
 177 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 178 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 179 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 180 static void          parse_externals(void);
 181 static void          parse_external(void);
 182
 183 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound_declaration);
 184
 185 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
 186                                                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos);
 187
 188 typedef enum declarator_flags_t {
 189         DECL_FLAGS_NONE             = 0,
 190         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT        = 1U << 0,
 191         DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER = 1U << 1,
 192         DECL_IS_PARAMETER           = 1U << 2
 193 } declarator_flags_t;
 194
 195 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
 196                                   declarator_flags_t flags);
 197
 198 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition);
 199
 200 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 201
 202 static void create_gnu_builtins(void);
 203 static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void);
 204
 205 #define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
 206         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 207         case T_extern:
 208
 209 #define STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 210         case T_typedef:         \
 211         case T_static:          \
 212         case T_auto:            \
 213         case T_register:        \
 214         case T___thread:
 215
 216 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 217         case T_const:           \
 218         case T_restrict:        \
 219         case T_volatile:        \
 220         case T_inline:          \
 221         case T__forceinline:    \
 222         case T___attribute__:
 223
 224 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 225         case T__Complex:
 226 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 227         case T__Imaginary:
 228
 229 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 230         case T__Bool:             \
 231         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 232         case T___typeof__:        \
 233         case T__declspec:         \
 234         case T_bool:              \
 235         case T_char:              \
 236         case T_double:            \
 237         case T_enum:              \
 238         case T_float:             \
 239         case T_int:               \
 240         case T_long:              \
 241         case T_short:             \
 242         case T_signed:            \
 243         case T_struct:            \
 244         case T_union:             \
 245         case T_unsigned:          \
 246         case T_void:              \
 247         case T_wchar_t:           \
 248         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 249         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 250
 251 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 252         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 253         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 254         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 255
 256 #define DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN \
 257         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN       \
 258         TYPE_QUALIFIERS                 \
 259         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 260
 261 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 262         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 263         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 264
 265 #define EXPRESSION_START           \
 266         case '!':                        \
 267         case '&':                        \
 268         case '(':                        \
 269         case '*':                        \
 270         case '+':                        \
 271         case '-':                        \
 272         case '~':                        \
 273         case T_ANDAND:                   \
 274         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       \
 275         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            \
 276         case T_INTEGER:                  \
 277         case T_MINUSMINUS:               \
 278         case T_PLUSPLUS:                 \
 279         case T_STRING_LITERAL:           \
 280         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  \
 281         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      \
 282         case T___FUNCDNAME__:            \
 283         case T___FUNCSIG__:              \
 284         case T___FUNCTION__:             \
 285         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
 286         case T___alignof__:              \
 287         case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
 288         case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
 289         case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
 290         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
 291         case T___builtin_isless:         \
 292         case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
 293         case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
 294         case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
 295         case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
 296         case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
 297         case T___builtin_va_start:       \
 298         case T___builtin_va_copy:        \
 299         case T___func__:                 \
 300         case T___noop:                   \
 301         case T__assume:                  \
 302         case T_delete:                   \
 303         case T_false:                    \
 304         case T_sizeof:                   \
 305         case T_throw:                    \
 306         case T_true:
 307
 308 /**
 309  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 310  * initialize all fields with zero.
 311  */
 312 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 313 {
 314         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 315         memset(res, 0, size);
 316         return res;
 317 }
 318
 319 /**
 320  * Returns the size of an entity node.
 321  *
 322  * @param kind  the entity kind
 323  */
 324 static size_t get_entity_struct_size(entity_kind_t kind)
 325 {
 326         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 327                 [ENTITY_VARIABLE]        = sizeof(variable_t),
 328                 [ENTITY_PARAMETER]       = sizeof(parameter_t),
 329                 [ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER] = sizeof(compound_member_t),
 330                 [ENTITY_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_t),
 331                 [ENTITY_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_t),
 332                 [ENTITY_STRUCT]          = sizeof(compound_t),
 333                 [ENTITY_UNION]           = sizeof(compound_t),
 334                 [ENTITY_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_t),
 335                 [ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE]      = sizeof(enum_value_t),
 336                 [ENTITY_LABEL]           = sizeof(label_t),
 337                 [ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL]     = sizeof(label_t),
 338                 [ENTITY_NAMESPACE]       = sizeof(namespace_t)
 339         };
 340         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 341         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 342         return sizes[kind];
 343 }
 344
 345 /**
 346  * Allocate an entity of given kind and initialize all
 347  * fields with zero.
 348  *
 349  * @param kind   the kind of the entity to allocate
 350  */
 351 static entity_t *allocate_entity_zero(entity_kind_t kind)
 352 {
 353         size_t    size   = get_entity_struct_size(kind);
 354         entity_t *entity = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 355         entity->kind     = kind;
 356         return entity;
 357 }
 358
 359 /**
 360  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 361  *
 362  * @param kind  the statement kind
 363  */
 364 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 365 {
 366         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 367                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 368                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 369                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 370                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 371                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 372                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 373                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 374                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 375                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 376                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 377                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 378                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 379                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 380                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 381                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 382                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 383                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 384                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 385                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 386         };
 387         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 388         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 389         return sizes[kind];
 390 }
 391
 392 /**
 393  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 394  *
 395  * @param kind  the expression kind
 396  */
 397 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 398 {
 399         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 400                 [EXPR_INVALID]                    = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 401                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                  = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 402                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]       = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 403                 [EXPR_CONST]                      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 404                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]         = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 405                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]    = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 406                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]             = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 407                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]        = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 408                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]           = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 409                 [EXPR_CALL]                       = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 410                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]                = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 411                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]               = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 412                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 413                 [EXPR_SELECT]                     = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 414                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]               = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 415                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                     = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 416                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 417                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 418                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 419                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 420                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = sizeof(builtin_types_compatible_expression_t),
 421                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 422                 [EXPR_VA_START]                   = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 423                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                     = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 424                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                    = sizeof(va_copy_expression_t),
 425                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                  = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 426                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]              = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
 427         };
 428         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 429                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 430         }
 431         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 432                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 433         }
 434         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 435         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 436         return sizes[kind];
 437 }
 438
 439 /**
 440  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 441  * fields with zero. Sets its source position to the position
 442  * of the current token.
 443  */
 444 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 445 {
 446         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 447         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 448
 449         res->base.kind            = kind;
 450         res->base.parent          = current_parent;
 451         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 452         return res;
 453 }
 454
 455 /**
 456  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 457  * fields with zero.
 458  *
 459  * @param kind  the kind of the expression to allocate
 460  */
 461 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 462 {
 463         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 464         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 465
 466         res->base.kind            = kind;
 467         res->base.type            = type_error_type;
 468         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 469         return res;
 470 }
 471
 472 /**
 473  * Creates a new invalid expression at the source position
 474  * of the current token.
 475  */
 476 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 477 {
 478         return allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 479 }
 480
 481 /**
 482  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 483  */
 484 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 485 {
 486         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 487 }
 488
 489 /**
 490  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 491  */
 492 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 493 {
 494         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 495 }
 496
 497 /**
 498  * Returns the size of a type node.
 499  *
 500  * @param kind  the type kind
 501  */
 502 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 503 {
 504         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 505                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 506                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 507                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 508                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 509                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 510                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 511                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 512                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 513                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 514                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 515                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 516                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 517                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 518         };
 519         assert(lengthof(sizes) == (int)TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 520         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 521         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 522         return sizes[kind];
 523 }
 524
 525 /**
 526  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 527  * fields with zero.
 528  *
 529  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
 530  */
 531 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
 532 {
 533         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 534         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 535         memset(res, 0, size);
 536         res->base.kind = kind;
 537
 538         return res;
 539 }
 540
 541 static function_parameter_t *allocate_parameter(type_t *const type)
 542 {
 543         function_parameter_t *const param = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(*param));
 544         memset(param, 0, sizeof(*param));
 545         param->type = type;
 546         return param;
 547 }
 548
 549 /**
 550  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 551  *
 552  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 553  */
 554 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 555 {
 556         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 557                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 558                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 559                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 560                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 561                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 562         };
 563         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 564         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 565         return sizes[kind];
 566 }
 567
 568 /**
 569  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 570  * fields with zero.
 571  */
 572 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 573 {
 574         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 575         result->kind          = kind;
 576
 577         return result;
 578 }
 579
 580 /**
 581  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 582  */
 583 static size_t environment_top(void)
 584 {
 585         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 586 }
 587
 588 /**
 589  * Returns the index of the top element of the global label stack.
 590  */
 591 static size_t label_top(void)
 592 {
 593         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 594 }
 595
 596 /**
 597  * Return the next token.
 598  */
 599 static inline void next_token(void)
 600 {
 601         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 602         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 603         lexer_next_token();
 604
 605         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos + 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 606
 607 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 608         print_token(stderr, &token);
 609         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 610 #endif
 611 }
 612
 613 /**
 614  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 615  */
 616 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(size_t num)
 617 {
 618         assert(0 < num && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 619         size_t pos = (lookahead_bufpos + num - 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 620         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 621 }
 622
 623 /**
 624  * Adds a token type to the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 625  */
 626 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 627 {
 628         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 629         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 630 }
 631
 632 /**
 633  * Set the number of tokens types of the given type
 634  * to zero and return the old count.
 635  */
 636 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 637 {
 638         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 639         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 640         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 641         return count;
 642 }
 643
 644 /**
 645  * Restore the number of token types to the given count.
 646  */
 647 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 648 {
 649         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 650         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 651 }
 652
 653 /**
 654  * Remove a token type from the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 655  */
 656 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 657 {
 658         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 659         assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
 660         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 661 }
 662
 663 /**
 664  * Return true if the token type of the current token is
 665  * in the anchor set.
 666  */
 667 static bool at_anchor(void)
 668 {
 669         if (token.type < 0)
 670                 return false;
 671         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 672 }
 673
 674 /**
 675  * Eat tokens until a matching token type is found.
 676  */
 677 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 678 {
 679         int end_token;
 680         switch (type) {
 681                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 682                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 683                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 684                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 685         }
 686
 687         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 688         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 689         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 690         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 691                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 692                brace_count       != 0         ||
 693                bracket_count     != 0) {
 694                 switch (token.type) {
 695                 case T_EOF: return;
 696                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 697                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 698                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 699
 700                 case ')':
 701                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 702                                 --parenthesis_count;
 703                         goto check_stop;
 704
 705                 case '}':
 706                         if (brace_count > 0)
 707                                 --brace_count;
 708                         goto check_stop;
 709
 710                 case ']':
 711                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 712                                 --bracket_count;
 713 check_stop:
 714                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 715                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 716                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 717                             bracket_count     == 0)
 718                                 return;
 719                         break;
 720
 721                 default:
 722                         break;
 723                 }
 724                 next_token();
 725         }
 726 }
 727
 728 /**
 729  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 730  */
 731 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 732 {
 733         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 734                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 735                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 736                 next_token();
 737         }
 738 }
 739
 740 /**
 741  * Eat a whole block from input tokens.
 742  */
 743 static void eat_block(void)
 744 {
 745         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 746         if (token.type == '}')
 747                 next_token();
 748 }
 749
 750 #define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 751
 752 /**
 753  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 754  */
 755 static
 756 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 757 __attribute__((sentinel))
 758 #endif
 759 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 760 {
 761         if (message != NULL) {
 762                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 763         }
 764         va_list ap;
 765         va_start(ap, message);
 766         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 767         va_end(ap);
 768 }
 769
 770 /**
 771  * Report an incompatible type.
 772  */
 773 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 774                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 775 {
 776         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 777                msg, type1, type2);
 778 }
 779
 780 /**
 781  * Expect the current token is the expected token.
 782  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 783  * and goto the end_error label.
 784  */
 785 #define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
 786         do {                                                  \
 787                 if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
 788                         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 789                         add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 790                         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 791                         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 792                                 next_token();                             \
 793                         rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 794                         goto error_label;                             \
 795                 }                                                 \
 796                 next_token();                                     \
 797         } while (0)
 798
 799 /**
 800  * Push a given scope on the scope stack and make it the
 801  * current scope
 802  */
 803 static scope_t *scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 804 {
 805         if (current_scope != NULL) {
 806                 new_scope->depth = current_scope->depth + 1;
 807         }
 808
 809         scope_t *old_scope = current_scope;
 810         current_scope      = new_scope;
 811         return old_scope;
 812 }
 813
 814 /**
 815  * Pop the current scope from the scope stack.
 816  */
 817 static void scope_pop(scope_t *old_scope)
 818 {
 819         current_scope = old_scope;
 820 }
 821
 822 /**
 823  * Search an entity by its symbol in a given namespace.
 824  */
 825 static entity_t *get_entity(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 826                             namespace_tag_t namespc)
 827 {
 828         entity_t *entity = symbol->entity;
 829         for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.symbol_next) {
 830                 if (entity->base.namespc == namespc)
 831                         return entity;
 832         }
 833
 834         return NULL;
 835 }
 836
 837 /* §6.2.3:1 24)  There is only one name space for tags even though three are
 838  * possible. */
 839 static entity_t *get_tag(symbol_t const *const symbol,
 840                 entity_kind_tag_t const kind)
 841 {
 842         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_TAG);
 843         if (entity != NULL && entity->kind != kind) {
 844                 errorf(HERE,
 845                                 "'%Y' defined as wrong kind of tag (previous definition %P)",
 846                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
 847                 entity = NULL;
 848         }
 849         return entity;
 850 }
 851
 852 /**
 853  * pushs an entity on the environment stack and links the corresponding symbol
 854  * it.
 855  */
 856 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, entity_t *entity)
 857 {
 858         symbol_t           *symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
 859         entity_namespace_t  namespc = entity->base.namespc;
 860         assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 861
 862         /* replace/add entity into entity list of the symbol */
 863         entity_t **anchor;
 864         entity_t  *iter;
 865         for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 866                 iter = *anchor;
 867                 if (iter == NULL)
 868                         break;
 869
 870                 /* replace an entry? */
 871                 if (iter->base.namespc == namespc) {
 872                         entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 873                         break;
 874                 }
 875         }
 876         *anchor = entity;
 877
 878         /* remember old declaration */
 879         stack_entry_t entry;
 880         entry.symbol     = symbol;
 881         entry.old_entity = iter;
 882         entry.namespc    = namespc;
 883         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 884 }
 885
 886 /**
 887  * Push an entity on the environment stack.
 888  */
 889 static void environment_push(entity_t *entity)
 890 {
 891         assert(entity->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
 892         assert(entity->base.parent_scope != NULL);
 893         stack_push(&environment_stack, entity);
 894 }
 895
 896 /**
 897  * Push a declaration on the global label stack.
 898  *
 899  * @param declaration  the declaration
 900  */
 901 static void label_push(entity_t *label)
 902 {
 903         /* we abuse the parameters scope as parent for the labels */
 904         label->base.parent_scope = &current_function->parameters;
 905         stack_push(&label_stack, label);
 906 }
 907
 908 /**
 909  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 910  */
 911 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 912 {
 913         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 914         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 915         size_t         i;
 916
 917         assert(new_top <= top);
 918         if (new_top == top)
 919                 return;
 920
 921         for (i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 922                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 923
 924                 entity_t           *old_entity = entry->old_entity;
 925                 symbol_t           *symbol     = entry->symbol;
 926                 entity_namespace_t  namespc    = entry->namespc;
 927
 928                 /* replace with old_entity/remove */
 929                 entity_t **anchor;
 930                 entity_t  *iter;
 931                 for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 932                         iter = *anchor;
 933                         assert(iter != NULL);
 934                         /* replace an entry? */
 935                         if (iter->base.namespc == namespc)
 936                                 break;
 937                 }
 938
 939                 /* restore definition from outer scopes (if there was one) */
 940                 if (old_entity != NULL) {
 941                         old_entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 942                         *anchor                      = old_entity;
 943                 } else {
 944                         /* remove entry from list */
 945                         *anchor = iter->base.symbol_next;
 946                 }
 947         }
 948
 949         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 950 }
 951
 952 /**
 953  * Pop all entries from the environment stack until the new_top
 954  * is reached.
 955  *
 956  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 957  */
 958 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 959 {
 960         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 961 }
 962
 963 /**
 964  * Pop all entries from the global label stack until the new_top
 965  * is reached.
 966  *
 967  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 968  */
 969 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 970 {
 971         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 972 }
 973
 974 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 975 {
 976         return (int) akind;
 977 }
 978
 979 /**
 980  * Return the type rank for an atomic type.
 981  */
 982 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 983 {
 984         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 985         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 986                 return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 987
 988         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 989         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 990 }
 991
 992 /**
 993  * §6.3.1.1:2  Do integer promotion for a given type.
 994  *
 995  * @param type  the type to promote
 996  * @return the promoted type
 997  */
 998 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 999 {
1000         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
1001                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
1002
1003         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
1004                 type = type_int;
1005
1006         return type;
1007 }
1008
1009 /**
1010  * Create a cast expression.
1011  *
1012  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1013  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1014  */
1015 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
1016                                             type_t *dest_type)
1017 {
1018         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
1019
1020         cast->unary.value = expression;
1021         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
1022
1023         return cast;
1024 }
1025
1026 /**
1027  * Check if a given expression represents a null pointer constant.
1028  *
1029  * @param expression  the expression to check
1030  */
1031 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1032 {
1033         /* skip void* cast */
1034         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
1035                         expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
1036                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1037                 if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
1038                         expression = expression->unary.value;
1039         }
1040
1041         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1042         return
1043                 is_type_integer(type)              &&
1044                 is_constant_expression(expression) &&
1045                 fold_constant(expression) == 0;
1046 }
1047
1048 /**
1049  * Create an implicit cast expression.
1050  *
1051  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1052  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1053  */
1054 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
1055                                           type_t *dest_type)
1056 {
1057         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
1058
1059         if (source_type == dest_type)
1060                 return expression;
1061
1062         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
1063 }
1064
1065 typedef enum assign_error_t {
1066         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
1067         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
1068         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
1069         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
1070         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
1071         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
1072 } assign_error_t;
1073
1074 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
1075                                 const expression_t *const right,
1076                                 const char *context,
1077                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
1078 {
1079         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1080         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1081         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1082
1083         switch (error) {
1084         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
1085                 return;
1086         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
1087                 errorf(source_position,
1088                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
1089                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
1090                 return;
1091
1092         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
1093                 if (warning.other) {
1094                         type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1095                         type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1096
1097                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1098                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1099                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1100                         warningf(source_position,
1101                                         "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
1102                                         orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
1103                 }
1104                 return;
1105         }
1106
1107         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
1108                 if (warning.other) {
1109                         warningf(source_position,
1110                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
1111                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
1112                 }
1113                 return;
1114
1115         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
1116                 if (warning.other) {
1117                         warningf(source_position,
1118                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
1119                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1120                 }
1121                 return;
1122
1123         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
1124                 if (warning.other) {
1125                         warningf(source_position,
1126                                         "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
1127                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1128                 }
1129                 return;
1130
1131         default:
1132                 panic("invalid error value");
1133         }
1134 }
1135
1136 /** Implements the rules from §6.5.16.1 */
1137 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1138                                       const expression_t *const right)
1139 {
1140         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1141         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1142         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1143
1144         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1145                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1146                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1147                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1148                         type_t *points_to_left
1149                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1150                         type_t *points_to_right
1151                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1152                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1153
1154                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1155                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1156                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1157                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1158                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1159                         }
1160
1161                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1162                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1163
1164                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1165                                 return res;
1166
1167                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1168                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:6 */
1169                                 return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
1170                         }
1171
1172                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1173                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1174                         }
1175
1176                         return res;
1177                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1178                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1179                 }
1180         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1181             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1182                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1183                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1184         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1185                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1186                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1187                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1188                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1189                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1190                 }
1191         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1192                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1193         }
1194
1195         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1196                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1197
1198         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1199 }
1200
1201 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1202 {
1203         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
1204
1205         if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1206                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1207                        "expression '%E' is not constant", result);
1208         }
1209
1210         return result;
1211 }
1212
1213 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1214 {
1215         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
1216 }
1217
1218 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1219 {
1220         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1221         string_t result = token.v.string;
1222
1223         next_token();
1224
1225         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1226                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1227                 next_token();
1228         }
1229
1230         return result;
1231 }
1232
1233 static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1234         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1235         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1236         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1237         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1238         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1239         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1240         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1241         [GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE]          = "returns_twice",
1242         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1243         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1244         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1245         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1246         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1247         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1248         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1249         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1250         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1251         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1252         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
1253         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1254         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1255         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1256         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1257         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1258         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1259         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1260         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1261         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1262         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1263         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1264         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1265         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1266         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]              = "interrupt",
1267         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1268         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1269         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1270         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1271         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1272         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1273         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1274         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1275         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1276         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1277         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1278         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1279         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1280         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1281         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1282         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1283         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1284         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1285         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1286         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1287         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1288         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1289         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1290         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1291         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1292         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1293         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1294         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1295         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1296         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1297         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1298         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1299         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1300 };
1301
1302 /**
1303  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1304  */
1305 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1306 {
1307         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1308                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1309                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1310                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1311                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1312                 }
1313         }
1314
1315         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1316 }
1317
1318 /**
1319  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute of given kind.
1320  */
1321 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
1322 {
1323         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1324         attribute->kind            = kind;
1325         attribute->next            = NULL;
1326         attribute->invalid         = false;
1327         attribute->has_arguments   = false;
1328
1329         return attribute;
1330 }
1331
1332 /**
1333  * Parse one constant expression argument of the given attribute.
1334  */
1335 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1336 {
1337         expression_t *expression;
1338         add_anchor_token(')');
1339         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1340         rem_anchor_token(')');
1341         expect(')', end_error);
1342         attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
1343         return;
1344 end_error:
1345         attribute->invalid = true;
1346 }
1347
1348 /**
1349  * Parse a list of constant expressions arguments of the given attribute.
1350  */
1351 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1352 {
1353         argument_list_t **list = &attribute->u.arguments;
1354         argument_list_t  *entry;
1355         expression_t     *expression;
1356         add_anchor_token(')');
1357         add_anchor_token(',');
1358         while (true) {
1359                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1360                 entry = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(entry));
1361                 entry->argument = fold_constant(expression);
1362                 entry->next     = NULL;
1363                 *list = entry;
1364                 list = &entry->next;
1365                 if (token.type != ',')
1366                         break;
1367                 next_token();
1368         }
1369         rem_anchor_token(',');
1370         rem_anchor_token(')');
1371         expect(')', end_error);
1372         return;
1373 end_error:
1374         attribute->invalid = true;
1375 }
1376
1377 /**
1378  * Parse one string literal argument of the given attribute.
1379  */
1380 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1381                                            string_t *string)
1382 {
1383         add_anchor_token('(');
1384         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1385                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1386                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1387                 goto end_error;
1388         }
1389         *string = parse_string_literals();
1390         rem_anchor_token('(');
1391         expect(')', end_error);
1392         return;
1393 end_error:
1394         attribute->invalid = true;
1395 }
1396
1397 /**
1398  * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
1399  */
1400 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1401 {
1402         static const char *const tls_models[] = {
1403                 "global-dynamic",
1404                 "local-dynamic",
1405                 "initial-exec",
1406                 "local-exec"
1407         };
1408         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1409         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1410         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1411                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1412                         if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1413                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1414                                 return;
1415                         }
1416                 }
1417                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1418         }
1419         attribute->invalid = true;
1420 }
1421
1422 /**
1423  * Parse one tls model of the given attribute.
1424  */
1425 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1426 {
1427         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1428                 "default",
1429                 "protected",
1430                 "hidden",
1431                 "internal"
1432         };
1433         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1434         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1435         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1436                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1437                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1438                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1439                                 return;
1440                         }
1441                 }
1442                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1443         }
1444         attribute->invalid = true;
1445 }
1446
1447 /**
1448  * Parse one (code) model of the given attribute.
1449  */
1450 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1451 {
1452         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1453                 "small",
1454                 "medium",
1455                 "large"
1456         };
1457         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1458         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1459         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1460                 for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1461                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1462                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1463                                 return;
1464                         }
1465                 }
1466                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1467         }
1468         attribute->invalid = true;
1469 }
1470
1471 /**
1472  * Parse one mode of the given attribute.
1473  */
1474 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1475 {
1476         add_anchor_token(')');
1477
1478         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1479                 expect(T_IDENTIFIER, end_error);
1480         }
1481
1482         attribute->u.symbol = token.v.symbol;
1483         next_token();
1484
1485         rem_anchor_token(')');
1486         expect(')', end_error);
1487         return;
1488 end_error:
1489         attribute->invalid = true;
1490 }
1491
1492 /**
1493  * Parse one interrupt argument of the given attribute.
1494  */
1495 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1496 {
1497         static const char *const interrupts[] = {
1498                 "IRQ",
1499                 "FIQ",
1500                 "SWI",
1501                 "ABORT",
1502                 "UNDEF"
1503         };
1504         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1505         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1506         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1507                 for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1508                         if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1509                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1510                                 return;
1511                         }
1512                 }
1513                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
1514         }
1515         attribute->invalid = true;
1516 }
1517
1518 /**
1519  * Parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1520  */
1521 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1522 {
1523         static const char *const format_names[] = {
1524                 "printf",
1525                 "scanf",
1526                 "strftime",
1527                 "strfmon"
1528         };
1529         int i;
1530
1531         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1532                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1533                 goto end_error;
1534         }
1535         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1536         for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1537                 if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1538                         break;
1539         }
1540         if (i >= 4) {
1541                 if (warning.attribute)
1542                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1543         }
1544         next_token();
1545
1546         expect(',', end_error);
1547         add_anchor_token(')');
1548         add_anchor_token(',');
1549         parse_constant_expression();
1550         rem_anchor_token(',');
1551         rem_anchor_token(')');
1552
1553         expect(',', end_error);
1554         add_anchor_token(')');
1555         parse_constant_expression();
1556         rem_anchor_token(')');
1557         expect(')', end_error);
1558         return;
1559 end_error:
1560         attribute->u.value = true;
1561 }
1562
1563 /**
1564  * Check that a given GNU attribute has no arguments.
1565  */
1566 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
1567 {
1568         if (!attribute->has_arguments)
1569                 return;
1570
1571         /* should have no arguments */
1572         errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1573         eat_until_matching_token('(');
1574         /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1575         next_token();
1576         attribute->invalid = true;
1577 }
1578
1579 /**
1580  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1581  *
1582  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1583  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1584  *
1585  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1586  *  const
1587  *  volatile
1588  *  cdecl
1589  *  stdcall
1590  *  fastcall
1591  *  deprecated
1592  *  noinline
1593  *  noreturn
1594  *  naked
1595  *  pure
1596  *  always_inline
1597  *  malloc
1598  *  weak
1599  *  constructor
1600  *  destructor
1601  *  nothrow
1602  *  transparent_union
1603  *  common
1604  *  nocommon
1605  *  packed
1606  *  shared
1607  *  notshared
1608  *  used
1609  *  unused
1610  *  no_instrument_function
1611  *  warn_unused_result
1612  *  longcall
1613  *  shortcall
1614  *  long_call
1615  *  short_call
1616  *  function_vector
1617  *  interrupt_handler
1618  *  nmi_handler
1619  *  nesting
1620  *  near
1621  *  far
1622  *  signal
1623  *  eightbit_data
1624  *  tiny_data
1625  *  saveall
1626  *  flatten
1627  *  sseregparm
1628  *  externally_visible
1629  *  return_twice
1630  *  may_alias
1631  *  ms_struct
1632  *  gcc_struct
1633  *  dllimport
1634  *  dllexport
1635  *
1636  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1637  *  aligned( const expression )
1638  *  alias( string literal )
1639  *  section( string literal )
1640  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1641  *  format_arg( const expression )
1642  *  tls_model( string literal )
1643  *  visibility( string literal )
1644  *  regparm( const expression )
1645  *  model( string leteral )
1646  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1647  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1648  *
1649  * The following attributes might have arguments
1650  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1651  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1652  *  interrupt( string literal )
1653  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1654  */
1655 static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1656 {
1657         gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
1658         gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
1659         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1660         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1661
1662         eat(T___attribute__);
1663         expect('(', end_error);
1664         expect('(', end_error);
1665
1666         if (token.type != ')') {
1667                 /* find the end of the list */
1668                 if (last != NULL) {
1669                         while (last->next != NULL)
1670                                 last = last->next;
1671                 }
1672
1673                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1674                 while (true) {
1675                         const char *name;
1676                         if (token.type == T_const) {
1677                                 name = "const";
1678                         } else if (token.type == T_volatile) {
1679                                 name = "volatile";
1680                         } else if (token.type == T_cdecl) {
1681                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1682                                 name = "cdecl";
1683                         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
1684                                 const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1685                                 name = sym->string;
1686                         } else {
1687                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1688                                 break;
1689                         }
1690
1691                         next_token();
1692
1693                         int i;
1694                         for (i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1695                                 if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1696                                         break;
1697                         }
1698                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1699
1700                         attribute = NULL;
1701                         if (kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1702                                 if (warning.attribute)
1703                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1704
1705                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1706                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1707                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1708                                         next_token(); /* skip the ')' */
1709                                 }
1710                         } else {
1711                                 /* check for arguments */
1712                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1713                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1714                                         next_token();
1715                                         if (token.type == ')') {
1716                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1717                                                 next_token();
1718                                         } else
1719                                                 attribute->has_arguments = true;
1720                                 }
1721
1722                                 switch (kind) {
1723                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1724                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1725                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1726                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1727                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1728                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1729                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1730                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1731                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1732                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1733                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1734                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1735                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1736                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1737                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1738                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1739                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1740                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1741                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1742                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1743                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1744                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1745                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1746                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1747                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1748                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1749                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1750                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1751                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1752                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1753                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1754                                         goto no_arg;
1755
1756                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:             modifiers |= DM_CDECL;             goto no_arg;
1757                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:          modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL;          goto no_arg;
1758                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:           modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;           goto no_arg;
1759                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:            modifiers |= DM_UNUSED;            goto no_arg;
1760                                 case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
1761                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
1762                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:             modifiers |= DM_CONST;             goto no_arg;
1763                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
1764                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
1765                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
1766                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
1767                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
1768                                 case GNU_AK_RETURNS_TWICE:     modifiers |= DM_RETURNS_TWICE;     goto no_arg;
1769                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
1770                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
1771                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
1772                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:       modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;       goto no_arg;
1773                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:        modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;        goto no_arg;
1774                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:        modifiers |= DM_DEPRECATED;        goto no_arg;
1775
1776                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1777                                         /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
1778                                         if (attribute->has_arguments) {
1779                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1780                                         }
1781                                         break;
1782
1783                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1784                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1785                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1786                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1787                                                 /* should have arguments */
1788                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1789                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1790                                         } else
1791                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1792                                         break;
1793                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1794                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1795                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1796                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1797                                                 /* should have arguments */
1798                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1799                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1800                                         } else
1801                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1802                                         break;
1803                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1804                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1805                                                 /* should have arguments */
1806                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1807                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1808                                         } else
1809                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1810                                         break;
1811                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1812                                         /* may have one string argument */
1813                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1814                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1815                                         break;
1816                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1817                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1818                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1819                                         break;
1820                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1821                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1822                                                 /* should have arguments */
1823                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1824                                         } else
1825                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1826                                         break;
1827                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1828                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1829                                                 /* should have arguments */
1830                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1831                                         } else
1832                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1833                                         break;
1834                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1835                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1836                                                 /* should have arguments */
1837                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1838                                         } else {
1839                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1840                                         }
1841                                         break;
1842                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1843                                         if (!attribute->has_arguments) {
1844                                                 /* should have arguments */
1845                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1846                                         } else {
1847                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1848                                         }
1849                                         break;
1850                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1851                                         /* may have one string argument */
1852                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1853                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1854                                         break;
1855                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1856                                         /* may have one string argument */
1857                                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
1858                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1859                                         break;
1860                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1861                                         /* already handled */
1862                                         break;
1863
1864 no_arg:
1865                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1866                                 }
1867                         }
1868                         if (attribute != NULL) {
1869                                 if (last != NULL) {
1870                                         last->next = attribute;
1871                                         last       = attribute;
1872                                 } else {
1873                                         head = last = attribute;
1874                                 }
1875                         }
1876
1877                         if (token.type != ',')
1878                                 break;
1879                         next_token();
1880                 }
1881         }
1882         expect(')', end_error);
1883         expect(')', end_error);
1884 end_error:
1885         *attributes = head;
1886
1887         return modifiers;
1888 }
1889
1890 /**
1891  * Parse GNU attributes.
1892  */
1893 static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1894 {
1895         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1896
1897         while (true) {
1898                 switch (token.type) {
1899                 case T___attribute__:
1900                         modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1901                         continue;
1902
1903                 case T_asm:
1904                         next_token();
1905                         expect('(', end_error);
1906                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1907                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1908                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1909                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1910                                 break;
1911                         } else {
1912                                 parse_string_literals();
1913                         }
1914                         expect(')', end_error);
1915                         continue;
1916
1917                 case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
1918                 case T__fastcall: modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL; break;
1919                 case T__stdcall:  modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;  break;
1920
1921                 case T___thiscall:
1922                         /* TODO record modifier */
1923                         if (warning.other)
1924                                 warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1925                         break;
1926
1927 end_error:
1928                 default: return modifiers;
1929                 }
1930
1931                 next_token();
1932         }
1933 }
1934
1935 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *expr, entity_t *lhs_ent);
1936
1937 static entity_t *determine_lhs_ent(expression_t *const expr,
1938                                    entity_t *lhs_ent)
1939 {
1940         switch (expr->kind) {
1941                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1942                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1943                         /* we should only find variables as lvalues... */
1944                         if (entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1945                                         && entity->base.kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1946                                 return NULL;
1947
1948                         return entity;
1949                 }
1950
1951                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1952                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1953                         entity_t     *      ent = NULL;
1954                         if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
1955                                 ent     = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1956                                 lhs_ent = ent;
1957                         } else {
1958                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1959                         }
1960                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1961                         return ent;
1962                 }
1963
1964                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
1965                         if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
1966                                 return determine_lhs_ent(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1967                         } else {
1968                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1969                                 return NULL;
1970                         }
1971                 }
1972
1973                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1974                         expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
1975                         if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
1976                                 /* *&x is a NOP */
1977                                 return determine_lhs_ent(val->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1978                         } else {
1979                                 mark_vars_read(val, NULL);
1980                                 return NULL;
1981                         }
1982                 }
1983
1984                 default:
1985                         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
1986                         return NULL;
1987         }
1988 }
1989
1990 #define ENT_ANY ((entity_t*)-1)
1991
1992 /**
1993  * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to detect variables, which
1994  * are never read.
1995  * Example:
1996  * x = x + 1;
1997  *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
1998  *   value.
1999  *
2000  * x += y; y += x;
2001  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
2002  *   involved.
2003  */
2004 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *const expr, entity_t *lhs_ent)
2005 {
2006         switch (expr->kind) {
2007                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
2008                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
2009                         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
2010                                         && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
2011                                 return;
2012
2013                         if (lhs_ent != entity && lhs_ent != ENT_ANY) {
2014                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
2015                                         entity->variable.read = true;
2016                                 } else {
2017                                         entity->parameter.read = true;
2018                                 }
2019                         }
2020                         return;
2021                 }
2022
2023                 case EXPR_CALL:
2024                         // TODO respect pure/const
2025                         mark_vars_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
2026                         for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
2027                                 mark_vars_read(arg->expression, NULL);
2028                         }
2029                         return;
2030
2031                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
2032                         // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
2033                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
2034                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
2035                                 mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_ent);
2036                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_ent);
2037                         return;
2038
2039                 case EXPR_SELECT:
2040                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY
2041                                         && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
2042                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2043                         mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
2044                         return;
2045
2046                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
2047                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
2048                         mark_vars_read(ref, lhs_ent);
2049                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
2050                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
2051                         return;
2052                 }
2053
2054                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
2055                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_ent);
2056                         return;
2057
2058                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
2059                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_copye.src, lhs_ent);
2060                         return;
2061
2062                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
2063                         /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
2064                         if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
2065                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2066                         goto unary;
2067
2068
2069                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
2070                         if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
2071                                 return;
2072                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
2073                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
2074                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
2075                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
2076                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
2077                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2078                         goto unary;
2079
2080                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
2081                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
2082                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
2083                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
2084                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
2085                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
2086                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
2087                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
2088                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
2089                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
2090                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
2091 unary:
2092                         mark_vars_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_ent);
2093                         return;
2094
2095                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
2096                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
2097                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
2098                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
2099                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
2100                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
2101                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
2102                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
2103                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
2104                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
2105                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
2106                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
2107                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
2108                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
2109                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
2110                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
2111                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
2112                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
2113                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
2114                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
2115                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
2116                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
2117                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
2118                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
2119                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
2120                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_ent);
2121                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
2122                         return;
2123
2124                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
2125                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
2126                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
2127                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
2128                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
2129                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
2130                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
2131                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
2132                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
2133                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
2134                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
2135                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
2136                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
2137                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(expr->binary.left, lhs_ent);
2138                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
2139                         return;
2140                 }
2141
2142                 case EXPR_VA_START:
2143                         determine_lhs_ent(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_ent);
2144                         return;
2145
2146                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
2147                 case EXPR_INVALID:
2148                 case EXPR_CONST:
2149                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2150                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2151                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2152                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
2153                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
2154                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:
2155                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
2156                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
2157                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
2158                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
2159                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
2160                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
2161                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
2162                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
2163                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
2164                         return;
2165         }
2166
2167         panic("unhandled expression");
2168 }
2169
2170 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
2171 {
2172         designator_t *result = NULL;
2173         designator_t *last   = NULL;
2174
2175         while (true) {
2176                 designator_t *designator;
2177                 switch (token.type) {
2178                 case '[':
2179                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2180                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2181                         next_token();
2182                         add_anchor_token(']');
2183                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
2184                         rem_anchor_token(']');
2185                         expect(']', end_error);
2186                         break;
2187                 case '.':
2188                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2189                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2190                         next_token();
2191                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2192                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
2193                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2194                                 return NULL;
2195                         }
2196                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
2197                         next_token();
2198                         break;
2199                 default:
2200                         expect('=', end_error);
2201                         return result;
2202                 }
2203
2204                 assert(designator != NULL);
2205                 if (last != NULL) {
2206                         last->next = designator;
2207                 } else {
2208                         result = designator;
2209                 }
2210                 last = designator;
2211         }
2212 end_error:
2213         return NULL;
2214 }
2215
2216 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
2217                                               const string_t *const string)
2218 {
2219         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2220         (void) type;
2221
2222         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
2223         initializer->string.string = *string;
2224
2225         return initializer;
2226 }
2227
2228 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
2229                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
2230 {
2231         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2232         (void) type;
2233
2234         initializer_t *const initializer =
2235                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
2236         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
2237
2238         return initializer;
2239 }
2240
2241 /**
2242  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
2243  */
2244 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
2245                                                   expression_t *expression)
2246 {
2247         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
2248
2249         /* §6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
2250         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2251         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
2252         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
2253         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
2254                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
2255                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
2256
2257                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
2258                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
2259                         switch (expression->kind) {
2260                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2261                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
2262                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
2263                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
2264                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
2265                                                         &expression->string.value);
2266                                         }
2267                                         break;
2268
2269                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
2270                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
2271                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
2272                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
2273                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
2274                                         }
2275                                         break;
2276                                 }
2277
2278                                 default:
2279                                         break;
2280                         }
2281                 }
2282         }
2283
2284         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
2285         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
2286                 return NULL;
2287         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
2288                             &expression->base.source_position);
2289
2290         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
2291 #if 0
2292         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2293                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
2294         }
2295 #endif
2296         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
2297
2298         return result;
2299 }
2300
2301 /**
2302  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
2303  */
2304 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
2305 {
2306         return is_constant_expression(expression)
2307                 || is_address_constant(expression);
2308 }
2309
2310 /**
2311  * Parses an scalar initializer.
2312  *
2313  * §6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
2314  */
2315 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
2316                                                bool must_be_constant)
2317 {
2318         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
2319         int braces = 0;
2320         if (token.type == '{') {
2321                 if (warning.other)
2322                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
2323                 do {
2324                         ++braces;
2325                         next_token();
2326                 } while (token.type == '{');
2327         }
2328
2329         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2330         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2331         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2332                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2333                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2334                        expression);
2335         }
2336
2337         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
2338
2339         if (initializer == NULL) {
2340                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2341                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2342                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
2343                 /* TODO */
2344                 return NULL;
2345         }
2346
2347         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
2348         while (braces > 0) {
2349                 if (token.type == ',') {
2350                         next_token();
2351                 }
2352                 if (token.type != '}') {
2353                         if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
2354                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
2355                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
2356                         }
2357                 }
2358                 eat_block();
2359                 braces--;
2360         }
2361
2362         return initializer;
2363 }
2364
2365 /**
2366  * An entry in the type path.
2367  */
2368 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
2369 struct type_path_entry_t {
2370         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
2371         union {
2372                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
2373                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
2374         } v;
2375 };
2376
2377 /**
2378  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
2379  */
2380 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
2381 struct type_path_t {
2382         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
2383         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
2384         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
2385 };
2386
2387 /**
2388  * Prints a type path for debugging.
2389  */
2390 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
2391                 const type_path_t *path)
2392 {
2393         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2394
2395         for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
2396                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
2397
2398                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
2399                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
2400                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
2401                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
2402                                 assert(i == len-1);
2403                                 continue;
2404                         }
2405                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s",
2406                                 entry->v.compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
2407                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2408                         fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->v.index);
2409                 } else {
2410                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
2411                 }
2412         }
2413         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
2414                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
2415                 print_type(path->top_type);
2416                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
2417         }
2418 }
2419
2420 /**
2421  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
2422  * (type).a.b returns the b.
2423  */
2424 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
2425 {
2426         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2427         assert(len > 0);
2428         return &path->path[len-1];
2429 }
2430
2431 /**
2432  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
2433  */
2434 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
2435 {
2436         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2437         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
2438
2439         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
2440         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
2441         return result;
2442 }
2443
2444 /**
2445  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current top_type.
2446  */
2447 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2448 {
2449         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2450         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2451
2452         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2453         top->type              = top_type;
2454
2455         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2456                 compound_t *compound  = top_type->compound.compound;
2457                 entity_t   *entry     = compound->members.entities;
2458
2459                 if (entry != NULL) {
2460                         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2461                         top->v.compound_entry = &entry->declaration;
2462                         path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
2463                 } else {
2464                         path->top_type = NULL;
2465                 }
2466         } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
2467                 top->v.index   = 0;
2468                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2469         } else {
2470                 assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
2471         }
2472 }
2473
2474 /**
2475  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2476  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2477  */
2478 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2479 {
2480         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2481
2482         path->top_type = top->type;
2483
2484         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2485         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2486 }
2487
2488 /**
2489  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2490  * path level is reached.
2491  */
2492 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2493 {
2494         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2495
2496         while (len > top_path_level) {
2497                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2498                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2499         }
2500 }
2501
2502 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2503                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2504 {
2505         for (; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2506                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2507                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2508
2509                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2510
2511                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
2512                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2513                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
2514                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2515                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2516                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2517                                                symbol, orig_type);
2518                                 }
2519
2520                                 top->type             = type_error_type;
2521                                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2522                                 orig_type             = type_error_type;
2523                         } else {
2524                                 compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
2525                                 entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
2526                                 for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
2527                                         if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
2528                                                 break;
2529                                         }
2530                                 }
2531                                 if (iter == NULL) {
2532                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2533                                                "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2534                                         goto failed;
2535                                 }
2536                                 assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2537                                 if (used_in_offsetof) {
2538                                         type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
2539                                         if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2540                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2541                                                        "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2542                                                        symbol);
2543                                                 goto failed;
2544                                         }
2545                                 }
2546
2547                                 top->type             = orig_type;
2548                                 top->v.compound_entry = &iter->declaration;
2549                                 orig_type             = iter->declaration.type;
2550                         }
2551                 } else {
2552                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2553                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2554
2555                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
2556                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2557                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2558                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2559                                                array_index, orig_type);
2560                                 }
2561                                 goto failed;
2562                         }
2563
2564                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2565                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
2566                                 if (index < 0) {
2567                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2568                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2569                                 } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
2570                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2571                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2572                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2573                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2574                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2575                                         }
2576                                 }
2577                         }
2578
2579                         top->type    = orig_type;
2580                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2581                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2582                 }
2583                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2584
2585                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2586                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2587                 }
2588         }
2589         return true;
2590
2591 failed:
2592         return false;
2593 }
2594
2595 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2596 {
2597         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2598
2599         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2600         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2601                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2602                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2603         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2604                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2605
2606                 entity_t *next_entity = entry->base.next;
2607                 if (next_entity != NULL) {
2608                         assert(is_declaration(next_entity));
2609                         entry = &next_entity->declaration;
2610                 } else {
2611                         entry = NULL;
2612                 }
2613
2614                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2615                 if (entry != NULL) {
2616                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2617                         return;
2618                 }
2619         } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2620                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2621
2622                 top->v.index++;
2623
2624                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2625                         return;
2626                 }
2627         } else {
2628                 assert(!is_type_valid(type));
2629                 return;
2630         }
2631
2632         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2633          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2634         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2635
2636         if (len > top_path_level) {
2637                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2638                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2639         } else {
2640                 path->top_type = NULL;
2641         }
2642 }
2643
2644 /**
2645  * skip until token is found.
2646  */
2647 static void skip_until(int type)
2648 {
2649         while (token.type != type) {
2650                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2651                         return;
2652                 next_token();
2653         }
2654 }
2655
2656 /**
2657  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2658  */
2659 static void skip_initializers(void)
2660 {
2661         if (token.type == '{')
2662                 next_token();
2663
2664         while (token.type != '}') {
2665                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2666                         return;
2667                 if (token.type == '{') {
2668                         eat_block();
2669                         continue;
2670                 }
2671                 next_token();
2672         }
2673 }
2674
2675 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2676 {
2677         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2678                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2679         return &empty_initializer;
2680 }
2681
2682 /**
2683  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2684  */
2685 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2686                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2687                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2688 {
2689         if (token.type == '}') {
2690                 /* empty initializer */
2691                 return create_empty_initializer();
2692         }
2693
2694         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2695         type_t *type      = NULL;
2696
2697         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2698                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2699         } else {
2700                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2701         }
2702
2703         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2704
2705         while (true) {
2706                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2707                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2708                         designator = parse_designation();
2709                         goto finish_designator;
2710                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2711                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2712                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2713                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2714                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2715                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2716                         eat(':');
2717
2718 finish_designator:
2719                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2720                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2721                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2722                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2723                                 goto end_error;
2724                         }
2725
2726                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2727                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2728                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2729                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2730
2731                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2732                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2733                 }
2734
2735                 initializer_t *sub;
2736
2737                 if (token.type == '{') {
2738                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2739                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2740                         } else {
2741                                 eat('{');
2742                                 if (type == NULL) {
2743                                         if (env->entity != NULL) {
2744                                                 errorf(HERE,
2745                                                      "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2746                                                      env->entity->base.symbol);
2747                                         } else {
2748                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2749                                         }
2750                                 } else
2751                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2752
2753                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2754                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2755                                                             env);
2756                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2757
2758                                 if (type != NULL) {
2759                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2760                                         expect('}', end_error);
2761                                 } else {
2762                                         expect('}', end_error);
2763                                         goto error_parse_next;
2764                                 }
2765                         }
2766                 } else {
2767                         /* must be an expression */
2768                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2769                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2770
2771                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2772                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2773                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2774                                        expression);
2775                         }
2776
2777                         if (type == NULL) {
2778                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2779                                 type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
2780                                 if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
2781                                     !outer_type_skip->compound.compound->complete) {
2782                                         goto error_parse_next;
2783                                 }
2784                                 goto error_excess;
2785                         }
2786
2787                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2788                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2789                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2790                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2791                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2792                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2793                                         if (token.type == ',') {
2794                                                 next_token();
2795                                         }
2796                                         if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
2797                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2798                                                                  orig_type);
2799                                         }
2800                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2801                                         return sub;
2802                                 }
2803                         }
2804
2805                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2806                         while (true) {
2807                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2808                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2809
2810                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2811                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2812                                         break;
2813                                 }
2814                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2815                                         goto end_error;
2816                                 }
2817                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2818                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2819                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2820                                                         expression, orig_type);
2821                                         goto end_error;
2822                                 }
2823
2824                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2825                         }
2826                 }
2827
2828                 /* update largest index of top array */
2829                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2830                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2831                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2832                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2833                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2834                         if (index > path->max_index)
2835                                 path->max_index = index;
2836                 }
2837
2838                 if (type != NULL) {
2839                         /* append to initializers list */
2840                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2841                 } else {
2842 error_excess:
2843                         if (warning.other) {
2844                                 if (env->entity != NULL) {
2845                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2846                                            env->entity->base.symbol);
2847                                 } else {
2848                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2849                                 }
2850                         }
2851                 }
2852
2853 error_parse_next:
2854                 if (token.type == '}') {
2855                         break;
2856                 }
2857                 expect(',', end_error);
2858                 if (token.type == '}') {
2859                         break;
2860                 }
2861
2862                 if (type != NULL) {
2863                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2864                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2865                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2866                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2867                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2868                         else
2869                                 type = NULL;
2870                 }
2871         }
2872
2873         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2874         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2875         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2876         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2877         result->list.len      = len;
2878         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2879                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2880
2881         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2882         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2883
2884         return result;
2885
2886 end_error:
2887         skip_initializers();
2888         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2889         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2890         return NULL;
2891 }
2892
2893 /**
2894  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2895  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2896  */
2897 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2898 {
2899         type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
2900         size_t         max_index = 0xdeadbeaf;   // TODO: Resolve this uninitialized variable problem
2901         initializer_t *result;
2902
2903         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2904                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2905         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2906                 eat('{');
2907
2908                 type_path_t path;
2909                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2910                 path.top_type = env->type;
2911                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2912
2913                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2914
2915                 add_anchor_token('}');
2916                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2917                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2918
2919                 max_index = path.max_index;
2920                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2921
2922                 expect('}', end_error);
2923         } else {
2924                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2925                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2926                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2927         }
2928
2929         /* §6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2930          * the array type size */
2931         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2932                         && result != NULL) {
2933                 size_t size;
2934                 switch (result->kind) {
2935                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2936                         assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
2937                         size = max_index + 1;
2938                         break;
2939
2940                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2941                         size = result->string.string.size;
2942                         break;
2943
2944                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2945                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2946                         break;
2947
2948                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2949                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2950                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2951                         size = 0;
2952                         break;
2953
2954                 default:
2955                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2956                 }
2957
2958                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2959                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2960                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2961
2962                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2963
2964                 new_type->array.size_expression   = cnst;
2965                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
2966                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
2967                 new_type->array.size              = size;
2968                 env->type = new_type;
2969         }
2970
2971         return result;
2972 end_error:
2973         return NULL;
2974 }
2975
2976 static void append_entity(scope_t *scope, entity_t *entity)
2977 {
2978         if (scope->last_entity != NULL) {
2979                 scope->last_entity->base.next = entity;
2980         } else {
2981                 scope->entities = entity;
2982         }
2983         scope->last_entity = entity;
2984 }
2985
2986
2987 static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2988 {
2989         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
2990         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
2991         if (is_struct) {
2992                 eat(T_struct);
2993         } else {
2994                 eat(T_union);
2995         }
2996
2997         symbol_t   *symbol   = NULL;
2998         compound_t *compound = NULL;
2999
3000         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
3001                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
3002         }
3003
3004         entity_kind_tag_t const kind = is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION;
3005         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3006                 /* the compound has a name, check if we have seen it already */
3007                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
3008                 next_token();
3009
3010                 entity_t *entity = get_tag(symbol, kind);
3011                 if (entity != NULL) {
3012                         compound = &entity->compound;
3013                         if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
3014                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
3015                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
3016                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
3017                                 compound = NULL;
3018                         } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
3019                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
3020                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition %P)",
3021                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
3022                                        &compound->base.source_position);
3023                                 /* clear members in the hope to avoid further errors */
3024                                 compound->members.entities = NULL;
3025                         }
3026                 }
3027         } else if (token.type != '{') {
3028                 if (is_struct) {
3029                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
3030                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3031                 } else {
3032                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
3033                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3034                 }
3035
3036                 return NULL;
3037         }
3038
3039         if (compound == NULL) {
3040                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
3041                 compound         = &entity->compound;
3042
3043                 compound->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
3044                 compound->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3045                 compound->base.symbol          = symbol;
3046                 compound->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
3047                 if (symbol != NULL) {
3048                         environment_push(entity);
3049                 }
3050                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
3051         }
3052
3053         if (token.type == '{') {
3054                 parse_compound_type_entries(compound);
3055                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
3056
3057                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
3058                 if (symbol == NULL) {
3059                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
3060                         anonymous_entity = (entity_t*)compound;
3061                 }
3062         }
3063
3064         compound->modifiers |= modifiers;
3065         return compound;
3066 }
3067
3068 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
3069 {
3070         eat('{');
3071
3072         if (token.type == '}') {
3073                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
3074                 next_token();
3075                 return;
3076         }
3077
3078         add_anchor_token('}');
3079         do {
3080                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
3081                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
3082                         eat_block();
3083                         rem_anchor_token('}');
3084                         return;
3085                 }
3086
3087                 entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE);
3088                 entity->enum_value.enum_type = enum_type;
3089                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3090                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3091                 next_token();
3092
3093                 if (token.type == '=') {
3094                         next_token();
3095                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
3096
3097                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
3098                         entity->enum_value.value = value;
3099
3100                         /* TODO semantic */
3101                 }
3102
3103                 record_entity(entity, false);
3104
3105                 if (token.type != ',')
3106                         break;
3107                 next_token();
3108         } while (token.type != '}');
3109         rem_anchor_token('}');
3110
3111         expect('}', end_error);
3112
3113 end_error:
3114         ;
3115 }
3116
3117 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
3118 {
3119         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
3120         entity_t        *entity;
3121         symbol_t        *symbol;
3122
3123         eat(T_enum);
3124         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3125                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
3126                 next_token();
3127
3128                 entity = get_tag(symbol, ENTITY_ENUM);
3129                 if (entity != NULL) {
3130                         if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
3131                                         (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
3132                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
3133                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
3134                                 entity = NULL;
3135                         } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
3136                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
3137                                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
3138                         }
3139                 }
3140         } else if (token.type != '{') {
3141                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
3142                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3143                 return NULL;
3144         } else {
3145                 entity  = NULL;
3146                 symbol  = NULL;
3147         }
3148
3149         if (entity == NULL) {
3150                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM);
3151                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
3152                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3153                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
3154                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
3155         }
3156
3157         type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
3158         type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
3159         type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3160
3161         if (token.type == '{') {
3162                 if (symbol != NULL) {
3163                         environment_push(entity);
3164                 }
3165                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
3166                 entity->enume.complete = true;
3167
3168                 parse_enum_entries(type);
3169                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
3170
3171                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
3172                 if (symbol == NULL) {
3173                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
3174                         anonymous_entity = entity;
3175                 }
3176         } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
3177                 errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
3178                        symbol);
3179         }
3180
3181         return type;
3182 }
3183
3184 /**
3185  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
3186  */
3187 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
3188 {
3189         const entity_t *const entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3190         return entity != NULL && entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF;
3191 }
3192
3193 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
3194 {
3195         eat(T___typeof__);
3196
3197         type_t *type;
3198
3199         expect('(', end_error);
3200         add_anchor_token(')');
3201
3202         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
3203
3204         bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
3205         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3206         in_type_prop           = true;
3207
3208         while (token.type == T___extension__) {
3209                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
3210                 next_token();
3211                 in_gcc_extension = true;
3212         }
3213         switch (token.type) {
3214         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3215                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
3216                         type = parse_typename();
3217                 } else {
3218                         expression = parse_expression();
3219                         type       = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
3220                 }
3221                 break;
3222
3223         TYPENAME_START
3224                 type = parse_typename();
3225                 break;
3226
3227         default:
3228                 expression = parse_expression();
3229                 type       = expression->base.type;
3230                 break;
3231         }
3232         in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
3233         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3234
3235         rem_anchor_token(')');
3236         expect(')', end_error);
3237
3238         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
3239         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
3240         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
3241
3242         return typeof_type;
3243 end_error:
3244         return NULL;
3245 }
3246
3247 typedef enum specifiers_t {
3248         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
3249         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
3250         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
3251         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
3252         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
3253         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
3254         SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
3255         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
3256         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
3257         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
3258         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
3259         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
3260         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
3261         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
3262         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
3263         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
3264         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
3265         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
3266         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
3267 } specifiers_t;
3268
3269 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
3270                                    type_t *const real_type)
3271 {
3272         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
3273         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
3274         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
3275         return identify_new_type(type);
3276 }
3277
3278 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
3279 {
3280         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3281         if (entity == NULL || entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
3282                 return NULL;
3283
3284         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3285         type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3286
3287         return type;
3288 }
3289
3290 /**
3291  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
3292  */
3293 static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
3294 {
3295         if (intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
3296                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
3297                 return false;
3298         }
3299         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
3300         for (unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
3301                 if (i == v)
3302                         return true;
3303         }
3304         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
3305         return false;
3306 }
3307
3308 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
3309         if (*modifiers & tag && warning.other) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
3310         *modifiers |= tag; \
3311 } while (0)
3312
3313 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3314 {
3315         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
3316
3317         while (true) {
3318                 if (token.type == T_restrict) {
3319                         next_token();
3320                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
3321                         goto end_loop;
3322                 } else if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3323                         break;
3324                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3325                 if (symbol == sym_align) {
3326                         next_token();
3327                         expect('(', end_error);
3328                         if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
3329                                 goto end_error;
3330                         if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
3331                                 if (specifiers->alignment != 0 && warning.other)
3332                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
3333                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
3334                         }
3335                         next_token();
3336                         expect(')', end_error);
3337                 } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
3338                         next_token();
3339                         expect('(', end_error);
3340                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3341                                 goto end_error;
3342                         (void)token.v.symbol;
3343                         expect(')', end_error);
3344                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
3345                         next_token();
3346                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
3347                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllexport) {
3348                         next_token();
3349                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
3350                 } else if (symbol == sym_thread) {
3351                         next_token();
3352                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
3353                 } else if (symbol == sym_naked) {
3354                         next_token();
3355                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
3356                 } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
3357                         next_token();
3358                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
3359                 } else if (symbol == sym_returns_twice) {
3360                         next_token();
3361                         DET_MOD(returns_twice, DM_RETURNS_TWICE);
3362                 } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
3363                         next_token();
3364                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
3365                 } else if (symbol == sym_nothrow) {
3366                         next_token();
3367                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
3368                 } else if (symbol == sym_novtable) {
3369                         next_token();
3370                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
3371                 } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
3372                         next_token();
3373                         expect('(', end_error);
3374                         for (;;) {
3375                                 bool is_get = false;
3376                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3377                                         goto end_error;
3378                                 if (token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
3379                                         is_get = true;
3380                                 } else if (token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
3381                                 } else {
3382                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
3383                                         goto end_error;
3384                                 }
3385                                 next_token();
3386                                 expect('=', end_error);
3387                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3388                                         goto end_error;
3389                                 if (is_get) {
3390                                         if (specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
3391                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
3392                                         } else {
3393                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3394                                         }
3395                                 } else {
3396                                         if (specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
3397                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
3398                                         } else {
3399                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3400                                         }
3401                                 }
3402                                 next_token();
3403                                 if (token.type == ',') {
3404                                         next_token();
3405                                         continue;
3406                                 }
3407                                 break;
3408                         }
3409                         expect(')', end_error);
3410                 } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
3411                         next_token();
3412                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
3413                 } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
3414                         next_token();
3415                         expect('(', end_error);
3416                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
3417                                 goto end_error;
3418                         next_token();
3419                         expect(')', end_error);
3420                 } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
3421                         next_token();
3422                         if (specifiers->deprecated != 0 && warning.other)
3423                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
3424                         specifiers->deprecated = true;
3425                         if (token.type == '(') {
3426                                 next_token();
3427                                 if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
3428                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
3429                                         next_token();
3430                                 } else {
3431                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
3432                                 }
3433                                 expect(')', end_error);
3434                         }
3435                 } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
3436                         next_token();
3437                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
3438                 } else {
3439                         if (warning.other)
3440                                 warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier '%Y' ignored", token.v.symbol);
3441                         next_token();
3442                         if (token.type == '(')
3443                                 skip_until(')');
3444                 }
3445 end_loop:
3446                 if (token.type == ',')
3447                         next_token();
3448         }
3449 end_error:
3450         return;
3451 }
3452
3453 static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
3454 {
3455         entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
3456         entity->base.source_position = *HERE;
3457         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
3458         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
3459                 entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
3460                 entity->declaration.implicit = true;
3461         } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
3462                 entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
3463                 entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
3464         }
3465         if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3466                 record_entity(entity, false);
3467         return entity;
3468 }
3469
3470 static variable_t *parse_microsoft_based(void)
3471 {
3472         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
3473                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __based", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
3474                 return NULL;
3475         }
3476         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3477         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3478
3479         variable_t *variable;
3480         if (entity == NULL || entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
3481                 errorf(HERE, "'%Y' is not a variable name.", symbol);
3482                 variable = &create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE)->variable;
3483         } else {
3484                 variable = &entity->variable;
3485
3486                 type_t *const type = variable->base.type;
3487                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
3488                         if (! is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(type))) {
3489                                 errorf(HERE, "variable in __based modifier must have pointer type instead of '%T'", type);
3490                         }
3491                         if (variable->base.base.parent_scope != file_scope) {
3492                                 errorf(HERE, "a nonstatic local variable may not be used in a __based specification");
3493                         }
3494                 }
3495         }
3496         next_token();
3497         return variable;
3498 }
3499
3500 /**
3501  * Finish the construction of a struct type by calculating
3502  * its size, offsets, alignment.
3503  */
3504 static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type)
3505 {
3506         assert(type->compound != NULL);
3507
3508         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
3509         if (!compound->complete)
3510                 return;
3511
3512         il_size_t      size           = 0;
3513         il_size_t      offset;
3514         il_alignment_t alignment      = 1;
3515         bool           need_pad       = false;
3516
3517         entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
3518         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
3519                 if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3520                         continue;
3521
3522                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
3523                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type)) {
3524                         /* simply ignore errors here */
3525                         continue;
3526                 }
3527                 il_alignment_t m_alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3528                 if (m_alignment > alignment)
3529                         alignment = m_alignment;
3530
3531                 offset = (size + m_alignment - 1) & -m_alignment;
3532
3533                 if (offset > size)
3534                         need_pad = true;
3535                 entry->compound_member.offset = offset;
3536                 size = offset + m_type->base.size;
3537         }
3538         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3539                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3540         }
3541
3542         offset = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3543         if (offset > size)
3544                 need_pad = true;
3545
3546         if (need_pad) {
3547                 if (warning.padded) {
3548                         warningf(&compound->base.source_position, "'%T' needs padding", type);
3549                 }
3550         } else {
3551                 if (compound->modifiers & DM_PACKED && warning.packed) {
3552                         warningf(&compound->base.source_position,
3553                                         "superfluous packed attribute on '%T'", type);
3554                 }
3555         }
3556
3557         type->base.size      = offset;
3558         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3559 }
3560
3561 /**
3562  * Finish the construction of an union type by calculating
3563  * its size and alignment.
3564  */
3565 static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type)
3566 {
3567         assert(type->compound != NULL);
3568
3569         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
3570         if (! compound->complete)
3571                 return;
3572
3573         il_size_t      size      = 0;
3574         il_alignment_t alignment = 1;
3575
3576         entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
3577         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
3578                 if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
3579                         continue;
3580
3581                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
3582                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type))
3583                         continue;
3584
3585                 entry->compound_member.offset = 0;
3586                 if (m_type->base.size > size)
3587                         size = m_type->base.size;
3588                 if (m_type->base.alignment > alignment)
3589                         alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3590         }
3591         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3592                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3593         }
3594         size = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3595         type->base.size      = size;
3596         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3597 }
3598
3599 static type_t *handle_attribute_mode(const gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
3600                                      type_t *orig_type)
3601 {
3602         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3603
3604         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
3605          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
3606
3607         /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
3608          * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
3609         const char         *symbol_str = attribute->u.symbol->string;
3610         bool                sign       = is_type_signed(type);
3611         atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
3612         if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
3613             strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
3614                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR : ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3615         } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
3616                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT : ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3617         } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
3618                 || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
3619                 || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
3620                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_INT : ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3621         } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
3622                 akind = sign ? ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG : ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3623         } else {
3624                 if (warning.other)
3625                         warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
3626                 return orig_type;
3627         }
3628
3629         if (type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
3630                 type_t *copy       = duplicate_type(type);
3631                 copy->atomic.akind = akind;
3632                 return identify_new_type(copy);
3633         } else if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM) {
3634                 type_t *copy      = duplicate_type(type);
3635                 copy->enumt.akind = akind;
3636                 return identify_new_type(copy);
3637         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
3638                 warningf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) on pointers not implemented yet (ignored)");
3639                 return type;
3640         }
3641
3642         errorf(HERE, "__attribute__((mode)) only allowed on integer, enum or pointer type");
3643         return orig_type;
3644 }
3645
3646 static type_t *handle_type_attributes(const gnu_attribute_t *attributes,
3647                                       type_t *type)
3648 {
3649         const gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
3650         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
3651                 if (attribute->invalid)
3652                         continue;
3653
3654                 if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
3655                         type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
3656                 } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
3657                         int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum useful alignment for
3658                                                target machine */
3659                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
3660                                 alignment = attribute->u.argument;
3661
3662                         type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
3663                         copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
3664                         type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
3665                 }
3666         }
3667
3668         return type;
3669 }
3670
3671 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3672 {
3673         type_t            *type              = NULL;
3674         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3675         type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
3676         unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
3677         bool               newtype           = false;
3678         bool               saw_error         = false;
3679         bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3680
3681         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
3682
3683         while (true) {
3684                 specifiers->modifiers
3685                         |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3686
3687                 switch (token.type) {
3688                 /* storage class */
3689 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
3690                 case token:                                                        \
3691                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {         \
3692                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
3693                         }                                                              \
3694                         specifiers->storage_class = class;                             \
3695                         if (specifiers->thread_local)                                  \
3696                                 goto check_thread_storage_class;                           \
3697                         next_token();                                                  \
3698                         break;
3699
3700                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3701                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
3702                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3703                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
3704                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3705
3706                 case T__declspec:
3707                         next_token();
3708                         expect('(', end_error);
3709                         add_anchor_token(')');
3710                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
3711                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3712                         expect(')', end_error);
3713                         break;
3714
3715                 case T___thread:
3716                         if (specifiers->thread_local) {
3717                                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate '__thread'");
3718                         } else {
3719                                 specifiers->thread_local = true;
3720 check_thread_storage_class:
3721                                 switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
3722                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3723                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3724                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3725                                                 break;
3726
3727                                                 char const* wrong;
3728                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     wrong = "auto";     goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3729                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: wrong = "register"; goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3730                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  wrong = "typedef";  goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3731 wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
3732                                                 errorf(HERE, "'__thread' used with '%s'", wrong);
3733                                                 break;
3734                                 }
3735                         }
3736                         next_token();
3737                         break;
3738
3739                 /* type qualifiers */
3740 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3741                 case token:                                                     \
3742                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3743                         next_token();                                               \
3744                         break
3745
3746                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3747                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3748                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3749                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3750                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3751                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3752                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3753                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3754
3755                 case T___extension__:
3756                         next_token();
3757                         in_gcc_extension = true;
3758                         break;
3759
3760                 /* type specifiers */
3761 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3762                 case token:                                                     \
3763                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3764                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3765                         } else {                                                    \
3766                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3767                         }                                                           \
3768                         next_token();                                               \
3769                         break
3770
3771                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
3772                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
3773                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
3774                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
3775                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
3776                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
3777                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
3778                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
3779                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_bool,       SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "bool");
3780                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
3781                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
3782                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
3783                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
3784                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
3785                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
3786                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
3787                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
3788                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
3789
3790                 case T__forceinline:
3791                         /* only in microsoft mode */
3792                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3793                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
3794
3795                 case T_inline:
3796                         next_token();
3797                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3798                         break;
3799
3800                 case T_long:
3801                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3802                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3803                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3804                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3805                         } else {
3806                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3807                         }
3808                         next_token();
3809                         break;
3810
3811                 case T_struct: {
3812                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
3813
3814                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3815                         finish_struct_type(&type->compound);
3816                         break;
3817                 }
3818                 case T_union: {
3819                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
3820                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3821                         if (type->compound.compound->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3822                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3823                         finish_union_type(&type->compound);
3824                         break;
3825                 }
3826                 case T_enum:
3827                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3828                         break;
3829                 case T___typeof__:
3830                         type = parse_typeof();
3831                         break;
3832                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3833                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3834                         next_token();
3835                         break;
3836
3837                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3838                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3839                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3840                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3841                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3842                                  * '{' later on. */
3843                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3844                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3845                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3846                                         case T_const:
3847                                         case T_restrict:
3848                                         case T_volatile:
3849                                         case T_inline:
3850                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3851                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3852                                         case '&':
3853                                         case '*':
3854                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3855                                                 next_token();
3856                                                 continue;
3857
3858                                         default:
3859                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3860                                 }
3861                         }
3862
3863                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3864                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3865                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3866                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3867                                  * errors later on. */
3868                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3869                                 switch (la1_type) {
3870                                         DECLARATION_START
3871                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3872                                         case '&':
3873                                         case '*': {
3874                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3875
3876                                                 entity_t *entity =
3877                                                         create_error_entity(token.v.symbol, ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
3878
3879                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3880                                                 type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3881
3882                                                 next_token();
3883                                                 saw_error = true;
3884                                                 if (la1_type == '&' || la1_type == '*')
3885                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3886                                                 continue;
3887                                         }
3888
3889                                         default:
3890                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3891                                 }
3892                         }
3893
3894                         next_token();
3895                         type = typedef_type;
3896                         break;
3897                 }
3898
3899                 /* function specifier */
3900                 default:
3901                         goto finish_specifiers;
3902                 }
3903         }
3904
3905 finish_specifiers:
3906         specifiers->modifiers
3907                 |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3908
3909         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3910
3911         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3912                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3913
3914                 /* match valid basic types */
3915                 switch (type_specifiers) {
3916                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3917                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3918                         break;
3919                 case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
3920                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
3921                         break;
3922                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3923                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3924                         break;
3925                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3926                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3927                         break;
3928                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3929                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3930                         break;
3931                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3932                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3933                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3934                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3935                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3936                         break;
3937                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3938                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3939                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3940                         break;
3941                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3942                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3943                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3944                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3945                         break;
3946                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3947                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3948                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3949                         break;
3950                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3951                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3952                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3953                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3954                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3955                         break;
3956                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3957                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3958                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3959                         break;
3960
3961                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3962                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3963                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3964                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3965                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3966                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3967                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3968
3969                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3970                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3971                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3972                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3973 warn_about_long_long:
3974                         if (warning.long_long) {
3975                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3976                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3977                         }
3978                         break;
3979
3980                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3981                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3982                         break;
3983
3984                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3985                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3986                         break;
3987
3988                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3989                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3990                         break;
3991
3992                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3993                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3994                         break;
3995
3996                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3997                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3998                         break;
3999
4000                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
4001                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
4002                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
4003                         break;
4004
4005                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
4006                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
4007                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
4008                         break;
4009
4010                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
4011                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
4012                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
4013                         break;
4014
4015                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
4016                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
4017                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
4018                         break;
4019
4020                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
4021                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
4022                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
4023                         break;
4024
4025                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
4026                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
4027                         break;
4028                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
4029                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
4030                         break;
4031                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
4032                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
4033                         break;
4034                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
4035                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
4036                         break;
4037                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4038                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4039                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
4040                         break;
4041                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4042                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4043                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
4044                         break;
4045                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
4046                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
4047                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
4048                         break;
4049                 default:
4050                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
4051                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
4052                                 if (saw_error)
4053                                         goto end_error;
4054
4055                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.5:4 */
4056                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX) && !strict_mode) {
4057                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
4058                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
4059                                         }
4060                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
4061                                         break;
4062                                 } else {
4063                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
4064                                 }
4065                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
4066                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
4067                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
4068                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
4069                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
4070                         } else {
4071                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
4072                         }
4073                         goto end_error;
4074                 }
4075
4076                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
4077                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
4078                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
4079                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
4080                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
4081                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
4082                 } else {
4083                         type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
4084                         type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
4085                 }
4086                 type->base.alignment = get_atomic_type_alignment(atomic_type);
4087                 unsigned const size  = get_atomic_type_size(atomic_type);
4088                 type->base.size      =
4089                         type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX ? size * 2 : size;
4090                 newtype = true;
4091         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
4092                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
4093         }
4094
4095         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
4096
4097         if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
4098                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
4099         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
4100         type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
4101
4102         if (newtype) {
4103                 type = identify_new_type(type);
4104         } else {
4105                 type = typehash_insert(type);
4106         }
4107
4108         type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->gnu_attributes, type);
4109         specifiers->type = type;
4110         return;
4111
4112 end_error:
4113         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
4114         return;
4115 }
4116
4117 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
4118 {
4119         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
4120
4121         while (true) {
4122                 switch (token.type) {
4123                 /* type qualifiers */
4124                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
4125                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
4126                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
4127                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
4128                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
4129                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
4130                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
4131                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
4132                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
4133
4134                 default:
4135                         return qualifiers;
4136                 }
4137         }
4138 }
4139
4140 /**
4141  * Parses an K&R identifier list
4142  */
4143 static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
4144 {
4145         do {
4146                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4147                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
4148                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4149                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
4150                 /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
4151                 next_token();
4152
4153                 if (scope != NULL)
4154                         append_entity(scope, entity);
4155
4156                 if (token.type != ',') {
4157                         break;
4158                 }
4159                 next_token();
4160         } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
4161 }
4162
4163 static entity_t *parse_parameter(void)
4164 {
4165         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4166         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4167
4168         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4169
4170         entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers,
4171                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
4172         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4173         return entity;
4174 }
4175
4176 static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
4177 {
4178         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4179
4180         /* §6.7.5.3:4  After adjustment, the parameters in a parameter type
4181          *             list in a function declarator that is part of a
4182          *             definition of that function shall not have
4183          *             incomplete type. */
4184         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4185         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
4186                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4187                                 "parameter '%#T' has incomplete type",
4188                                 entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
4189         }
4190 }
4191
4192 static bool has_parameters(void)
4193 {
4194         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
4195         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
4196                 entity_t const *const entity = get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4197                 if (entity == NULL)
4198                         return true;
4199                 if (entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
4200                         return true;
4201                 if (skip_typeref(entity->typedefe.type) != type_void)
4202                         return true;
4203         } else if (token.type != T_void) {
4204                 return true;
4205         }
4206         if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')')
4207                 return true;
4208         next_token();
4209         return false;
4210 }
4211
4212 /**
4213  * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
4214  * for them in a scope)
4215  */
4216 static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
4217 {
4218         eat('(');
4219         add_anchor_token(')');
4220         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
4221
4222         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
4223             !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
4224                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
4225                 if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
4226                         type->kr_style_parameters    = true;
4227                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
4228                         parse_identifier_list(scope);
4229                         goto parameters_finished;
4230                 }
4231         }
4232
4233         if (token.type == ')') {
4234                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
4235                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
4236                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
4237                 goto parameters_finished;
4238         }
4239
4240         if (has_parameters()) {
4241                 function_parameter_t **anchor = &type->parameters;
4242                 for (;;) {
4243                         switch (token.type) {
4244                         case T_DOTDOTDOT:
4245                                 next_token();
4246                                 type->variadic = true;
4247                                 goto parameters_finished;
4248
4249                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4250                         case T___extension__:
4251                         DECLARATION_START
4252                         {
4253                                 entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
4254                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4255                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4256                                                         "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
4257                                         break;
4258                                 }
4259                                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
4260
4261                                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
4262
4263                                 function_parameter_t *const parameter =
4264                                         allocate_parameter(entity->declaration.type);
4265
4266                                 if (scope != NULL) {
4267                                         append_entity(scope, entity);
4268                                 }
4269
4270                                 *anchor = parameter;
4271                                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
4272                                 break;
4273                         }
4274
4275                         default:
4276                                 goto parameters_finished;
4277                         }
4278                         if (token.type != ',') {
4279                                 goto parameters_finished;
4280                         }
4281                         next_token();
4282                 }
4283         }
4284
4285
4286 parameters_finished:
4287         rem_anchor_token(')');
4288         expect(')', end_error);
4289
4290 end_error:
4291         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
4292 }
4293
4294 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
4295         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
4296         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
4297         CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE,
4298         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
4299         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
4300 } construct_type_kind_t;
4301
4302 typedef union construct_type_t construct_type_t;
4303
4304 typedef struct construct_type_base_t {
4305         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
4306         construct_type_t      *next;
4307 } construct_type_base_t;
4308
4309 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t {
4310         construct_type_base_t  base;
4311         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
4312         variable_t             *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
4313 } parsed_pointer_t;
4314
4315 typedef struct parsed_reference_t {
4316         construct_type_base_t base;
4317 } parsed_reference_t;
4318
4319 typedef struct construct_function_type_t {
4320         construct_type_base_t  base;
4321         type_t                *function_type;
4322 } construct_function_type_t;
4323
4324 typedef struct parsed_array_t {
4325         construct_type_base_t  base;
4326         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
4327         bool                   is_static;
4328         bool                   is_variable;
4329         expression_t          *size;
4330 } parsed_array_t;
4331
4332 union construct_type_t {
4333         construct_type_kind_t     kind;
4334         construct_type_base_t     base;
4335         parsed_pointer_t          pointer;
4336         parsed_reference_t        reference;
4337         construct_function_type_t function;
4338         parsed_array_t            array;
4339 };
4340
4341 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(variable_t *base_variable)
4342 {
4343         eat('*');
4344
4345         construct_type_t *cons    = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->pointer));
4346         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &cons->pointer;
4347         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(*pointer));
4348         cons->kind               = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
4349         pointer->type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
4350         pointer->base_variable   = base_variable;
4351
4352         return cons;
4353 }
4354
4355 static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
4356 {
4357         eat('&');
4358
4359         construct_type_t   *cons      = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->reference));
4360         parsed_reference_t *reference = &cons->reference;
4361         memset(reference, 0, sizeof(*reference));
4362         cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
4363
4364         return cons;
4365 }
4366
4367 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
4368 {
4369         eat('[');
4370         add_anchor_token(']');
4371
4372         construct_type_t *cons  = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->array));
4373         parsed_array_t   *array = &cons->array;
4374         memset(array, 0, sizeof(*array));
4375         cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
4376
4377         if (token.type == T_static) {
4378                 array->is_static = true;
4379                 next_token();
4380         }
4381
4382         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
4383         if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
4384                 if (token.type == T_static) {
4385                         array->is_static = true;
4386                         next_token();
4387                 }
4388         }
4389         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
4390
4391         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
4392                 array->is_variable = true;
4393                 next_token();
4394         } else if (token.type != ']') {
4395                 expression_t *const size = parse_assignment_expression();
4396
4397                 /* §6.7.5.2:1  Array size must have integer type */
4398                 type_t *const orig_type = size->base.type;
4399                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4400                 if (!is_type_integer(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
4401                         errorf(&size->base.source_position,
4402                                "array size '%E' must have integer type but has type '%T'",
4403                                size, orig_type);
4404                 }
4405
4406                 array->size = size;
4407                 mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
4408         }
4409
4410         rem_anchor_token(']');
4411         expect(']', end_error);
4412
4413 end_error:
4414         return cons;
4415 }
4416
4417 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope,
4418                                                    decl_modifiers_t modifiers)
4419 {
4420         type_t          *type  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
4421         function_type_t *ftype = &type->function;
4422
4423         ftype->linkage = current_linkage;
4424
4425         switch (modifiers & (DM_CDECL | DM_STDCALL | DM_FASTCALL | DM_THISCALL)) {
4426                 case DM_NONE:     break;
4427                 case DM_CDECL:    ftype->calling_convention = CC_CDECL;    break;
4428                 case DM_STDCALL:  ftype->calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;  break;
4429                 case DM_FASTCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL; break;
4430                 case DM_THISCALL: ftype->calling_convention = CC_THISCALL; break;
4431
4432                 default:
4433                         errorf(HERE, "multiple calling conventions in declaration");
4434                         break;
4435         }
4436
4437         parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
4438
4439         construct_type_t          *cons     = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->function));
4440         construct_function_type_t *function = &cons->function;
4441         memset(function, 0, sizeof(*function));
4442         cons->kind              = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
4443         function->function_type = type;
4444
4445         return cons;
4446 }
4447
4448 typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
4449         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;
4450         symbol_t          *symbol;
4451         source_position_t  source_position;
4452         scope_t            parameters;
4453 } parse_declarator_env_t;
4454
4455 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env,
4456                 bool may_be_abstract)
4457 {
4458         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
4459          * how to construct the final declarator type */
4460         construct_type_t  *first      = NULL;
4461         construct_type_t **anchor     = &first;
4462         gnu_attribute_t   *attributes = NULL;
4463
4464         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4465
4466         for (;;) {
4467                 construct_type_t *type;
4468                 variable_t       *based = NULL; /* MS __based extension */
4469                 switch (token.type) {
4470                         case '&':
4471                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
4472                                         errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
4473                                 type = parse_reference_declarator();
4474                                 break;
4475
4476                         case T__based: {
4477                                 source_position_t const pos = *HERE;
4478                                 next_token();
4479                                 expect('(', end_error);
4480                                 add_anchor_token(')');
4481                                 based = parse_microsoft_based();
4482                                 rem_anchor_token(')');
4483                                 expect(')', end_error);
4484                                 if (token.type != '*') {
4485                                         if (token.type == T__based) {
4486                                                 errorf(&pos, "__based type modifier specified more than once");
4487                                         } else if (warning.other) {
4488                                                 warningf(&pos,
4489                                                                 "__based does not precede a pointer declarator, ignored");
4490                                         }
4491                                         continue;
4492                                 }
4493                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
4494                         }
4495
4496                         case '*':
4497                                 type = parse_pointer_declarator(based);
4498                                 break;
4499
4500                         default:
4501                                 goto ptr_operator_end;
4502                 }
4503
4504                 *anchor = type;
4505                 anchor  = &type->base.next;
4506
4507                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
4508                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
4509         }
4510 ptr_operator_end:
4511
4512         if (env != NULL) {
4513                 modifiers      |= env->modifiers;
4514                 env->modifiers  = modifiers;
4515         }
4516
4517         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
4518
4519         switch (token.type) {
4520         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4521                 if (env == NULL) {
4522                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
4523                 } else {
4524                         env->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
4525                         env->source_position = token.source_position;
4526                 }
4527                 next_token();
4528                 break;
4529         case '(':
4530                 /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
4531                  * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
4532                  * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
4533                 if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
4534                         next_token();
4535                         add_anchor_token(')');
4536                         inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env, may_be_abstract);
4537                         if (inner_types != NULL) {
4538                                 /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
4539                                 env = NULL;
4540                         }
4541                         rem_anchor_token(')');
4542                         expect(')', end_error);
4543                 }
4544                 break;
4545         default:
4546                 if (may_be_abstract)
4547                         break;
4548                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
4549                 eat_until_anchor();
4550                 return NULL;
4551         }
4552
4553         construct_type_t **const p = anchor;
4554
4555         for (;;) {
4556                 construct_type_t *type;
4557                 switch (token.type) {
4558                 case '(': {
4559                         scope_t *scope = NULL;
4560                         if (env != NULL)
4561                                 scope = &env->parameters;
4562
4563                         type = parse_function_declarator(scope, modifiers);
4564                         break;
4565                 }
4566                 case '[':
4567                         type = parse_array_declarator();
4568                         break;
4569                 default:
4570                         goto declarator_finished;
4571                 }
4572
4573                 /* insert in the middle of the list (at p) */
4574                 type->base.next = *p;
4575                 *p              = type;
4576                 if (anchor == p)
4577                         anchor = &type->base.next;
4578         }
4579
4580 declarator_finished:
4581         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set anchor anymore
4582          * as it's not needed anymore */
4583         *anchor = inner_types;
4584
4585         return first;
4586 end_error:
4587         return NULL;
4588 }
4589
4590 static void parse_declaration_attributes(entity_t *entity)
4591 {
4592         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
4593         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4594
4595         if (entity == NULL)
4596                 return;
4597
4598         type_t *type;
4599         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4600                 modifiers |= entity->typedefe.modifiers;
4601                 type       = entity->typedefe.type;
4602         } else {
4603                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
4604                 modifiers |= entity->declaration.modifiers;
4605                 type       = entity->declaration.type;
4606         }
4607         if (type == NULL)
4608                 return;
4609
4610         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
4611         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
4612                 if (attribute->invalid)
4613                         continue;
4614
4615                 if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_MODE) {
4616                         type = handle_attribute_mode(attribute, type);
4617                 } else if (attribute->kind == GNU_AK_ALIGNED) {
4618                         int alignment = 32; /* TODO: fill in maximum usefull alignment for target machine */
4619                         if (attribute->has_arguments)
4620                                 alignment = attribute->u.argument;
4621
4622                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4623                                 type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
4624                                 copy->base.alignment = attribute->u.argument;
4625                                 type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
4626                         } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4627                                 entity->variable.alignment = alignment;
4628                         } else if(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
4629                                 entity->compound_member.alignment = alignment;
4630                         }
4631                 }
4632         }
4633
4634         type_modifiers_t type_modifiers = type->base.modifiers;
4635         if (modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
4636                 type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
4637
4638         if (type->base.modifiers != type_modifiers) {
4639                 type_t *copy         = duplicate_type(type);
4640                 copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
4641                 type                 = identify_new_type(copy);
4642         }
4643
4644         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4645                 entity->typedefe.type      = type;
4646                 entity->typedefe.modifiers = modifiers;
4647         } else {
4648                 entity->declaration.type      = type;
4649                 entity->declaration.modifiers = modifiers;
4650         }
4651 }
4652
4653 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_t *type)
4654 {
4655         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
4656         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
4657                 switch (iter->kind) {
4658                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
4659                         break;
4660                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
4661                         construct_function_type_t *function      = &iter->function;
4662                         type_t                    *function_type = function->function_type;
4663
4664                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
4665
4666                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
4667                         /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
4668                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
4669                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
4670                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
4671                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
4672                         } else {
4673                                 if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
4674                                         warningf(HERE,
4675                                                 "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
4676                                 }
4677                         }
4678
4679                         /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
4680                          * destroy other types. */
4681                         type = typehash_insert(function_type);
4682                         continue;
4683                 }
4684
4685                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
4686                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4687                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
4688
4689                         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &iter->pointer;
4690                         type = make_based_pointer_type(type, pointer->type_qualifiers, pointer->base_variable);
4691                         continue;
4692                 }
4693
4694                 case CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE:
4695                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4696                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a reference to reference");
4697
4698                         type = make_reference_type(type);
4699                         continue;
4700
4701                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
4702                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
4703                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
4704
4705                         parsed_array_t *array      = &iter->array;
4706                         type_t         *array_type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
4707
4708                         expression_t *size_expression = array->size;
4709                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4710                                 size_expression
4711                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
4712                         }
4713
4714                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = array->type_qualifiers;
4715                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
4716                         array_type->array.is_static       = array->is_static;
4717                         array_type->array.is_variable     = array->is_variable;
4718                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
4719
4720                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4721                                 if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
4722                                         long const size                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
4723                                         array_type->array.size          = size;
4724                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
4725                                         /* §6.7.5.2:1  If the expression is a constant expression, it shall
4726                                          * have a value greater than zero. */
4727                                         if (size <= 0) {
4728                                                 if (size < 0 || !GNU_MODE) {
4729                                                         errorf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
4730                                                                         "size of array must be greater than zero");
4731                                                 } else if (warning.other) {
4732                                                         warningf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
4733                                                                         "zero length arrays are a GCC extension");
4734                                                 }
4735                                         }
4736                                 } else {
4737                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
4738                                 }
4739                         }
4740
4741                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
4742                         /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
4743                         if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
4744                                 errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
4745                         } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
4746                                 errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
4747                         }
4748                         type = identify_new_type(array_type);
4749                         continue;
4750                 }
4751                 }
4752                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
4753         }
4754
4755         return type;
4756 }
4757
4758 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
4759
4760 static type_t *semantic_parameter(const source_position_t *pos,
4761                                   type_t *type,
4762                                   const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4763                                   symbol_t *symbol)
4764 {
4765         /* §6.7.5.3:7  A declaration of a parameter as ``array of type''
4766          *             shall be adjusted to ``qualified pointer to type'',
4767          *             [...]
4768          * §6.7.5.3:8  A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning
4769          *             type'' shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function
4770          *             returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1. */
4771         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
4772
4773         if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4774                 errorf(pos, "parameter '%#T' declared 'inline'", type, symbol);
4775         }
4776
4777         /* §6.9.1:6  The declarations in the declaration list shall contain
4778          *           no storage-class specifier other than register and no
4779          *           initializations. */
4780         if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4781                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4782                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
4783            ) {
4784                 errorf(pos, "invalid storage class for parameter '%#T'", type, symbol);
4785         }
4786
4787         /* delay test for incomplete type, because we might have (void)
4788          * which is legal but incomplete... */
4789
4790         return type;
4791 }
4792
4793 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4794                                   declarator_flags_t flags)
4795 {
4796         parse_declarator_env_t env;
4797         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
4798         env.modifiers = specifiers->modifiers;
4799
4800         construct_type_t *construct_type =
4801                 parse_inner_declarator(&env, (flags & DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT) != 0);
4802         type_t           *orig_type      =
4803                 construct_declarator_type(construct_type, specifiers->type);
4804         type_t           *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4805
4806         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4807                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4808         }
4809
4810         entity_t *entity;
4811         if (specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
4812                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
4813                 entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4814                 entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4815                 entity->typedefe.type        = orig_type;
4816
4817                 if (anonymous_entity != NULL) {
4818                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
4819                                 assert(anonymous_entity->compound.alias == NULL);
4820                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_STRUCT ||
4821                                        anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_UNION);
4822                                 anonymous_entity->compound.alias = entity;
4823                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4824                         } else if (is_type_enum(type)) {
4825                                 assert(anonymous_entity->enume.alias == NULL);
4826                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
4827                                 anonymous_entity->enume.alias = entity;
4828                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4829                         }
4830                 }
4831         } else {
4832                 /* create a declaration type entity */
4833                 if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
4834                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
4835
4836                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4837                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4838                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4839                                                         "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4840                                 }
4841
4842                                 if (specifiers->thread_local ||
4843                                                 specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4844                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4845                                                         "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
4846                                                         env.symbol);
4847                                 }
4848                         }
4849                 } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
4850                         orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
4851                                                        specifiers, env.symbol);
4852
4853                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4854                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
4855                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
4856
4857                         entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
4858                         entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
4859
4860                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4861                                 /* this needs fixes for C++ */
4862                                 bool in_function_scope = current_function != NULL;
4863
4864                                 if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4865                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4866                                           specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4867                                           (in_function_scope || specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
4868                                    )) {
4869                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4870                                                         "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
4871                                 }
4872                         }
4873                 } else {
4874                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
4875
4876                         entity->variable.get_property_sym = specifiers->get_property_sym;
4877                         entity->variable.put_property_sym = specifiers->put_property_sym;
4878
4879                         entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
4880
4881                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4882                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4883                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4884                                                         "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4885                                 }
4886
4887                                 bool invalid_storage_class = false;
4888                                 if (current_scope == file_scope) {
4889                                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4890                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4891                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4892                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4893                                         }
4894                                 } else {
4895                                         if (specifiers->thread_local &&
4896                                                         specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4897                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4898                                         }
4899                                 }
4900                                 if (invalid_storage_class) {
4901                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4902                                                         "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
4903                                 }
4904                         }
4905                 }
4906
4907                 if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4908                         entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4909                         entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4910                 } else {
4911                         entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
4912                 }
4913                 entity->base.namespc                  = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4914                 entity->declaration.type              = orig_type;
4915                 entity->declaration.modifiers         = env.modifiers;
4916                 entity->declaration.deprecated_string = specifiers->deprecated_string;
4917
4918                 storage_class_t storage_class = specifiers->storage_class;
4919                 entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = storage_class;
4920
4921                 if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && current_scope != file_scope)
4922                         storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4923                 entity->declaration.storage_class = storage_class;
4924         }
4925
4926         parse_declaration_attributes(entity);
4927
4928         return entity;
4929 }
4930
4931 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4932 {
4933         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
4934
4935         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4936         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4937                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4938         }
4939
4940         return result;
4941 }
4942
4943 /**
4944  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4945  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4946  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4947  *
4948  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4949  *
4950  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4951  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4952  */
4953 static void check_type_of_main(const entity_t *entity)
4954 {
4955         const source_position_t *pos = &entity->base.source_position;
4956         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4957                 warningf(pos, "'main' is not a function");
4958                 return;
4959         }
4960
4961         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4962                 warningf(pos, "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4963         }
4964
4965         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4966         assert(is_type_function(type));
4967
4968         function_type_t *func_type = &type->function;
4969         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
4970                 warningf(pos, "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4971                          func_type->return_type);
4972         }
4973         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4974         if (parm != NULL) {
4975                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4976                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4977                         warningf(pos,
4978                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4979                                  first_type);
4980                 }
4981                 parm = parm->next;
4982                 if (parm != NULL) {
4983                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4984                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4985                                 warningf(pos, "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4986                         }
4987                         parm = parm->next;
4988                         if (parm != NULL) {
4989                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4990                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4991                                         warningf(pos, "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4992                                 }
4993                                 parm = parm->next;
4994                                 if (parm != NULL)
4995                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4996                         }
4997                 } else {
4998 warn_arg_count:
4999                         warningf(pos, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
5000                 }
5001         }
5002 }
5003
5004 /**
5005  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
5006  */
5007 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
5008 {
5009         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
5010 }
5011
5012 static void error_redefined_as_different_kind(const source_position_t *pos,
5013                 const entity_t *old, entity_kind_t new_kind)
5014 {
5015         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of %s '%Y' as %s (declared %P)",
5016                get_entity_kind_name(old->kind), old->base.symbol,
5017                get_entity_kind_name(new_kind), &old->base.source_position);
5018 }
5019
5020 static bool is_error_entity(entity_t *const ent)
5021 {
5022         if (is_declaration(ent)) {
5023                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->declaration.type));
5024         } else if (ent->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
5025                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->typedefe.type));
5026         }
5027         return false;
5028 }
5029
5030 /**
5031  * record entities for the NAMESPACE_NORMAL, and produce error messages/warnings
5032  * for various problems that occur for multiple definitions
5033  */
5034 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
5035 {
5036         const symbol_t *const    symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
5037         const namespace_tag_t    namespc = (namespace_tag_t)entity->base.namespc;
5038         const source_position_t *pos     = &entity->base.source_position;
5039
5040         /* can happen in error cases */
5041         if (symbol == NULL)
5042                 return entity;
5043
5044         entity_t *const previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
5045         /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
5046         assert(previous_entity != entity);
5047
5048         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5049                 type_t *const orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
5050                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5051
5052                 assert(is_type_function(type));
5053                 if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5054                                 warning.strict_prototypes &&
5055                                 previous_entity == NULL) {
5056                         warningf(pos, "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
5057                                          orig_type, symbol);
5058                 }
5059
5060                 if (warning.main && current_scope == file_scope
5061                                 && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5062                         check_type_of_main(entity);
5063                 }
5064         }
5065
5066         if (is_declaration(entity) &&
5067                         warning.nested_externs &&
5068                         entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
5069                         current_scope != file_scope) {
5070                 warningf(pos, "nested extern declaration of '%#T'",
5071                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5072         }
5073
5074         if (previous_entity != NULL) {
5075                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
5076                                 previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
5077                         assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
5078                         errorf(pos,
5079                                         "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
5080                                         entity->declaration.type, symbol,
5081                                         previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
5082                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5083                         goto finish;
5084                 }
5085
5086                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
5087                         if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
5088                                 if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
5089                                         error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
5090                                                         entity->kind);
5091                                 }
5092                                 goto finish;
5093                         }
5094                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
5095                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
5096                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5097                                 goto finish;
5098                         }
5099                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
5100                                 /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
5101                                 errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
5102                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5103                                 goto finish;
5104                         }
5105
5106                         /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
5107                         assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
5108
5109                         declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
5110                         declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
5111
5112                         /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
5113                         if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
5114                                         previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
5115                                         entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
5116                                 prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
5117                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
5118                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
5119                                 prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
5120                                 prev_decl->deprecated_string      = decl->deprecated_string;
5121                                 return previous_entity;
5122                         }
5123
5124                         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
5125                         assert(orig_type != NULL);
5126                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5127                         type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
5128
5129                         if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
5130                                 errorf(pos,
5131                                                 "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
5132                                                 orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
5133                                                 &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5134                         } else {
5135                                 unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
5136                                 if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
5137                                                 is_definition                     &&
5138                                                 !prev_decl->used                  &&
5139                                                 !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
5140                                                 prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5141                                         warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
5142                                                         "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
5143                                                         prev_decl->type, symbol);
5144                                 }
5145
5146                                 storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
5147
5148                                 /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
5149                                  * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
5150                                  * none nor extern) */
5151                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5152                                         /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
5153                                          * be a typedef, so use the new type */
5154                                         if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
5155                                                 prev_decl->type = type;
5156
5157                                         switch (old_storage_class) {
5158                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
5159                                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5160                                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
5161
5162                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
5163                                                         if (is_definition) {
5164                                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
5165                                                                                 prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5166                                                                                 !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5167                                                                         warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
5168                                                                                         orig_type, symbol);
5169                                                                 }
5170                                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
5171                                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5172                                                         }
5173                                                         break;
5174
5175                                                 default:
5176                                                         break;
5177                                         }
5178                                 } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
5179                                         prev_decl->type = type;
5180                                 }
5181
5182                                 if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
5183                                                 new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5184 warn_redundant_declaration:
5185                                         if (!is_definition           &&
5186                                                         warning.redundant_decls  &&
5187                                                         is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
5188                                                         strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
5189                                                                 "<builtin>") != 0) {
5190                                                 warningf(pos,
5191                                                                 "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
5192                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5193                                         }
5194                                 } else if (current_function == NULL) {
5195                                         if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
5196                                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5197                                                 errorf(pos,
5198                                                                 "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
5199                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5200                                         } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5201                                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5202                                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5203                                         } else {
5204                                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
5205                                                 if (c_mode & _CXX)
5206                                                         goto error_redeclaration;
5207                                                 goto warn_redundant_declaration;
5208                                         }
5209                                 } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
5210                                         if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
5211 error_redeclaration:
5212                                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
5213                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5214                                         } else {
5215                                                 errorf(pos,
5216                                                                 "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
5217                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5218                                         }
5219                                 }
5220                         }
5221
5222                         prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
5223                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5224                                 previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
5225                         }
5226                         return previous_entity;
5227                 }
5228
5229                 if (warning.shadow) {
5230                         warningf(pos, "%s '%Y' shadows %s (declared %P)",
5231                                         get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind), symbol,
5232                                         get_entity_kind_name(previous_entity->kind),
5233                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
5234                 }
5235         }
5236
5237         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
5238                 if (is_definition &&
5239                                 entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
5240                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5241                                 warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
5242                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5243                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
5244                                 warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
5245                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
5246                         }
5247                 }
5248         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
5249                         entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5250                         current_scope == file_scope) {
5251                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
5252                 if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
5253                         warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
5254                                  declaration->type, symbol);
5255                 }
5256         }
5257
5258 finish:
5259         assert(entity->base.parent_scope == NULL);
5260         assert(current_scope != NULL);
5261
5262         entity->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5263         entity->base.namespc      = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5264         environment_push(entity);
5265         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
5266
5267         return entity;
5268 }
5269
5270 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
5271                 const source_position_t *source_position)
5272 {
5273         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
5274                entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
5275 }
5276
5277 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
5278                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
5279 {
5280         switch (token->type) {
5281                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
5282                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
5283                         return true;
5284                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
5285                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
5286
5287                 case T___extension__:
5288                 STORAGE_CLASSES
5289                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
5290
5291                 default:
5292                         return false;
5293         }
5294 }
5295
5296 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
5297 {
5298         assert(is_declaration(entity));
5299         declaration_t *const declaration = &entity->declaration;
5300
5301         eat('=');
5302
5303         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
5304         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5305
5306         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
5307                         && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
5308                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
5309         }
5310
5311         bool must_be_constant = false;
5312         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
5313             entity->base.parent_scope  == file_scope) {
5314                 must_be_constant = true;
5315         }
5316
5317         if (is_type_function(type)) {
5318                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5319                        "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
5320                        orig_type, entity->base.symbol);
5321                 orig_type = type_error_type;
5322         }
5323
5324         parse_initializer_env_t env;
5325         env.type             = orig_type;
5326         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
5327         env.entity           = entity;
5328         current_init_decl    = entity;
5329
5330         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
5331         current_init_decl = NULL;
5332
5333         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
5334                 /* §6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
5335                  * determine the array type size */
5336                 declaration->type            = env.type;
5337                 entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
5338         }
5339 }
5340
5341 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
5342 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
5343                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5344 {
5345         eat(';');
5346         anonymous_entity = NULL;
5347
5348         if (warning.other) {
5349                 if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
5350                                 specifiers->thread_local) {
5351                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
5352                                  "useless storage class in empty declaration");
5353                 }
5354
5355                 type_t *type = specifiers->type;
5356                 switch (type->kind) {
5357                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
5358                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
5359                                 if (type->compound.compound->base.symbol == NULL) {
5360                                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
5361                                                  "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
5362                                 }
5363                                 break;
5364                         }
5365
5366                         case TYPE_ENUM:
5367                                 break;
5368
5369                         default:
5370                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
5371                                 break;
5372                 }
5373         }
5374 }
5375
5376 static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
5377 {
5378         if (ent->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
5379                 return;
5380
5381         /* §6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
5382          *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
5383         declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
5384         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN ||
5385                         decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
5386                 return;
5387
5388         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
5389         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5390         if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
5391                 return;
5392
5393         /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
5394          * are given length one. */
5395         if (is_type_array(type) && ent->base.parent_scope == file_scope) {
5396                 ARR_APP1(declaration_t*, incomplete_arrays, decl);
5397                 return;
5398         }
5399
5400         errorf(&ent->base.source_position, "variable '%#T' has incomplete type",
5401                         orig_type, ent->base.symbol);
5402 }
5403
5404
5405 static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
5406                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
5407                 parsed_declaration_func         finished_declaration,
5408                 declarator_flags_t              flags)
5409 {
5410         add_anchor_token(';');
5411         add_anchor_token(',');
5412         while (true) {
5413                 entity_t *entity = finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
5414
5415                 if (token.type == '=') {
5416                         parse_init_declarator_rest(entity);
5417                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
5418                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.5.3:3  The initializer can be omitted
5419                          * [...] where the extern specifier is explicitly used. */
5420                         declaration_t *decl = &entity->declaration;
5421                         if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
5422                                 type_t *type = decl->type;
5423                                 if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type))) {
5424                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5425                                                         "reference '%#T' must be initialized",
5426                                                         type, entity->base.symbol);
5427                                 }
5428                         }
5429                 }
5430
5431                 check_variable_type_complete(entity);
5432
5433                 if (token.type != ',')
5434                         break;
5435                 eat(',');
5436
5437                 add_anchor_token('=');
5438                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
5439                 rem_anchor_token('=');
5440         }
5441         expect(';', end_error);
5442
5443 end_error:
5444         anonymous_entity = NULL;
5445         rem_anchor_token(';');
5446         rem_anchor_token(',');
5447 }
5448
5449 static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
5450 {
5451         symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
5452         if (symbol == NULL) {
5453                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
5454                 return entity;
5455         }
5456
5457         assert(entity->base.namespc == NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5458         entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5459         if (previous_entity == NULL
5460                         || previous_entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
5461                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
5462                        symbol);
5463                 return entity;
5464         }
5465
5466         if (is_definition) {
5467                 errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
5468         }
5469
5470         return record_entity(entity, false);
5471 }
5472
5473 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration,
5474                               declarator_flags_t      flags)
5475 {
5476         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5477         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5478
5479         add_anchor_token(';');
5480         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5481         rem_anchor_token(';');
5482
5483         if (token.type == ';') {
5484                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5485         } else {
5486                 entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers, flags);
5487                 parse_declaration_rest(entity, &specifiers, finished_declaration, flags);
5488         }
5489 }
5490
5491 /* §6.5.2.2:6 */
5492 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
5493 {
5494         type_t *result = orig_type;
5495
5496         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5497         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
5498                 result = promote_integer(type);
5499         } else if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT)) {
5500                 result = type_double;
5501         }
5502
5503         return result;
5504 }
5505
5506 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(entity_t *entity)
5507 {
5508         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
5509                 return;
5510
5511         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
5512         assert(is_type_function(type));
5513         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
5514                 return;
5515
5516
5517         add_anchor_token('{');
5518
5519         /* push function parameters */
5520         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
5521         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->function.parameters);
5522
5523         entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
5524         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5525                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL);
5526                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5527                 environment_push(parameter);
5528         }
5529
5530         /* parse declaration list */
5531         for (;;) {
5532                 switch (token.type) {
5533                         DECLARATION_START
5534                         case T___extension__:
5535                         /* This covers symbols, which are no type, too, and results in
5536                          * better error messages.  The typical cases are misspelled type
5537                          * names and missing includes. */
5538                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
5539                                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration, DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
5540                                 break;
5541                         default:
5542                                 goto decl_list_end;
5543                 }
5544         }
5545 decl_list_end:
5546
5547         /* pop function parameters */
5548         assert(current_scope == &entity->function.parameters);
5549         scope_pop(old_scope);
5550         environment_pop_to(top);
5551
5552         /* update function type */
5553         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
5554
5555         function_parameter_t  *parameters = NULL;
5556         function_parameter_t **anchor     = &parameters;
5557
5558         parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
5559         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5560                 if (parameter->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
5561                         continue;
5562
5563                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
5564                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
5565                         if (strict_mode) {
5566                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
5567                                        parameter->base.symbol);
5568                                 parameter_type = type_error_type;
5569                         } else {
5570                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
5571                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
5572                                                  parameter->base.symbol);
5573                                 }
5574                                 parameter_type = type_int;
5575                         }
5576                         parameter->declaration.type = parameter_type;
5577                 }
5578
5579                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(parameter);
5580
5581                 /*
5582                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
5583                  */
5584                 parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
5585
5586                 function_parameter_t *const parameter =
5587                         allocate_parameter(parameter_type);
5588
5589                 *anchor = parameter;
5590                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
5591         }
5592
5593         /* §6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
5594          * prototype */
5595         new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
5596         new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
5597
5598         new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
5599
5600         entity->declaration.type = new_type;
5601
5602         rem_anchor_token('{');
5603 }
5604
5605 static bool first_err = true;
5606
5607 /**
5608  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
5609  * else does noting.
5610  */
5611 static void print_in_function(void)
5612 {
5613         if (first_err) {
5614                 first_err = false;
5615                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
5616                             current_function->base.base.source_position.input_name,
5617                             current_function->base.base.symbol);
5618         }
5619 }
5620
5621 /**
5622  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
5623  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
5624  */
5625 static void check_labels(void)
5626 {
5627         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
5628             goto_statement != NULL;
5629             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
5630                 /* skip computed gotos */
5631                 if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
5632                         continue;
5633
5634                 label_t *label = goto_statement->label;
5635
5636                 label->used = true;
5637                 if (label->base.source_position.input_name == NULL) {
5638                         print_in_function();
5639                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
5640                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->base.symbol);
5641                  }
5642         }
5643
5644         if (warning.unused_label) {
5645                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
5646                          label_statement != NULL;
5647                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
5648                         label_t *label = label_statement->label;
5649
5650                         if (! label->used) {
5651                                 print_in_function();
5652                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
5653                                          "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->base.symbol);
5654                         }
5655                 }
5656         }
5657 }
5658
5659 static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
5660 {
5661         entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
5662         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
5663                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
5664                         continue;
5665
5666                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
5667                 if (declaration->implicit)
5668                         continue;
5669
5670                 if (!declaration->used) {
5671                         print_in_function();
5672                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5673                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused",
5674                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
5675                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE && !entity->variable.read) {
5676                         print_in_function();
5677                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5678                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
5679                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
5680                 }
5681         }
5682 }
5683
5684 static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
5685 {
5686         (void)env;
5687
5688         switch (stmt->kind) {
5689                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5690                         declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
5691                         warn_unused_entity(decls->declarations_begin,
5692                                            decls->declarations_end);
5693                         return;
5694                 }
5695
5696                 case STATEMENT_FOR:
5697                         warn_unused_entity(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
5698                         return;
5699
5700                 default:
5701                         return;
5702         }
5703 }
5704
5705 /**
5706  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
5707  */
5708 static void check_declarations(void)
5709 {
5710         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
5711                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->parameters;
5712
5713                 /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
5714                 if (!is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
5715                         warn_unused_entity(scope->entities, NULL);
5716                 }
5717         }
5718         if (warning.unused_variable) {
5719                 walk_statements(current_function->statement, check_unused_variables,
5720                                 NULL);
5721         }
5722 }
5723
5724 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
5725 {
5726         return
5727                 !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
5728                 fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
5729                 -1;
5730 }
5731
5732 static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
5733 static bool reaches_end;
5734
5735 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
5736 {
5737         switch (expr->kind) {
5738                 case EXPR_CALL: {
5739                         expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
5740                         if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5741                                 entity_t *entity = func->reference.entity;
5742                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
5743                                                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
5744                                         return false;
5745                         }
5746
5747                         if (!expression_returns(func))
5748                                 return false;
5749
5750                         for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
5751                                 if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
5752                                         return false;
5753                         }
5754
5755                         return true;
5756                 }
5757
5758                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
5759                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
5760                 case EXPR_CONST:
5761                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5762                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5763                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
5764                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
5765                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
5766                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
5767                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
5768                 case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
5769                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
5770                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
5771                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
5772                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
5773                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
5774                 case EXPR_INVALID:
5775                         return true;
5776
5777                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
5778                         bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
5779                         reaches_end = false;
5780                         check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
5781                         bool returns = reaches_end;
5782                         reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
5783                         return returns;
5784                 }
5785
5786                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
5787                         // TODO handle constant expression
5788
5789                         if (!expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition))
5790                                 return false;
5791
5792                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL
5793                                         && expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression))
5794                                 return true;
5795
5796                         return expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression);
5797
5798                 case EXPR_SELECT:
5799                         return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
5800
5801                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
5802                         return
5803                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
5804                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
5805
5806                 case EXPR_VA_START:
5807                         return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
5808
5809                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
5810                         return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
5811
5812                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
5813                         return expression_returns(expr->va_copye.src);
5814
5815                 EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
5816                         return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
5817
5818                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
5819                         return false;
5820
5821                 EXPR_BINARY_CASES
5822                         // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
5823                         return
5824                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
5825                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
5826
5827                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
5828                         break;
5829         }
5830
5831         panic("unhandled expression");
5832 }
5833
5834 static bool initializer_returns(initializer_t const *const init)
5835 {
5836         switch (init->kind) {
5837                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
5838                         return expression_returns(init->value.value);
5839
5840                 case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
5841                         initializer_t * const*       i       = init->list.initializers;
5842                         initializer_t * const* const end     = i + init->list.len;
5843                         bool                         returns = true;
5844                         for (; i != end; ++i) {
5845                                 if (!initializer_returns(*i))
5846                                         returns = false;
5847                         }
5848                         return returns;
5849                 }
5850
5851                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
5852                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
5853                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR: // designators have no payload
5854                         return true;
5855         }
5856         panic("unhandled initializer");
5857 }
5858
5859 static bool noreturn_candidate;
5860
5861 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
5862 {
5863         if (stmt->base.reachable)
5864                 return;
5865         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
5866                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
5867
5868         statement_t *last = stmt;
5869         statement_t *next;
5870         switch (stmt->kind) {
5871                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5872                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5873                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5874                         next = stmt->base.next;
5875                         break;
5876
5877                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5878                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5879                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5880                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5881                         if (ent != NULL) {
5882                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5883                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5884                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL            &&
5885                                                         !initializer_returns(ent->variable.initializer)) {
5886                                                 return;
5887                                         }
5888                                         if (ent == last)
5889                                                 break;
5890                                 }
5891                         }
5892                         next = stmt->base.next;
5893                         break;
5894                 }
5895
5896                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5897                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
5898                         if (next == NULL)
5899                                 next = stmt->base.next;
5900                         break;
5901
5902                 case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
5903                         expression_t const *const val = stmt->returns.value;
5904                         if (val == NULL || expression_returns(val))
5905                                 noreturn_candidate = false;
5906                         return;
5907                 }
5908
5909                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
5910                         if_statement_t const *const ifs  = &stmt->ifs;
5911                         expression_t   const *const cond = ifs->condition;
5912
5913                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5914                                 return;
5915
5916                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5917
5918                         if (val >= 0)
5919                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
5920
5921                         if (val > 0)
5922                                 return;
5923
5924                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
5925                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
5926                                 return;
5927                         }
5928
5929                         next = stmt->base.next;
5930                         break;
5931                 }
5932
5933                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
5934                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
5935                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
5936
5937                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5938                                 return;
5939
5940                         if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
5941                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant(expr);
5942                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
5943                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5944                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
5945                                                 defaults = i;
5946                                                 continue;
5947                                         }
5948
5949                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
5950                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5951                                                 return;
5952                                         }
5953                                 }
5954
5955                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
5956                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
5957                                         return;
5958                                 }
5959                         } else {
5960                                 bool has_default = false;
5961                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5962                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
5963                                                 has_default = true;
5964
5965                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5966                                 }
5967
5968                                 if (has_default)
5969                                         return;
5970                         }
5971
5972                         next = stmt->base.next;
5973                         break;
5974                 }
5975
5976                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
5977                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
5978                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
5979                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5980                                 return;
5981
5982                         next = stmt->base.next;
5983                         break;
5984                 }
5985
5986                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE: {
5987                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5988                         for (;;) {
5989                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5990                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
5991                                         return;
5992
5993                                 next = parent;
5994                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5995                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
5996                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
5997                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
5998
5999                                         default: break;
6000                                 }
6001                         }
6002                 }
6003
6004                 case STATEMENT_BREAK: {
6005                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
6006                         for (;;) {
6007                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
6008                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
6009                                         return;
6010
6011                                 switch (parent->kind) {
6012                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
6013                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
6014                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
6015                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
6016                                                 last = parent;
6017                                                 next = parent->base.next;
6018                                                 goto found_break_parent;
6019
6020                                         default: break;
6021                                 }
6022                         }
6023 found_break_parent:
6024                         break;
6025                 }
6026
6027                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
6028                         if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
6029                                 if (!expression_returns(stmt->gotos.expression))
6030                                         return;
6031
6032                                 statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
6033                                 if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
6034                                         return;
6035                                 next = parent;
6036                         } else {
6037                                 next = stmt->gotos.label->statement;
6038                                 if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
6039                                         return;
6040                         }
6041                         break;
6042
6043                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
6044                         next = stmt->label.statement;
6045                         break;
6046
6047                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
6048                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
6049                         break;
6050
6051                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
6052                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
6053                         expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
6054
6055                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
6056                                 return;
6057
6058                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6059
6060                         if (val >= 0)
6061                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
6062
6063                         if (val > 0)
6064                                 return;
6065
6066                         next = stmt->base.next;
6067                         break;
6068                 }
6069
6070                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
6071                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
6072                         break;
6073
6074                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6075                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
6076
6077                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
6078                                 return;
6079                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
6080
6081                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
6082
6083                         int val;
6084                         if (cond == NULL) {
6085                                 val = 1;
6086                         } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
6087                                 val = determine_truth(cond);
6088                         } else {
6089                                 return;
6090                         }
6091
6092                         if (val >= 0)
6093                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
6094
6095                         if (val > 0)
6096                                 return;
6097
6098                         next = stmt->base.next;
6099                         break;
6100                 }
6101
6102                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
6103                         ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
6104                         check_reachable(ms_try->try_statement);
6105                         next = ms_try->final_statement;
6106                         break;
6107                 }
6108
6109                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE: {
6110                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
6111                         for (;;) {
6112                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
6113                                 if (parent == NULL) /* __leave not within __try */
6114                                         return;
6115
6116                                 if (parent->kind == STATEMENT_MS_TRY) {
6117                                         last = parent;
6118                                         next = parent->ms_try.final_statement;
6119                                         break;
6120                                 }
6121                         }
6122                         break;
6123                 }
6124
6125                 default:
6126                         panic("invalid statement kind");
6127         }
6128
6129         while (next == NULL) {
6130                 next = last->base.parent;
6131                 if (next == NULL) {
6132                         noreturn_candidate = false;
6133
6134                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
6135                         assert(is_type_function(type));
6136                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
6137                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
6138                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
6139                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
6140                             !is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
6141                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
6142                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
6143                         }
6144                         return;
6145                 }
6146
6147                 switch (next->kind) {
6148                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
6149                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
6150                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
6151                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
6152                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
6153                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
6154                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
6155                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
6156                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
6157                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
6158                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
6159
6160                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
6161                                 if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
6162                                         reaches_end = true;
6163                                         return;
6164                                 }
6165                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
6166                         case STATEMENT_IF:
6167                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
6168                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
6169                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
6170                                 last = next;
6171                                 next = next->base.next;
6172                                 break;
6173
6174                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
6175 continue_while:
6176                                 if (next->base.reachable)
6177                                         return;
6178                                 next->base.reachable = true;
6179
6180                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
6181                                 expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
6182
6183                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
6184                                         return;
6185
6186                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6187
6188                                 if (val >= 0)
6189                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
6190
6191                                 if (val > 0)
6192                                         return;
6193
6194                                 last = next;
6195                                 next = next->base.next;
6196                                 break;
6197                         }
6198
6199                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
6200 continue_do_while:
6201                                 if (next->base.reachable)
6202                                         return;
6203                                 next->base.reachable = true;
6204
6205                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw   = &next->do_while;
6206                                 expression_t         const *const cond = dw->condition;
6207
6208                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
6209                                         return;
6210
6211                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
6212
6213                                 if (val >= 0)
6214                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
6215
6216                                 if (val > 0)
6217                                         return;
6218
6219                                 last = next;
6220                                 next = next->base.next;
6221                                 break;
6222                         }
6223
6224                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6225 continue_for:;
6226                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
6227
6228                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
6229
6230                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
6231                                         return;
6232                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
6233
6234                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
6235
6236                                 int val;
6237                                 if (cond == NULL) {
6238                                         val = 1;
6239                                 } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
6240                                         val = determine_truth(cond);
6241                                 } else {
6242                                         return;
6243                                 }
6244
6245                                 if (val >= 0)
6246                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
6247
6248                                 if (val > 0)
6249                                         return;
6250
6251                                 last = next;
6252                                 next = next->base.next;
6253                                 break;
6254                         }
6255
6256                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
6257                                 last = next;
6258                                 next = next->ms_try.final_statement;
6259                                 break;
6260                 }
6261         }
6262
6263         check_reachable(next);
6264 }
6265
6266 static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
6267 {
6268         (void)env;
6269
6270         switch (stmt->kind) {
6271                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
6272                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
6273                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
6274                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
6275                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
6276                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
6277                                 }
6278                         }
6279                         return;
6280
6281                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
6282                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
6283
6284                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
6285                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
6286                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
6287                         } else {
6288                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
6289                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
6290                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
6291                                 }
6292
6293                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
6294                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
6295                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
6296                                 }
6297
6298                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
6299                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
6300                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
6301                                 }
6302                         }
6303                         return;
6304                 }
6305
6306                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
6307                         if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
6308                                 return;
6309                         goto warn_unreachable;
6310
6311                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
6312                         /* Only warn if there is at least one declarator with an initializer.
6313                          * This typically occurs in switch statements. */
6314                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
6315                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
6316                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
6317                         if (ent != NULL) {
6318                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
6319                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
6320                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
6321                                                 goto warn_unreachable;
6322                                         }
6323                                         if (ent == last)
6324                                                 return;
6325                                 }
6326                         }
6327                 }
6328
6329                 default:
6330 warn_unreachable:
6331                         if (!stmt->base.reachable)
6332                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
6333                         return;
6334         }
6335 }
6336
6337 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
6338 {
6339         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
6340          * specifiers */
6341         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6342         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6343
6344         add_anchor_token(';');
6345         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6346         rem_anchor_token(';');
6347
6348         /* must be a declaration */
6349         if (token.type == ';') {
6350                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
6351                 return;
6352         }
6353
6354         add_anchor_token(',');
6355         add_anchor_token('=');
6356         add_anchor_token(';');
6357         add_anchor_token('{');
6358
6359         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
6360         entity_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
6361
6362         rem_anchor_token('{');
6363         rem_anchor_token(';');
6364         rem_anchor_token('=');
6365         rem_anchor_token(',');
6366
6367         /* must be a declaration */
6368         switch (token.type) {
6369                 case ',':
6370                 case ';':
6371                 case '=':
6372                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_entity,
6373                                         DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
6374                         return;
6375         }
6376
6377         /* must be a function definition */
6378         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
6379
6380         if (token.type != '{') {
6381                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
6382                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
6383                 return;
6384         }
6385
6386         assert(is_declaration(ndeclaration));
6387         type_t *const orig_type = ndeclaration->declaration.type;
6388         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6389
6390         if (!is_type_function(type)) {
6391                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6392                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
6393                                type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6394                 }
6395                 eat_block();
6396                 return;
6397         } else if (is_typeref(orig_type)) {
6398                 /* §6.9.1:2 */
6399                 errorf(&ndeclaration->base.source_position,
6400                                 "type of function definition '%#T' is a typedef",
6401                                 orig_type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6402         }
6403
6404         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
6405             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
6406                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
6407                          ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6408         }
6409         if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
6410                 warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
6411                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6412         }
6413         if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
6414                 warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
6415                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
6416         }
6417
6418         /* §6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
6419          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
6420         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
6421                         type->function.parameters == NULL     &&
6422                         !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
6423                 type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
6424                 copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
6425                 type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
6426
6427                 ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
6428         }
6429
6430         entity_t *const entity = record_entity(ndeclaration, true);
6431         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6432         assert(ndeclaration->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6433
6434         function_t *function = &entity->function;
6435         if (ndeclaration != entity) {
6436                 function->parameters = ndeclaration->function.parameters;
6437         }
6438         assert(is_declaration(entity));
6439         type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
6440
6441         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
6442         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
6443         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&function->parameters);
6444
6445         entity_t *parameter = function->parameters.entities;
6446         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
6447                 if (parameter->base.parent_scope == &ndeclaration->function.parameters) {
6448                         parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
6449                 }
6450                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL
6451                                 || parameter->base.parent_scope == current_scope);
6452                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
6453                 if (parameter->base.symbol == NULL) {
6454                         errorf(&parameter->base.source_position, "parameter name omitted");
6455                         continue;
6456                 }
6457                 environment_push(parameter);
6458         }
6459
6460         if (function->statement != NULL) {
6461                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
6462                 eat_block();
6463         } else {
6464                 /* parse function body */
6465                 int         label_stack_top      = label_top();
6466                 function_t *old_current_function = current_function;
6467                 current_function                 = function;
6468                 current_parent                   = NULL;
6469
6470                 goto_first   = NULL;
6471                 goto_anchor  = &goto_first;
6472                 label_first  = NULL;
6473                 label_anchor = &label_first;
6474
6475                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
6476                 function->statement = body;
6477                 first_err = true;
6478                 check_labels();
6479                 check_declarations();
6480                 if (warning.return_type      ||
6481                     warning.unreachable_code ||
6482                     (warning.missing_noreturn
6483                      && !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
6484                         noreturn_candidate = true;
6485                         check_reachable(body);
6486                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
6487                                 walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
6488                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
6489                             noreturn_candidate       &&
6490                             !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
6491                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
6492                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
6493                                          type, entity->base.symbol);
6494                         }
6495                 }
6496
6497                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
6498                 assert(current_function == function);
6499                 current_function = old_current_function;
6500                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
6501         }
6502
6503         assert(current_scope == &function->parameters);
6504         scope_pop(old_scope);
6505         environment_pop_to(top);
6506 }
6507
6508 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
6509                                   source_position_t *source_position,
6510                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
6511 {
6512         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
6513
6514         type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
6515         type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
6516
6517         il_size_t bit_size;
6518         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
6519         if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
6520                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
6521                         base_type);
6522                 bit_size = 0;
6523         } else {
6524                 bit_size = skipped_type->base.size * 8;
6525         }
6526
6527         if (is_constant_expression(size)) {
6528                 long v = fold_constant(size);
6529
6530                 if (v < 0) {
6531                         errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
6532                 } else if (v == 0) {
6533                         errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'", symbol);
6534                 } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
6535                         errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type", symbol);
6536                 } else {
6537                         type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
6538                 }
6539         }
6540
6541         return type;
6542 }
6543
6544 static entity_t *find_compound_entry(compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
6545 {
6546         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
6547         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
6548                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
6549                         continue;
6550
6551                 if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
6552                         return iter;
6553                 } else if (iter->base.symbol == NULL) {
6554                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
6555                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
6556                                 entity_t *result
6557                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.compound, symbol);
6558                                 if (result != NULL)
6559                                         return result;
6560                         }
6561                         continue;
6562                 }
6563         }
6564
6565         return NULL;
6566 }
6567
6568 static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
6569                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
6570 {
6571         while (true) {
6572                 entity_t *entity;
6573
6574                 if (token.type == ':') {
6575                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
6576                         next_token();
6577
6578                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
6579                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
6580
6581                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
6582                                         &source_position, sym_anonymous);
6583
6584                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6585                         entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
6586                         entity->base.source_position               = source_position;
6587                         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
6588                         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
6589                         entity->declaration.modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
6590                         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6591                         append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
6592                 } else {
6593                         entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
6594                                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6595                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
6596                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6597                                                 "typedef not allowed as compound member");
6598                         } else {
6599                                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
6600
6601                                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
6602                                 symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
6603                                 if (symbol != NULL) {
6604                                         entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
6605                                         if (prev != NULL) {
6606                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6607                                                                 "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
6608                                                                 symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
6609                                         }
6610                                 }
6611
6612                                 if (token.type == ':') {
6613                                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
6614                                         next_token();
6615                                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
6616
6617                                         type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
6618                                         type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
6619                                                         &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
6620                                         entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
6621                                 } else {
6622                                         type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
6623                                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6624                                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6625                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6626                                                                 "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
6627                                                                 entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6628                                         } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
6629                                                 /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
6630                                                 if (!is_type_array(type)       ||
6631                                                                 token.type          != ';' ||
6632                                                                 look_ahead(1)->type != '}') {
6633                                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6634                                                                         "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
6635                                                                         entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6636                                                 }
6637                                         }
6638                                 }
6639
6640                                 append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
6641                         }
6642                 }
6643
6644                 if (token.type != ',')
6645                         break;
6646                 next_token();
6647         }
6648         expect(';', end_error);
6649
6650 end_error:
6651         anonymous_entity = NULL;
6652 }
6653
6654 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound)
6655 {
6656         eat('{');
6657         add_anchor_token('}');
6658
6659         while (token.type != '}') {
6660                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
6661                         errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
6662                         break;
6663                 }
6664                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6665                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6666                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6667
6668                 parse_compound_declarators(compound, &specifiers);
6669         }
6670         rem_anchor_token('}');
6671         next_token();
6672
6673         /* §6.7.2.1:7 */
6674         compound->complete = true;
6675 }
6676
6677 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
6678 {
6679         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6680         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6681         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6682         if (specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
6683                         specifiers.thread_local) {
6684                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
6685                  * storage class is...
6686                  */
6687                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
6688         }
6689
6690         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
6691
6692         return result;
6693 }
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
6699 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
6700
6701 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
6702 struct expression_parser_function_t {
6703         parse_expression_function        parser;
6704         precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
6705         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
6706 };
6707
6708 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
6709
6710 /**
6711  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
6712  */
6713 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
6714 {
6715         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
6716         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
6717                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token %K", &token);
6718         }
6719         next_token();
6720
6721         return create_invalid_expression();
6722 }
6723
6724 /**
6725  * Parse a string constant.
6726  */
6727 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
6728 {
6729         wide_string_t wres;
6730         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6731                 string_t res = token.v.string;
6732                 next_token();
6733                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6734                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
6735                         next_token();
6736                 }
6737                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
6738                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
6739                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
6740                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
6741                          * will construct the array type */
6742                         cnst->base.type    = warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
6743                         cnst->string.value = res;
6744                         return cnst;
6745                 }
6746
6747                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
6748         } else {
6749                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
6750         }
6751         next_token();
6752
6753         for (;;) {
6754                 switch (token.type) {
6755                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
6756                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
6757                                 break;
6758
6759                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
6760                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
6761                                 break;
6762
6763                         default: {
6764                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6765                                 cnst->base.type         = warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
6766                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
6767                                 return cnst;
6768                         }
6769                 }
6770                 next_token();
6771         }
6772 }
6773
6774 /**
6775  * Parse a boolean constant.
6776  */
6777 static expression_t *parse_bool_const(bool value)
6778 {
6779         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6780         cnst->base.type          = type_bool;
6781         cnst->conste.v.int_value = value;
6782
6783         next_token();
6784
6785         return cnst;
6786 }
6787
6788 /**
6789  * Parse an integer constant.
6790  */
6791 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
6792 {
6793         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6794         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6795         cnst->conste.v.int_value = token.v.intvalue;
6796
6797         next_token();
6798
6799         return cnst;
6800 }
6801
6802 /**
6803  * Parse a character constant.
6804  */
6805 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
6806 {
6807         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6808         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6809         cnst->conste.v.character = token.v.string;
6810
6811         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
6812                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6813                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6814                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6815                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6816                 }
6817         }
6818         next_token();
6819
6820         return cnst;
6821 }
6822
6823 /**
6824  * Parse a wide character constant.
6825  */
6826 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
6827 {
6828         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6829         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
6830         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
6831
6832         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
6833                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6834                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6835                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6836                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6837                 }
6838         }
6839         next_token();
6840
6841         return cnst;
6842 }
6843
6844 /**
6845  * Parse a float constant.
6846  */
6847 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
6848 {
6849         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6850         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6851         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
6852
6853         next_token();
6854
6855         return cnst;
6856 }
6857
6858 static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
6859                 const source_position_t *source_position)
6860 {
6861         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6862         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
6863         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
6864         ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
6865         type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
6866
6867         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6868         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6869         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6870         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6871         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
6872         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
6873         entity->base.source_position               = *source_position;
6874
6875         bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
6876         warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
6877         record_entity(entity, false);
6878         warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
6879
6880         return entity;
6881 }
6882
6883 /**
6884  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6885  * already exists.
6886  */
6887 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
6888                                     type_t *argument_type2)
6889 {
6890         function_parameter_t *const parameter2 = allocate_parameter(argument_type2);
6891         function_parameter_t *const parameter1 = allocate_parameter(argument_type1);
6892         parameter1->next = parameter2;
6893
6894         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6895         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6896         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
6897
6898         return identify_new_type(type);
6899 }
6900
6901 /**
6902  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6903  * already exists.
6904  *
6905  * @param return_type    the return type
6906  * @param argument_type  the argument type
6907  */
6908 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6909 {
6910         function_parameter_t *const parameter = allocate_parameter(argument_type);
6911
6912         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6913         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6914         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
6915
6916         return identify_new_type(type);
6917 }
6918
6919 static type_t *make_function_1_type_variadic(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6920 {
6921         type_t *res = make_function_1_type(return_type, argument_type);
6922         res->function.variadic = 1;
6923         return res;
6924 }
6925
6926 /**
6927  * Creates a return_type (func)(void) function type if not
6928  * already exists.
6929  *
6930  * @param return_type    the return type
6931  */
6932 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
6933 {
6934         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6935         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6936         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6937
6938         return identify_new_type(type);
6939 }
6940
6941 /**
6942  * Creates a NO_RETURN return_type (func)(void) function type if not
6943  * already exists.
6944  *
6945  * @param return_type    the return type
6946  */
6947 static type_t *make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_t *return_type)
6948 {
6949         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6950         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6951         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6952         type->function.base.modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;
6953         return type;
6954
6955         return identify_new_type(type);
6956 }
6957
6958 /**
6959  * Performs automatic type cast as described in §6.3.2.1.
6960  *
6961  * @param orig_type  the original type
6962  */
6963 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
6964 {
6965         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6966         if (is_type_array(type)) {
6967                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
6968                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
6969                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
6970
6971                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
6972         }
6973
6974         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6975                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6976         }
6977
6978         return orig_type;
6979 }
6980
6981 /**
6982  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
6983  * to function-pointer types as defined §6.3.2.1
6984  */
6985 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
6986 {
6987         switch (expression->kind) {
6988                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
6989                         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
6990                         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6991                                 return entity->declaration.type;
6992                         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6993                                 return entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6994                         } else {
6995                                 panic("no declaration or enum in reference");
6996                         }
6997                 }
6998
6999                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
7000                         entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
7001                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
7002                         type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
7003                         return get_qualified_type(type,
7004                                         expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
7005                 }
7006
7007                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
7008                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
7009                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
7010                         if (!is_type_pointer(type))
7011                                 return type_error_type;
7012                         return type->pointer.points_to;
7013                 }
7014
7015                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
7016                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
7017                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
7018                         if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
7019                                 return type_error_type;
7020                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
7021                 }
7022
7023                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
7024                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
7025                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7026                 }
7027
7028                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
7029                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
7030                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7031                 }
7032
7033                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
7034                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
7035
7036                 default:
7037                         return expression->base.type;
7038         }
7039 }
7040
7041 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
7042 {
7043         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
7044
7045         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
7046
7047         if (entity == NULL) {
7048                 if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
7049                         /* an implicitly declared function */
7050                         if (warning.error_implicit_function_declaration) {
7051                                 errorf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
7052                         } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
7053                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
7054                         }
7055
7056                         entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
7057                 } else {
7058                         errorf(HERE, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
7059                         entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
7060                 }
7061         }
7062
7063         type_t *orig_type;
7064
7065         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
7066                 orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
7067         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
7068                 orig_type = entity->enum_value.enum_type;
7069         } else {
7070                 panic("expected declaration or enum value in reference");
7071         }
7072
7073         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
7074          * code to revert this! */
7075         type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
7076
7077         expression_kind_t kind = EXPR_REFERENCE;
7078         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
7079                 kind = EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE;
7080
7081         expression_t *expression     = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7082         expression->reference.entity = entity;
7083         expression->base.type        = type;
7084
7085         /* this declaration is used */
7086         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
7087                 entity->declaration.used = true;
7088         }
7089
7090         if (entity->base.parent_scope != file_scope
7091                 && entity->base.parent_scope->depth < current_function->parameters.depth
7092                 && is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
7093                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
7094                         /* access of a variable from an outer function */
7095                         entity->variable.address_taken = true;
7096                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
7097                         entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
7098                 }
7099                 current_function->need_closure = true;
7100         }
7101
7102         /* check for deprecated functions */
7103         if (warning.deprecated_declarations
7104                 && is_declaration(entity)
7105                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
7106                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
7107
7108                 char const *const prefix = entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION ?
7109                         "function" : "variable";
7110
7111                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
7112                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
7113                                  prefix, entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position,
7114                                  declaration->deprecated_string);
7115                 } else {
7116                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
7117                                  entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
7118                 }
7119         }
7120
7121         if (warning.init_self && entity == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop
7122             && entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
7123                 current_init_decl = NULL;
7124                 warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
7125                          entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
7126         }
7127
7128         next_token();
7129         return expression;
7130 }
7131
7132 static bool semantic_cast(expression_t *cast)
7133 {
7134         expression_t            *expression      = cast->unary.value;
7135         type_t                  *orig_dest_type  = cast->base.type;
7136         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
7137         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
7138         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7139         source_position_t const *pos             = &cast->base.source_position;
7140
7141         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
7142         if (dst_type == type_void)
7143                 return true;
7144
7145         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
7146         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
7147             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
7148             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
7149             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
7150                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
7151                 return false;
7152         }
7153
7154         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
7155                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
7156                 return false;
7157         }
7158
7159         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
7160                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
7161                 return false;
7162         }
7163
7164         if (warning.cast_qual &&
7165             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
7166             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
7167                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
7168                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
7169                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
7170                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
7171                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
7172                         warningf(pos,
7173                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
7174                                  missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
7175                 }
7176         }
7177         return true;
7178 }
7179
7180 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
7181 {
7182         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
7183
7184         parse_initializer_env_t env;
7185         env.type             = type;
7186         env.entity           = NULL;
7187         env.must_be_constant = false;
7188         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
7189         type = env.type;
7190
7191         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
7192         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
7193         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
7194
7195         return expression;
7196 }
7197
7198 /**
7199  * Parse a cast expression.
7200  */
7201 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
7202 {
7203         add_anchor_token(')');
7204
7205         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7206
7207         type_t *type = parse_typename();
7208
7209         rem_anchor_token(')');
7210         expect(')', end_error);
7211
7212         if (token.type == '{') {
7213                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
7214         }
7215
7216         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
7217         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
7218
7219         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
7220         cast->base.type   = type;
7221         cast->unary.value = value;
7222
7223         if (! semantic_cast(cast)) {
7224                 /* TODO: record the error in the AST. else it is impossible to detect it */
7225         }
7226
7227         return cast;
7228 end_error:
7229         return create_invalid_expression();
7230 }
7231
7232 /**
7233  * Parse a statement expression.
7234  */
7235 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
7236 {
7237         add_anchor_token(')');
7238
7239         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
7240
7241         statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
7242         statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
7243         expression->statement.statement = statement;
7244
7245         /* find last statement and use its type */
7246         type_t *type = type_void;
7247         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
7248         if (stmt != NULL) {
7249                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
7250                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
7251
7252                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
7253                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
7254                 }
7255         } else if (warning.other) {
7256                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
7257         }
7258         expression->base.type = type;
7259
7260         rem_anchor_token(')');
7261         expect(')', end_error);
7262
7263 end_error:
7264         return expression;
7265 }
7266
7267 /**
7268  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
7269  */
7270 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
7271 {
7272         eat('(');
7273
7274         switch (token.type) {
7275         case '{':
7276                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
7277                 return parse_statement_expression();
7278
7279         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
7280         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
7281                 return parse_cast();
7282         case T_IDENTIFIER:
7283                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
7284                         return parse_cast();
7285                 }
7286         }
7287
7288         add_anchor_token(')');
7289         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
7290         result->base.parenthesized = true;
7291         rem_anchor_token(')');
7292         expect(')', end_error);
7293
7294 end_error:
7295         return result;
7296 }
7297
7298 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
7299 {
7300         /* TODO */
7301
7302         if (current_function == NULL) {
7303                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
7304         }
7305
7306         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7307         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7308         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
7309
7310         next_token();
7311
7312         return expression;
7313 }
7314
7315 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
7316 {
7317         if (current_function == NULL) {
7318                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
7319         }
7320
7321         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7322         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7323         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
7324
7325         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
7326
7327         return expression;
7328 }
7329
7330 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
7331 {
7332         if (current_function == NULL) {
7333                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
7334         }
7335
7336         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7337         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7338         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
7339
7340         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
7341
7342         return expression;
7343 }
7344
7345 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
7346 {
7347         if (current_function == NULL) {
7348                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
7349         }
7350
7351         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
7352         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
7353         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
7354
7355         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
7356
7357         return expression;
7358 }
7359
7360 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
7361 {
7362         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7363         result->source_position = *HERE;
7364
7365         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7366                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
7367                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7368                 return NULL;
7369         }
7370         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
7371         next_token();
7372
7373         designator_t *last_designator = result;
7374         while (true) {
7375                 if (token.type == '.') {
7376                         next_token();
7377                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7378                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
7379                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7380                                 return NULL;
7381                         }
7382                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7383                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
7384                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
7385                         next_token();
7386
7387                         last_designator->next = designator;
7388                         last_designator       = designator;
7389                         continue;
7390                 }
7391                 if (token.type == '[') {
7392                         next_token();
7393                         add_anchor_token(']');
7394                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
7395                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
7396                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
7397                         rem_anchor_token(']');
7398                         expect(']', end_error);
7399                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
7400                                 return NULL;
7401                         }
7402
7403                         last_designator->next = designator;
7404                         last_designator       = designator;
7405                         continue;
7406                 }
7407                 break;
7408         }
7409
7410         return result;
7411 end_error:
7412         return NULL;
7413 }
7414
7415 /**
7416  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
7417  */
7418 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
7419 {
7420         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
7421         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
7422
7423         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
7424
7425         expect('(', end_error);
7426         add_anchor_token(',');
7427         type_t *type = parse_typename();
7428         rem_anchor_token(',');
7429         expect(',', end_error);
7430         add_anchor_token(')');
7431         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
7432         rem_anchor_token(')');
7433         expect(')', end_error);
7434
7435         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
7436         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
7437
7438         type_path_t path;
7439         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
7440         path.top_type = type;
7441         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
7442
7443         descend_into_subtype(&path);
7444
7445         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
7446                 return create_invalid_expression();
7447         }
7448
7449         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
7450
7451         return expression;
7452 end_error:
7453         return create_invalid_expression();
7454 }
7455
7456 /**
7457  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
7458  */
7459 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
7460 {
7461         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
7462
7463         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
7464
7465         expect('(', end_error);
7466         add_anchor_token(',');
7467         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
7468         rem_anchor_token(',');
7469         expect(',', end_error);
7470         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
7471         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7472                 entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
7473                 if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_function->parameters
7474                                 || entity->base.next != NULL
7475                                 || entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
7476                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7477                                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
7478                 } else {
7479                         expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
7480                 }
7481                 expect(')', end_error);
7482                 return expression;
7483         }
7484         expect(')', end_error);
7485 end_error:
7486         return create_invalid_expression();
7487 }
7488
7489 /**
7490  * Parses a __builtin_va_arg() expression.
7491  */
7492 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
7493 {
7494         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
7495
7496         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
7497
7498         expect('(', end_error);
7499         call_argument_t ap;
7500         ap.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
7501         expression->va_arge.ap = ap.expression;
7502         check_call_argument(type_valist, &ap, 1);
7503
7504         expect(',', end_error);
7505         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
7506         expect(')', end_error);
7507
7508         return expression;
7509 end_error:
7510         return create_invalid_expression();
7511 }
7512
7513 /**
7514  * Parses a __builtin_va_copy() expression.
7515  */
7516 static expression_t *parse_va_copy(void)
7517 {
7518         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_COPY);
7519
7520         eat(T___builtin_va_copy);
7521
7522         expect('(', end_error);
7523         expression_t *dst = parse_assignment_expression();
7524         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type_valist, dst);
7525         report_assign_error(error, type_valist, dst, "call argument 1",
7526                             &dst->base.source_position);
7527         expression->va_copye.dst = dst;
7528
7529         expect(',', end_error);
7530
7531         call_argument_t src;
7532         src.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
7533         check_call_argument(type_valist, &src, 2);
7534         expression->va_copye.src = src.expression;
7535         expect(')', end_error);
7536
7537         return expression;
7538 end_error:
7539         return create_invalid_expression();
7540 }
7541
7542 /**
7543  * Parses a __builtin_constant_p() expression.
7544  */
7545 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
7546 {
7547         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
7548
7549         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
7550
7551         expect('(', end_error);
7552         add_anchor_token(')');
7553         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7554         rem_anchor_token(')');
7555         expect(')', end_error);
7556         expression->base.type = type_int;
7557
7558         return expression;
7559 end_error:
7560         return create_invalid_expression();
7561 }
7562
7563 /**
7564  * Parses a __builtin_types_compatible_p() expression.
7565  */
7566 static expression_t *parse_builtin_types_compatible(void)
7567 {
7568         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P);
7569
7570         eat(T___builtin_types_compatible_p);
7571
7572         expect('(', end_error);
7573         add_anchor_token(')');
7574         add_anchor_token(',');
7575         expression->builtin_types_compatible.left = parse_typename();
7576         rem_anchor_token(',');
7577         expect(',', end_error);
7578         expression->builtin_types_compatible.right = parse_typename();
7579         rem_anchor_token(')');
7580         expect(')', end_error);
7581         expression->base.type = type_int;
7582
7583         return expression;
7584 end_error:
7585         return create_invalid_expression();
7586 }
7587
7588 /**
7589  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
7590  */
7591 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
7592 {
7593         expression_t *expression;
7594
7595         switch (token.type) {
7596         case T___builtin_isgreater:
7597                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
7598                 break;
7599         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7600                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
7601                 break;
7602         case T___builtin_isless:
7603                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
7604                 break;
7605         case T___builtin_islessequal:
7606                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
7607                 break;
7608         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7609                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
7610                 break;
7611         case T___builtin_isunordered:
7612                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
7613                 break;
7614         default:
7615                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
7616         }
7617         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
7618         next_token();
7619
7620         expect('(', end_error);
7621         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7622         expect(',', end_error);
7623         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
7624         expect(')', end_error);
7625
7626         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7627         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
7628
7629         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7630         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7631         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
7632                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7633                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
7634                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7635                 }
7636         } else {
7637                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
7638         }
7639
7640         return expression;
7641 end_error:
7642         return create_invalid_expression();
7643 }
7644
7645 #if 0
7646 /**
7647  * Parses a __builtin_expect(, end_error) expression.
7648  */
7649 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void, end_error)
7650 {
7651         expression_t *expression
7652                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
7653
7654         eat(T___builtin_expect);
7655
7656         expect('(', end_error);
7657         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7658         expect(',', end_error);
7659         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
7660         expect(')', end_error);
7661
7662         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7663
7664         return expression;
7665 end_error:
7666         return create_invalid_expression();
7667 }
7668 #endif
7669
7670 /**
7671  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
7672  */
7673 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
7674 {
7675         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
7676
7677         eat(T__assume);
7678
7679         expect('(', end_error);
7680         add_anchor_token(')');
7681         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7682         rem_anchor_token(')');
7683         expect(')', end_error);
7684
7685         expression->base.type = type_void;
7686         return expression;
7687 end_error:
7688         return create_invalid_expression();
7689 }
7690
7691 /**
7692  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7693  *
7694  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
7695  */
7696 static label_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7697 {
7698         entity_t *label;
7699         assert(current_function != NULL);
7700
7701         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7702         /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
7703         if (label != NULL && label->kind == ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL) {
7704                 if (label->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
7705                         assert(label->base.parent_scope->depth < current_scope->depth);
7706                         current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
7707                 }
7708                 return &label->label;
7709         }
7710
7711         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7712         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7713          * declaration */
7714         if (label != NULL
7715                         && label->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters) {
7716                 return &label->label;
7717         }
7718
7719         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7720         label               = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LABEL);
7721         label->base.namespc = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7722         label->base.symbol  = symbol;
7723
7724         label_push(label);
7725
7726         return &label->label;
7727 }
7728
7729 /**
7730  * Parses a GNU && label address expression.
7731  */
7732 static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
7733 {
7734         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7735         eat(T_ANDAND);
7736         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7737                 parse_error_expected("while parsing label address", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7738                 goto end_error;
7739         }
7740         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7741         next_token();
7742
7743         label_t *label       = get_label(symbol);
7744         label->used          = true;
7745         label->address_taken = true;
7746
7747         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS);
7748         expression->base.source_position = source_position;
7749
7750         /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
7751         expression->base.type           = type_void_ptr;
7752         expression->label_address.label = label;
7753         return expression;
7754 end_error:
7755         return create_invalid_expression();
7756 }
7757
7758 /**
7759  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
7760  */
7761 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
7762 {
7763         /* the result is a (int)0 */
7764         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
7765         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
7766         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
7767         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
7768
7769         eat(T___noop);
7770
7771         if (token.type == '(') {
7772                 /* parse arguments */
7773                 eat('(');
7774                 add_anchor_token(')');
7775                 add_anchor_token(',');
7776
7777                 if (token.type != ')') {
7778                         while (true) {
7779                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
7780                                 if (token.type != ',')
7781                                         break;
7782                                 next_token();
7783                         }
7784                 }
7785         }
7786         rem_anchor_token(',');
7787         rem_anchor_token(')');
7788         expect(')', end_error);
7789
7790 end_error:
7791         return cnst;
7792 }
7793
7794 /**
7795  * Parses a primary expression.
7796  */
7797 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
7798 {
7799         switch (token.type) {
7800                 case T_false:                        return parse_bool_const(false);
7801                 case T_true:                         return parse_bool_const(true);
7802                 case T_INTEGER:                      return parse_int_const();
7803                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:           return parse_character_constant();
7804                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:      return parse_wide_character_constant();
7805                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:                return parse_float_const();
7806                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
7807                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:          return parse_string_const();
7808                 case T___FUNCTION__:
7809                 case T___func__:                     return parse_function_keyword();
7810                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:          return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
7811                 case T___FUNCSIG__:                  return parse_funcsig_keyword();
7812                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:                return parse_funcdname_keyword();
7813                 case T___builtin_offsetof:           return parse_offsetof();
7814                 case T___builtin_va_start:           return parse_va_start();
7815                 case T___builtin_va_arg:             return parse_va_arg();
7816                 case T___builtin_va_copy:            return parse_va_copy();
7817                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
7818                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7819                 case T___builtin_isless:
7820                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
7821                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7822                 case T___builtin_isunordered:        return parse_compare_builtin();
7823                 case T___builtin_constant_p:         return parse_builtin_constant();
7824                 case T___builtin_types_compatible_p: return parse_builtin_types_compatible();
7825                 case T__assume:                      return parse_assume();
7826                 case T_ANDAND:
7827                         if (GNU_MODE)
7828                                 return parse_label_address();
7829                         break;
7830
7831                 case '(':                            return parse_parenthesized_expression();
7832                 case T___noop:                       return parse_noop_expression();
7833
7834                 /* Gracefully handle type names while parsing expressions. */
7835                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
7836                         if (!is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
7837                                 return parse_reference();
7838                         }
7839                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
7840                 TYPENAME_START {
7841                         source_position_t  const pos  = *HERE;
7842                         type_t const      *const type = parse_typename();
7843                         errorf(&pos, "encountered type '%T' while parsing expression", type);
7844                         return create_invalid_expression();
7845                 }
7846         }
7847
7848         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
7849         return create_invalid_expression();
7850 }
7851
7852 /**
7853  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
7854  */
7855 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
7856 {
7857         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
7858         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
7859
7860         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
7861                         warning.char_subscripts) {
7862                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7863                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
7864         }
7865 }
7866
7867 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
7868 {
7869         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
7870
7871         eat('[');
7872         add_anchor_token(']');
7873
7874         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
7875
7876         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
7877         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
7878
7879         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7880         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
7881
7882         type_t                    *return_type;
7883         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
7884         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7885                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
7886                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7887                 array_access->index     = inside;
7888                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
7889         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
7890                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
7891                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
7892                 array_access->index     = left;
7893                 array_access->flipped   = true;
7894                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
7895         } else {
7896                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
7897                         errorf(HERE,
7898                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
7899                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
7900                 }
7901                 return_type             = type_error_type;
7902                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7903                 array_access->index     = inside;
7904         }
7905
7906         expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
7907
7908         rem_anchor_token(']');
7909         expect(']', end_error);
7910 end_error:
7911         return expression;
7912 }
7913
7914 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
7915 {
7916         expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7917         tp_expression->base.type     = type_size_t;
7918
7919         eat(kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? T_sizeof : T___alignof__);
7920
7921         /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
7922         bool old     = in_type_prop;
7923         in_type_prop = true;
7924
7925         type_t       *orig_type;
7926         expression_t *expression;
7927         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
7928                 next_token();
7929                 add_anchor_token(')');
7930                 orig_type = parse_typename();
7931                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7932                 expect(')', end_error);
7933
7934                 if (token.type == '{') {
7935                         /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
7936                          * starting with a compound literal */
7937                         expression = parse_compound_literal(orig_type);
7938                         goto typeprop_expression;
7939                 }
7940         } else {
7941                 expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7942
7943 typeprop_expression:
7944                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
7945
7946                 orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
7947                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
7948         }
7949
7950         tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
7951         type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7952         char   const* const wrong_type =
7953                 GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
7954                 is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
7955                 type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
7956                 type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
7957                 NULL;
7958         if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7959                 char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
7960                 errorf(&tp_expression->base.source_position,
7961                                 "operand of %s expression must not be of %s type '%T'",
7962                                 what, wrong_type, orig_type);
7963         }
7964
7965 end_error:
7966         in_type_prop = old;
7967         return tp_expression;
7968 }
7969
7970 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
7971 {
7972         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF);
7973 }
7974
7975 static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
7976 {
7977         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF);
7978 }
7979
7980 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
7981 {
7982         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
7983         select->select.compound = compound;
7984
7985         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7986         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7987         next_token();
7988
7989         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7990                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7991                 return select;
7992         }
7993         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7994         next_token();
7995
7996         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
7997         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7998
7999         type_t *type_left;
8000         bool    saw_error = false;
8001         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8002                 if (!is_pointer) {
8003                         errorf(HERE,
8004                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
8005                                symbol, orig_type);
8006                         saw_error = true;
8007                 }
8008                 type_left = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
8009         } else {
8010                 if (is_pointer && is_type_valid(type)) {
8011                         errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
8012                         saw_error = true;
8013                 }
8014                 type_left = type;
8015         }
8016
8017         entity_t *entry;
8018         if (type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT ||
8019             type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
8020                 compound_t *compound = type_left->compound.compound;
8021
8022                 if (!compound->complete) {
8023                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
8024                                symbol, type_left);
8025                         goto create_error_entry;
8026                 }
8027
8028                 entry = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
8029                 if (entry == NULL) {
8030                         errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
8031                         goto create_error_entry;
8032                 }
8033         } else {
8034                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && !saw_error) {
8035                         errorf(HERE,
8036                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
8037                                symbol, type_left);
8038                 }
8039 create_error_entry:
8040                 entry = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
8041         }
8042
8043         assert(is_declaration(entry));
8044         select->select.compound_entry = entry;
8045
8046         type_t *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
8047         type_t *res_type
8048                 = get_qualified_type(entry_type, type_left->base.qualifiers);
8049
8050         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
8051          * code to revert this! */
8052         select->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(res_type);
8053
8054         type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(res_type);
8055         if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8056                 select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
8057         }
8058
8059         return select;
8060 }
8061
8062 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
8063                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos)
8064 {
8065         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
8066         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
8067         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
8068         type_t         *arg_type           = skip_typeref(arg_expr->base.type);
8069
8070         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
8071         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
8072                         && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
8073                                 & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
8074                 compound_t *union_decl  = expected_type_skip->compound.compound;
8075                 type_t     *best_type   = NULL;
8076                 entity_t   *entry       = union_decl->members.entities;
8077                 for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
8078                         assert(is_declaration(entry));
8079                         type_t *decl_type = entry->declaration.type;
8080                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
8081                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
8082                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
8083                                 continue;
8084
8085                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
8086                                 best_type = decl_type;
8087                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
8088                                 best_type = decl_type;
8089                         }
8090                 }
8091
8092                 if (best_type != NULL) {
8093                         expected_type = best_type;
8094                 }
8095         }
8096
8097         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
8098         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(arg_expr, expected_type);
8099
8100         if (error != ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
8101                 /* report exact scope in error messages (like "in argument 3") */
8102                 char buf[64];
8103                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
8104                 report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
8105                                                         &arg_expr->base.source_position);
8106         } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
8107                 type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
8108                 if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
8109                     !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
8110                     !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
8111                         /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
8112                         warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
8113                                 "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
8114                                 pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
8115                 }
8116         }
8117 }
8118
8119 /**
8120  * Handle the semantic restrictions of builtin calls
8121  */
8122 static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
8123         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
8124                 case bk_gnu_builtin_return_address:
8125                 case bk_gnu_builtin_frame_address: {
8126                         /* argument must be constant */
8127                         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
8128
8129                         if (! is_constant_expression(argument->expression)) {
8130                                 errorf(&call->base.source_position,
8131                                        "argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
8132                                        call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8133                         }
8134                         break;
8135                 }
8136                 case bk_gnu_builtin_prefetch: {
8137                         /* second and third argument must be constant if existent */
8138                         call_argument_t *rw = call->arguments->next;
8139                         call_argument_t *locality = NULL;
8140
8141                         if (rw != NULL) {
8142                                 if (! is_constant_expression(rw->expression)) {
8143                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
8144                                                "second argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
8145                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8146                                 }
8147                                 locality = rw->next;
8148                         }
8149                         if (locality != NULL) {
8150                                 if (! is_constant_expression(locality->expression)) {
8151                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
8152                                                "third argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
8153                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8154                                 }
8155                                 locality = rw->next;
8156                         }
8157                         break;
8158                 }
8159                 default:
8160                         break;
8161         }
8162 }
8163
8164 /**
8165  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
8166  *
8167  * @param expression  the function address
8168  */
8169 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
8170 {
8171         expression_t      *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
8172         call_expression_t *call   = &result->call;
8173         call->function            = expression;
8174
8175         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
8176         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8177
8178         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
8179         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8180                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
8181
8182                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
8183                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
8184                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
8185                 }
8186         }
8187
8188         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
8189                 errorf(HERE,
8190                        "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function",
8191                        expression, orig_type);
8192         }
8193
8194         /* parse arguments */
8195         eat('(');
8196         add_anchor_token(')');
8197         add_anchor_token(',');
8198
8199         if (token.type != ')') {
8200                 call_argument_t **anchor = &call->arguments;
8201                 for (;;) {
8202                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
8203                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
8204
8205                         *anchor = argument;
8206                         anchor  = &argument->next;
8207
8208                         if (token.type != ',')
8209                                 break;
8210                         next_token();
8211                 }
8212         }
8213         rem_anchor_token(',');
8214         rem_anchor_token(')');
8215         expect(')', end_error);
8216
8217         if (function_type == NULL)
8218                 return result;
8219
8220         /* check type and count of call arguments */
8221         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
8222         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
8223         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
8224                 for (unsigned pos = 0; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
8225                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
8226                         check_call_argument(parameter->type, argument, ++pos);
8227                 }
8228
8229                 if (parameter != NULL) {
8230                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
8231                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
8232                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
8233                 }
8234         }
8235
8236         /* do default promotion for other arguments */
8237         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
8238                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
8239
8240                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
8241
8242                 argument->expression
8243                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
8244         }
8245
8246         check_format(&result->call);
8247
8248         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
8249             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
8250                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
8251                          "function call has aggregate value");
8252         }
8253
8254         if (call->function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
8255                 reference_expression_t *reference = &call->function->reference;
8256                 if (reference->entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION &&
8257                     reference->entity->function.btk != bk_none)
8258                         handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call);
8259         }
8260
8261 end_error:
8262         return result;
8263 }
8264
8265 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
8266
8267 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
8268 {
8269         return
8270                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
8271                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
8272                 type1->compound.compound == type2->compound.compound;
8273 }
8274
8275 static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
8276 {
8277         bool regular_take_address = true;
8278         for (;;) {
8279                 if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8280                         expr = expr->unary.value;
8281                 } else {
8282                         regular_take_address = false;
8283                 }
8284
8285                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
8286                         break;
8287
8288                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8289         }
8290
8291         if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8292                 return NULL;
8293
8294         /* special case for functions which are automatically converted to a
8295          * pointer to function without an extra TAKE_ADDRESS operation */
8296         if (!regular_take_address &&
8297                         expr->reference.entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
8298                 return NULL;
8299         }
8300
8301         return expr;
8302 }
8303
8304 static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
8305 {
8306         if (!warning.address)
8307                 return;
8308
8309         expr = get_reference_address(expr);
8310         if (expr != NULL) {
8311                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8312                          "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
8313                          expr->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8314         }
8315 }
8316
8317 static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
8318 {
8319         if (!warning.parentheses)
8320                 return;
8321         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
8322                 return;
8323         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8324                 return;
8325         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8326                         "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
8327 }
8328
8329 static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
8330                                char const *const context)
8331 {
8332         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8333         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
8334                 warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
8335                 warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
8336         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8337                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
8338                                 "%s must have scalar type", context);
8339         }
8340 }
8341
8342 /**
8343  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
8344  *
8345  * @param expression  the conditional expression
8346  */
8347 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
8348 {
8349         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
8350
8351         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
8352         conditional->condition                = expression;
8353
8354         eat('?');
8355         add_anchor_token(':');
8356
8357         /* §6.5.15:2  The first operand shall have scalar type. */
8358         semantic_condition(expression, "condition of conditional operator");
8359
8360         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
8361         bool          gnu_cond = false;
8362         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
8363                 gnu_cond = true;
8364         } else {
8365                 true_expression = parse_expression();
8366         }
8367         rem_anchor_token(':');
8368         expect(':', end_error);
8369 end_error:;
8370         expression_t *false_expression =
8371                 parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
8372
8373         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
8374         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
8375         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
8376         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
8377
8378         /* 6.5.15.3 */
8379         type_t *result_type;
8380         if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8381                         is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8382                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
8383                 if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
8384                         result_type = false_type;
8385                 } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
8386                         result_type = true_type;
8387                 } else {
8388                         if (warning.other && (
8389                                                 !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8390                                                 !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
8391                                         )) {
8392                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8393                                                 "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
8394                         }
8395                         result_type = type_void;
8396                 }
8397         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
8398                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
8399                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
8400
8401                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
8402                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
8403
8404                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
8405                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
8406                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
8407         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
8408                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
8409                 result_type = true_type;
8410         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
8411                 type_t *pointer_type;
8412                 type_t *other_type;
8413                 expression_t *other_expression;
8414                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
8415                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
8416                         pointer_type     = true_type;
8417                         other_type       = false_type;
8418                         other_expression = false_expression;
8419                 } else {
8420                         pointer_type     = false_type;
8421                         other_type       = true_type;
8422                         other_expression = true_expression;
8423                 }
8424
8425                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
8426                         result_type = pointer_type;
8427                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
8428                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
8429                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
8430
8431                         type_t *to;
8432                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
8433                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8434                                 to = type_void;
8435                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
8436                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
8437                                 to = to1;
8438                         } else {
8439                                 if (warning.other) {
8440                                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8441                                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
8442                                                         true_type, false_type);
8443                                 }
8444                                 to = type_void;
8445                         }
8446
8447                         type_t *const type =
8448                                 get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
8449                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8450                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
8451                         if (warning.other) {
8452                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
8453                                                 "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
8454                         }
8455                         result_type = pointer_type;
8456                 } else {
8457                         if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
8458                                 type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
8459                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
8460                         }
8461                         result_type = type_error_type;
8462                 }
8463         } else {
8464                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
8465                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
8466                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
8467                                                 false_type);
8468                 }
8469                 result_type = type_error_type;
8470         }
8471
8472         conditional->true_expression
8473                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
8474         conditional->false_expression
8475                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
8476         conditional->base.type = result_type;
8477         return result;
8478 }
8479
8480 /**
8481  * Parse an extension expression.
8482  */
8483 static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
8484 {
8485         eat(T___extension__);
8486
8487         bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
8488         in_gcc_extension         = true;
8489         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
8490         in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
8491         return expression;
8492 }
8493
8494 /**
8495  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
8496  */
8497 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
8498 {
8499         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
8500         result->base.type    = type_int;
8501
8502         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
8503
8504         expect('(', end_error);
8505         add_anchor_token(')');
8506         expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
8507         rem_anchor_token(')');
8508         expect(')', end_error);
8509         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
8510
8511         return result;
8512 end_error:
8513         return create_invalid_expression();
8514 }
8515
8516 /**
8517  * Parse a delete expression
8518  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.3.5
8519  */
8520 static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
8521 {
8522         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_DELETE);
8523         result->base.type          = type_void;
8524
8525         eat(T_delete);
8526
8527         if (token.type == '[') {
8528                 next_token();
8529                 result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
8530                 expect(']', end_error);
8531 end_error:;
8532         }
8533
8534         expression_t *const value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
8535         result->unary.value = value;
8536
8537         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
8538         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8539                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8540                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8541                                         "operand of delete must have pointer type");
8542                 }
8543         } else if (warning.other &&
8544                         is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8545                 warningf(&value->base.source_position,
8546                                 "deleting 'void*' is undefined");
8547         }
8548
8549         return result;
8550 }
8551
8552 /**
8553  * Parse a throw expression
8554  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
8555  */
8556 static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
8557 {
8558         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
8559         result->base.type          = type_void;
8560
8561         eat(T_throw);
8562
8563         expression_t *value = NULL;
8564         switch (token.type) {
8565                 EXPRESSION_START {
8566                         value = parse_assignment_expression();
8567                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
8568                         type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
8569                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8570                         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
8571                                 errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8572                                                 "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
8573                         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8574                                 type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
8575                                 if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
8576                                                 !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8577                                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
8578                                                         "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
8579                                 }
8580                         }
8581                 }
8582
8583                 default:
8584                         break;
8585         }
8586         result->unary.value = value;
8587
8588         return result;
8589 }
8590
8591 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
8592                                      type_t *pointer_type,
8593                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
8594 {
8595         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
8596         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
8597
8598         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
8599                 if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8600                         errorf(source_position,
8601                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
8602                                orig_pointer_type);
8603                         return false;
8604                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
8605                         warningf(source_position,
8606                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
8607                                  orig_pointer_type);
8608                 }
8609         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
8610                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
8611                         errorf(source_position,
8612                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
8613                                orig_pointer_type);
8614                         return false;
8615                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
8616                         warningf(source_position,
8617                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
8618                                  orig_pointer_type);
8619                 }
8620         }
8621         return true;
8622 }
8623
8624 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
8625 {
8626         /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
8627         switch (expression->kind) {
8628         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
8629         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
8630         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
8631         case EXPR_SELECT:
8632         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
8633                 return true;
8634
8635         default: {
8636           type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
8637           return
8638                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §3.10:3 */
8639                 is_type_reference(type) ||
8640                 /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
8641                  * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
8642                  * lvalue. */
8643                 !is_type_valid(type);
8644         }
8645         }
8646 }
8647
8648 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
8649 {
8650         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8651         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8652         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8653                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8654                                               type, orig_type)) {
8655                         return;
8656                 }
8657         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
8658                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8659                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8660                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
8661                 return;
8662         }
8663         if (!is_lvalue(expression->value)) {
8664                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8665                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "lvalue required as operand");
8666         }
8667         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8668 }
8669
8670 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
8671 {
8672         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8673         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8674         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
8675                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8676                         /* TODO: improve error message */
8677                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8678                                 "operation needs an arithmetic type");
8679                 }
8680                 return;
8681         }
8682
8683         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8684 }
8685
8686 static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
8687 {
8688         semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8689         if (warning.traditional)
8690                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8691                         "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
8692 }
8693
8694 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
8695 {
8696         /* §6.5.3.3:1  The operand [...] of the ! operator, scalar type. */
8697         semantic_condition(expression->value, "operand of !");
8698         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8699 }
8700
8701 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
8702 {
8703         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8704         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8705         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
8706                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8707                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8708                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
8709                 }
8710                 return;
8711         }
8712
8713         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8714 }
8715
8716 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
8717 {
8718         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8719         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8720         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8721                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8722                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8723                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or array type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
8724                 }
8725                 return;
8726         }
8727
8728         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
8729         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
8730         expression->base.type = result_type;
8731 }
8732
8733 /**
8734  * Record that an address is taken (expression represents an lvalue).
8735  *
8736  * @param expression       the expression
8737  * @param may_be_register  if true, the expression might be an register
8738  */
8739 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
8740 {
8741         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8742                 return;
8743
8744         entity_t *const entity = expression->reference.entity;
8745
8746         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
8747                 return;
8748
8749         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER
8750                         && !may_be_register) {
8751                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8752                                 "address of register %s '%Y' requested",
8753                                 get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind),     entity->base.symbol);
8754         }
8755
8756         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
8757                 entity->variable.address_taken = true;
8758         } else {
8759                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
8760                 entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
8761         }
8762 }
8763
8764 /**
8765  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
8766  */
8767 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
8768 {
8769         expression_t *value = expression->value;
8770         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
8771
8772         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
8773         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8774         if (!is_type_valid(type))
8775                 return;
8776
8777         /* §6.5.3.2 */
8778         if (!is_lvalue(value)) {
8779                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "'&' requires an lvalue");
8780         }
8781         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8782                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8783                        "'&' not allowed on object with bitfield type '%T'",
8784                        type);
8785         }
8786
8787         set_address_taken(value, false);
8788
8789         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8790 }
8791
8792 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
8793 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
8794 {                                                                            \
8795         expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
8796                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
8797         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8798         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
8799                                                                                  \
8800         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
8801                                                                                  \
8802         return unary_expression;                                                 \
8803 }
8804
8805 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
8806                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
8807 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
8808                                semantic_unexpr_plus)
8809 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
8810                                semantic_not)
8811 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
8812                                semantic_dereference)
8813 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
8814                                semantic_take_addr)
8815 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
8816                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
8817 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8818                                semantic_incdec)
8819 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8820                                semantic_incdec)
8821
8822 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
8823                                                sfunc)                         \
8824 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
8825 {                                                                             \
8826         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
8827                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
8828         eat(token_type);                                                          \
8829         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
8830                                                                                   \
8831         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
8832                                                                               \
8833         return unary_expression;                                                  \
8834 }
8835
8836 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
8837                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8838                                        semantic_incdec)
8839 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
8840                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8841                                        semantic_incdec)
8842
8843 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
8844 {
8845         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
8846
8847         type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
8848         type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
8849
8850         /* §6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
8851         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
8852                 return type_long_double;
8853         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
8854                 return type_double;
8855         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
8856                 return type_float;
8857         }
8858
8859         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8860         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8861
8862         if (type_left == type_right)
8863                 return type_left;
8864
8865         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8866         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8867         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
8868         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
8869
8870         if (signed_left == signed_right)
8871                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
8872
8873         int     s_rank;
8874         int     u_rank;
8875         type_t *s_type;
8876         type_t *u_type;
8877         if (signed_left) {
8878                 s_rank = rank_left;
8879                 s_type = type_left;
8880                 u_rank = rank_right;
8881                 u_type = type_right;
8882         } else {
8883                 s_rank = rank_right;
8884                 s_type = type_right;
8885                 u_rank = rank_left;
8886                 u_type = type_left;
8887         }
8888
8889         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
8890                 return u_type;
8891
8892         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
8893          * easier here... */
8894         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
8895                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
8896                 return s_type;
8897
8898         switch (s_rank) {
8899                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
8900                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
8901                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
8902
8903                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
8904         }
8905 }
8906
8907 /**
8908  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
8909  */
8910 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8911 {
8912         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8913         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8914         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8915         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8916         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8917         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8918
8919         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8920                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8921                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8922                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8923                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8924                 }
8925                 return;
8926         }
8927
8928         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8929         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8930         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8931         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8932 }
8933
8934 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
8935 {
8936         if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
8937             !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
8938                 return;
8939
8940         expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
8941         /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
8942         if (is_type_integer(right->base.type) &&
8943             is_constant_expression(right)     &&
8944             fold_constant(right) == 0) {
8945                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
8946         }
8947 }
8948
8949 /**
8950  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
8951  */
8952 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8953 {
8954         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8955         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8956 }
8957
8958 static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
8959 {
8960         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8961                 return;
8962
8963         char op;
8964         switch (expr->kind) {
8965                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
8966                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
8967                 default:              return;
8968         }
8969
8970         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8971                         "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
8972 }
8973
8974 static bool semantic_shift(binary_expression_t *expression)
8975 {
8976         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8977         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8978         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8979         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8980         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8981         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8982
8983         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8984                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8985                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8986                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8987                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
8988                 }
8989                 return false;
8990         }
8991
8992         type_left = promote_integer(type_left);
8993
8994         if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
8995                 long count = fold_constant(right);
8996                 if (count < 0) {
8997                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
8998                                         "shift count must be non-negative");
8999                 } else if ((unsigned long)count >=
9000                                 get_atomic_type_size(type_left->atomic.akind) * 8) {
9001                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
9002                                         "shift count must be less than type width");
9003                 }
9004         }
9005
9006         type_right        = promote_integer(type_right);
9007         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
9008
9009         return true;
9010 }
9011
9012 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
9013 {
9014         expression_t *const left  = expression->left;
9015         expression_t *const right = expression->right;
9016
9017         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
9018                 return;
9019
9020         if (warning.parentheses) {
9021                 warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
9022                 warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
9023         }
9024
9025         type_t *const orig_type_left = left->base.type;
9026         type_t *      type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9027
9028         type_left             = promote_integer(type_left);
9029         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
9030         expression->base.type = type_left;
9031 }
9032
9033 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
9034 {
9035         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
9036         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
9037         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9038         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9039         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9040         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9041
9042         /* §6.5.6 */
9043         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9044                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9045                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
9046                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9047                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
9048         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
9049                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
9050                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
9051                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9052         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
9053                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
9054                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
9055                 expression->base.type = type_right;
9056         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9057                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9058                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
9059                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
9060         }
9061 }
9062
9063 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
9064 {
9065         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
9066         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
9067         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9068         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9069         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9070         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9071         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
9072
9073         /* §5.6.5 */
9074         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9075                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9076                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
9077                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9078                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
9079         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
9080                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
9081                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
9082                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9083         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
9084                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
9085                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
9086                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
9087                         errorf(pos,
9088                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
9089                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
9090                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
9091                         if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9092                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
9093                                        orig_type_left);
9094                         } else if (warning.other) {
9095                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
9096                         }
9097                 }
9098                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
9099         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9100                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
9101                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
9102         }
9103 }
9104
9105 static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
9106 {
9107         while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
9108                 expr = expr->unary.value;
9109                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
9110                         return;
9111                 expr = expr->unary.value;
9112         }
9113
9114         if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL ||
9115             expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
9116                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9117                         "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
9118         }
9119 }
9120
9121 static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
9122 {
9123         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
9124                 return;
9125         switch (expr->base.kind) {
9126                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
9127                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
9128                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
9129                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
9130                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
9131                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
9132                         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9133                                         "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
9134                         break;
9135                 default:
9136                         break;
9137         }
9138 }
9139
9140 static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
9141 {
9142         return
9143                 !is_constant_expression(expr) ||
9144                 fold_constant(expr) < 0;
9145 }
9146
9147 /**
9148  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
9149  *
9150  * @param expression   The expression to check.
9151  */
9152 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
9153 {
9154         expression_t *left  = expression->left;
9155         expression_t *right = expression->right;
9156
9157         if (warning.address) {
9158                 warn_string_literal_address(left);
9159                 warn_string_literal_address(right);
9160
9161                 expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
9162                 if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
9163                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9164                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
9165                                  func_left->reference.entity->base.symbol);
9166                 }
9167
9168                 expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
9169                 if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
9170                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9171                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
9172                                  func_right->reference.entity->base.symbol);
9173                 }
9174         }
9175
9176         if (warning.parentheses) {
9177                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
9178                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
9179         }
9180
9181         type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9182         type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9183         type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9184         type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9185
9186         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
9187         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9188                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9189
9190                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
9191                 if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
9192                         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
9193                         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
9194                         if (signed_left != signed_right) {
9195                                 /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
9196                                 /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
9197                                 if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
9198                                                 (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
9199                                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9200                                                         "comparison between signed and unsigned");
9201                                 }
9202                         }
9203                 }
9204
9205                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
9206                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9207                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
9208                 if (warning.float_equal &&
9209                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
9210                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
9211                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
9212                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9213                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
9214                 }
9215         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
9216                 /* TODO check compatibility */
9217         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
9218                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
9219         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
9220                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
9221         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9222                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
9223                                         &expression->base.source_position,
9224                                         type_left, type_right);
9225         }
9226         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
9227 }
9228
9229 /**
9230  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
9231  */
9232 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
9233 {
9234         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
9235         entity_t   *entry    = compound->members.entities;
9236
9237         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
9238                 if (!is_declaration(entry))
9239                         continue;
9240
9241                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
9242                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
9243                         return true;
9244         }
9245
9246         return false;
9247 }
9248
9249 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
9250 {
9251         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
9252         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9253
9254         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
9255                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
9256                        left);
9257                 return false;
9258         }
9259
9260         if (left->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE
9261                         && left->reference.entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
9262                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to function '%E'", left);
9263                 return false;
9264         }
9265
9266         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
9267                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to array '%E'", left);
9268                 return false;
9269         }
9270         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
9271                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
9272                        orig_type_left);
9273                 return false;
9274         }
9275         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
9276                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
9277                        left, orig_type_left);
9278                 return false;
9279         }
9280         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
9281                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
9282                        left, orig_type_left);
9283                 return false;
9284         }
9285
9286         return true;
9287 }
9288
9289 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9290 {
9291         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
9292         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
9293         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9294         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9295
9296         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9297                 return;
9298
9299         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9300         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9301
9302         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9303                 /* TODO: improve error message */
9304                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9305                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9306                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
9307                 }
9308                 return;
9309         }
9310
9311         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
9312          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
9313          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
9314          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
9315         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9316         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9317         expression->base.type   = type_left;
9318 }
9319
9320 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9321 {
9322         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
9323         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
9324 }
9325
9326 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9327 {
9328         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
9329         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
9330         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9331         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9332         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9333         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9334
9335         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9336                 return;
9337
9338         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
9339                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
9340                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
9341                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
9342                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
9343                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9344                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9345                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9346         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
9347                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
9348                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
9349                 expression->base.type = type_left;
9350         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9351                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9352                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
9353                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
9354         }
9355 }
9356
9357 static void semantic_integer_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9358 {
9359         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
9360         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
9361         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
9362         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
9363
9364         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9365                 return;
9366
9367         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
9368         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
9369
9370         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
9371                 /* TODO: improve error message */
9372                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
9373                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9374                                "operation needs integer types");
9375                 }
9376                 return;
9377         }
9378
9379         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
9380          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
9381          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
9382          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
9383         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
9384         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
9385         expression->base.type   = type_left;
9386 }
9387
9388 static void semantic_shift_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9389 {
9390         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
9391
9392         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9393                 return;
9394
9395         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
9396                 return;
9397
9398         expression->base.type = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
9399 }
9400
9401 static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
9402 {
9403         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
9404                 return;
9405         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
9406                 return;
9407         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9408                         "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
9409 }
9410
9411 /**
9412  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
9413  */
9414 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
9415 {
9416         /* §6.5.13:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type.
9417          * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
9418         semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
9419         semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
9420         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
9421                         warning.parentheses) {
9422                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
9423                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
9424         }
9425         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
9426 }
9427
9428 /**
9429  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
9430  */
9431 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
9432 {
9433         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
9434         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
9435
9436         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
9437                 return;
9438
9439         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
9440         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
9441                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
9442         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
9443         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
9444 }
9445
9446 /**
9447  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
9448  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
9449  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
9450  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
9451  * Examples:
9452  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
9453  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
9454  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
9455  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
9456  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
9457  * analysis. */
9458 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
9459 {
9460         switch (expr->kind) {
9461                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                    break;
9462                 case EXPR_INVALID:                    return true; /* do NOT warn */
9463                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                  return false;
9464                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:       return false;
9465                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
9466                 case EXPR_CONST:                      return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
9467                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:         return false;
9468                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:    return false;
9469                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:             return false;
9470                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:        return false;
9471                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              return false;
9472
9473                 case EXPR_CALL: {
9474                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
9475                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
9476                                 return true;
9477
9478                         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
9479                                 /* FIXME: which builtins have no effect? */
9480                                 default:                      return true;
9481                         }
9482                 }
9483
9484                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
9485                  * conditional expression has no effect */
9486                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
9487                         conditional_expression_t const *const cond = &expr->conditional;
9488                         expression_t             const *const t    = cond->true_expression;
9489                         return
9490                                 (t == NULL || expression_has_effect(t)) &&
9491                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
9492                 }
9493
9494                 case EXPR_SELECT:                     return false;
9495                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               return false;
9496                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     return false;
9497                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              return false;
9498                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                    return false;
9499
9500                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   return false;
9501                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         return false;
9502                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: return false;
9503                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   return false;
9504                 case EXPR_VA_START:                   return true;
9505                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     return true;
9506                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:                    return true;
9507                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  return true; // TODO
9508                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           return false;
9509
9510                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:               return false;
9511                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                 return false;
9512                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:       return false;
9513                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                  return false;
9514                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:          return false;
9515                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:         return false;
9516                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
9517                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
9518                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:     return true;
9519                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:     return true;
9520
9521                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
9522                  * suppress the warning */
9523                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
9524                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9525                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
9526                 }
9527
9528                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:        return true;
9529                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:               return true;
9530                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:               return true;
9531                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:         return true;
9532                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:                return true;
9533
9534                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                 return false;
9535                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                 return false;
9536                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                 return false;
9537                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                 return false;
9538                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                 return false;
9539                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:               return false;
9540                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:            return false;
9541                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:                return false;
9542                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:           return false;
9543                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:             return false;
9544                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:        return false;
9545                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:         return false;
9546                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:          return false;
9547                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:         return false;
9548                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:           return false;
9549                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:          return false;
9550                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:              return true;
9551                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:          return true;
9552                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:          return true;
9553                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:          return true;
9554                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:          return true;
9555                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:          return true;
9556                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:    return true;
9557                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:   return true;
9558                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:  return true;
9559                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:  return true;
9560                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:   return true;
9561
9562                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
9563                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
9564                  * hand side */
9565                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
9566                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
9567                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
9568                  * hand side has a separate warning */
9569                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
9570                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
9571
9572                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:           return false;
9573                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:      return false;
9574                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:              return false;
9575                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:         return false;
9576                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:       return false;
9577                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:         return false;
9578         }
9579
9580         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
9581 }
9582
9583 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
9584 {
9585         if (warning.unused_value) {
9586                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
9587                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
9588                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
9589                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
9590                 }
9591         }
9592         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
9593 }
9594
9595 /**
9596  * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
9597  */
9598 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
9599 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
9600 {                                                                            \
9601         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
9602         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                            \
9603         eat(token_type);                                                         \
9604                                                                              \
9605         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
9606                                                                              \
9607         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
9608         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
9609                                                                              \
9610         return binexpr;                                                          \
9611 }
9612
9613 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9614 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
9615 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
9616 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
9617 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
9618 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
9619 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
9620 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9621 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9622 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9623 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
9624 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
9625 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
9626 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9627 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9628 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
9629 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
9630 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
9631 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
9632 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
9633 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
9634 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
9635 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
9636 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
9637 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
9638 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
9639 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
9640 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
9641 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
9642 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
9643
9644
9645 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
9646 {
9647         if (token.type < 0) {
9648                 return expected_expression_error();
9649         }
9650
9651         expression_parser_function_t *parser
9652                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9653         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
9654         expression_t                 *left;
9655
9656         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
9657                 left = parser->parser();
9658         } else {
9659                 left = parse_primary_expression();
9660         }
9661         assert(left != NULL);
9662         left->base.source_position = source_position;
9663
9664         while (true) {
9665                 if (token.type < 0) {
9666                         return expected_expression_error();
9667                 }
9668
9669                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9670                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
9671                         break;
9672                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
9673                         break;
9674
9675                 left = parser->infix_parser(left);
9676
9677                 assert(left != NULL);
9678                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
9679                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
9680         }
9681
9682         return left;
9683 }
9684
9685 /**
9686  * Parse an expression.
9687  */
9688 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
9689 {
9690         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
9691 }
9692
9693 /**
9694  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
9695  *
9696  * @param parser      the parser function
9697  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
9698  */
9699 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
9700                                        int token_type)
9701 {
9702         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9703
9704         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
9705                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9706                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
9707         }
9708         entry->parser = parser;
9709 }
9710
9711 /**
9712  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
9713  *
9714  * @param parser      the parser function
9715  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
9716  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
9717  */
9718 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
9719                 int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
9720 {
9721         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9722
9723         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
9724                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9725                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
9726                       "token");
9727         }
9728         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
9729         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
9730 }
9731
9732 /**
9733  * Initialize the expression parsers.
9734  */
9735 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
9736 {
9737         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
9738
9739         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9740         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9741         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9742         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
9743         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
9744         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
9745         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9746         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9747         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9748         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9749         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9750         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
9751         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
9752         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9753         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9754         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
9755         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
9756         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
9757         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
9758         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
9759         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
9760         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
9761         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
9762         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
9763         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
9764         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9765         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9766         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9767         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9768         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9769         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9770         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9771         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9772         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9773         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9774         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9775         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
9776
9777         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
9778         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
9779         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
9780         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
9781         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
9782         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
9783         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
9784         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
9785         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
9786         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
9787         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
9788         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
9789         register_expression_parser(parse_delete,                      T_delete);
9790         register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
9791 }
9792
9793 /**
9794  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
9795  */
9796 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
9797 {
9798         asm_argument_t  *result = NULL;
9799         asm_argument_t **anchor = &result;
9800
9801         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
9802                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
9803                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
9804
9805                 if (token.type == '[') {
9806                         eat('[');
9807                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9808                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
9809                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9810                                 return NULL;
9811                         }
9812                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
9813
9814                         expect(']', end_error);
9815                 }
9816
9817                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
9818                 expect('(', end_error);
9819                 add_anchor_token(')');
9820                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9821                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9822                 if (is_out) {
9823                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
9824                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
9825                          * int -> float is not) */
9826                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
9827                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
9828                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
9829                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9830                                         unsigned flags;
9831                                         unsigned size;
9832                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9833                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
9834                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9835                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
9836                                         } else {
9837                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9838                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9839                                         }
9840
9841                                         do {
9842                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
9843                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
9844                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
9845
9846                                                 unsigned value_flags;
9847                                                 unsigned value_size;
9848                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9849                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
9850                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9851                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
9852                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9853                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9854                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9855                                                 } else {
9856                                                         break;
9857                                                 }
9858
9859                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
9860                                                         break;
9861
9862                                                 expression = value;
9863                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
9864                                 }
9865                         }
9866
9867                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
9868                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9869                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
9870                         }
9871
9872                         if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
9873                                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9874                 } else {
9875                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9876                 }
9877                 argument->expression = expression;
9878                 expect(')', end_error);
9879
9880                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
9881
9882                 *anchor = argument;
9883                 anchor  = &argument->next;
9884
9885                 if (token.type != ',')
9886                         break;
9887                 eat(',');
9888         }
9889
9890         return result;
9891 end_error:
9892         return NULL;
9893 }
9894
9895 /**
9896  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
9897  */
9898 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
9899 {
9900         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
9901         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
9902
9903         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9904                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
9905                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
9906
9907                 if (last != NULL) {
9908                         last->next = clobber;
9909                 } else {
9910                         result = clobber;
9911                 }
9912                 last = clobber;
9913
9914                 if (token.type != ',')
9915                         break;
9916                 eat(',');
9917         }
9918
9919         return result;
9920 }
9921
9922 /**
9923  * Parse an asm statement.
9924  */
9925 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
9926 {
9927         statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9928         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
9929
9930         eat(T_asm);
9931
9932         if (token.type == T_volatile) {
9933                 next_token();
9934                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9935         }
9936
9937         expect('(', end_error);
9938         add_anchor_token(')');
9939         add_anchor_token(':');
9940         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
9941
9942         if (token.type != ':') {
9943                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9944                 goto end_of_asm;
9945         }
9946         eat(':');
9947
9948         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
9949         if (token.type != ':') {
9950                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9951                 goto end_of_asm;
9952         }
9953         eat(':');
9954
9955         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
9956         if (token.type != ':') {
9957                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9958                 goto end_of_asm;
9959         }
9960         rem_anchor_token(':');
9961         eat(':');
9962
9963         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
9964
9965 end_of_asm:
9966         rem_anchor_token(')');
9967         expect(')', end_error);
9968         expect(';', end_error);
9969
9970         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
9971                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
9972                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
9973                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9974         }
9975
9976         return statement;
9977 end_error:
9978         return create_invalid_statement();
9979 }
9980
9981 /**
9982  * Parse a case statement.
9983  */
9984 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
9985 {
9986         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9987         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
9988
9989         eat(T_case);
9990
9991         expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
9992         statement->case_label.expression = expression;
9993         if (!is_constant_expression(expression)) {
9994                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9995                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9996                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9997                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))) {
9998                         errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
9999                 }
10000                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
10001         } else {
10002                 long const val = fold_constant(expression);
10003                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
10004                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
10005         }
10006
10007         if (GNU_MODE) {
10008                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
10009                         next_token();
10010                         expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
10011                         statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
10012                         if (!is_constant_expression(end_range)) {
10013                                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
10014                                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
10015                                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
10016                                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(end_range->base.type))) {
10017                                         errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
10018                                 }
10019                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
10020                         } else {
10021                                 long const val = fold_constant(end_range);
10022                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
10023
10024                                 if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
10025                                         statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
10026                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
10027                                 }
10028                         }
10029                 }
10030         }
10031
10032         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10033
10034         expect(':', end_error);
10035 end_error:
10036
10037         if (current_switch != NULL) {
10038                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
10039                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
10040                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
10041                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
10042                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
10043                                         continue;
10044
10045                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
10046                                         continue;
10047
10048                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
10049                                        &l->base.source_position);
10050                                 break;
10051                         }
10052                 }
10053                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
10054                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
10055                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
10056                 } else {
10057                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
10058                 }
10059                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
10060         } else {
10061                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
10062         }
10063
10064         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
10065         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
10066         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10067                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after case label");
10068         }
10069
10070         POP_PARENT;
10071         return statement;
10072 }
10073
10074 /**
10075  * Parse a default statement.
10076  */
10077 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
10078 {
10079         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
10080
10081         eat(T_default);
10082
10083         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10084
10085         expect(':', end_error);
10086         if (current_switch != NULL) {
10087                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
10088                 if (def_label != NULL) {
10089                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
10090                                &def_label->base.source_position);
10091                 } else {
10092                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
10093
10094                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
10095                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
10096                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
10097                         } else {
10098                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
10099                         }
10100                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
10101                 }
10102         } else {
10103                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
10104                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
10105         }
10106
10107         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
10108         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
10109         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10110                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after default label");
10111         }
10112
10113         POP_PARENT;
10114         return statement;
10115 end_error:
10116         POP_PARENT;
10117         return create_invalid_statement();
10118 }
10119
10120 /**
10121  * Parse a label statement.
10122  */
10123 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
10124 {
10125         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
10126         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10127         label_t  *label  = get_label(symbol);
10128
10129         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
10130         statement->label.label       = label;
10131
10132         next_token();
10133
10134         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10135
10136         /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
10137          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far
10138          */
10139         if (label->statement != NULL) {
10140                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
10141                        symbol, &label->base.source_position);
10142         } else {
10143                 label->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10144                 label->statement            = statement;
10145         }
10146
10147         eat(':');
10148
10149         if (token.type == '}') {
10150                 /* TODO only warn? */
10151                 if (warning.other && false) {
10152                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
10153                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
10154                 } else {
10155                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
10156                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
10157                 }
10158         } else if (token.type == ';') {
10159                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
10160                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
10161                  * before a closing brace. */
10162                 statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
10163                 next_token();
10164         } else {
10165                 statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
10166                 statement->label.statement = inner_stmt;
10167                 if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10168                         errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after label");
10169                 }
10170         }
10171
10172         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
10173         *label_anchor = &statement->label;
10174         label_anchor  = &statement->label.next;
10175
10176         POP_PARENT;
10177         return statement;
10178 }
10179
10180 /**
10181  * Parse an if statement.
10182  */
10183 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
10184 {
10185         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
10186
10187         eat(T_if);
10188
10189         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10190
10191         add_anchor_token('{');
10192
10193         expect('(', end_error);
10194         add_anchor_token(')');
10195         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10196         statement->ifs.condition = expr;
10197         /* §6.8.4.1:1  The controlling expression of an if statement shall have
10198          *             scalar type. */
10199         semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
10200         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10201         rem_anchor_token(')');
10202         expect(')', end_error);
10203
10204 end_error:
10205         rem_anchor_token('{');
10206
10207         add_anchor_token(T_else);
10208         statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
10209         statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
10210         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
10211
10212         if (token.type == T_else) {
10213                 next_token();
10214                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
10215         } else if (warning.parentheses &&
10216                         true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
10217                         true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
10218                 warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
10219                                 "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
10220         }
10221
10222         POP_PARENT;
10223         return statement;
10224 }
10225
10226 /**
10227  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
10228  *
10229  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
10230  */
10231 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement)
10232 {
10233         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
10234         if (! is_type_enum(type))
10235                 return;
10236         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
10237
10238         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
10239         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
10240                 return;
10241
10242         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
10243         /* TODO: quadratic algorithm here. Change to an n log n one */
10244         long            last_value = -1;
10245         const entity_t *entry      = enumt->enume->base.next;
10246         for (; entry != NULL && entry->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE;
10247              entry = entry->base.next) {
10248                 const expression_t *expression = entry->enum_value.value;
10249                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant(expression) : last_value + 1;
10250                 bool                found      = false;
10251                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
10252                         if (l->expression == NULL)
10253                                 continue;
10254                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
10255                                 found = true;
10256                                 break;
10257                         }
10258                 }
10259                 if (! found) {
10260                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
10261                                  "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch",
10262                                  entry->base.symbol);
10263                 }
10264                 last_value = value;
10265         }
10266 }
10267
10268 /**
10269  * Parse a switch statement.
10270  */
10271 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
10272 {
10273         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
10274
10275         eat(T_switch);
10276
10277         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10278
10279         expect('(', end_error);
10280         add_anchor_token(')');
10281         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10282         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10283         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10284         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10285                 type = promote_integer(type);
10286                 if (warning.traditional) {
10287                         if (get_rank(type) >= get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG)) {
10288                                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
10289                                         "'%T' switch expression not converted to '%T' in ISO C",
10290                                         type, type_int);
10291                         }
10292                 }
10293         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10294                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10295                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10296                 type = type_error_type;
10297         }
10298         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10299         expect(')', end_error);
10300         rem_anchor_token(')');
10301
10302         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
10303         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
10304         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
10305         current_switch          = rem;
10306
10307         if (warning.switch_default &&
10308             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
10309                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
10310         }
10311         if (warning.switch_enum)
10312                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
10313
10314         POP_PARENT;
10315         return statement;
10316 end_error:
10317         POP_PARENT;
10318         return create_invalid_statement();
10319 }
10320
10321 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
10322 {
10323         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
10324         current_loop = loop;
10325
10326         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
10327
10328         current_loop = rem;
10329         return body;
10330 }
10331
10332 /**
10333  * Parse a while statement.
10334  */
10335 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
10336 {
10337         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
10338
10339         eat(T_while);
10340
10341         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10342
10343         expect('(', end_error);
10344         add_anchor_token(')');
10345         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10346         statement->whiles.condition = cond;
10347         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
10348          *             have scalar type. */
10349         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
10350         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10351         rem_anchor_token(')');
10352         expect(')', end_error);
10353
10354         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10355
10356         POP_PARENT;
10357         return statement;
10358 end_error:
10359         POP_PARENT;
10360         return create_invalid_statement();
10361 }
10362
10363 /**
10364  * Parse a do statement.
10365  */
10366 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
10367 {
10368         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
10369
10370         eat(T_do);
10371
10372         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10373
10374         add_anchor_token(T_while);
10375         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10376         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
10377
10378         expect(T_while, end_error);
10379         expect('(', end_error);
10380         add_anchor_token(')');
10381         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10382         statement->do_while.condition = cond;
10383         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
10384          *             have scalar type. */
10385         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
10386         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10387         rem_anchor_token(')');
10388         expect(')', end_error);
10389         expect(';', end_error);
10390
10391         POP_PARENT;
10392         return statement;
10393 end_error:
10394         POP_PARENT;
10395         return create_invalid_statement();
10396 }
10397
10398 /**
10399  * Parse a for statement.
10400  */
10401 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
10402 {
10403         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
10404
10405         eat(T_for);
10406
10407         expect('(', end_error1);
10408         add_anchor_token(')');
10409
10410         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10411
10412         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10413         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
10414
10415         if (token.type == ';') {
10416                 next_token();
10417         } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
10418                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10419         } else {
10420                 add_anchor_token(';');
10421                 expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
10422                 statement->fors.initialisation = init;
10423                 mark_vars_read(init, ENT_ANY);
10424                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
10425                         warningf(&init->base.source_position,
10426                                         "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
10427                 }
10428                 rem_anchor_token(';');
10429                 expect(';', end_error2);
10430         }
10431
10432         if (token.type != ';') {
10433                 add_anchor_token(';');
10434                 expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
10435                 statement->fors.condition = cond;
10436                 /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement
10437                  *             shall have scalar type. */
10438                 semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'for'-statement");
10439                 mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
10440                 rem_anchor_token(';');
10441         }
10442         expect(';', end_error2);
10443         if (token.type != ')') {
10444                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
10445                 statement->fors.step = step;
10446                 mark_vars_read(step, ENT_ANY);
10447                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
10448                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
10449                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
10450                 }
10451         }
10452         expect(')', end_error2);
10453         rem_anchor_token(')');
10454         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
10455
10456         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
10457         scope_pop(old_scope);
10458         environment_pop_to(top);
10459
10460         POP_PARENT;
10461         return statement;
10462
10463 end_error2:
10464         POP_PARENT;
10465         rem_anchor_token(')');
10466         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
10467         scope_pop(old_scope);
10468         environment_pop_to(top);
10469         /* fallthrough */
10470
10471 end_error1:
10472         return create_invalid_statement();
10473 }
10474
10475 /**
10476  * Parse a goto statement.
10477  */
10478 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
10479 {
10480         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
10481         eat(T_goto);
10482
10483         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
10484                 next_token();
10485                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
10486                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
10487
10488                 /* Argh: although documentation says the expression must be of type void*,
10489                  * gcc accepts anything that can be casted into void* without error */
10490                 type_t *type = expression->base.type;
10491
10492                 if (type != type_error_type) {
10493                         if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
10494                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
10495                                         "cannot convert to a pointer type");
10496                         } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
10497                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10498                                         "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
10499                         }
10500                         expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
10501                 }
10502
10503                 statement->gotos.expression = expression;
10504         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
10505                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10506                 next_token();
10507                 statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
10508         } else {
10509                 if (GNU_MODE)
10510                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
10511                 else
10512                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10513                 eat_until_anchor();
10514                 goto end_error;
10515         }
10516
10517         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
10518         *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
10519         goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
10520
10521         expect(';', end_error);
10522
10523         return statement;
10524 end_error:
10525         return create_invalid_statement();
10526 }
10527
10528 /**
10529  * Parse a continue statement.
10530  */
10531 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
10532 {
10533         if (current_loop == NULL) {
10534                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
10535         }
10536
10537         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
10538
10539         eat(T_continue);
10540         expect(';', end_error);
10541
10542 end_error:
10543         return statement;
10544 }
10545
10546 /**
10547  * Parse a break statement.
10548  */
10549 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
10550 {
10551         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
10552                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
10553         }
10554
10555         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
10556
10557         eat(T_break);
10558         expect(';', end_error);
10559
10560 end_error:
10561         return statement;
10562 }
10563
10564 /**
10565  * Parse a __leave statement.
10566  */
10567 static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
10568 {
10569         if (current_try == NULL) {
10570                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
10571         }
10572
10573         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
10574
10575         eat(T___leave);
10576         expect(';', end_error);
10577
10578 end_error:
10579         return statement;
10580 }
10581
10582 /**
10583  * Check if a given entity represents a local variable.
10584  */
10585 static bool is_local_variable(const entity_t *entity)
10586 {
10587         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
10588                 return false;
10589
10590         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
10591         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
10592         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
10593                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
10594                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
10595                         return false;
10596                 } else {
10597                         return true;
10598                 }
10599         }
10600         default:
10601                 return false;
10602         }
10603 }
10604
10605 /**
10606  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
10607  */
10608 static bool expression_is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
10609 {
10610         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
10611                 return false;
10612         }
10613         const entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
10614         return is_local_variable(entity);
10615 }
10616
10617 /**
10618  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
10619  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
10620  */
10621 entity_t *expression_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
10622 {
10623         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
10624                 return NULL;
10625         }
10626         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
10627         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
10628                 return NULL;
10629
10630         return entity;
10631 }
10632
10633 /**
10634  * Parse a return statement.
10635  */
10636 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
10637 {
10638         eat(T_return);
10639
10640         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
10641
10642         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
10643         if (token.type != ';') {
10644                 return_value = parse_expression();
10645                 mark_vars_read(return_value, NULL);
10646         }
10647
10648         const type_t *const func_type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
10649         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
10650         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
10651
10652         source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
10653         if (return_value != NULL) {
10654                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
10655
10656                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10657                         if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10658                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
10659                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10660                                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10661                                         errorf(pos,
10662                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10663                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10664                                         warningf(pos,
10665                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10666                                 }
10667                         } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10668                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10669                                 if (strict_mode) {
10670                                         errorf(pos,
10671                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
10672                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10673                                         warningf(pos,
10674                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
10675                                 }
10676                         }
10677                 } else {
10678                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
10679                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
10680                                         pos);
10681                 }
10682                 return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
10683                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
10684                 if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
10685                                 && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
10686                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
10687                         if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
10688                                 warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
10689                         }
10690                 }
10691         } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10692                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10693                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10694                         errorf(pos,
10695                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10696                 } else {
10697                         warningf(pos,
10698                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10699                 }
10700         }
10701         statement->returns.value = return_value;
10702
10703         expect(';', end_error);
10704
10705 end_error:
10706         return statement;
10707 }
10708
10709 /**
10710  * Parse a declaration statement.
10711  */
10712 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
10713 {
10714         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10715
10716         entity_t *before = current_scope->last_entity;
10717         if (GNU_MODE) {
10718                 parse_external_declaration();
10719         } else {
10720                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10721         }
10722
10723         declaration_statement_t *const decl  = &statement->declaration;
10724         entity_t                *const begin =
10725                 before != NULL ? before->base.next : current_scope->entities;
10726         decl->declarations_begin = begin;
10727         decl->declarations_end   = begin != NULL ? current_scope->last_entity : NULL;
10728
10729         return statement;
10730 }
10731
10732 /**
10733  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
10734  */
10735 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
10736 {
10737         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10738
10739         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
10740         statement->expression.expression = expr;
10741         mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
10742
10743         expect(';', end_error);
10744
10745 end_error:
10746         return statement;
10747 }
10748
10749 /**
10750  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
10751  * __try{ } __except() { }
10752  */
10753 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
10754 {
10755         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
10756         eat(T___try);
10757
10758         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10759
10760         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
10761         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
10762         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10763         current_try = rem;
10764
10765         POP_PARENT;
10766
10767         if (token.type == T___except) {
10768                 eat(T___except);
10769                 expect('(', end_error);
10770                 add_anchor_token(')');
10771                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10772                 mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10773                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10774                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10775                         type = promote_integer(type);
10776                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10777                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10778                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10779                         type = type_error_type;
10780                 }
10781                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10782                 rem_anchor_token(')');
10783                 expect(')', end_error);
10784                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10785         } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
10786                 eat(T___finally);
10787                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10788         } else {
10789                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
10790                 return create_invalid_statement();
10791         }
10792         return statement;
10793 end_error:
10794         return create_invalid_statement();
10795 }
10796
10797 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
10798 {
10799         if (warning.empty_statement) {
10800                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
10801         }
10802         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
10803         eat(';');
10804         return statement;
10805 }
10806
10807 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void)
10808 {
10809         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10810
10811         eat(T___label__);
10812
10813         entity_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
10814
10815         while (true) {
10816                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
10817                         parse_error_expected("while parsing local label declaration",
10818                                 T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10819                         goto end_error;
10820                 }
10821                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10822                 entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
10823                 if (entity != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10824                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition %P)",
10825                                symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
10826                 } else {
10827                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL);
10828
10829                         entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10830                         entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
10831                         entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10832                         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10833
10834                         if (end != NULL)
10835                                 end->base.next = entity;
10836                         end = entity;
10837                         if (begin == NULL)
10838                                 begin = entity;
10839
10840                         environment_push(entity);
10841                 }
10842                 next_token();
10843
10844                 if (token.type != ',')
10845                         break;
10846                 next_token();
10847         }
10848         eat(';');
10849 end_error:
10850         statement->declaration.declarations_begin = begin;
10851         statement->declaration.declarations_end   = end;
10852         return statement;
10853 }
10854
10855 static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
10856 {
10857         eat(T_namespace);
10858
10859         entity_t *entity = NULL;
10860         symbol_t *symbol = NULL;
10861
10862         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
10863                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
10864                 next_token();
10865
10866                 entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
10867                 if (entity       != NULL             &&
10868                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_NAMESPACE &&
10869                                 entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10870                         if (!is_error_entity(entity)) {
10871                                 error_redefined_as_different_kind(&token.source_position,
10872                                                 entity, ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10873                         }
10874                         entity = NULL;
10875                 }
10876         }
10877
10878         if (entity == NULL) {
10879                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10880                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10881                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10882                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
10883                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10884         }
10885
10886         if (token.type == '=') {
10887                 /* TODO: parse namespace alias */
10888                 panic("namespace alias definition not supported yet");
10889         }
10890
10891         environment_push(entity);
10892         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
10893
10894         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10895         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
10896
10897         expect('{', end_error);
10898         parse_externals();
10899         expect('}', end_error);
10900
10901 end_error:
10902         assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
10903         scope_pop(old_scope);
10904         environment_pop_to(top);
10905 }
10906
10907 /**
10908  * Parse a statement.
10909  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
10910  * "statement has no effect" warnings
10911  */
10912 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
10913 {
10914         statement_t *statement = NULL;
10915
10916         /* declaration or statement */
10917         add_anchor_token(';');
10918         switch (token.type) {
10919         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
10920                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
10921                 if (la1_type == ':') {
10922                         statement = parse_label_statement();
10923                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
10924                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10925                 } else {
10926                         /* it's an identifier, the grammar says this must be an
10927                          * expression statement. However it is common that users mistype
10928                          * declaration types, so we guess a bit here to improve robustness
10929                          * for incorrect programs */
10930                         switch (la1_type) {
10931                         case '&':
10932                         case '*':
10933                                 if (get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
10934                                         goto expression_statment;
10935                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
10936
10937                         DECLARATION_START
10938                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10939                                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10940                                 break;
10941
10942                         default:
10943 expression_statment:
10944                                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10945                                 break;
10946                         }
10947                 }
10948                 break;
10949         }
10950
10951         case T___extension__:
10952                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
10953                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
10954                 do {
10955                         next_token();
10956                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
10957                 bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
10958                 in_gcc_extension       = true;
10959                 statement = intern_parse_statement();
10960                 in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
10961                 break;
10962
10963         DECLARATION_START
10964                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10965                 break;
10966
10967         case T___label__:
10968                 statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
10969                 break;
10970
10971         case ';':         statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
10972         case '{':         statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
10973         case T___leave:   statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
10974         case T___try:     statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
10975         case T_asm:       statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
10976         case T_break:     statement = parse_break();                   break;
10977         case T_case:      statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
10978         case T_continue:  statement = parse_continue();                break;
10979         case T_default:   statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
10980         case T_do:        statement = parse_do();                      break;
10981         case T_for:       statement = parse_for();                     break;
10982         case T_goto:      statement = parse_goto();                    break;
10983         case T_if:        statement = parse_if();                      break;
10984         case T_return:    statement = parse_return();                  break;
10985         case T_switch:    statement = parse_switch();                  break;
10986         case T_while:     statement = parse_while();                   break;
10987
10988         EXPRESSION_START
10989                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10990                 break;
10991
10992         default:
10993                 errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
10994                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
10995                 if (!at_anchor())
10996                         next_token();
10997                 break;
10998         }
10999         rem_anchor_token(';');
11000
11001         assert(statement != NULL
11002                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
11003
11004         return statement;
11005 }
11006
11007 /**
11008  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
11009  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
11010  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
11011  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
11012  */
11013 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
11014 {
11015         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
11016
11017         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
11018                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
11019                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
11020                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
11021                                         "statement has no effect");
11022                 }
11023         }
11024
11025         return statement;
11026 }
11027
11028 /**
11029  * Parse a compound statement.
11030  */
11031 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
11032 {
11033         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
11034
11035         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
11036
11037         eat('{');
11038         add_anchor_token('}');
11039         /* tokens, which can start a statement */
11040         /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
11041         add_anchor_token('!');
11042         add_anchor_token('&');
11043         add_anchor_token('(');
11044         add_anchor_token('*');
11045         add_anchor_token('+');
11046         add_anchor_token('-');
11047         add_anchor_token('{');
11048         add_anchor_token('~');
11049         add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11050         add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
11051         add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
11052         add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
11053         add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
11054         add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
11055         add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
11056         add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
11057         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11058         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
11059         add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
11060         add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
11061         add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
11062         add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
11063         add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
11064         add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
11065         add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
11066         add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
11067         add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
11068         add_anchor_token(T___func__);
11069         add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
11070         add_anchor_token(T___label__);
11071         add_anchor_token(T___real__);
11072         add_anchor_token(T___thread);
11073         add_anchor_token(T_asm);
11074         add_anchor_token(T_auto);
11075         add_anchor_token(T_bool);
11076         add_anchor_token(T_break);
11077         add_anchor_token(T_case);
11078         add_anchor_token(T_char);
11079         add_anchor_token(T_class);
11080         add_anchor_token(T_const);
11081         add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
11082         add_anchor_token(T_continue);
11083         add_anchor_token(T_default);
11084         add_anchor_token(T_delete);
11085         add_anchor_token(T_double);
11086         add_anchor_token(T_do);
11087         add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
11088         add_anchor_token(T_enum);
11089         add_anchor_token(T_extern);
11090         add_anchor_token(T_false);
11091         add_anchor_token(T_float);
11092         add_anchor_token(T_for);
11093         add_anchor_token(T_goto);
11094         add_anchor_token(T_if);
11095         add_anchor_token(T_inline);
11096         add_anchor_token(T_int);
11097         add_anchor_token(T_long);
11098         add_anchor_token(T_new);
11099         add_anchor_token(T_operator);
11100         add_anchor_token(T_register);
11101         add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
11102         add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
11103         add_anchor_token(T_return);
11104         add_anchor_token(T_short);
11105         add_anchor_token(T_signed);
11106         add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
11107         add_anchor_token(T_static);
11108         add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
11109         add_anchor_token(T_struct);
11110         add_anchor_token(T_switch);
11111         add_anchor_token(T_template);
11112         add_anchor_token(T_this);
11113         add_anchor_token(T_throw);
11114         add_anchor_token(T_true);
11115         add_anchor_token(T_try);
11116         add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
11117         add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
11118         add_anchor_token(T_typename);
11119         add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
11120         add_anchor_token(T_union);
11121         add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
11122         add_anchor_token(T_using);
11123         add_anchor_token(T_void);
11124         add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
11125         add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
11126         add_anchor_token(T_while);
11127
11128         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
11129         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
11130
11131         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
11132         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
11133         while (token.type != '}') {
11134                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
11135                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
11136                                "EOF while parsing compound statement");
11137                         break;
11138                 }
11139                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
11140                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
11141                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
11142                         if (at_anchor())
11143                                 goto end_error;
11144                         continue;
11145                 }
11146
11147                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
11148                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
11149                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
11150                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
11151                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
11152                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
11153                         }
11154                 }
11155
11156                 *anchor = sub_statement;
11157
11158                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
11159                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
11160
11161                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
11162         }
11163         next_token();
11164
11165         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
11166         if (warning.unused_value) {
11167                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
11168                 for (; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
11169                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
11170                                 continue;
11171                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
11172                          * statement as it has always an effect */
11173                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
11174                                 continue;
11175
11176                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
11177                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
11178                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
11179                                          "statement has no effect");
11180                         }
11181                 }
11182         }
11183
11184 end_error:
11185         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
11186         rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
11187         rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
11188         rem_anchor_token(T_void);
11189         rem_anchor_token(T_using);
11190         rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
11191         rem_anchor_token(T_union);
11192         rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
11193         rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
11194         rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
11195         rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
11196         rem_anchor_token(T_try);
11197         rem_anchor_token(T_true);
11198         rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
11199         rem_anchor_token(T_this);
11200         rem_anchor_token(T_template);
11201         rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
11202         rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
11203         rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
11204         rem_anchor_token(T_static);
11205         rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
11206         rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
11207         rem_anchor_token(T_short);
11208         rem_anchor_token(T_return);
11209         rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
11210         rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
11211         rem_anchor_token(T_register);
11212         rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
11213         rem_anchor_token(T_new);
11214         rem_anchor_token(T_long);
11215         rem_anchor_token(T_int);
11216         rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
11217         rem_anchor_token(T_if);
11218         rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
11219         rem_anchor_token(T_for);
11220         rem_anchor_token(T_float);
11221         rem_anchor_token(T_false);
11222         rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
11223         rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
11224         rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
11225         rem_anchor_token(T_do);
11226         rem_anchor_token(T_double);
11227         rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
11228         rem_anchor_token(T_default);
11229         rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
11230         rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
11231         rem_anchor_token(T_const);
11232         rem_anchor_token(T_class);
11233         rem_anchor_token(T_char);
11234         rem_anchor_token(T_case);
11235         rem_anchor_token(T_break);
11236         rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
11237         rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
11238         rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
11239         rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
11240         rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
11241         rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
11242         rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
11243         rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
11244         rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
11245         rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
11246         rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
11247         rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
11248         rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
11249         rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
11250         rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
11251         rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
11252         rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
11253         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
11254         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11255         rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
11256         rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
11257         rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
11258         rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
11259         rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
11260         rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
11261         rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
11262         rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
11263         rem_anchor_token('~');
11264         rem_anchor_token('{');
11265         rem_anchor_token('-');
11266         rem_anchor_token('+');
11267         rem_anchor_token('*');
11268         rem_anchor_token('(');
11269         rem_anchor_token('&');
11270         rem_anchor_token('!');
11271         rem_anchor_token('}');
11272         assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
11273         scope_pop(old_scope);
11274         environment_pop_to(top);
11275
11276         POP_PARENT;
11277         return statement;
11278 }
11279
11280 /**
11281  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
11282  */
11283 static void check_unused_globals(void)
11284 {
11285         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
11286                 return;
11287
11288         for (const entity_t *entity = file_scope->entities; entity != NULL;
11289              entity = entity->base.next) {
11290                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
11291                         continue;
11292
11293                 const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
11294                 if (declaration->used                  ||
11295                     declaration->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
11296                     declaration->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
11297                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
11298                         continue;
11299
11300                 type_t *const type = declaration->type;
11301                 const char *s;
11302                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
11303                         /* inhibit warning for static inline functions */
11304                         if (entity->function.is_inline)
11305                                 continue;
11306
11307                         s = entity->function.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared";
11308                 } else {
11309                         s = "defined";
11310                 }
11311
11312                 warningf(&declaration->base.source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
11313                         type, declaration->base.symbol, s);
11314         }
11315 }
11316
11317 static void parse_global_asm(void)
11318 {
11319         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
11320
11321         eat(T_asm);
11322         expect('(', end_error);
11323
11324         statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
11325         statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
11326         unit->global_asm         = statement;
11327
11328         expect(')', end_error);
11329         expect(';', end_error);
11330
11331 end_error:;
11332 }
11333
11334 static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
11335 {
11336         eat(T_extern);
11337         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
11338
11339         const char *linkage = parse_string_literals().begin;
11340
11341         linkage_kind_t old_linkage = current_linkage;
11342         linkage_kind_t new_linkage;
11343         if (strcmp(linkage, "C") == 0) {
11344                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_C;
11345         } else if (strcmp(linkage, "C++") == 0) {
11346                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_CXX;
11347         } else {
11348                 errorf(HERE, "linkage string \"%s\" not recognized", linkage);
11349                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_INVALID;
11350         }
11351         current_linkage = new_linkage;
11352
11353         if (token.type == '{') {
11354                 next_token();
11355                 parse_externals();
11356                 expect('}', end_error);
11357         } else {
11358                 parse_external();
11359         }
11360
11361 end_error:
11362         assert(current_linkage == new_linkage);
11363         current_linkage = old_linkage;
11364 }
11365
11366 static void parse_external(void)
11367 {
11368         switch (token.type) {
11369                 DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN
11370                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
11371                 case T___extension__:
11372                 /* tokens below are for implicit int */
11373                 case '&': /* & x; -> int& x; (and error later, because C++ has no
11374                              implicit int) */
11375                 case '*': /* * x; -> int* x; */
11376                 case '(': /* (x); -> int (x); */
11377                         parse_external_declaration();
11378                         return;
11379
11380                 case T_extern:
11381                         if (look_ahead(1)->type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
11382                                 parse_linkage_specification();
11383                         } else {
11384                                 parse_external_declaration();
11385                         }
11386                         return;
11387
11388                 case T_asm:
11389                         parse_global_asm();
11390                         return;
11391
11392                 case T_namespace:
11393                         parse_namespace_definition();
11394                         return;
11395
11396                 case ';':
11397                         if (!strict_mode) {
11398                                 if (warning.other)
11399                                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
11400                                 next_token();
11401                                 return;
11402                         }
11403                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
11404
11405                 default:
11406                         errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
11407                         if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
11408                                 eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
11409                         next_token();
11410                         return;
11411         }
11412 }
11413
11414 static void parse_externals(void)
11415 {
11416         add_anchor_token('}');
11417         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11418
11419 #ifndef NDEBUG
11420         unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
11421         memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
11422 #endif
11423
11424         while (token.type != T_EOF && token.type != '}') {
11425 #ifndef NDEBUG
11426                 bool anchor_leak = false;
11427                 for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
11428                         unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
11429                         if (count != 0) {
11430                                 errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
11431                                 anchor_leak = true;
11432                         }
11433                 }
11434                 if (in_gcc_extension) {
11435                         errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
11436                         anchor_leak = true;
11437                 }
11438
11439                 if (anchor_leak)
11440                         abort();
11441 #endif
11442
11443                 parse_external();
11444         }
11445
11446         rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11447         rem_anchor_token('}');
11448 }
11449
11450 /**
11451  * Parse a translation unit.
11452  */
11453 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
11454 {
11455         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
11456
11457         while (true) {
11458                 parse_externals();
11459
11460                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
11461                         break;
11462
11463                 errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
11464                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
11465                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
11466                 next_token();
11467         }
11468 }
11469
11470 /**
11471  * Parse the input.
11472  *
11473  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
11474  */
11475 void start_parsing(void)
11476 {
11477         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
11478         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
11479         diagnostic_count  = 0;
11480         error_count       = 0;
11481         warning_count     = 0;
11482
11483         type_set_output(stderr);
11484         ast_set_output(stderr);
11485
11486         assert(unit == NULL);
11487         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
11488
11489         assert(file_scope == NULL);
11490         file_scope = &unit->scope;
11491
11492         assert(current_scope == NULL);
11493         scope_push(&unit->scope);
11494
11495         create_gnu_builtins();
11496         if (c_mode & _MS)
11497                 create_microsoft_intrinsics();
11498 }
11499
11500 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
11501 {
11502         assert(current_scope == &unit->scope);
11503         scope_pop(NULL);
11504
11505         assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
11506         check_unused_globals();
11507         file_scope = NULL;
11508
11509         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
11510         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
11511
11512         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
11513         unit = NULL;
11514         return result;
11515 }
11516
11517 /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
11518  * are given length one. */
11519 static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
11520 {
11521         size_t n = ARR_LEN(incomplete_arrays);
11522         for (size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
11523                 declaration_t *const decl      = incomplete_arrays[i];
11524                 type_t        *const orig_type = decl->type;
11525                 type_t        *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
11526
11527                 if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
11528                         continue;
11529
11530                 if (warning.other) {
11531                         warningf(&decl->base.source_position,
11532                                         "array '%#T' assumed to have one element",
11533                                         orig_type, decl->base.symbol);
11534                 }
11535
11536                 type_t *const new_type = duplicate_type(type);
11537                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
11538                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
11539                 new_type->array.size              = 1;
11540
11541                 type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
11542
11543                 decl->type = result;
11544         }
11545 }
11546
11547 void parse(void)
11548 {
11549         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
11550         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
11551                 next_token();
11552         }
11553         current_linkage   = c_mode & _CXX ? LINKAGE_CXX : LINKAGE_C;
11554         incomplete_arrays = NEW_ARR_F(declaration_t*, 0);
11555         parse_translation_unit();
11556         complete_incomplete_arrays();
11557         DEL_ARR_F(incomplete_arrays);
11558         incomplete_arrays = NULL;
11559 }
11560
11561 /**
11562  * create a builtin function.
11563  */
11564 static entity_t *create_builtin_function(builtin_kind_t kind, const char *name, type_t *function_type)
11565 {
11566         symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(name);
11567         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
11568         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
11569         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
11570         entity->declaration.type                   = function_type;
11571         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
11572         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
11573         entity->base.source_position               = builtin_source_position;
11574
11575         entity->function.btk                       = kind;
11576
11577         record_entity(entity, /*is_definition=*/false);
11578         return entity;
11579 }
11580
11581
11582 /**
11583  * Create predefined gnu builtins.
11584  */
11585 static void create_gnu_builtins(void)
11586 {
11587 #define GNU_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_gnu_builtin_##a, "__builtin_" #a, b)
11588
11589         GNU_BUILTIN(alloca,         make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t));
11590         GNU_BUILTIN(huge_val,       make_function_0_type(type_double));
11591         GNU_BUILTIN(inf,            make_function_0_type(type_double));
11592         GNU_BUILTIN(inff,           make_function_0_type(type_float));
11593         GNU_BUILTIN(infl,           make_function_0_type(type_long_double));
11594         GNU_BUILTIN(nan,            make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr));
11595         GNU_BUILTIN(nanf,           make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr));
11596         GNU_BUILTIN(nanl,           make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr));
11597         GNU_BUILTIN(va_end,         make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist));
11598         GNU_BUILTIN(expect,         make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long));
11599         GNU_BUILTIN(return_address, make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
11600         GNU_BUILTIN(frame_address,  make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
11601         GNU_BUILTIN(ffs,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
11602         GNU_BUILTIN(clz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
11603         GNU_BUILTIN(ctz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
11604         GNU_BUILTIN(popcount,       make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
11605         GNU_BUILTIN(parity,         make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
11606         GNU_BUILTIN(prefetch,       make_function_1_type_variadic(type_float, type_void_ptr));
11607         GNU_BUILTIN(trap,           make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
11608
11609 #undef GNU_BUILTIN
11610 }
11611
11612 /**
11613  * Create predefined MS intrinsics.
11614  */
11615 static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void)
11616 {
11617 #define MS_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_ms##a, #a, b)
11618
11619         /* intrinsics for all architectures */
11620         MS_BUILTIN(_rotl,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
11621         MS_BUILTIN(_rotr,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
11622         MS_BUILTIN(_rotl64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
11623         MS_BUILTIN(_rotr64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
11624         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ushort,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11625         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ulong,        make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long,  type_unsigned_long));
11626         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_uint64,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64));
11627
11628         MS_BUILTIN(__debugbreak,            make_function_0_type(type_void));
11629         MS_BUILTIN(_ReturnAddress,          make_function_0_type(type_void_ptr));
11630         MS_BUILTIN(_AddressOfReturnAddress, make_function_0_type(type_void_ptr));
11631         MS_BUILTIN(__popcount,              make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int, type_unsigned_int));
11632
11633         /* x86/x64 only */
11634         MS_BUILTIN(_enable,                make_function_0_type(type_void));
11635         MS_BUILTIN(_disable,               make_function_0_type(type_void));
11636         MS_BUILTIN(__inbyte,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_short));
11637         MS_BUILTIN(__inword,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11638         MS_BUILTIN(__indword,              make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long, type_unsigned_short));
11639         MS_BUILTIN(__outbyte,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_char));
11640         MS_BUILTIN(__outword,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11641         MS_BUILTIN(__outdword,             make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_long));
11642         MS_BUILTIN(__ud2,                  make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
11643         MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanForward,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
11644         MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanReverse,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
11645         MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange,   make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long_ptr, type_long));
11646         MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange64, make_function_2_type(type_int64, type_int64_ptr, type_int64));
11647
11648         if (machine_size <= 32) {
11649                 MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int));
11650                 MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int));
11651         } else {
11652                 MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int64));
11653                 MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int64));
11654         }
11655
11656 #undef MS_BUILTIN
11657 }
11658
11659 /**
11660  * Initialize the parser.
11661  */
11662 void init_parser(void)
11663 {
11664         sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
11665
11666         if (c_mode & _MS) {
11667                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
11668                 sym_align         = symbol_table_insert("align");
11669                 sym_allocate      = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
11670                 sym_dllimport     = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
11671                 sym_dllexport     = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
11672                 sym_naked         = symbol_table_insert("naked");
11673                 sym_noinline      = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
11674                 sym_returns_twice = symbol_table_insert("returns_twice");
11675                 sym_noreturn      = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
11676                 sym_nothrow       = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
11677                 sym_novtable      = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
11678                 sym_property      = symbol_table_insert("property");
11679                 sym_get           = symbol_table_insert("get");
11680                 sym_put           = symbol_table_insert("put");
11681                 sym_selectany     = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
11682                 sym_thread        = symbol_table_insert("thread");
11683                 sym_uuid          = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
11684                 sym_deprecated    = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
11685                 sym_restrict      = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
11686                 sym_noalias       = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
11687         }
11688         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
11689
11690         init_expression_parsers();
11691         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
11692
11693         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
11694         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
11695 }
11696
11697 /**
11698  * Terminate the parser.
11699  */
11700 void exit_parser(void)
11701 {
11702         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
11703 }