nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "lang_features.h"
  37 #include "walk_statements.h"
  38 #include "warning.h"
  39 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  40 #include "adt/error.h"
  41 #include "adt/array.h"
  42
  43 /** if wchar_t is equal to unsigned short. */
  44 bool opt_short_wchar_t =
  45 #ifdef _WIN32
  46         true;
  47 #else
  48         false;
  49 #endif
  50
  51 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  52 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
  53
  54 typedef struct {
  55         declaration_t *old_declaration;
  56         symbol_t      *symbol;
  57         unsigned short namespc;
  58 } stack_entry_t;
  59
  60 typedef struct argument_list_t argument_list_t;
  61 struct argument_list_t {
  62         long              argument;
  63         argument_list_t  *next;
  64 };
  65
  66 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  67 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  68         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;           /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
  69         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  70         bool                 invalid;        /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
  71         bool                 have_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
  72         union {
  73                 size_t              value;
  74                 string_t            string;
  75                 atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
  76                 long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
  77                 argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
  78         } u;
  79 };
  80
  81 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  82 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  83         source_position_t  source_position;
  84         unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
  85         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  86         unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
  87         unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
  88         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
  89         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  90         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  91         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  92         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  93         type_t            *type;
  94 };
  95
  96 /**
  97  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  98  */
  99 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
 100         type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
 101                                          array type with unspecified size this gets
 102                                          adjusted to the actual size. */
 103         declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
 104         bool           must_be_constant;
 105 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 106
 107 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 108
 109 /** The current token. */
 110 static token_t             token;
 111 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
 112 static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
 113 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
 114 static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
 115 static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
 116 static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
 117 static stack_entry_t      *local_label_stack = NULL;
 118 /** The global file scope. */
 119 static scope_t            *file_scope        = NULL;
 120 /** The current scope. */
 121 static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
 122 static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
 123 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
 124 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 125 static declaration_t      *current_init_decl = NULL;
 126 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
 127 static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
 128 static statement_t        *current_parent    = NULL;
 129 static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
 130 static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 131 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 132 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 133 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
 134 /** current translation unit. */
 135 static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
 136 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
 137 static bool                in_type_prop      = false;
 138 /** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
 139 static bool                in_gcc_extension  = false;
 140 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 141
 142
 143 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 144         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 145         ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 146 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 147
 148 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 149 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 150
 151 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 152 static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
 153 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
 154 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
 155 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
 156 static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
 157 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
 158 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
 159 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
 160 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
 161 static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
 162 static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
 163 static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
 164 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
 165 static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
 166 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
 167 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
 168 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
 169 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
 170
 171 /** The token anchor set */
 172 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 173
 174 /** The current source position. */
 175 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 176
 177 /** true if we are in GCC mode. */
 178 #define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
 179
 180 static type_t *type_valist;
 181
 182 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 183 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 184
 185 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 186 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 187 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 188
 189 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
 190 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
 191                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
 192 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
 193
 194 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 195
 196 #define STORAGE_CLASSES     \
 197         case T_typedef:         \
 198         case T_extern:          \
 199         case T_static:          \
 200         case T_auto:            \
 201         case T_register:        \
 202         case T___thread:
 203
 204 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 205         case T_const:           \
 206         case T_restrict:        \
 207         case T_volatile:        \
 208         case T_inline:          \
 209         case T__forceinline:    \
 210         case T___attribute__:
 211
 212 #ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 213 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 214         case T__Complex:
 215 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 216         case T__Imaginary:
 217 #else
 218 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS
 219 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 220 #endif
 221
 222 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 223         case T_void:              \
 224         case T_char:              \
 225         case T_short:             \
 226         case T_int:               \
 227         case T_long:              \
 228         case T_float:             \
 229         case T_double:            \
 230         case T_signed:            \
 231         case T_unsigned:          \
 232         case T__Bool:             \
 233         case T_struct:            \
 234         case T_union:             \
 235         case T_enum:              \
 236         case T___typeof__:        \
 237         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 238         case T__declspec:         \
 239         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 240         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 241
 242 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 243         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 244         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 245         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 246
 247 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 248         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 249         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 250
 251 #define EXPRESSION_START           \
 252         case '!':                        \
 253         case '&':                        \
 254         case '(':                        \
 255         case '*':                        \
 256         case '+':                        \
 257         case '-':                        \
 258         case '~':                        \
 259         case T_ANDAND:                   \
 260         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       \
 261         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            \
 262         case T_INTEGER:                  \
 263         case T_MINUSMINUS:               \
 264         case T_PLUSPLUS:                 \
 265         case T_STRING_LITERAL:           \
 266         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  \
 267         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      \
 268         case T___FUNCDNAME__:            \
 269         case T___FUNCSIG__:              \
 270         case T___FUNCTION__:             \
 271         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
 272         case T___alignof__:              \
 273         case T___builtin_alloca:         \
 274         case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
 275         case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
 276         case T___builtin_expect:         \
 277         case T___builtin_huge_val:       \
 278         case T___builtin_inf:            \
 279         case T___builtin_inff:           \
 280         case T___builtin_infl:           \
 281         case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
 282         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
 283         case T___builtin_isless:         \
 284         case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
 285         case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
 286         case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
 287         case T___builtin_nan:            \
 288         case T___builtin_nanf:           \
 289         case T___builtin_nanl:           \
 290         case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
 291         case T___builtin_prefetch:       \
 292         case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
 293         case T___builtin_va_end:         \
 294         case T___builtin_va_start:       \
 295         case T___func__:                 \
 296         case T___noop:                   \
 297         case T__assume:                  \
 298         case T_sizeof:                   \
 299         case T_throw:
 300
 301 /**
 302  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 303  * initialize all fields with zero.
 304  */
 305 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 306 {
 307         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 308         memset(res, 0, size);
 309         return res;
 310 }
 311
 312 static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 313 {
 314         declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
 315         declaration->type      = type_error_type;
 316         declaration->alignment = 0;
 317         return declaration;
 318 }
 319
 320 /**
 321  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 322  *
 323  * @param kind  the statement kind
 324  */
 325 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 326 {
 327         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 328                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 329                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 330                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 331                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 332                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 333                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 334                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 335                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 336                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 337                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 338                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 339                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 340                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 341                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 342                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 343                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 344                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 345                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 346                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 347         };
 348         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 349         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 350         return sizes[kind];
 351 }
 352
 353 /**
 354  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 355  *
 356  * @param kind  the expression kind
 357  */
 358 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 359 {
 360         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 361                 [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 362                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 363                 [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 364                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 365                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 366                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 367                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 368                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 369                 [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 370                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 371                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 372                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 373                 [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 374                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 375                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 376                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 377                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 378                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 379                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
 380                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 381                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
 382                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 383                 [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 384                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 385                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 386                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]           = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
 387         };
 388         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 389                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 390         }
 391         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 392                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 393         }
 394         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 395         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 396         return sizes[kind];
 397 }
 398
 399 /**
 400  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 401  * fields with zero.
 402  */
 403 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 404 {
 405         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 406         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 407
 408         res->base.kind            = kind;
 409         res->base.parent          = current_parent;
 410         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 411         return res;
 412 }
 413
 414 /**
 415  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 416  * fields with zero.
 417  */
 418 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 419 {
 420         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 421         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 422
 423         res->base.kind = kind;
 424         res->base.type = type_error_type;
 425         return res;
 426 }
 427
 428 /**
 429  * Creates a new invalid expression.
 430  */
 431 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 432 {
 433         expression_t *expression         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 434         expression->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 435         return expression;
 436 }
 437
 438 /**
 439  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 440  */
 441 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 442 {
 443         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 444 }
 445
 446 /**
 447  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 448  */
 449 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 450 {
 451         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 452 }
 453
 454 /**
 455  * Returns the size of a type node.
 456  *
 457  * @param kind  the type kind
 458  */
 459 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 460 {
 461         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 462                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 463                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 464                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 465                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 466                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 467                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 468                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 469                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 470                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 471                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 472                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 473                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 474                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 475         };
 476         assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 477         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 478         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 479         return sizes[kind];
 480 }
 481
 482 /**
 483  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 484  * fields with zero.
 485  *
 486  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
 487  */
 488 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
 489 {
 490         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 491         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 492         memset(res, 0, size);
 493         res->base.kind = kind;
 494
 495         return res;
 496 }
 497
 498 /**
 499  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 500  *
 501  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 502  */
 503 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 504 {
 505         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 506                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 507                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 508                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 509                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 510                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 511         };
 512         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
 513         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 514         return sizes[kind];
 515 }
 516
 517 /**
 518  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 519  * fields with zero.
 520  */
 521 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 522 {
 523         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 524         result->kind          = kind;
 525
 526         return result;
 527 }
 528
 529 /**
 530  * Free a type from the type obstack.
 531  */
 532 static void free_type(void *type)
 533 {
 534         obstack_free(type_obst, type);
 535 }
 536
 537 /**
 538  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 539  */
 540 static size_t environment_top(void)
 541 {
 542         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 543 }
 544
 545 /**
 546  * Returns the index of the top element of the global label stack.
 547  */
 548 static size_t label_top(void)
 549 {
 550         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 551 }
 552
 553 /**
 554  * Returns the index of the top element of the local label stack.
 555  */
 556 static size_t local_label_top(void)
 557 {
 558         return ARR_LEN(local_label_stack);
 559 }
 560
 561 /**
 562  * Return the next token.
 563  */
 564 static inline void next_token(void)
 565 {
 566         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 567         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 568         lexer_next_token();
 569
 570         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos+1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 571
 572 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 573         print_token(stderr, &token);
 574         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 575 #endif
 576 }
 577
 578 /**
 579  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 580  */
 581 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
 582 {
 583         assert(num > 0 && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 584         int pos = (lookahead_bufpos+num-1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 585         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 586 }
 587
 588 /**
 589  * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 590  */
 591 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 592 {
 593         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 594         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 595 }
 596
 597 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 598 {
 599         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 600         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 601         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 602         return count;
 603 }
 604
 605 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 606 {
 607         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 608         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 609 }
 610
 611 /**
 612  * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 613  */
 614 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 615 {
 616         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 617         assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
 618         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 619 }
 620
 621 static bool at_anchor(void)
 622 {
 623         if (token.type < 0)
 624                 return false;
 625         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 626 }
 627
 628 /**
 629  * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
 630  */
 631 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 632 {
 633         int end_token;
 634         switch (type) {
 635                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 636                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 637                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 638                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 639         }
 640
 641         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 642         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 643         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 644         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 645                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 646                brace_count       != 0         ||
 647                bracket_count     != 0) {
 648                 switch (token.type) {
 649                 case T_EOF: return;
 650                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 651                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 652                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 653
 654                 case ')':
 655                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 656                                 --parenthesis_count;
 657                         goto check_stop;
 658
 659                 case '}':
 660                         if (brace_count > 0)
 661                                 --brace_count;
 662                         goto check_stop;
 663
 664                 case ']':
 665                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 666                                 --bracket_count;
 667 check_stop:
 668                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 669                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 670                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 671                             bracket_count     == 0)
 672                                 return;
 673                         break;
 674
 675                 default:
 676                         break;
 677                 }
 678                 next_token();
 679         }
 680 }
 681
 682 /**
 683  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 684  */
 685 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 686 {
 687         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 688                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 689                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 690                 next_token();
 691         }
 692 }
 693
 694 static void eat_block(void)
 695 {
 696         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 697         if (token.type == '}')
 698                 next_token();
 699 }
 700
 701 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while (0)
 702
 703 /**
 704  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 705  */
 706 static
 707 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 708 __attribute__((sentinel))
 709 #endif
 710 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 711 {
 712         if (message != NULL) {
 713                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 714         }
 715         va_list ap;
 716         va_start(ap, message);
 717         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 718         va_end(ap);
 719 }
 720
 721 /**
 722  * Report a type error.
 723  */
 724 static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position,
 725                        type_t *type)
 726 {
 727         errorf(source_position, "%s, but found type '%T'", msg, type);
 728 }
 729
 730 /**
 731  * Report an incompatible type.
 732  */
 733 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 734                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 735 {
 736         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 737                msg, type1, type2);
 738 }
 739
 740 /**
 741  * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
 742  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 743  * and goto the end_error label.
 744  */
 745 #define expect(expected)                                  \
 746         do {                                                  \
 747                 if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
 748                         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 749                         add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 750                         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 751                         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 752                                 next_token();                             \
 753                         rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 754                         goto end_error;                               \
 755                 }                                                 \
 756                 next_token();                                     \
 757         } while (0)
 758
 759 static void scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 760 {
 761         if (scope != NULL) {
 762                 scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
 763                 new_scope->depth        = scope->depth + 1;
 764         }
 765         new_scope->parent = scope;
 766         scope             = new_scope;
 767
 768         last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 769 }
 770
 771 static void scope_pop(void)
 772 {
 773         scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
 774         scope = scope->parent;
 775         last_declaration = scope->last_declaration;
 776 }
 777
 778 /**
 779  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
 780  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
 781  */
 782 static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 783                                       const namespace_t namespc)
 784 {
 785         declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 786         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
 787                 if (declaration->namespc == namespc)
 788                         return declaration;
 789         }
 790
 791         return NULL;
 792 }
 793
 794 /**
 795  * pushs an environment_entry on the environment stack and links the
 796  * corresponding symbol to the new entry
 797  */
 798 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
 799 {
 800         symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
 801         namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 802
 803         /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
 804         declaration_t **anchor;
 805         declaration_t  *iter;
 806         for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
 807                 iter = *anchor;
 808                 if (iter == NULL)
 809                         break;
 810
 811                 /* replace an entry? */
 812                 if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
 813                         declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 814                         break;
 815                 }
 816         }
 817         *anchor = declaration;
 818
 819         /* remember old declaration */
 820         stack_entry_t entry;
 821         entry.symbol          = symbol;
 822         entry.old_declaration = iter;
 823         entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
 824         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 825 }
 826
 827 /**
 828  * Push a declaration on the environment stack.
 829  *
 830  * @param declaration  the declaration
 831  */
 832 static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 833 {
 834         assert(declaration->source_position.input_name != NULL);
 835         assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
 836         stack_push(&environment_stack, declaration);
 837 }
 838
 839 /**
 840  * Push a declaration on the global label stack.
 841  *
 842  * @param declaration  the declaration
 843  */
 844 static void label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 845 {
 846         declaration->parent_scope = &current_function->scope;
 847         stack_push(&label_stack, declaration);
 848 }
 849
 850 /**
 851  * Push a declaration of the local label stack.
 852  *
 853  * @param declaration  the declaration
 854  */
 855 static void local_label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 856 {
 857         assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
 858         stack_push(&local_label_stack, declaration);
 859 }
 860
 861 /**
 862  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 863  */
 864 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 865 {
 866         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 867         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 868         size_t         i;
 869
 870         assert(new_top <= top);
 871         if (new_top == top)
 872                 return;
 873
 874         for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 875                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 876
 877                 declaration_t *old_declaration = entry->old_declaration;
 878                 symbol_t      *symbol          = entry->symbol;
 879                 namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
 880
 881                 /* replace/remove declaration */
 882                 declaration_t **anchor;
 883                 declaration_t  *iter;
 884                 for (anchor = &symbol->declaration;; anchor = &iter->symbol_next) {
 885                         iter = *anchor;
 886                         assert(iter != NULL);
 887                         /* replace an entry? */
 888                         if (iter->namespc == namespc)
 889                                 break;
 890                 }
 891
 892                 /* Not all declarations adhere scopes (e.g. jump labels), so this
 893                  * correction is necessary */
 894                 if (old_declaration != NULL) {
 895                         old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 896                         *anchor = old_declaration;
 897                 } else {
 898                         *anchor = iter->symbol_next;
 899                 }
 900         }
 901
 902         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 903 }
 904
 905 /**
 906  * Pop all entries from the environment stack until the new_top
 907  * is reached.
 908  *
 909  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 910  */
 911 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 912 {
 913         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 914 }
 915
 916 /**
 917  * Pop all entries from the global label stack until the new_top
 918  * is reached.
 919  *
 920  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 921  */
 922 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 923 {
 924         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 925 }
 926
 927 /**
 928  * Pop all entries from the local label stack until the new_top
 929  * is reached.
 930  *
 931  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 932  */
 933 static void local_label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 934 {
 935         stack_pop_to(&local_label_stack, new_top);
 936 }
 937
 938
 939 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 940 {
 941         return (int) akind;
 942 }
 943
 944 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 945 {
 946         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 947         /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
 948          * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
 949          * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
 950          * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
 951          *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
 952         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 953                 return get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT);
 954
 955         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 956         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 957 }
 958
 959 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 960 {
 961         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 962                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 963
 964         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
 965                 type = type_int;
 966
 967         return type;
 968 }
 969
 970 /**
 971  * Create a cast expression.
 972  *
 973  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 974  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 975  */
 976 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 977                                             type_t *dest_type)
 978 {
 979         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 980
 981         cast->unary.value = expression;
 982         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 983
 984         return cast;
 985 }
 986
 987 /**
 988  * Check if a given expression represents the 0 pointer constant.
 989  */
 990 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 991 {
 992         /* skip void* cast */
 993         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
 994                         || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 995                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 996         }
 997
 998         /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
 999          * which evaluates to 0 */
1000         if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
1001                 return false;
1002
1003         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1004         if (!is_type_integer(type))
1005                 return false;
1006
1007         return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
1008 }
1009
1010 /**
1011  * Create an implicit cast expression.
1012  *
1013  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1014  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1015  */
1016 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
1017                                           type_t *dest_type)
1018 {
1019         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
1020
1021         if (source_type == dest_type)
1022                 return expression;
1023
1024         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
1025 }
1026
1027 typedef enum assign_error_t {
1028         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
1029         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
1030         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
1031         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
1032         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
1033         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
1034 } assign_error_t;
1035
1036 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
1037                                 const expression_t *const right,
1038                                 const char *context,
1039                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
1040 {
1041         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1042         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1043         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1044
1045         switch (error) {
1046         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
1047                 return;
1048         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
1049                 errorf(source_position,
1050                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
1051                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
1052                 return;
1053
1054         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
1055                 if (warning.other) {
1056                         type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1057                         type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1058
1059                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1060                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1061                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1062                         warningf(source_position,
1063                                         "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
1064                                         orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
1065                 }
1066                 return;
1067         }
1068
1069         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
1070                 if (warning.other) {
1071                         warningf(source_position,
1072                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
1073                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
1074                 }
1075                 return;
1076
1077         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
1078                 if (warning.other) {
1079                         warningf(source_position,
1080                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
1081                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1082                 }
1083                 return;
1084
1085         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
1086                 if (warning.other) {
1087                         warningf(source_position,
1088                                         "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
1089                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1090                 }
1091                 return;
1092
1093         default:
1094                 panic("invalid error value");
1095         }
1096 }
1097
1098 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
1099 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1100                                       const expression_t *const right)
1101 {
1102         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1103         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1104         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1105
1106         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1107                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1108                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1109                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1110                         type_t *points_to_left
1111                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1112                         type_t *points_to_right
1113                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1114                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1115
1116                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1117                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1118                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1119                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1120                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1121                         }
1122
1123                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1124                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1125
1126                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1127                                 return res;
1128
1129                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1130                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.3.5:6 */
1131                                 return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
1132                         }
1133
1134                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1135                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1136                         }
1137
1138                         return res;
1139                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1140                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1141                 }
1142         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1143             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1144                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1145                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1146         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1147                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1148                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1149                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1150                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1151                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1152                 }
1153         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1154                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1155         }
1156
1157         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1158                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1159
1160         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1161 }
1162
1163 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1164 {
1165         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
1166
1167         if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1168                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1169                        "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
1170         }
1171
1172         return result;
1173 }
1174
1175 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1176 {
1177         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
1178 }
1179
1180 static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
1181 {
1182         symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
1183
1184         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
1185         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
1186         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1187         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1188         declaration->type                   = type;
1189         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
1190         declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
1191         declaration->implicit               = true;
1192
1193         record_declaration(declaration, false);
1194
1195         type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
1196         typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
1197
1198         return typedef_type;
1199 }
1200
1201 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1202 {
1203         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1204         string_t result = token.v.string;
1205
1206         next_token();
1207
1208         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1209                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1210                 next_token();
1211         }
1212
1213         return result;
1214 }
1215
1216 static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1217         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1218         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1219         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1220         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1221         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1222         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1223         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1224         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1225         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1226         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1227         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1228         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1229         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1230         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1231         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1232         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1233         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1234         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
1235         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1236         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1237         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1238         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1239         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1240         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1241         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1242         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1243         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1244         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1245         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1246         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1247         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1248         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]              = "interrupt",
1249         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1250         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1251         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1252         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1253         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1254         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1255         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1256         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1257         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1258         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1259         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1260         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1261         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1262         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1263         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1264         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1265         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1266         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1267         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1268         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1269         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1270         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1271         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1272         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1273         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1274         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1275         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1276         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1277         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1278         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1279         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1280         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1281         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1282 };
1283
1284 /**
1285  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1286  */
1287 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1288 {
1289         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1290                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1291                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1292                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1293                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1294                 }
1295         }
1296
1297         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1298 }
1299
1300 /**
1301  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute.
1302  */
1303 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
1304 {
1305         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1306         attribute->kind            = kind;
1307         attribute->next            = NULL;
1308         attribute->invalid         = false;
1309         attribute->have_arguments  = false;
1310
1311         return attribute;
1312 }
1313
1314 /**
1315  * parse one constant expression argument.
1316  */
1317 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1318 {
1319         expression_t *expression;
1320         add_anchor_token(')');
1321         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1322         rem_anchor_token(')');
1323         expect(')');
1324         attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
1325         return;
1326 end_error:
1327         attribute->invalid = true;
1328 }
1329
1330 /**
1331  * parse a list of constant expressions arguments.
1332  */
1333 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1334 {
1335         argument_list_t **list = &attribute->u.arguments;
1336         argument_list_t  *entry;
1337         expression_t     *expression;
1338         add_anchor_token(')');
1339         add_anchor_token(',');
1340         while (true) {
1341                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1342                 entry = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(entry));
1343                 entry->argument = fold_constant(expression);
1344                 entry->next     = NULL;
1345                 *list = entry;
1346                 list = &entry->next;
1347                 if (token.type != ',')
1348                         break;
1349                 next_token();
1350         }
1351         rem_anchor_token(',');
1352         rem_anchor_token(')');
1353         expect(')');
1354         return;
1355 end_error:
1356         attribute->invalid = true;
1357 }
1358
1359 /**
1360  * parse one string literal argument.
1361  */
1362 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1363                                            string_t *string)
1364 {
1365         add_anchor_token('(');
1366         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1367                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1368                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1369                 goto end_error;
1370         }
1371         *string = parse_string_literals();
1372         rem_anchor_token('(');
1373         expect(')');
1374         return;
1375 end_error:
1376         attribute->invalid = true;
1377 }
1378
1379 /**
1380  * parse one tls model.
1381  */
1382 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1383 {
1384         static const char *const tls_models[] = {
1385                 "global-dynamic",
1386                 "local-dynamic",
1387                 "initial-exec",
1388                 "local-exec"
1389         };
1390         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1391         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1392         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1393                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1394                         if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1395                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1396                                 return;
1397                         }
1398                 }
1399                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1400         }
1401         attribute->invalid = true;
1402 }
1403
1404 /**
1405  * parse one tls model.
1406  */
1407 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1408 {
1409         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1410                 "default",
1411                 "protected",
1412                 "hidden",
1413                 "internal"
1414         };
1415         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1416         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1417         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1418                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1419                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1420                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1421                                 return;
1422                         }
1423                 }
1424                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1425         }
1426         attribute->invalid = true;
1427 }
1428
1429 /**
1430  * parse one (code) model.
1431  */
1432 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1433 {
1434         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1435                 "small",
1436                 "medium",
1437                 "large"
1438         };
1439         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1440         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1441         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1442                 for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1443                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1444                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1445                                 return;
1446                         }
1447                 }
1448                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1449         }
1450         attribute->invalid = true;
1451 }
1452
1453 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1454 {
1455         /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
1456
1457         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
1458          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
1459         add_anchor_token(')');
1460
1461         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1462                 expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
1463         }
1464
1465         /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
1466          * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
1467         const char *symbol_str = token.v.symbol->string;
1468         if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
1469             strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
1470                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
1471         } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
1472                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
1473         } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
1474                 || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
1475                 || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
1476                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
1477         } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
1478                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
1479         } else {
1480                 if (warning.other)
1481                         warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
1482                 attribute->invalid = true;
1483         }
1484         next_token();
1485
1486         rem_anchor_token(')');
1487         expect(')');
1488         return;
1489 end_error:
1490         attribute->invalid = true;
1491 }
1492
1493 /**
1494  * parse one interrupt argument.
1495  */
1496 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1497 {
1498         static const char *const interrupts[] = {
1499                 "IRQ",
1500                 "FIQ",
1501                 "SWI",
1502                 "ABORT",
1503                 "UNDEF"
1504         };
1505         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1506         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1507         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1508                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1509                         if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1510                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1511                                 return;
1512                         }
1513                 }
1514                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
1515         }
1516         attribute->invalid = true;
1517 }
1518
1519 /**
1520  * parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1521  */
1522 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1523 {
1524         static const char *const format_names[] = {
1525                 "printf",
1526                 "scanf",
1527                 "strftime",
1528                 "strfmon"
1529         };
1530         int i;
1531
1532         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1533                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1534                 goto end_error;
1535         }
1536         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1537         for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1538                 if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1539                         break;
1540         }
1541         if (i >= 4) {
1542                 if (warning.attribute)
1543                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1544         }
1545         next_token();
1546
1547         expect(',');
1548         add_anchor_token(')');
1549         add_anchor_token(',');
1550         parse_constant_expression();
1551         rem_anchor_token(',');
1552         rem_anchor_token(')');
1553
1554         expect(',');
1555         add_anchor_token(')');
1556         parse_constant_expression();
1557         rem_anchor_token(')');
1558         expect(')');
1559         return;
1560 end_error:
1561         attribute->u.value = true;
1562 }
1563
1564 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
1565 {
1566         if (!attribute->have_arguments)
1567                 return;
1568
1569         /* should have no arguments */
1570         errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1571         eat_until_matching_token('(');
1572         /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1573         eat(')');
1574         attribute->invalid = true;
1575 }
1576
1577 /**
1578  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1579  *
1580  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1581  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1582  *
1583  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1584  *  const
1585  *  volatile
1586  *  cdecl
1587  *  stdcall
1588  *  fastcall
1589  *  deprecated
1590  *  noinline
1591  *  noreturn
1592  *  naked
1593  *  pure
1594  *  always_inline
1595  *  malloc
1596  *  weak
1597  *  constructor
1598  *  destructor
1599  *  nothrow
1600  *  transparent_union
1601  *  common
1602  *  nocommon
1603  *  packed
1604  *  shared
1605  *  notshared
1606  *  used
1607  *  unused
1608  *  no_instrument_function
1609  *  warn_unused_result
1610  *  longcall
1611  *  shortcall
1612  *  long_call
1613  *  short_call
1614  *  function_vector
1615  *  interrupt_handler
1616  *  nmi_handler
1617  *  nesting
1618  *  near
1619  *  far
1620  *  signal
1621  *  eightbit_data
1622  *  tiny_data
1623  *  saveall
1624  *  flatten
1625  *  sseregparm
1626  *  externally_visible
1627  *  return_twice
1628  *  may_alias
1629  *  ms_struct
1630  *  gcc_struct
1631  *  dllimport
1632  *  dllexport
1633  *
1634  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1635  *  aligned( const expression )
1636  *  alias( string literal )
1637  *  section( string literal )
1638  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1639  *  format_arg( const expression )
1640  *  tls_model( string literal )
1641  *  visibility( string literal )
1642  *  regparm( const expression )
1643  *  model( string leteral )
1644  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1645  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1646  *
1647  * The following attributes might have arguments
1648  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1649  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1650  *  interrupt( string literal )
1651  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1652  */
1653 static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1654 {
1655         gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
1656         gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
1657         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1658         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1659
1660         eat(T___attribute__);
1661         expect('(');
1662         expect('(');
1663
1664         if (token.type != ')') {
1665                 /* find the end of the list */
1666                 if (last != NULL) {
1667                         while (last->next != NULL)
1668                                 last = last->next;
1669                 }
1670
1671                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1672                 while (true) {
1673                         const char *name;
1674                         if (token.type == T_const) {
1675                                 name = "const";
1676                         } else if (token.type == T_volatile) {
1677                                 name = "volatile";
1678                         } else if (token.type == T_cdecl) {
1679                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1680                                 name = "cdecl";
1681                         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
1682                                 const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1683                                 name = sym->string;
1684                         } else {
1685                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1686                                 break;
1687                         }
1688
1689                         next_token();
1690
1691                         int i;
1692                         for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1693                                 if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1694                                         break;
1695                         }
1696                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1697
1698                         attribute = NULL;
1699                         if (kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1700                                 if (warning.attribute)
1701                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1702
1703                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1704                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1705                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1706                                 }
1707                         } else {
1708                                 /* check for arguments */
1709                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1710                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1711                                         next_token();
1712                                         if (token.type == ')') {
1713                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1714                                                 next_token();
1715                                         } else
1716                                                 attribute->have_arguments = true;
1717                                 }
1718
1719                                 switch(kind) {
1720                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1721                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1722                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1723                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1724                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1725                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1726                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1727                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1728                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1729                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1730                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1731                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1732                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1733                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1734                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1735                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1736                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1737                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1738                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1739                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1740                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1741                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1742                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1743                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1744                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1745                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1746                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1747                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1748                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1749                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1750                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1751                                         goto no_arg;
1752
1753                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:             modifiers |= DM_CDECL;             goto no_arg;
1754                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:          modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL;          goto no_arg;
1755                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:           modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;           goto no_arg;
1756                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:            modifiers |= DM_UNUSED;            goto no_arg;
1757                                 case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
1758                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
1759                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:             modifiers |= DM_CONST;             goto no_arg;
1760                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
1761                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
1762                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
1763                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
1764                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
1765                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
1766                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
1767                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
1768                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:       modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;       goto no_arg;
1769                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:        modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;        goto no_arg;
1770                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:        modifiers |= DM_DEPRECATED;        goto no_arg;
1771
1772                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1773                                         /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
1774                                         if (attribute->have_arguments) {
1775                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1776                                         }
1777                                         break;
1778
1779                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1780                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1781                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1782                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1783                                                 /* should have arguments */
1784                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1785                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1786                                         } else
1787                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1788                                         break;
1789                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1790                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1791                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1792                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1793                                                 /* should have arguments */
1794                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1795                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1796                                         } else
1797                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1798                                         break;
1799                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1800                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1801                                                 /* should have arguments */
1802                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1803                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1804                                         } else
1805                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1806                                         break;
1807                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1808                                         /* may have one string argument */
1809                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1810                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1811                                         break;
1812                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1813                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1814                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1815                                         break;
1816                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1817                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1818                                                 /* should have arguments */
1819                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1820                                         } else
1821                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1822                                         break;
1823                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1824                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1825                                                 /* should have arguments */
1826                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1827                                         } else
1828                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1829                                         break;
1830                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1831                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1832                                                 /* should have arguments */
1833                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1834                                         } else {
1835                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1836                                         }
1837                                         break;
1838                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1839                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1840                                                 /* should have arguments */
1841                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1842                                         } else {
1843                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1844                                         }
1845                                         break;
1846                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1847                                         /* may have one string argument */
1848                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1849                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1850                                         break;
1851                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1852                                         /* may have one string argument */
1853                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1854                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1855                                         break;
1856                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1857                                         /* already handled */
1858                                         break;
1859
1860 no_arg:
1861                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1862                                 }
1863                         }
1864                         if (attribute != NULL) {
1865                                 if (last != NULL) {
1866                                         last->next = attribute;
1867                                         last       = attribute;
1868                                 } else {
1869                                         head = last = attribute;
1870                                 }
1871                         }
1872
1873                         if (token.type != ',')
1874                                 break;
1875                         next_token();
1876                 }
1877         }
1878         expect(')');
1879         expect(')');
1880 end_error:
1881         *attributes = head;
1882
1883         return modifiers;
1884 }
1885
1886 /**
1887  * Parse GNU attributes.
1888  */
1889 static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1890 {
1891         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1892
1893         while (true) {
1894                 switch(token.type) {
1895                 case T___attribute__:
1896                         modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1897                         continue;
1898
1899                 case T_asm:
1900                         next_token();
1901                         expect('(');
1902                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1903                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1904                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1905                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1906                                 break;
1907                         } else {
1908                                 parse_string_literals();
1909                         }
1910                         expect(')');
1911                         continue;
1912
1913                 case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
1914                 case T__fastcall: modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL; break;
1915                 case T__stdcall:  modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;  break;
1916
1917                 case T___thiscall:
1918                         /* TODO record modifier */
1919                         if (warning.other)
1920                                 warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1921                         break;
1922
1923 end_error:
1924                 default: return modifiers;
1925                 }
1926
1927                 next_token();
1928         }
1929 }
1930
1931 static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl);
1932
1933 static declaration_t *determine_lhs_decl(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
1934 {
1935         switch (expr->kind) {
1936                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1937                         declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
1938                         return decl;
1939                 }
1940
1941                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1942                         expression_t  *const ref  = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1943                         declaration_t *      decl = NULL;
1944                         if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
1945                                 decl     = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
1946                                 lhs_decl = decl;
1947                         } else {
1948                                 mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
1949                         }
1950                         mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
1951                         return decl;
1952                 }
1953
1954                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
1955                         if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
1956                                 return determine_lhs_decl(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
1957                         } else {
1958                                 mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
1959                                 return NULL;
1960                         }
1961                 }
1962
1963                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1964                         expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
1965                         if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
1966                                 /* *&x is a NOP */
1967                                 return determine_lhs_decl(val->unary.value, lhs_decl);
1968                         } else {
1969                                 mark_decls_read(val, NULL);
1970                                 return NULL;
1971                         }
1972                 }
1973
1974                 default:
1975                         mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
1976                         return NULL;
1977         }
1978 }
1979
1980 #define DECL_ANY ((declaration_t*)-1)
1981
1982 /**
1983  * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to deted variables, which
1984  * are never read.
1985  * Example:
1986  * x = x + 1;
1987  *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
1988  *   value.
1989  *
1990  * x += y; y += x;
1991  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
1992  *   involved.
1993  */
1994 static void mark_decls_read(expression_t *const expr, declaration_t *lhs_decl)
1995 {
1996         switch (expr->kind) {
1997                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1998                         declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
1999                         if (lhs_decl != decl && lhs_decl != DECL_ANY)
2000                                 decl->read = true;
2001                         return;
2002                 }
2003
2004                 case EXPR_CALL:
2005                         // TODO respect pure/const
2006                         mark_decls_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
2007                         for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
2008                                 mark_decls_read(arg->expression, NULL);
2009                         }
2010                         return;
2011
2012                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
2013                         // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
2014                         mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
2015                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
2016                                 mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_decl);
2017                         mark_decls_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_decl);
2018                         return;
2019
2020                 case EXPR_SELECT:
2021                         if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
2022                                 lhs_decl = NULL;
2023                         mark_decls_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_decl);
2024                         return;
2025
2026                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
2027                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
2028                         mark_decls_read(ref, lhs_decl);
2029                         lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(ref, lhs_decl);
2030                         mark_decls_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_decl);
2031                         return;
2032                 }
2033
2034                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
2035                         mark_decls_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_decl);
2036                         return;
2037
2038                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
2039                         /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
2040                         if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
2041                                 lhs_decl = NULL;
2042                         goto unary;
2043
2044                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
2045                         if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
2046                                 lhs_decl = NULL;
2047                         goto unary;
2048
2049                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
2050                         if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
2051                                 return;
2052                         goto unary;
2053
2054                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
2055                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
2056                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
2057                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
2058                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
2059                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
2060                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
2061                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
2062                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
2063                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
2064                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
2065 unary:
2066                         mark_decls_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_decl);
2067                         return;
2068
2069                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
2070                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
2071                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
2072                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
2073                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
2074                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
2075                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
2076                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
2077                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
2078                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
2079                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
2080                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
2081                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
2082                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
2083                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
2084                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
2085                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
2086                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
2087                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
2088                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
2089                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
2090                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
2091                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
2092                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
2093                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
2094                         mark_decls_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_decl);
2095                         mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
2096                         return;
2097
2098                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
2099                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
2100                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
2101                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
2102                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
2103                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
2104                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
2105                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
2106                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
2107                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
2108                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
2109                         if (lhs_decl == DECL_ANY)
2110                                 lhs_decl = NULL;
2111                         lhs_decl = determine_lhs_decl(expr->binary.left, lhs_decl);
2112                         mark_decls_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_decl);
2113                         return;
2114                 }
2115
2116                 case EXPR_VA_START:
2117                         determine_lhs_decl(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_decl);
2118                         return;
2119
2120                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
2121                 case EXPR_INVALID:
2122                 case EXPR_CONST:
2123                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2124                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
2125                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2126                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
2127                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
2128                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:
2129                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
2130                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
2131                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
2132                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
2133                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
2134                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
2135                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
2136                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
2137                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
2138                 case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
2139                         return;
2140         }
2141
2142         panic("unhandled expression");
2143 }
2144
2145 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
2146 {
2147         designator_t *result = NULL;
2148         designator_t *last   = NULL;
2149
2150         while (true) {
2151                 designator_t *designator;
2152                 switch(token.type) {
2153                 case '[':
2154                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2155                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2156                         next_token();
2157                         add_anchor_token(']');
2158                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
2159                         rem_anchor_token(']');
2160                         expect(']');
2161                         break;
2162                 case '.':
2163                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2164                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2165                         next_token();
2166                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2167                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
2168                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2169                                 return NULL;
2170                         }
2171                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
2172                         next_token();
2173                         break;
2174                 default:
2175                         expect('=');
2176                         return result;
2177                 }
2178
2179                 assert(designator != NULL);
2180                 if (last != NULL) {
2181                         last->next = designator;
2182                 } else {
2183                         result = designator;
2184                 }
2185                 last = designator;
2186         }
2187 end_error:
2188         return NULL;
2189 }
2190
2191 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
2192                                               const string_t *const string)
2193 {
2194         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2195         (void) type;
2196
2197         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
2198         initializer->string.string = *string;
2199
2200         return initializer;
2201 }
2202
2203 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
2204                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
2205 {
2206         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
2207         (void) type;
2208
2209         initializer_t *const initializer =
2210                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
2211         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
2212
2213         return initializer;
2214 }
2215
2216 /**
2217  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
2218  */
2219 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
2220                                                   expression_t *expression)
2221 {
2222         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
2223
2224         /* § 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
2225         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2226         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
2227         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
2228         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
2229                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
2230                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
2231
2232                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
2233                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
2234                         switch (expression->kind) {
2235                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
2236                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
2237                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
2238                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
2239                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
2240                                                         &expression->string.value);
2241                                         }
2242
2243                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
2244                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
2245                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
2246                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
2247                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
2248                                         }
2249                                 }
2250
2251                                 default:
2252                                         break;
2253                         }
2254                 }
2255         }
2256
2257         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
2258         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
2259                 return NULL;
2260         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
2261                             &expression->base.source_position);
2262
2263         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
2264 #if 0
2265         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2266                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
2267         }
2268 #endif
2269         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
2270
2271         return result;
2272 }
2273
2274 /**
2275  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
2276  */
2277 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
2278 {
2279         return is_constant_expression(expression)
2280                 || is_address_constant(expression);
2281 }
2282
2283 /**
2284  * Parses an scalar initializer.
2285  *
2286  * § 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
2287  */
2288 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
2289                                                bool must_be_constant)
2290 {
2291         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
2292         int braces = 0;
2293         if (token.type == '{') {
2294                 if (warning.other)
2295                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
2296                 do {
2297                         ++braces;
2298                         next_token();
2299                 } while (token.type == '{');
2300         }
2301
2302         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2303         mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
2304         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2305                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2306                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
2307                        expression);
2308         }
2309
2310         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
2311
2312         if (initializer == NULL) {
2313                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2314                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2315                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
2316                 /* TODO */
2317                 return NULL;
2318         }
2319
2320         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
2321         while (braces > 0) {
2322                 if (token.type == ',') {
2323                         next_token();
2324                 }
2325                 if (token.type != '}') {
2326                         if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
2327                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
2328                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
2329                         }
2330                 }
2331                 eat_block();
2332                 braces--;
2333         }
2334
2335         return initializer;
2336 }
2337
2338 /**
2339  * An entry in the type path.
2340  */
2341 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
2342 struct type_path_entry_t {
2343         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
2344         union {
2345                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
2346                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
2347         } v;
2348 };
2349
2350 /**
2351  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
2352  */
2353 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
2354 struct type_path_t {
2355         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
2356         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
2357         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
2358 };
2359
2360 /**
2361  * Prints a type path for debugging.
2362  */
2363 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
2364                 const type_path_t *path)
2365 {
2366         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2367
2368         for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
2369                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
2370
2371                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
2372                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
2373                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
2374                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
2375                                 assert(i == len-1);
2376                                 continue;
2377                         }
2378                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
2379                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2380                         fprintf(stderr, "[%zu]", entry->v.index);
2381                 } else {
2382                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
2383                 }
2384         }
2385         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
2386                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
2387                 print_type(path->top_type);
2388                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
2389         }
2390 }
2391
2392 /**
2393  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
2394  * (type).a.b returns the b.
2395  */
2396 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
2397 {
2398         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2399         assert(len > 0);
2400         return &path->path[len-1];
2401 }
2402
2403 /**
2404  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
2405  */
2406 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
2407 {
2408         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2409         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
2410
2411         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
2412         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
2413         return result;
2414 }
2415
2416 /**
2417  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
2418  * top_type.
2419  */
2420 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2421 {
2422         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2423         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2424
2425         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2426         top->type              = top_type;
2427
2428         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2429                 declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
2430                 declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
2431                 top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
2432
2433                 if (entry != NULL) {
2434                         path->top_type         = entry->type;
2435                 } else {
2436                         path->top_type         = NULL;
2437                 }
2438         } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
2439                 top->v.index   = 0;
2440                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2441         } else {
2442                 assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
2443         }
2444 }
2445
2446 /**
2447  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2448  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2449  */
2450 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2451 {
2452         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2453
2454         path->top_type = top->type;
2455
2456         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2457         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2458 }
2459
2460 /**
2461  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2462  * path level is reached.
2463  */
2464 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2465 {
2466         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2467
2468         while (len > top_path_level) {
2469                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2470                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2471         }
2472 }
2473
2474 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2475                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2476 {
2477         for( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2478                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2479                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2480
2481                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2482
2483                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
2484                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2485                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
2486                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2487                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2488                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2489                                                symbol, orig_type);
2490                                 }
2491
2492                                 top->type             = type_error_type;
2493                                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2494                                 orig_type             = type_error_type;
2495                         } else {
2496                                 declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
2497                                 declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
2498                                 for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
2499                                         if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
2500                                                 break;
2501                                         }
2502                                 }
2503                                 if (iter == NULL) {
2504                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2505                                                "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2506                                         goto failed;
2507                                 }
2508                                 if (used_in_offsetof) {
2509                                         type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
2510                                         if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2511                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2512                                                        "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2513                                                        symbol);
2514                                                 goto failed;
2515                                         }
2516                                 }
2517
2518                                 top->type             = orig_type;
2519                                 top->v.compound_entry = iter;
2520                                 orig_type             = iter->type;
2521                         }
2522                 } else {
2523                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2524                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2525
2526                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
2527                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2528                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2529                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2530                                                array_index, orig_type);
2531                                 }
2532                                 goto failed;
2533                         }
2534
2535                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2536                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
2537                                 if (index < 0) {
2538                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2539                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2540                                 } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
2541                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2542                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2543                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2544                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2545                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2546                                         }
2547                                 }
2548                         }
2549
2550                         top->type    = orig_type;
2551                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2552                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2553                 }
2554                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2555
2556                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2557                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2558                 }
2559         }
2560         return true;
2561
2562 failed:
2563         return false;
2564 }
2565
2566 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2567 {
2568         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2569
2570         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2571         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2572                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2573                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2574         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2575                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2576
2577                 entry                 = entry->next;
2578                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2579                 if (entry != NULL) {
2580                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2581                         return;
2582                 }
2583         } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2584                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2585
2586                 top->v.index++;
2587
2588                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2589                         return;
2590                 }
2591         } else {
2592                 assert(!is_type_valid(type));
2593                 return;
2594         }
2595
2596         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2597          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2598         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2599
2600         if (len > top_path_level) {
2601                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2602                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2603         } else {
2604                 path->top_type = NULL;
2605         }
2606 }
2607
2608 /**
2609  * skip until token is found.
2610  */
2611 static void skip_until(int type)
2612 {
2613         while (token.type != type) {
2614                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2615                         return;
2616                 next_token();
2617         }
2618 }
2619
2620 /**
2621  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2622  */
2623 static void skip_initializers(void)
2624 {
2625         if (token.type == '{')
2626                 next_token();
2627
2628         while (token.type != '}') {
2629                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2630                         return;
2631                 if (token.type == '{') {
2632                         eat_block();
2633                         continue;
2634                 }
2635                 next_token();
2636         }
2637 }
2638
2639 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2640 {
2641         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2642                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2643         return &empty_initializer;
2644 }
2645
2646 /**
2647  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2648  */
2649 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2650                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2651                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2652 {
2653         if (token.type == '}') {
2654                 /* empty initializer */
2655                 return create_empty_initializer();
2656         }
2657
2658         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2659         type_t *type      = NULL;
2660
2661         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2662                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2663         } else {
2664                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2665         }
2666
2667         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2668
2669         while (true) {
2670                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2671                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2672                         designator = parse_designation();
2673                         goto finish_designator;
2674                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2675                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2676                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2677                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2678                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2679                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2680                         eat(':');
2681
2682 finish_designator:
2683                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2684                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2685                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2686                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2687                                 goto end_error;
2688                         }
2689
2690                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2691                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2692                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2693                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2694
2695                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2696                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2697                 }
2698
2699                 initializer_t *sub;
2700
2701                 if (token.type == '{') {
2702                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2703                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2704                         } else {
2705                                 eat('{');
2706                                 if (type == NULL) {
2707                                         if (env->declaration != NULL) {
2708                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2709                                                        env->declaration->symbol);
2710                                         } else {
2711                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2712                                         }
2713                                 } else
2714                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2715
2716                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2717                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2718                                                             env);
2719                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2720
2721                                 if (type != NULL) {
2722                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2723                                         expect('}');
2724                                 } else {
2725                                         expect('}');
2726                                         goto error_parse_next;
2727                                 }
2728                         }
2729                 } else {
2730                         /* must be an expression */
2731                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2732
2733                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2734                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2735                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
2736                                        expression);
2737                         }
2738
2739                         if (type == NULL) {
2740                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2741                                 type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
2742                                 if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
2743                                     !outer_type_skip->compound.declaration->init.complete) {
2744                                         goto error_parse_next;
2745                                 }
2746                                 goto error_excess;
2747                         }
2748
2749                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2750                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2751                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2752                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2753                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2754                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2755                                         if (token.type == ',') {
2756                                                 next_token();
2757                                         }
2758                                         if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
2759                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2760                                                                  orig_type);
2761                                         }
2762                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2763                                         return sub;
2764                                 }
2765                         }
2766
2767                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2768                         while (true) {
2769                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2770                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2771
2772                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2773                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2774                                         break;
2775                                 }
2776                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2777                                         goto end_error;
2778                                 }
2779                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2780                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2781                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2782                                                         expression, orig_type);
2783                                         goto end_error;
2784                                 }
2785
2786                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2787                         }
2788                 }
2789
2790                 /* update largest index of top array */
2791                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2792                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2793                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2794                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2795                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2796                         if (index > path->max_index)
2797                                 path->max_index = index;
2798                 }
2799
2800                 if (type != NULL) {
2801                         /* append to initializers list */
2802                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2803                 } else {
2804 error_excess:
2805                         if (warning.other) {
2806                                 if (env->declaration != NULL) {
2807                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2808                                            env->declaration->symbol);
2809                                 } else {
2810                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2811                                 }
2812                         }
2813                 }
2814
2815 error_parse_next:
2816                 if (token.type == '}') {
2817                         break;
2818                 }
2819                 expect(',');
2820                 if (token.type == '}') {
2821                         break;
2822                 }
2823
2824                 if (type != NULL) {
2825                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2826                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2827                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2828                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2829                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2830                         else
2831                                 type = NULL;
2832                 }
2833         }
2834
2835         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2836         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2837         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2838         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2839         result->list.len      = len;
2840         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2841                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2842
2843         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2844         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2845
2846         return result;
2847
2848 end_error:
2849         skip_initializers();
2850         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2851         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2852         return NULL;
2853 }
2854
2855 /**
2856  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2857  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2858  */
2859 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2860 {
2861         type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
2862         initializer_t *result = NULL;
2863         size_t         max_index;
2864
2865         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2866                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2867         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2868                 eat('{');
2869
2870                 type_path_t path;
2871                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2872                 path.top_type = env->type;
2873                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2874
2875                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2876
2877                 add_anchor_token('}');
2878                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2879                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2880
2881                 max_index = path.max_index;
2882                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2883
2884                 expect('}');
2885         } else {
2886                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2887                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2888                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2889         }
2890
2891         /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2892          * the array type size */
2893         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2894                         && result != NULL) {
2895                 size_t size;
2896                 switch (result->kind) {
2897                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2898                         size = max_index + 1;
2899                         break;
2900
2901                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2902                         size = result->string.string.size;
2903                         break;
2904
2905                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2906                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2907                         break;
2908
2909                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2910                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2911                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2912                         size = 0;
2913                         break;
2914
2915                 default:
2916                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2917                 }
2918
2919                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2920                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2921                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2922
2923                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2924
2925                 new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
2926                 new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
2927                 new_type->array.size            = size;
2928                 env->type = new_type;
2929         }
2930
2931         return result;
2932 end_error:
2933         return NULL;
2934 }
2935
2936 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
2937
2938 static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2939 {
2940         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
2941         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
2942         if (is_struct) {
2943                 eat(T_struct);
2944         } else {
2945                 eat(T_union);
2946         }
2947
2948         symbol_t      *symbol      = NULL;
2949         declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
2950
2951         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2952                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2953         }
2954
2955         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2956                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2957                 next_token();
2958
2959                 namespace_t const namespc =
2960                         is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION;
2961                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
2962                 if (declaration != NULL) {
2963                         if (declaration->parent_scope != scope &&
2964                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2965                                 declaration = NULL;
2966                         } else if (declaration->init.complete &&
2967                                    token.type == '{') {
2968                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
2969                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
2970                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
2971                                        &declaration->source_position);
2972                                 declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
2973                         }
2974                 }
2975         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2976                 if (is_struct) {
2977                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2978                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2979                 } else {
2980                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2981                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2982                 }
2983
2984                 return NULL;
2985         }
2986
2987         if (declaration == NULL) {
2988                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2989                 declaration->namespc         =
2990                         (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
2991                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2992                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2993                 declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
2994                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2995                         environment_push(declaration);
2996                 }
2997                 append_declaration(declaration);
2998         }
2999
3000         if (token.type == '{') {
3001                 declaration->init.complete = true;
3002
3003                 parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
3004                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
3005         }
3006
3007         declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
3008         return declaration;
3009 }
3010
3011 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
3012 {
3013         eat('{');
3014
3015         if (token.type == '}') {
3016                 next_token();
3017                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
3018                 return;
3019         }
3020
3021         add_anchor_token('}');
3022         do {
3023                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
3024                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
3025                         eat_block();
3026                         rem_anchor_token('}');
3027                         return;
3028                 }
3029
3030                 declaration_t *const entry = allocate_declaration_zero();
3031                 entry->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
3032                 entry->type            = enum_type;
3033                 entry->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3034                 entry->source_position = token.source_position;
3035                 next_token();
3036
3037                 if (token.type == '=') {
3038                         next_token();
3039                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
3040
3041                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
3042                         entry->init.enum_value = value;
3043
3044                         /* TODO semantic */
3045                 }
3046
3047                 record_declaration(entry, false);
3048
3049                 if (token.type != ',')
3050                         break;
3051                 next_token();
3052         } while (token.type != '}');
3053         rem_anchor_token('}');
3054
3055         expect('}');
3056
3057 end_error:
3058         ;
3059 }
3060
3061 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
3062 {
3063         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
3064         declaration_t   *declaration;
3065         symbol_t        *symbol;
3066
3067         eat(T_enum);
3068         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3069                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
3070                 next_token();
3071
3072                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
3073         } else if (token.type != '{') {
3074                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
3075                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
3076                 return NULL;
3077         } else {
3078                 declaration = NULL;
3079                 symbol      = NULL;
3080         }
3081
3082         if (declaration == NULL) {
3083                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
3084                 declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
3085                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3086                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
3087                 declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
3088         }
3089
3090         type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
3091         type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
3092
3093         if (token.type == '{') {
3094                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
3095                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
3096                 }
3097                 if (symbol != NULL) {
3098                         environment_push(declaration);
3099                 }
3100                 append_declaration(declaration);
3101                 declaration->init.complete = true;
3102
3103                 parse_enum_entries(type);
3104                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
3105         }
3106
3107         return type;
3108 }
3109
3110 /**
3111  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
3112  */
3113 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
3114 {
3115         const declaration_t *const declaration =
3116                 get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3117         return
3118                 declaration != NULL &&
3119                 declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
3120 }
3121
3122 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
3123 {
3124         eat(T___typeof__);
3125
3126         type_t *type;
3127
3128         expect('(');
3129         add_anchor_token(')');
3130
3131         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
3132
3133         bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
3134         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3135         in_type_prop           = true;
3136
3137         while (token.type == T___extension__) {
3138                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
3139                 next_token();
3140                 in_gcc_extension = true;
3141         }
3142         switch (token.type) {
3143         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3144                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
3145                         type = parse_typename();
3146                 } else {
3147                         expression = parse_expression();
3148                         type       = expression->base.type;
3149                 }
3150                 break;
3151
3152         TYPENAME_START
3153                 type = parse_typename();
3154                 break;
3155
3156         default:
3157                 expression = parse_expression();
3158                 type       = expression->base.type;
3159                 break;
3160         }
3161         in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
3162         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3163
3164         rem_anchor_token(')');
3165         expect(')');
3166
3167         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
3168         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
3169         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
3170
3171         return typeof_type;
3172 end_error:
3173         return NULL;
3174 }
3175
3176 typedef enum specifiers_t {
3177         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
3178         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
3179         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
3180         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
3181         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
3182         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
3183         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
3184         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
3185         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
3186         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
3187         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
3188         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
3189         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
3190         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
3191         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
3192         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
3193         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
3194         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
3195 } specifiers_t;
3196
3197 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
3198                                    type_t *const real_type)
3199 {
3200         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
3201         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
3202         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
3203
3204         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
3205         if (type != result) {
3206                 free_type(type);
3207         }
3208
3209         return result;
3210 }
3211
3212 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
3213 {
3214         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3215         if (declaration == NULL ||
3216            declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3217                 return NULL;
3218
3219         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3220         type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
3221
3222         return type;
3223 }
3224
3225 /**
3226  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
3227  */
3228 static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
3229 {
3230         if (intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
3231                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
3232                 return false;
3233         }
3234         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
3235         for (unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
3236                 if (i == v)
3237                         return true;
3238         }
3239         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
3240         return false;
3241 }
3242
3243 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
3244         if (*modifiers & tag && warning.other) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
3245         *modifiers |= tag; \
3246 } while (0)
3247
3248 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3249 {
3250         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
3251
3252         while (true) {
3253                 if (token.type == T_restrict) {
3254                         next_token();
3255                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
3256                         goto end_loop;
3257                 } else if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3258                         break;
3259                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3260                 if (symbol == sym_align) {
3261                         next_token();
3262                         expect('(');
3263                         if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
3264                                 goto end_error;
3265                         if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
3266                                 if (specifiers->alignment != 0 && warning.other)
3267                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
3268                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
3269                         }
3270                         next_token();
3271                         expect(')');
3272                 } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
3273                         next_token();
3274                         expect('(');
3275                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3276                                 goto end_error;
3277                         (void)token.v.symbol;
3278                         expect(')');
3279                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
3280                         next_token();
3281                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
3282                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllexport) {
3283                         next_token();
3284                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
3285                 } else if (symbol == sym_thread) {
3286                         next_token();
3287                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
3288                 } else if (symbol == sym_naked) {
3289                         next_token();
3290                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
3291                 } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
3292                         next_token();
3293                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
3294                 } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
3295                         next_token();
3296                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
3297                 } else if (symbol == sym_nothrow) {
3298                         next_token();
3299                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
3300                 } else if (symbol == sym_novtable) {
3301                         next_token();
3302                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
3303                 } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
3304                         next_token();
3305                         expect('(');
3306                         for (;;) {
3307                                 bool is_get = false;
3308                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3309                                         goto end_error;
3310                                 if (token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
3311                                         is_get = true;
3312                                 } else if (token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
3313                                 } else {
3314                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
3315                                         goto end_error;
3316                                 }
3317                                 next_token();
3318                                 expect('=');
3319                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
3320                                         goto end_error;
3321                                 if (is_get) {
3322                                         if (specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
3323                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
3324                                         } else {
3325                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3326                                         }
3327                                 } else {
3328                                         if (specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
3329                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
3330                                         } else {
3331                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3332                                         }
3333                                 }
3334                                 next_token();
3335                                 if (token.type == ',') {
3336                                         next_token();
3337                                         continue;
3338                                 }
3339                                 break;
3340                         }
3341                         expect(')');
3342                 } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
3343                         next_token();
3344                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
3345                 } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
3346                         next_token();
3347                         expect('(');
3348                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
3349                                 goto end_error;
3350                         next_token();
3351                         expect(')');
3352                 } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
3353                         next_token();
3354                         if (specifiers->deprecated != 0 && warning.other)
3355                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
3356                         specifiers->deprecated = 1;
3357                         if (token.type == '(') {
3358                                 next_token();
3359                                 if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
3360                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
3361                                         next_token();
3362                                 } else {
3363                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
3364                                 }
3365                                 expect(')');
3366                         }
3367                 } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
3368                         next_token();
3369                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
3370                 } else {
3371                         if (warning.other)
3372                                 warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
3373                         next_token();
3374                         if (token.type == '(')
3375                                 skip_until(')');
3376                 }
3377 end_loop:
3378                 if (token.type == ',')
3379                         next_token();
3380         }
3381 end_error:
3382         return;
3383 }
3384
3385 static declaration_t *create_error_declaration(symbol_t *symbol, storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
3386 {
3387         declaration_t *const decl    = allocate_declaration_zero();
3388         decl->source_position        = *HERE;
3389         decl->declared_storage_class = storage_class;
3390         decl->storage_class          =
3391                 storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE || scope == file_scope ?
3392                         storage_class : STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
3393         decl->symbol                 = symbol;
3394         decl->implicit               = true;
3395         record_declaration(decl, false);
3396         return decl;
3397 }
3398
3399 /**
3400  * Finish the construction of a struct type by calculating
3401  * its size, offsets, alignment.
3402  */
3403 static void finish_struct_type(compound_type_t *type) {
3404         if (type->declaration == NULL)
3405                 return;
3406         declaration_t *struct_decl = type->declaration;
3407         if (! struct_decl->init.complete)
3408                 return;
3409
3410         il_size_t      size           = 0;
3411         il_size_t      offset;
3412         il_alignment_t alignment      = 1;
3413         bool           need_pad       = false;
3414
3415         declaration_t *entry = struct_decl->scope.declarations;
3416         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->next) {
3417                 if (entry->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
3418                         continue;
3419
3420                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
3421                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type)) {
3422                         /* simply ignore errors here */
3423                         continue;
3424                 }
3425                 il_alignment_t m_alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3426                 if (m_alignment > alignment)
3427                         alignment = m_alignment;
3428
3429                 offset = (size + m_alignment - 1) & -m_alignment;
3430
3431                 if (offset > size)
3432                         need_pad = true;
3433                 entry->offset = offset;
3434                 size = offset + m_type->base.size;
3435         }
3436         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3437                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3438         }
3439
3440         offset = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3441         if (offset > size)
3442                 need_pad = true;
3443
3444         if (warning.padded && need_pad) {
3445                 warningf(&struct_decl->source_position,
3446                         "'%#T' needs padding", type, struct_decl->symbol);
3447         }
3448         if (warning.packed && !need_pad) {
3449                 warningf(&struct_decl->source_position,
3450                         "superfluous packed attribute on '%#T'",
3451                         type, struct_decl->symbol);
3452         }
3453
3454         type->base.size      = offset;
3455         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3456 }
3457
3458 /**
3459  * Finish the construction of an union type by calculating
3460  * its size and alignment.
3461  */
3462 static void finish_union_type(compound_type_t *type) {
3463         if (type->declaration == NULL)
3464                 return;
3465         declaration_t *union_decl = type->declaration;
3466         if (! union_decl->init.complete)
3467                 return;
3468
3469         il_size_t      size      = 0;
3470         il_alignment_t alignment = 1;
3471
3472         declaration_t *entry = union_decl->scope.declarations;
3473         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->next) {
3474                 if (entry->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
3475                         continue;
3476
3477                 type_t *m_type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
3478                 if (! is_type_valid(m_type))
3479                         continue;
3480
3481                 entry->offset = 0;
3482                 if (m_type->base.size > size)
3483                         size = m_type->base.size;
3484                 if (m_type->base.alignment > alignment)
3485                         alignment = m_type->base.alignment;
3486         }
3487         if (type->base.alignment != 0) {
3488                 alignment = type->base.alignment;
3489         }
3490         size = (size + alignment - 1) & -alignment;
3491         type->base.size      = size;
3492         type->base.alignment = alignment;
3493 }
3494
3495 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3496 {
3497         type_t            *type              = NULL;
3498         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3499         type_modifiers_t   modifiers         = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
3500         unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
3501         bool               newtype           = false;
3502         bool               saw_error         = false;
3503         bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
3504
3505         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
3506
3507         while (true) {
3508                 specifiers->modifiers
3509                         |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3510                 if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3511                         modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3512
3513                 switch (token.type) {
3514
3515                 /* storage class */
3516 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
3517                 case token:                                                        \
3518                         if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
3519                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
3520                         }                                                              \
3521                         specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
3522                         next_token();                                                  \
3523                         break;
3524
3525                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3526                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
3527                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3528                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
3529                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3530
3531                 case T__declspec:
3532                         next_token();
3533                         expect('(');
3534                         add_anchor_token(')');
3535                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
3536                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3537                         expect(')');
3538                         break;
3539
3540                 case T___thread:
3541                         switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
3542                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3543                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
3544                                 break;
3545
3546                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3547                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
3548                                 break;
3549
3550                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3551                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
3552                                 break;
3553
3554                         default:
3555                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
3556                                 break;
3557                         }
3558                         next_token();
3559                         break;
3560
3561                 /* type qualifiers */
3562 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3563                 case token:                                                     \
3564                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3565                         next_token();                                               \
3566                         break
3567
3568                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3569                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3570                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3571                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3572                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3573                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3574                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3575                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3576
3577                 case T___extension__:
3578                         next_token();
3579                         in_gcc_extension = true;
3580                         break;
3581
3582                 /* type specifiers */
3583 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3584                 case token:                                                     \
3585                         next_token();                                               \
3586                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3587                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3588                         } else {                                                    \
3589                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3590                         }                                                           \
3591                         break
3592
3593                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
3594                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
3595                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
3596                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
3597                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
3598                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
3599                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
3600                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
3601                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
3602                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
3603                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
3604                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
3605                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
3606                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
3607                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
3608                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
3609
3610                 case T__forceinline:
3611                         /* only in microsoft mode */
3612                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3613                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
3614
3615                 case T_inline:
3616                         next_token();
3617                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3618                         break;
3619
3620                 case T_long:
3621                         next_token();
3622                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3623                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3624                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3625                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3626                         } else {
3627                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3628                         }
3629                         break;
3630
3631                 case T_struct: {
3632                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
3633
3634                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3635                         finish_struct_type(&type->compound);
3636                         break;
3637                 }
3638                 case T_union: {
3639                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
3640                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3641                         if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3642                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3643                         finish_union_type(&type->compound);
3644                         break;
3645                 }
3646                 case T_enum:
3647                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3648                         break;
3649                 case T___typeof__:
3650                         type = parse_typeof();
3651                         break;
3652                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3653                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3654                         next_token();
3655                         break;
3656
3657                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3658                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3659                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3660                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3661                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3662                                  * '{' later on. */
3663                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3664                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3665                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3666                                         case T_const:
3667                                         case T_restrict:
3668                                         case T_volatile:
3669                                         case T_inline:
3670                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3671                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3672                                         case '*':
3673                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3674                                                 next_token();
3675                                                 continue;
3676
3677                                         default:
3678                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3679                                 }
3680                         }
3681
3682                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3683                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3684                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3685                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3686                                  * errors later on. */
3687                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3688                                 switch (la1_type) {
3689                                         DECLARATION_START
3690                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3691                                         case '*': {
3692                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3693
3694                                                 declaration_t *const decl =
3695                                                         create_error_declaration(token.v.symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF);
3696
3697                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3698                                                 type->typedeft.declaration = decl;
3699
3700                                                 next_token();
3701                                                 saw_error = true;
3702                                                 if (la1_type == '*')
3703                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3704                                                 continue;
3705                                         }
3706
3707                                         default:
3708                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3709                                 }
3710                         }
3711
3712                         next_token();
3713                         type = typedef_type;
3714                         break;
3715                 }
3716
3717                 /* function specifier */
3718                 default:
3719                         goto finish_specifiers;
3720                 }
3721         }
3722
3723 finish_specifiers:
3724         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3725
3726         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3727                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3728
3729                 /* match valid basic types */
3730                 switch(type_specifiers) {
3731                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3732                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3733                         break;
3734                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3735                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3736                         break;
3737                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3738                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3739                         break;
3740                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3741                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3742                         break;
3743                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3744                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3745                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3746                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3747                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3748                         break;
3749                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3750                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3751                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3752                         break;
3753                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3754                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3755                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3756                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3757                         break;
3758                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3759                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3760                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3761                         break;
3762                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3763                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3764                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3765                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3766                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3767                         break;
3768                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3769                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3770                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3771                         break;
3772
3773                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3774                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3775                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3776                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3777                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3778                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3779                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3780
3781                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3782                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3783                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3784                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3785 warn_about_long_long:
3786                         if (warning.long_long) {
3787                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3788                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3789                         }
3790                         break;
3791
3792                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3793                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3794                         break;
3795
3796                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3797                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3798                         break;
3799
3800                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3801                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3802                         break;
3803
3804                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3805                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3806                         break;
3807
3808                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3809                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3810                         break;
3811
3812                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3813                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3814                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3815                         break;
3816
3817                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3818                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3819                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3820                         break;
3821
3822                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3823                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3824                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3825                         break;
3826
3827                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3828                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3829                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3830                         break;
3831
3832                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3833                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3834                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3835                         break;
3836
3837                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3838                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3839                         break;
3840                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3841                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3842                         break;
3843                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3844                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3845                         break;
3846                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3847                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3848                         break;
3849                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3850                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3851                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3852                         break;
3853                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3854                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3855                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3856                         break;
3857                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3858                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3859                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3860                         break;
3861                 default:
3862                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3863                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
3864                                 if (saw_error)
3865                                         goto end_error;
3866
3867                                 if (!strict_mode) {
3868                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3869                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3870                                         }
3871                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3872                                         break;
3873                                 } else {
3874                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3875                                 }
3876                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3877                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3878                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
3879                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3880                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3881                         } else {
3882                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3883                         }
3884                         goto end_error;
3885                 }
3886
3887                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
3888                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
3889                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3890                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
3891                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
3892                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3893                 } else {
3894                         type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
3895                         type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
3896                 }
3897                 newtype = true;
3898         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
3899                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3900         }
3901
3902         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3903
3904         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
3905         type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
3906
3907         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
3908         if (newtype && result != type) {
3909                 free_type(type);
3910         }
3911
3912         specifiers->type = result;
3913         return;
3914
3915 end_error:
3916         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
3917         return;
3918 }
3919
3920 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3921 {
3922         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3923
3924         while (true) {
3925                 switch(token.type) {
3926                 /* type qualifiers */
3927                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3928                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3929                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3930                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3931                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3932                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3933                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3934                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3935                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3936
3937                 default:
3938                         return qualifiers;
3939                 }
3940         }
3941 }
3942
3943 /**
3944  * Parses an K&R identifier list and return a list of declarations.
3945  *
3946  * @param last  points to the last declaration in the list
3947  * @return the list of declarations
3948  */
3949 static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(declaration_t **last)
3950 {
3951         declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
3952         declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
3953         do {
3954                 declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
3955                 declaration->type            = NULL; /* a K&R parameter list has no types, yet */
3956                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3957                 declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3958                 next_token();
3959
3960                 if (last_declaration != NULL) {
3961                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
3962                 } else {
3963                         declarations = declaration;
3964                 }
3965                 last_declaration = declaration;
3966
3967                 if (token.type != ',') {
3968                         break;
3969                 }
3970                 next_token();
3971         } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3972
3973         *last = last_declaration;
3974         return declarations;
3975 }
3976
3977 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
3978
3979 static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
3980 {
3981         /* TODO: improve error messages */
3982         source_position_t const* const pos = &declaration->source_position;
3983
3984         switch (declaration->declared_storage_class) {
3985                 case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
3986                         errorf(pos, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
3987                         break;
3988
3989                 /* Allowed storage classes */
3990                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3991                 case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
3992                         break;
3993
3994                 default:
3995                         errorf(pos, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
3996                         break;
3997         }
3998
3999         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
4000         /* §6.7.5.3(7): Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic
4001          * sugar.  Turn it into a pointer.
4002          * §6.7.5.3(8): A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning type''
4003          * shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1.
4004          */
4005         type_t *const type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
4006         declaration->type = type;
4007
4008         if (is_type_incomplete(skip_typeref(type))) {
4009                 errorf(pos, "parameter '%#T' is of incomplete type",
4010                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
4011         }
4012 }
4013
4014 static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
4015 {
4016         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4017         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4018
4019         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4020
4021         declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
4022
4023         return declaration;
4024 }
4025
4026 /**
4027  * Parses a function type parameter list and return a list of declarations.
4028  *
4029  * @param last  point to the last element of the list
4030  * @return the parameter list
4031  */
4032 static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, declaration_t **last)
4033 {
4034         declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
4035
4036         eat('(');
4037         add_anchor_token(')');
4038         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
4039
4040         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
4041             !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
4042                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
4043                 if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
4044                         type->kr_style_parameters = true;
4045                         declarations = parse_identifier_list(last);
4046                         goto parameters_finished;
4047                 }
4048         }
4049
4050         if (token.type == ')') {
4051                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
4052                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
4053                         type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
4054                 goto parameters_finished;
4055         }
4056
4057         declaration_t        *declaration;
4058         declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
4059         function_parameter_t *parameter;
4060         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
4061
4062         while (true) {
4063                 switch(token.type) {
4064                 case T_DOTDOTDOT:
4065                         next_token();
4066                         type->variadic = 1;
4067                         goto parameters_finished;
4068
4069                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4070                 case T___extension__:
4071                 DECLARATION_START
4072                         declaration = parse_parameter();
4073
4074                         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
4075                         if (last_parameter == NULL
4076                                         && token.type == ')'
4077                                         && declaration->symbol == NULL
4078                                         && skip_typeref(declaration->type) == type_void) {
4079                                 goto parameters_finished;
4080                         }
4081                         semantic_parameter(declaration);
4082
4083                         parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4084                         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4085                         parameter->type = declaration->type;
4086
4087                         if (last_parameter != NULL) {
4088                                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
4089                                 last_parameter->next   = parameter;
4090                         } else {
4091                                 type->parameters = parameter;
4092                                 declarations     = declaration;
4093                         }
4094                         last_parameter   = parameter;
4095                         last_declaration = declaration;
4096                         break;
4097
4098                 default:
4099                         goto parameters_finished;
4100                 }
4101                 if (token.type != ',') {
4102                         goto parameters_finished;
4103                 }
4104                 next_token();
4105         }
4106
4107
4108 parameters_finished:
4109         rem_anchor_token(')');
4110         expect(')');
4111
4112         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
4113         *last = last_declaration;
4114         return declarations;
4115
4116 end_error:
4117         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
4118         *last = NULL;
4119         return NULL;
4120 }
4121
4122 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
4123         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
4124         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
4125         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
4126         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
4127 } construct_type_kind_t;
4128
4129 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
4130 struct construct_type_t {
4131         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
4132         construct_type_t      *next;
4133 };
4134
4135 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
4136 struct parsed_pointer_t {
4137         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4138         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
4139 };
4140
4141 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
4142 struct construct_function_type_t {
4143         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4144         type_t           *function_type;
4145 };
4146
4147 typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
4148 struct parsed_array_t {
4149         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4150         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
4151         bool              is_static;
4152         bool              is_variable;
4153         expression_t     *size;
4154 };
4155
4156 typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
4157 struct construct_base_type_t {
4158         construct_type_t  construct_type;
4159         type_t           *type;
4160 };
4161
4162 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
4163 {
4164         eat('*');
4165
4166         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
4167         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
4168         pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
4169         pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
4170
4171         return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
4172 }
4173
4174 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
4175 {
4176         eat('[');
4177         add_anchor_token(']');
4178
4179         parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
4180         memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
4181         array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
4182
4183         if (token.type == T_static) {
4184                 array->is_static = true;
4185                 next_token();
4186         }
4187
4188         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
4189         if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
4190                 if (token.type == T_static) {
4191                         array->is_static = true;
4192                         next_token();
4193                 }
4194         }
4195         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
4196
4197         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
4198                 array->is_variable = true;
4199                 next_token();
4200         } else if (token.type != ']') {
4201                 array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
4202         }
4203
4204         rem_anchor_token(']');
4205         expect(']');
4206
4207 end_error:
4208         return (construct_type_t*) array;
4209 }
4210
4211 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
4212 {
4213         type_t *type;
4214         if (declaration != NULL) {
4215                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
4216
4217                 unsigned mask = declaration->modifiers & (DM_CDECL|DM_STDCALL|DM_FASTCALL|DM_THISCALL);
4218
4219                 if (mask & (mask-1)) {
4220                         const char *first = NULL, *second = NULL;
4221
4222                         /* more than one calling convention set */
4223                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL) {
4224                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "cdecl";
4225                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "cdecl";
4226                         }
4227                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL) {
4228                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "stdcall";
4229                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "stdcall";
4230                         }
4231                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL) {
4232                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "fastcall";
4233                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "fastcall";
4234                         }
4235                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL) {
4236                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "thiscall";
4237                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "thiscall";
4238                         }
4239                         errorf(&declaration->source_position, "%s and %s attributes are not compatible", first, second);
4240                 }
4241
4242                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL)
4243                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_CDECL;
4244                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL)
4245                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;
4246                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL)
4247                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL;
4248                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL)
4249                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_THISCALL;
4250         } else {
4251                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
4252         }
4253
4254         declaration_t *last;
4255         declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function, &last);
4256         if (declaration != NULL) {
4257                 declaration->scope.declarations     = parameters;
4258                 declaration->scope.last_declaration = last;
4259         }
4260
4261         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
4262                 obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
4263         memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
4264         construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
4265         construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
4266
4267         return &construct_function_type->construct_type;
4268 }
4269
4270 static void fix_declaration_type(declaration_t *declaration)
4271 {
4272         decl_modifiers_t declaration_modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
4273         type_modifiers_t type_modifiers        = declaration->type->base.modifiers;
4274
4275         if (declaration_modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
4276                 type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
4277
4278         if (declaration->type->base.modifiers == type_modifiers)
4279                 return;
4280
4281         type_t *copy = duplicate_type(declaration->type);
4282         copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
4283
4284         type_t *result = typehash_insert(copy);
4285         if (result != copy) {
4286                 obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
4287         }
4288
4289         declaration->type = result;
4290 }
4291
4292 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
4293                 bool may_be_abstract)
4294 {
4295         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
4296          * how to construct the final declarator type */
4297         construct_type_t *first = NULL;
4298         construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
4299         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
4300
4301         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4302
4303         /* pointers */
4304         while (token.type == '*') {
4305                 construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
4306
4307                 if (last == NULL) {
4308                         first = type;
4309                         last  = type;
4310                 } else {
4311                         last->next = type;
4312                         last       = type;
4313                 }
4314
4315                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
4316                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
4317         }
4318
4319         if (declaration != NULL)
4320                 declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
4321
4322         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
4323
4324         switch(token.type) {
4325         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4326                 if (declaration == NULL) {
4327                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
4328                 } else {
4329                         declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
4330                         declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
4331                 }
4332                 next_token();
4333                 break;
4334         case '(':
4335                 next_token();
4336                 add_anchor_token(')');
4337                 inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
4338                 if (inner_types != NULL) {
4339                         /* All later declarators only modify the return type, not declaration */
4340                         declaration = NULL;
4341                 }
4342                 rem_anchor_token(')');
4343                 expect(')');
4344                 break;
4345         default:
4346                 if (may_be_abstract)
4347                         break;
4348                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
4349                 eat_until_anchor();
4350                 return NULL;
4351         }
4352
4353         construct_type_t *p = last;
4354
4355         while(true) {
4356                 construct_type_t *type;
4357                 switch(token.type) {
4358                 case '(':
4359                         type = parse_function_declarator(declaration);
4360                         break;
4361                 case '[':
4362                         type = parse_array_declarator();
4363                         break;
4364                 default:
4365                         goto declarator_finished;
4366                 }
4367
4368                 /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
4369                 if (p != NULL) {
4370                         type->next = p->next;
4371                         p->next    = type;
4372                 } else {
4373                         type->next = first;
4374                         first      = type;
4375                 }
4376                 if (last == p) {
4377                         last = type;
4378                 }
4379         }
4380
4381 declarator_finished:
4382         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
4383          * as it's not needed anymore */
4384         if (last == NULL) {
4385                 assert(first == NULL);
4386                 first = inner_types;
4387         } else {
4388                 last->next = inner_types;
4389         }
4390
4391         return first;
4392 end_error:
4393         return NULL;
4394 }
4395
4396 static void parse_declaration_attributes(declaration_t *declaration)
4397 {
4398         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
4399         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
4400
4401         if (declaration == NULL)
4402                 return;
4403
4404         declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
4405         /* check if we have these stupid mode attributes... */
4406         type_t *old_type = declaration->type;
4407         if (old_type == NULL)
4408                 return;
4409
4410         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
4411         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
4412                 if (attribute->kind != GNU_AK_MODE || attribute->invalid)
4413                         continue;
4414
4415                 atomic_type_kind_t  akind = attribute->u.akind;
4416                 if (!is_type_signed(old_type)) {
4417                         switch(akind) {
4418                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR; break;
4419                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT; break;
4420                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT; break;
4421                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG; break;
4422                         default:
4423                                 panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
4424                         }
4425                 }
4426                 declaration->type
4427                         = make_atomic_type(akind, old_type->base.qualifiers);
4428         }
4429 }
4430
4431 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
4432                                          type_t *type)
4433 {
4434         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
4435         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
4436                 switch(iter->kind) {
4437                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
4438                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
4439                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
4440                         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
4441                                 = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
4442
4443                         type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
4444
4445                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
4446
4447                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
4448                         /* §6.7.5.3(1) */
4449                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
4450                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
4451                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
4452                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
4453                         } else {
4454                                 if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
4455                                         warningf(HERE,
4456                                                 "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
4457                                 }
4458                         }
4459
4460                         type = function_type;
4461                         break;
4462                 }
4463
4464                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
4465                         parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
4466                         type = make_pointer_type(type, parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers);
4467                         continue;
4468                 }
4469
4470                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
4471                         parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
4472                         type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
4473
4474                         expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
4475                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4476                                 size_expression
4477                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
4478                         }
4479
4480                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
4481                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
4482                         array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
4483                         array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
4484                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
4485
4486                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4487                                 if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
4488                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
4489                                         array_type->array.size
4490                                                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
4491                                 } else {
4492                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
4493                                 }
4494                         }
4495
4496                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
4497                         /* §6.7.5.2(1) */
4498                         if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
4499                                 errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
4500                         } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
4501                                 errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
4502                         }
4503                         type = array_type;
4504                         break;
4505                 }
4506                 }
4507
4508                 type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
4509                 if (hashed_type != type) {
4510                         /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
4511                          * destroy other types... */
4512                         if (iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
4513                                 free_type(type);
4514                         }
4515                         type = hashed_type;
4516                 }
4517         }
4518
4519         return type;
4520 }
4521
4522 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
4523                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
4524 {
4525         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4526         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4527         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4528         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4529         declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
4530         declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
4531         declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
4532         declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
4533
4534         declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4535         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE &&
4536             scope != file_scope) {
4537                 declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4538         }
4539
4540         if (specifiers->alignment != 0) {
4541                 /* TODO: add checks here */
4542                 declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
4543         }
4544
4545         construct_type_t *construct_type
4546                 = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
4547         type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
4548         declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
4549
4550         parse_declaration_attributes(declaration);
4551
4552         fix_declaration_type(declaration);
4553
4554         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4555                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4556         }
4557
4558         return declaration;
4559 }
4560
4561 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4562 {
4563         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
4564
4565         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4566         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4567                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4568         }
4569
4570         return result;
4571 }
4572
4573 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
4574 {
4575         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
4576                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
4577         } else {
4578                 scope->declarations = declaration;
4579         }
4580         last_declaration = declaration;
4581         return declaration;
4582 }
4583
4584 /**
4585  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4586  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4587  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4588  *
4589  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4590  *
4591  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4592  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4593  */
4594 static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_type_t *const func_type)
4595 {
4596         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4597                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4598                          "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4599         }
4600         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
4601                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4602                          "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4603                          func_type->return_type);
4604         }
4605         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4606         if (parm != NULL) {
4607                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4608                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4609                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
4610                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'", first_type);
4611                 }
4612                 parm = parm->next;
4613                 if (parm != NULL) {
4614                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4615                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4616                                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4617                                          "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4618                         }
4619                         parm = parm->next;
4620                         if (parm != NULL) {
4621                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4622                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4623                                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
4624                                                  "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4625                                 }
4626                                 parm = parm->next;
4627                                 if (parm != NULL)
4628                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4629                         }
4630                 } else {
4631 warn_arg_count:
4632                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
4633                 }
4634         }
4635 }
4636
4637 /**
4638  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
4639  */
4640 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
4641 {
4642         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
4643 }
4644
4645 static declaration_t *record_declaration(
4646         declaration_t *const declaration,
4647         const bool is_definition)
4648 {
4649         const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4650         const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
4651
4652         assert(symbol != NULL);
4653         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4654
4655         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
4656         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4657         if (is_type_function(type) &&
4658                         type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4659                         warning.strict_prototypes &&
4660                         previous_declaration == NULL) {
4661                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4662                          "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
4663                          orig_type, symbol);
4664         }
4665
4666         if (warning.main && is_type_function(type) && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4667                 check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
4668         }
4669
4670         if (warning.nested_externs                             &&
4671             declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4672             scope                      != file_scope) {
4673                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4674                          "nested extern declaration of '%#T'", declaration->type, symbol);
4675         }
4676
4677         assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
4678         if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
4679             previous_declaration->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
4680             scope->depth == previous_declaration->parent_scope->depth + 1) {
4681                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4682                         "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
4683                         orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
4684                         &previous_declaration->source_position);
4685                 goto finish;
4686         }
4687         if (previous_declaration != NULL &&
4688             previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
4689                 /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
4690                 if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
4691                         previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
4692                 }
4693
4694                 const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
4695                 if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
4696                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4697                                    "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4698                                    orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
4699                                    &previous_declaration->source_position);
4700                 } else {
4701                         unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
4702                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
4703                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4704                                            "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
4705                                            symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4706                                 return previous_declaration;
4707                         }
4708
4709                         if (warning.redundant_decls                                     &&
4710                             is_definition                                               &&
4711                             previous_declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4712                             !(previous_declaration->modifiers & DM_USED)                &&
4713                             !previous_declaration->used) {
4714                                 warningf(&previous_declaration->source_position,
4715                                          "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
4716                                          previous_declaration->type, symbol);
4717                         }
4718
4719                         unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4720
4721                         if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
4722                                 previous_declaration->type = type;
4723                                 prev_type                  = type;
4724                         }
4725
4726                         /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
4727                          * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
4728                          * none nor extern) */
4729                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4730                                 if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
4731                                         previous_declaration->type = type;
4732                                         prev_type                  = type;
4733                                 }
4734
4735                                 switch (old_storage_class) {
4736                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
4737                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4738                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
4739
4740                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
4741                                         if (is_definition) {
4742                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
4743                                                     prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4744                                                     !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4745                                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4746                                                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4747                                                                          orig_type, symbol);
4748                                                 }
4749                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4750                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4751                                         }
4752                                         break;
4753
4754                                 default:
4755                                         break;
4756                                 }
4757                         }
4758
4759                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4760                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4761 warn_redundant_declaration:
4762                                 if (!is_definition           &&
4763                                     warning.redundant_decls  &&
4764                                     is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
4765                                     strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
4766                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4767                                                  "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
4768                                                  symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4769                                 }
4770                         } else if (current_function == NULL) {
4771                                 if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4772                                     new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4773                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4774                                                "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
4775                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4776                                 } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4777                                         previous_declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4778                                         previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4779                                 } else {
4780                                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
4781                                         if (c_mode & _CXX)
4782                                                 goto error_redeclaration;
4783                                         goto warn_redundant_declaration;
4784                                 }
4785                         } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
4786                                 if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
4787 error_redeclaration:
4788                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4789                                                "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4790                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4791                                 } else {
4792                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4793                                                "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
4794                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4795                                 }
4796                         }
4797                 }
4798
4799                 previous_declaration->modifiers |= declaration->modifiers;
4800                 previous_declaration->is_inline |= declaration->is_inline;
4801                 return previous_declaration;
4802         } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
4803                 if (is_definition &&
4804                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4805                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4806                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4807                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4808                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4809                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4810                                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type,
4811                                          symbol);
4812                         }
4813                 }
4814         } else {
4815                 if (warning.missing_declarations &&
4816                     scope == file_scope && (
4817                       declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
4818                       declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
4819                     )) {
4820                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4821                                  "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4822                 }
4823         }
4824 finish:
4825         assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
4826         assert(scope != NULL);
4827
4828         declaration->parent_scope = scope;
4829
4830         environment_push(declaration);
4831         return append_declaration(declaration);
4832 }
4833
4834 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
4835                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4836 {
4837         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
4838                declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
4839 }
4840
4841 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
4842                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
4843 {
4844         switch (token->type) {
4845                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
4846                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
4847                         return true;
4848                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4849                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
4850
4851                 case T___extension__:
4852                 STORAGE_CLASSES
4853                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
4854
4855                 default:
4856                         return false;
4857         }
4858 }
4859
4860 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
4861 {
4862         eat('=');
4863
4864         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4865         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4866
4867         if (declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
4868                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4869         }
4870
4871         bool must_be_constant = false;
4872         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC        ||
4873             declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC ||
4874             declaration->parent_scope  == file_scope) {
4875                 must_be_constant = true;
4876         }
4877
4878         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4879                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4880                        "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
4881                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
4882                 orig_type = type_error_type;
4883         }
4884
4885         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4886         env.type             = orig_type;
4887         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4888         env.declaration      = current_init_decl = declaration;
4889
4890         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4891         current_init_decl = NULL;
4892
4893         if (!is_type_function(type)) {
4894                 /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
4895                  * the array type size */
4896                 declaration->type             = env.type;
4897                 declaration->init.initializer = initializer;
4898         }
4899 }
4900
4901 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4902 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4903                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
4904 {
4905         eat(';');
4906
4907         if (warning.other) {
4908                 if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4909                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4910                                  "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4911                 }
4912
4913                 type_t *type = specifiers->type;
4914                 switch (type->kind) {
4915                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4916                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4917                                 if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
4918                                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4919                                                  "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4920                                 }
4921                                 break;
4922                         }
4923
4924                         case TYPE_ENUM:
4925                                 break;
4926
4927                         default:
4928                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
4929                                 break;
4930                 }
4931         }
4932
4933 #ifdef RECORD_EMPTY_DECLARATIONS
4934         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4935         declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
4936         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4937         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4938         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4939         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4940
4941         append_declaration(declaration);
4942 #endif
4943 }
4944
4945 static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
4946                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4947                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4948 {
4949         add_anchor_token(';');
4950         add_anchor_token(',');
4951         while(true) {
4952                 declaration_t *declaration =
4953                         finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
4954
4955                 type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4956                 type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4957
4958                 if (warning.other               &&
4959                                 type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION &&
4960                     declaration->is_inline      &&
4961                     is_type_valid(type)) {
4962                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4963                                  "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
4964                 }
4965
4966                 if (token.type == '=') {
4967                         parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
4968                 }
4969
4970                 if (token.type != ',')
4971                         break;
4972                 eat(',');
4973
4974                 add_anchor_token('=');
4975                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4976                 rem_anchor_token('=');
4977         }
4978         expect(';');
4979
4980 end_error:
4981         rem_anchor_token(';');
4982         rem_anchor_token(',');
4983 }
4984
4985 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration, bool is_definition)
4986 {
4987         symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4988         if (symbol == NULL) {
4989                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4990                 return declaration;
4991         }
4992         namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
4993         if (namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
4994                 return record_declaration(declaration, false);
4995         }
4996
4997         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4998         if (previous_declaration == NULL ||
4999                         previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
5000                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
5001                        symbol);
5002                 return declaration;
5003         }
5004
5005         if (is_definition) {
5006                 errorf(HERE, "parameter %Y is initialised", declaration->symbol);
5007         }
5008
5009         if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
5010                 previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
5011                 previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
5012                 previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
5013                 previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
5014                 return previous_declaration;
5015         } else {
5016                 return record_declaration(declaration, false);
5017         }
5018 }
5019
5020 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
5021 {
5022         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5023         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5024
5025         add_anchor_token(';');
5026         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5027         rem_anchor_token(';');
5028
5029         if (token.type == ';') {
5030                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5031         } else {
5032                 declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
5033                 parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
5034         }
5035 }
5036
5037 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
5038 {
5039         type_t *result = orig_type;
5040
5041         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5042         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
5043                 result = promote_integer(type);
5044         } else if (type == type_float) {
5045                 result = type_double;
5046         }
5047
5048         return result;
5049 }
5050
5051 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
5052 {
5053         type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
5054         if (!is_type_function(type))
5055                 return;
5056
5057         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
5058                 return;
5059
5060         add_anchor_token('{');
5061
5062         /* push function parameters */
5063         size_t const top = environment_top();
5064         scope_push(&declaration->scope);
5065
5066         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
5067         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
5068                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
5069                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
5070                 environment_push(parameter);
5071         }
5072
5073         /* parse declaration list */
5074         while (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
5075                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
5076         }
5077
5078         /* pop function parameters */
5079         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
5080         scope_pop();
5081         environment_pop_to(top);
5082
5083         /* update function type */
5084         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
5085
5086         function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
5087         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
5088
5089         declaration_t *parameter_declaration = declaration->scope.declarations;
5090         for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
5091                         parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
5092                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
5093                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
5094                         if (strict_mode) {
5095                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
5096                                        parameter_declaration->symbol);
5097                         } else {
5098                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
5099                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
5100                                                 parameter_declaration->symbol);
5101                                 }
5102                                 parameter_type              = type_int;
5103                                 parameter_declaration->type = parameter_type;
5104                         }
5105                 }
5106
5107                 semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
5108                 parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
5109
5110                 /*
5111                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
5112                  */
5113                 parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
5114
5115                 function_parameter_t *function_parameter
5116                         = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
5117                 memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
5118
5119                 function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
5120                 if (last_parameter != NULL) {
5121                         last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
5122                 } else {
5123                         parameters = function_parameter;
5124                 }
5125                 last_parameter = function_parameter;
5126         }
5127
5128         /* § 6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
5129          * prototype */
5130         new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
5131         new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
5132
5133         type = typehash_insert(new_type);
5134         if (type != new_type) {
5135                 obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
5136         }
5137
5138         declaration->type = type;
5139
5140         rem_anchor_token('{');
5141 }
5142
5143 static bool first_err = true;
5144
5145 /**
5146  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
5147  * else does noting.
5148  */
5149 static void print_in_function(void)
5150 {
5151         if (first_err) {
5152                 first_err = false;
5153                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
5154                         current_function->source_position.input_name,
5155                         current_function->symbol);
5156         }
5157 }
5158
5159 /**
5160  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
5161  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
5162  */
5163 static void check_labels(void)
5164 {
5165         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
5166             goto_statement != NULL;
5167             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
5168                 /* skip computed gotos */
5169                 if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
5170                         continue;
5171
5172                 declaration_t *label = goto_statement->label;
5173
5174                 label->used = true;
5175                 if (label->source_position.input_name == NULL) {
5176                         print_in_function();
5177                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
5178                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->symbol);
5179                  }
5180         }
5181         goto_first = goto_last = NULL;
5182
5183         if (warning.unused_label) {
5184                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
5185                          label_statement != NULL;
5186                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
5187                         const declaration_t *label = label_statement->label;
5188
5189                         if (! label->used) {
5190                                 print_in_function();
5191                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
5192                                         "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->symbol);
5193                         }
5194                 }
5195         }
5196         label_first = label_last = NULL;
5197 }
5198
5199 static void warn_unused_decl(declaration_t *decl, declaration_t *end, char const *const what)
5200 {
5201         for (; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
5202                 if (decl->implicit)
5203                         continue;
5204
5205                 if (!decl->used) {
5206                         print_in_function();
5207                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused", what, decl->symbol);
5208                 } else if (!decl->read) {
5209                         print_in_function();
5210                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read", what, decl->symbol);
5211                 }
5212
5213                 if (decl == end)
5214                         break;
5215         }
5216 }
5217
5218 static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
5219 {
5220         (void)env;
5221
5222         switch (stmt->kind) {
5223                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5224                         declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
5225                         warn_unused_decl(decls->declarations_begin, decls->declarations_end, "variable");
5226                         return;
5227                 }
5228
5229                 case STATEMENT_FOR:
5230                         warn_unused_decl(stmt->fors.scope.declarations, NULL, "variable");
5231                         return;
5232
5233                 default:
5234                         return;
5235         }
5236 }
5237
5238 /**
5239  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
5240  */
5241 static void check_declarations(void)
5242 {
5243         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
5244                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
5245
5246                 /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
5247                 if (!is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
5248                         warn_unused_decl(scope->declarations, NULL, "parameter");
5249                 }
5250         }
5251         if (warning.unused_variable) {
5252                 walk_statements(current_function->init.statement, check_unused_variables, NULL);
5253         }
5254 }
5255
5256 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
5257 {
5258         return
5259                 !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
5260                 fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
5261                 -1;
5262 }
5263
5264 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
5265 {
5266         switch (expr->kind) {
5267                 case EXPR_CALL: {
5268                         expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
5269                         if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5270                                 declaration_t const *const decl = func->reference.declaration;
5271                                 if (decl != NULL && decl->modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
5272                                         return false;
5273                         }
5274
5275                         if (!expression_returns(func))
5276                                 return false;
5277
5278                         for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
5279                                 if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
5280                                         return false;
5281                         }
5282
5283                         return true;
5284                 }
5285
5286                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
5287                 case EXPR_CONST:
5288                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5289                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5290                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
5291                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
5292                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
5293                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
5294                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
5295                 case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
5296                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
5297                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
5298                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
5299                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
5300                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
5301                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
5302                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO implement
5303                         return true;
5304
5305                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
5306                         // TODO handle constant expression
5307                         return
5308                                 expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition) && (
5309                                         expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression) ||
5310                                         expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression)
5311                                 );
5312
5313                 case EXPR_SELECT:
5314                         return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
5315
5316                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
5317                         return
5318                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
5319                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
5320
5321                 case EXPR_VA_START:
5322                         return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
5323
5324                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
5325                         return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
5326
5327                 EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
5328                         return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
5329
5330                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
5331                         return false;
5332
5333                 EXPR_BINARY_CASES
5334                         // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
5335                         return
5336                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
5337                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
5338
5339                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
5340                 case EXPR_INVALID:
5341                         break;
5342         }
5343
5344         panic("unhandled expression");
5345 }
5346
5347 static bool noreturn_candidate;
5348
5349 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
5350 {
5351         if (stmt->base.reachable)
5352                 return;
5353         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
5354                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
5355
5356         statement_t *last = stmt;
5357         statement_t *next;
5358         switch (stmt->kind) {
5359                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5360                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5361                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
5362                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5363                         next = stmt->base.next;
5364                         break;
5365
5366                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5367                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
5368                         break;
5369
5370                 case STATEMENT_RETURN:
5371                         noreturn_candidate = false;
5372                         return;
5373
5374                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
5375                         if_statement_t const* const ifs = &stmt->ifs;
5376                         int            const        val = determine_truth(ifs->condition);
5377
5378                         if (val >= 0)
5379                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
5380
5381                         if (val > 0)
5382                                 return;
5383
5384                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
5385                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
5386                                 return;
5387                         }
5388
5389                         next = stmt->base.next;
5390                         break;
5391                 }
5392
5393                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
5394                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
5395                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
5396
5397                         if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
5398                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant(expr);
5399                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
5400                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5401                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
5402                                                 defaults = i;
5403                                                 continue;
5404                                         }
5405
5406                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
5407                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5408                                                 return;
5409                                         }
5410                                 }
5411
5412                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
5413                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
5414                                         return;
5415                                 }
5416                         } else {
5417                                 bool has_default = false;
5418                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5419                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
5420                                                 has_default = true;
5421
5422                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5423                                 }
5424
5425                                 if (has_default)
5426                                         return;
5427                         }
5428
5429                         next = stmt->base.next;
5430                         break;
5431                 }
5432
5433                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
5434                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
5435                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
5436                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5437                                 return;
5438
5439                         next = stmt->base.next;
5440                         break;
5441                 }
5442
5443                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE: {
5444                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5445                         for (;;) {
5446                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5447                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
5448                                         return;
5449
5450                                 next = parent;
5451                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5452                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
5453                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
5454                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
5455
5456                                         default: break;
5457                                 }
5458                         }
5459                 }
5460
5461                 case STATEMENT_BREAK: {
5462                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5463                         for (;;) {
5464                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5465                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
5466                                         return;
5467
5468                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5469                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5470                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
5471                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5472                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
5473                                                 last = parent;
5474                                                 next = parent->base.next;
5475                                                 goto found_break_parent;
5476
5477                                         default: break;
5478                                 }
5479                         }
5480 found_break_parent:
5481                         break;
5482                 }
5483
5484                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5485                         if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
5486                                 statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
5487                                 if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
5488                                         return;
5489                                 next = parent;
5490                         } else {
5491                                 next = stmt->gotos.label->init.statement;
5492                                 if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
5493                                         return;
5494                         }
5495                         break;
5496
5497                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5498                         next = stmt->label.statement;
5499                         break;
5500
5501                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5502                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
5503                         break;
5504
5505                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5506                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
5507                         int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
5508
5509                         if (val >= 0)
5510                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
5511
5512                         if (val > 0)
5513                                 return;
5514
5515                         next = stmt->base.next;
5516                         break;
5517                 }
5518
5519                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5520                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
5521                         break;
5522
5523                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5524                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
5525
5526                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
5527                                 return;
5528                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
5529
5530                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5531                         int          const        val  =
5532                                 cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
5533
5534                         if (val >= 0)
5535                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
5536
5537                         if (val > 0)
5538                                 return;
5539
5540                         next = stmt->base.next;
5541                         break;
5542                 }
5543
5544                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
5545                         ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
5546                         check_reachable(ms_try->try_statement);
5547                         next = ms_try->final_statement;
5548                         break;
5549                 }
5550
5551                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE: {
5552                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5553                         for (;;) {
5554                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5555                                 if (parent == NULL) /* __leave not within __try */
5556                                         return;
5557
5558                                 if (parent->kind == STATEMENT_MS_TRY) {
5559                                         last = parent;
5560                                         next = parent->ms_try.final_statement;
5561                                         break;
5562                                 }
5563                         }
5564                         break;
5565                 }
5566         }
5567
5568         while (next == NULL) {
5569                 next = last->base.parent;
5570                 if (next == NULL) {
5571                         noreturn_candidate = false;
5572
5573                         type_t *const type = current_function->type;
5574                         assert(is_type_function(type));
5575                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
5576                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
5577                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
5578                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
5579                             !is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
5580                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
5581                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
5582                         }
5583                         return;
5584                 }
5585
5586                 switch (next->kind) {
5587                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5588                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5589                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
5590                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
5591                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
5592                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
5593                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
5594                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
5595                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5596                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
5597                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
5598
5599                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5600                         case STATEMENT_IF:
5601                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5602                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5603                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5604                                 last = next;
5605                                 next = next->base.next;
5606                                 break;
5607
5608                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5609 continue_while:
5610                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5611                                         return;
5612                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5613
5614                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
5615                                 int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
5616
5617                                 if (val >= 0)
5618                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
5619
5620                                 if (val > 0)
5621                                         return;
5622
5623                                 last = next;
5624                                 next = next->base.next;
5625                                 break;
5626                         }
5627
5628                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
5629 continue_do_while:
5630                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5631                                         return;
5632                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5633
5634                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw  = &next->do_while;
5635                                 int                  const        val = determine_truth(dw->condition);
5636
5637                                 if (val >= 0)
5638                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
5639
5640                                 if (val > 0)
5641                                         return;
5642
5643                                 last = next;
5644                                 next = next->base.next;
5645                                 break;
5646                         }
5647
5648                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5649 continue_for:;
5650                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
5651
5652                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
5653
5654                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
5655                                         return;
5656                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
5657
5658                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5659                                 int          const        val  =
5660                                         cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
5661
5662                                 if (val >= 0)
5663                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
5664
5665                                 if (val > 0)
5666                                         return;
5667
5668                                 last = next;
5669                                 next = next->base.next;
5670                                 break;
5671                         }
5672
5673                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
5674                                 last = next;
5675                                 next = next->ms_try.final_statement;
5676                                 break;
5677                 }
5678         }
5679
5680         check_reachable(next);
5681 }
5682
5683 static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
5684 {
5685         (void)env;
5686
5687         switch (stmt->kind) {
5688                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5689                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
5690                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
5691                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
5692                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
5693                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
5694                                 }
5695                         }
5696                         return;
5697
5698                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5699                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
5700
5701                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
5702                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
5703                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5704                         } else {
5705                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
5706                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
5707                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
5708                                 }
5709
5710                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
5711                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
5712                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
5713                                 }
5714
5715                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
5716                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
5717                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
5718                                 }
5719                         }
5720                         return;
5721                 }
5722
5723                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5724                         if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
5725                                 return;
5726                         /* FALLTHROUGH*/
5727
5728                 default:
5729                         if (!stmt->base.reachable)
5730                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5731                         return;
5732         }
5733 }
5734
5735 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
5736 {
5737         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
5738          * specifiers */
5739         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5740         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5741
5742         add_anchor_token(';');
5743         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5744         rem_anchor_token(';');
5745
5746         /* must be a declaration */
5747         if (token.type == ';') {
5748                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5749                 return;
5750         }
5751
5752         add_anchor_token(',');
5753         add_anchor_token('=');
5754         add_anchor_token(';');
5755         add_anchor_token('{');
5756
5757         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
5758         declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
5759
5760         rem_anchor_token('{');
5761         rem_anchor_token(';');
5762         rem_anchor_token('=');
5763         rem_anchor_token(',');
5764
5765         /* must be a declaration */
5766         switch (token.type) {
5767                 case ',':
5768                 case ';':
5769                 case '=':
5770                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
5771                         return;
5772         }
5773
5774         /* must be a function definition */
5775         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
5776
5777         if (token.type != '{') {
5778                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
5779                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
5780                 return;
5781         }
5782
5783         type_t *type = ndeclaration->type;
5784
5785         /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
5786          * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
5787         if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
5788                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5789                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
5790                                type, ndeclaration->symbol);
5791                 }
5792                 eat_block();
5793                 return;
5794         }
5795
5796         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
5797             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
5798                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
5799                          ndeclaration->symbol);
5800         }
5801         if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5802                 warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
5803                         ndeclaration->symbol);
5804         }
5805         if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5806                 warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
5807                         ndeclaration->symbol);
5808         }
5809
5810         /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
5811          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
5812         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters
5813                         && type->function.parameters == NULL
5814                         && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
5815                 type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
5816                 duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
5817
5818                 type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
5819                 if (type != duplicate) {
5820                         obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
5821                 }
5822                 ndeclaration->type = type;
5823         }
5824
5825         declaration_t *const declaration = record_declaration(ndeclaration, true);
5826         if (ndeclaration != declaration) {
5827                 declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
5828         }
5829         type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
5830
5831         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
5832         size_t const top = environment_top();
5833         scope_push(&declaration->scope);
5834
5835         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
5836         for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
5837                 if (parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
5838                         parameter->parent_scope = scope;
5839                 }
5840                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
5841                                 || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
5842                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
5843                 if (parameter->symbol == NULL) {
5844                         errorf(&parameter->source_position, "parameter name omitted");
5845                         continue;
5846                 }
5847                 environment_push(parameter);
5848         }
5849
5850         if (declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
5851                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
5852                 eat_block();
5853         } else {
5854                 /* parse function body */
5855                 int            label_stack_top      = label_top();
5856                 declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
5857                 current_function                    = declaration;
5858                 current_parent                      = NULL;
5859
5860                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
5861                 declaration->init.statement = body;
5862                 first_err = true;
5863                 check_labels();
5864                 check_declarations();
5865                 if (warning.return_type      ||
5866                     warning.unreachable_code ||
5867                     (warning.missing_noreturn && !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
5868                         noreturn_candidate = true;
5869                         check_reachable(body);
5870                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
5871                                 walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
5872                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
5873                             noreturn_candidate       &&
5874                             !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
5875                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
5876                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
5877                                          type, declaration->symbol);
5878                         }
5879                 }
5880
5881                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
5882                 assert(current_function == declaration);
5883                 current_function = old_current_function;
5884                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
5885         }
5886
5887         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
5888         scope_pop();
5889         environment_pop_to(top);
5890 }
5891
5892 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
5893                                   source_position_t *source_position,
5894                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
5895 {
5896         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
5897
5898         type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
5899         type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
5900
5901         il_size_t bit_size;
5902         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
5903         if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
5904                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
5905                         base_type);
5906                 bit_size = 0;
5907         } else {
5908                 bit_size = skipped_type->base.size * 8;
5909         }
5910
5911         if (is_constant_expression(size)) {
5912                 long v = fold_constant(size);
5913
5914                 if (v < 0) {
5915                         errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'",
5916                                 symbol);
5917                 } else if (v == 0) {
5918                         errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'",
5919                                 symbol);
5920                 } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
5921                         errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type",
5922                                 symbol);
5923                 } else {
5924                         type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
5925                 }
5926         }
5927
5928         return type;
5929 }
5930
5931 static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
5932                                           symbol_t *symbol)
5933 {
5934         declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
5935         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
5936                 if (iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
5937                         continue;
5938
5939                 if (iter->symbol == NULL) {
5940                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
5941                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
5942                                 declaration_t *result
5943                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
5944                                 if (result != NULL)
5945                                         return result;
5946                         }
5947                         continue;
5948                 }
5949
5950                 if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
5951                         return iter;
5952                 }
5953         }
5954
5955         return NULL;
5956 }
5957
5958 static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
5959                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5960 {
5961         declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
5962         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
5963                 while (last_declaration->next != NULL) {
5964                         last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
5965                 }
5966         }
5967
5968         while (true) {
5969                 declaration_t *declaration;
5970
5971                 if (token.type == ':') {
5972                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5973                         next_token();
5974
5975                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
5976                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5977
5978                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
5979                                         &source_position, sym_anonymous);
5980
5981                         declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
5982                         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5983                         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5984                         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5985                         declaration->source_position        = source_position;
5986                         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
5987                         declaration->type                   = type;
5988                 } else {
5989                         declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
5990
5991                         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
5992                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5993
5994                         if (token.type == ':') {
5995                                 source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5996                                 next_token();
5997                                 expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5998
5999                                 type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size,
6000                                                 &source_position, declaration->symbol);
6001                                 declaration->type = bitfield_type;
6002                         } else {
6003                                 /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
6004                                  * that they're at the end of the struct */
6005                                 if (is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
6006                                         errorf(HERE,
6007                                                "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
6008                                                declaration->symbol, orig_type);
6009                                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
6010                                         errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
6011                                                declaration->symbol, orig_type);
6012                                 }
6013                         }
6014                 }
6015
6016                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
6017                 symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
6018                 if (symbol != NULL) {
6019                         declaration_t *prev_decl
6020                                 = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
6021
6022                         if (prev_decl != NULL) {
6023                                 assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
6024                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
6025                                        "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
6026                                        symbol, &prev_decl->source_position);
6027                         }
6028                 }
6029
6030                 /* append declaration */
6031                 if (last_declaration != NULL) {
6032                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
6033                 } else {
6034                         struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
6035                 }
6036                 last_declaration = declaration;
6037
6038                 if (token.type != ',')
6039                         break;
6040                 next_token();
6041         }
6042         expect(';');
6043
6044 end_error:
6045         ;
6046 }
6047
6048 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
6049 {
6050         eat('{');
6051         add_anchor_token('}');
6052
6053         while (token.type != '}') {
6054                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
6055                         errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
6056                         break;
6057                 }
6058                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6059                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6060                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6061
6062                 parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
6063         }
6064         rem_anchor_token('}');
6065         next_token();
6066 }
6067
6068 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
6069 {
6070         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6071         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6072         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6073         if (specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
6074                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
6075                  * storage class is...
6076                  */
6077                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
6078         }
6079
6080         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
6081
6082         return result;
6083 }
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
6089 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
6090
6091 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
6092 struct expression_parser_function_t {
6093         parse_expression_function        parser;
6094         unsigned                         infix_precedence;
6095         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
6096 };
6097
6098 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
6099
6100 /**
6101  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
6102  */
6103 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
6104 {
6105         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
6106         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
6107                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token '%K'", &token);
6108         }
6109         next_token();
6110
6111         return create_invalid_expression();
6112 }
6113
6114 /**
6115  * Parse a string constant.
6116  */
6117 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
6118 {
6119         wide_string_t wres;
6120         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6121                 string_t res = token.v.string;
6122                 next_token();
6123                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6124                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
6125                         next_token();
6126                 }
6127                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
6128                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
6129                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
6130                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
6131                          * will construct the array type */
6132                         cnst->base.type    = warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
6133                         cnst->string.value = res;
6134                         return cnst;
6135                 }
6136
6137                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
6138         } else {
6139                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
6140         }
6141         next_token();
6142
6143         for (;;) {
6144                 switch (token.type) {
6145                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
6146                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
6147                                 break;
6148
6149                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
6150                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
6151                                 break;
6152
6153                         default: {
6154                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6155                                 cnst->base.type         = warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
6156                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
6157                                 return cnst;
6158                         }
6159                 }
6160                 next_token();
6161         }
6162 }
6163
6164 /**
6165  * Parse an integer constant.
6166  */
6167 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
6168 {
6169         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6170         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
6171         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6172         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
6173
6174         next_token();
6175
6176         return cnst;
6177 }
6178
6179 /**
6180  * Parse a character constant.
6181  */
6182 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
6183 {
6184         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6185
6186         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
6187         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6188         cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
6189
6190         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
6191                 if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
6192                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6193                 } else {
6194                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
6195                 }
6196         }
6197         next_token();
6198
6199         return cnst;
6200 }
6201
6202 /**
6203  * Parse a wide character constant.
6204  */
6205 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
6206 {
6207         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6208
6209         cnst->base.source_position    = *HERE;
6210         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
6211         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
6212
6213         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
6214                 if (warning.multichar && GNU_MODE) {
6215                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6216                 } else {
6217                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
6218                 }
6219         }
6220         next_token();
6221
6222         return cnst;
6223 }
6224
6225 /**
6226  * Parse a float constant.
6227  */
6228 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
6229 {
6230         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6231         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6232         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
6233
6234         next_token();
6235
6236         return cnst;
6237 }
6238
6239 static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
6240                 const source_position_t *source_position)
6241 {
6242         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6243         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
6244         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
6245
6246         type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
6247         if (type != ntype) {
6248                 free_type(ntype);
6249         }
6250
6251         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
6252         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6253         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6254         declaration->type                   = type;
6255         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
6256         declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
6257         declaration->implicit               = true;
6258
6259         bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
6260         warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
6261         record_declaration(declaration, false);
6262         warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
6263
6264         return declaration;
6265 }
6266
6267 /**
6268  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6269  * already exists.
6270  */
6271 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
6272                                     type_t *argument_type2)
6273 {
6274         function_parameter_t *parameter2
6275                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
6276         memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
6277         parameter2->type = argument_type2;
6278
6279         function_parameter_t *parameter1
6280                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
6281         memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
6282         parameter1->type = argument_type1;
6283         parameter1->next = parameter2;
6284
6285         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6286         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6287         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
6288
6289         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
6290         if (result != type) {
6291                 free_type(type);
6292         }
6293
6294         return result;
6295 }
6296
6297 /**
6298  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6299  * already exists.
6300  *
6301  * @param return_type    the return type
6302  * @param argument_type  the argument type
6303  */
6304 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6305 {
6306         function_parameter_t *parameter
6307                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
6308         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
6309         parameter->type = argument_type;
6310
6311         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6312         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6313         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
6314
6315         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
6316         if (result != type) {
6317                 free_type(type);
6318         }
6319
6320         return result;
6321 }
6322
6323 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
6324 {
6325         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6326         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6327         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6328
6329         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
6330         if (result != type) {
6331                 free_type(type);
6332         }
6333
6334         return result;
6335 }
6336
6337 /**
6338  * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
6339  *
6340  * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
6341  */
6342 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
6343 {
6344         switch(symbol->ID) {
6345         case T___builtin_alloca:
6346                 return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
6347         case T___builtin_huge_val:
6348                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
6349         case T___builtin_inf:
6350                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
6351         case T___builtin_inff:
6352                 return make_function_0_type(type_float);
6353         case T___builtin_infl:
6354                 return make_function_0_type(type_long_double);
6355         case T___builtin_nan:
6356                 return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
6357         case T___builtin_nanf:
6358                 return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
6359         case T___builtin_nanl:
6360                 return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
6361         case T___builtin_va_end:
6362                 return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
6363         case T___builtin_expect:
6364                 return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
6365         default:
6366                 internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
6367         }
6368 }
6369
6370 /**
6371  * Performs automatic type cast as described in § 6.3.2.1.
6372  *
6373  * @param orig_type  the original type
6374  */
6375 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
6376 {
6377         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6378         if (is_type_array(type)) {
6379                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
6380                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
6381                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
6382
6383                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
6384         }
6385
6386         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6387                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6388         }
6389
6390         return orig_type;
6391 }
6392
6393 /**
6394  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
6395  * to function-pointer types as defined § 6.3.2.1
6396  */
6397 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
6398 {
6399         switch (expression->kind) {
6400                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: return expression->reference.declaration->type;
6401
6402                 case EXPR_SELECT:
6403                         return get_qualified_type(expression->select.compound_entry->type,
6404                                                   expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
6405
6406                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
6407                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
6408                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
6409                         assert(is_type_pointer(type));
6410                         return type->pointer.points_to;
6411                 }
6412
6413                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
6414                         return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
6415
6416                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
6417                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
6418                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
6419                         if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
6420                                 return type_left;
6421                         assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
6422                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
6423                 }
6424
6425                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
6426                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
6427                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6428                 }
6429
6430                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
6431                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
6432                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6433                 }
6434
6435                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
6436                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
6437
6438                 default: break;
6439         }
6440
6441         return expression->base.type;
6442 }
6443
6444 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
6445 {
6446         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
6447
6448         reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
6449         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
6450
6451         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
6452
6453         if (declaration == NULL) {
6454                 if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
6455                         /* an implicitly declared function */
6456                         if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
6457                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
6458                                         symbol);
6459                         }
6460
6461                         declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
6462                 } else {
6463                         errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
6464                         declaration = create_error_declaration(symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_NONE);
6465                 }
6466         }
6467
6468         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
6469
6470         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
6471          * code to revert this! */
6472         type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
6473
6474         ref->declaration = declaration;
6475         ref->base.type   = type;
6476
6477         /* this declaration is used */
6478         declaration->used = true;
6479
6480         if (declaration->parent_scope != file_scope                          &&
6481             declaration->parent_scope->depth < current_function->scope.depth &&
6482             is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
6483                 /* access of a variable from an outer function */
6484                 declaration->address_taken     = true;
6485                 current_function->need_closure = true;
6486         }
6487
6488         /* check for deprecated functions */
6489         if (warning.deprecated_declarations &&
6490             declaration->modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
6491                 char const *const prefix = is_type_function(declaration->type) ?
6492                         "function" : "variable";
6493
6494                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
6495                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
6496                                 prefix, declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position,
6497                                 declaration->deprecated_string);
6498                 } else {
6499                         warningf(HERE, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
6500                                 declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
6501                 }
6502         }
6503         if (warning.init_self && declaration == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop) {
6504                 current_init_decl = NULL;
6505                 warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
6506                         declaration->type, declaration->symbol);
6507         }
6508
6509         next_token();
6510         return expression;
6511 }
6512
6513 static bool semantic_cast(expression_t *cast)
6514 {
6515         expression_t            *expression      = cast->unary.value;
6516         type_t                  *orig_dest_type  = cast->base.type;
6517         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
6518         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
6519         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6520         source_position_t const *pos             = &cast->base.source_position;
6521
6522         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
6523         if (dst_type == type_void)
6524                 return true;
6525
6526         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
6527         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
6528             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6529             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
6530             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6531                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
6532                 return false;
6533         }
6534
6535         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
6536                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
6537                 return false;
6538         }
6539
6540         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6541                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
6542                 return false;
6543         }
6544
6545         if (warning.cast_qual &&
6546             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6547             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
6548                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
6549                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
6550                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
6551                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
6552                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
6553                         warningf(pos,
6554                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
6555                                  missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
6556                 }
6557         }
6558         return true;
6559 }
6560
6561 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
6562 {
6563         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
6564
6565         parse_initializer_env_t env;
6566         env.type             = type;
6567         env.declaration      = NULL;
6568         env.must_be_constant = false;
6569         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
6570         type = env.type;
6571
6572         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
6573         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
6574         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
6575
6576         return expression;
6577 }
6578
6579 /**
6580  * Parse a cast expression.
6581  */
6582 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
6583 {
6584         add_anchor_token(')');
6585
6586         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
6587
6588         type_t *type  = parse_typename();
6589
6590         rem_anchor_token(')');
6591         expect(')');
6592
6593         if (token.type == '{') {
6594                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
6595         }
6596
6597         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
6598         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
6599
6600         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
6601         cast->base.type   = type;
6602         cast->unary.value = value;
6603
6604         if (! semantic_cast(cast)) {
6605                 /* TODO: record the error in the AST. else it is impossible to detect it */
6606         }
6607
6608         return cast;
6609 end_error:
6610         return create_invalid_expression();
6611 }
6612
6613 /**
6614  * Parse a statement expression.
6615  */
6616 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
6617 {
6618         add_anchor_token(')');
6619
6620         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
6621
6622         statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
6623         expression->statement.statement  = statement;
6624         expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
6625
6626         /* find last statement and use its type */
6627         type_t *type = type_void;
6628         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
6629         if (stmt != NULL) {
6630                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
6631                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
6632
6633                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
6634                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
6635                 }
6636         } else if (warning.other) {
6637                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
6638         }
6639         expression->base.type = type;
6640
6641         rem_anchor_token(')');
6642         expect(')');
6643
6644 end_error:
6645         return expression;
6646 }
6647
6648 /**
6649  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
6650  */
6651 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
6652 {
6653         eat('(');
6654
6655         switch(token.type) {
6656         case '{':
6657                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
6658                 return parse_statement_expression();
6659
6660         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
6661         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
6662                 return parse_cast();
6663         case T_IDENTIFIER:
6664                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
6665                         return parse_cast();
6666                 }
6667         }
6668
6669         add_anchor_token(')');
6670         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
6671         rem_anchor_token(')');
6672         expect(')');
6673
6674 end_error:
6675         return result;
6676 }
6677
6678 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
6679 {
6680         next_token();
6681         /* TODO */
6682
6683         if (current_function == NULL) {
6684                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
6685         }
6686
6687         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6688         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6689         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
6690
6691         return expression;
6692 }
6693
6694 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
6695 {
6696         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
6697
6698         if (current_function == NULL) {
6699                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
6700         }
6701
6702         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6703         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6704         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
6705
6706         return expression;
6707 }
6708
6709 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
6710 {
6711         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
6712
6713         if (current_function == NULL) {
6714                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
6715         }
6716
6717         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6718         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6719         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
6720
6721         return expression;
6722 }
6723
6724 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
6725 {
6726         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
6727
6728         if (current_function == NULL) {
6729                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
6730         }
6731
6732         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6733         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6734         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
6735
6736         return expression;
6737 }
6738
6739 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
6740 {
6741         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6742         result->source_position = *HERE;
6743
6744         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6745                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6746                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6747                 return NULL;
6748         }
6749         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
6750         next_token();
6751
6752         designator_t *last_designator = result;
6753         while(true) {
6754                 if (token.type == '.') {
6755                         next_token();
6756                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6757                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6758                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6759                                 return NULL;
6760                         }
6761                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6762                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6763                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
6764                         next_token();
6765
6766                         last_designator->next = designator;
6767                         last_designator       = designator;
6768                         continue;
6769                 }
6770                 if (token.type == '[') {
6771                         next_token();
6772                         add_anchor_token(']');
6773                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6774                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6775                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
6776                         rem_anchor_token(']');
6777                         expect(']');
6778                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
6779                                 return NULL;
6780                         }
6781
6782                         last_designator->next = designator;
6783                         last_designator       = designator;
6784                         continue;
6785                 }
6786                 break;
6787         }
6788
6789         return result;
6790 end_error:
6791         return NULL;
6792 }
6793
6794 /**
6795  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
6796  */
6797 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
6798 {
6799         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
6800
6801         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
6802         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
6803
6804         expect('(');
6805         add_anchor_token(',');
6806         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6807         rem_anchor_token(',');
6808         expect(',');
6809         add_anchor_token(')');
6810         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
6811         rem_anchor_token(')');
6812         expect(')');
6813
6814         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
6815         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
6816
6817         type_path_t path;
6818         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
6819         path.top_type = type;
6820         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
6821
6822         descend_into_subtype(&path);
6823
6824         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
6825                 return create_invalid_expression();
6826         }
6827
6828         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
6829
6830         return expression;
6831 end_error:
6832         return create_invalid_expression();
6833 }
6834
6835 /**
6836  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
6837  */
6838 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
6839 {
6840         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
6841
6842         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
6843
6844         expect('(');
6845         add_anchor_token(',');
6846         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6847         rem_anchor_token(',');
6848         expect(',');
6849         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
6850         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
6851                 declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
6852                 if (decl->parent_scope != &current_function->scope || decl->next != NULL) {
6853                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
6854                                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
6855                 }
6856                 expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
6857                 expect(')');
6858                 return expression;
6859         }
6860         expect(')');
6861 end_error:
6862         return create_invalid_expression();
6863 }
6864
6865 /**
6866  * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
6867  */
6868 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
6869 {
6870         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
6871
6872         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
6873
6874         expect('(');
6875         expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6876         expect(',');
6877         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
6878         expect(')');
6879
6880         return expression;
6881 end_error:
6882         return create_invalid_expression();
6883 }
6884
6885 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
6886 {
6887         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
6888
6889         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
6890
6891         expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
6892         next_token();
6893
6894         type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
6895         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
6896
6897         expression->base.type = type;
6898         return expression;
6899 }
6900
6901 /**
6902  * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
6903  */
6904 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
6905 {
6906         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
6907
6908         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
6909
6910         expect('(');
6911         add_anchor_token(')');
6912         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
6913         rem_anchor_token(')');
6914         expect(')');
6915         expression->base.type = type_int;
6916
6917         return expression;
6918 end_error:
6919         return create_invalid_expression();
6920 }
6921
6922 /**
6923  * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
6924  */
6925 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
6926 {
6927         eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
6928
6929         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
6930
6931         expect('(');
6932         add_anchor_token(')');
6933         expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
6934         if (token.type == ',') {
6935                 next_token();
6936                 expression->builtin_prefetch.rw = parse_assignment_expression();
6937         }
6938         if (token.type == ',') {
6939                 next_token();
6940                 expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
6941         }
6942         rem_anchor_token(')');
6943         expect(')');
6944         expression->base.type = type_void;
6945
6946         return expression;
6947 end_error:
6948         return create_invalid_expression();
6949 }
6950
6951 /**
6952  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
6953  */
6954 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
6955 {
6956         expression_t *expression;
6957
6958         switch(token.type) {
6959         case T___builtin_isgreater:
6960                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
6961                 break;
6962         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
6963                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
6964                 break;
6965         case T___builtin_isless:
6966                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
6967                 break;
6968         case T___builtin_islessequal:
6969                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
6970                 break;
6971         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
6972                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
6973                 break;
6974         case T___builtin_isunordered:
6975                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
6976                 break;
6977         default:
6978                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
6979         }
6980         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
6981         next_token();
6982
6983         expect('(');
6984         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
6985         expect(',');
6986         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
6987         expect(')');
6988
6989         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
6990         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
6991
6992         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6993         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6994         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
6995                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6996                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
6997                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6998                 }
6999         } else {
7000                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
7001         }
7002
7003         return expression;
7004 end_error:
7005         return create_invalid_expression();
7006 }
7007
7008 #if 0
7009 /**
7010  * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
7011  */
7012 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
7013 {
7014         eat(T___builtin_expect);
7015
7016         expression_t *expression
7017                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
7018
7019         expect('(');
7020         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7021         expect(',');
7022         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
7023         expect(')');
7024
7025         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7026
7027         return expression;
7028 end_error:
7029         return create_invalid_expression();
7030 }
7031 #endif
7032
7033 /**
7034  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
7035  */
7036 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
7037 {
7038         eat(T__assume);
7039
7040         expression_t *expression
7041                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
7042
7043         expect('(');
7044         add_anchor_token(')');
7045         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7046         rem_anchor_token(')');
7047         expect(')');
7048
7049         expression->base.type = type_void;
7050         return expression;
7051 end_error:
7052         return create_invalid_expression();
7053 }
7054
7055 /**
7056  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7057  *
7058  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
7059  */
7060 static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7061 {
7062         declaration_t *candidate;
7063         assert(current_function != NULL);
7064
7065         candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL);
7066         /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
7067         if (candidate != NULL) {
7068                 if (candidate->parent_scope != scope) {
7069                         assert(candidate->parent_scope->depth < scope->depth);
7070                         current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
7071                 }
7072                 return candidate;
7073         }
7074
7075         candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7076         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7077          * declaration */
7078         if (candidate != NULL
7079                         && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
7080                 return candidate;
7081         }
7082
7083         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7084         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
7085         declaration->namespc       = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7086         declaration->symbol        = symbol;
7087
7088         label_push(declaration);
7089
7090         return declaration;
7091 }
7092
7093 /**
7094  * Parses a GNU && label address expression.
7095  */
7096 static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
7097 {
7098         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7099         eat(T_ANDAND);
7100         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7101                 parse_error_expected("while parsing label address", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7102                 goto end_error;
7103         }
7104         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7105         next_token();
7106
7107         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
7108
7109         label->used          = true;
7110         label->address_taken = true;
7111
7112         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS);
7113         expression->base.source_position = source_position;
7114
7115         /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
7116         expression->base.type                 = type_void_ptr;
7117         expression->label_address.declaration = label;
7118         return expression;
7119 end_error:
7120         return create_invalid_expression();
7121 }
7122
7123 /**
7124  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
7125  */
7126 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
7127 {
7128         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
7129         eat(T___noop);
7130
7131         if (token.type == '(') {
7132                 /* parse arguments */
7133                 eat('(');
7134                 add_anchor_token(')');
7135                 add_anchor_token(',');
7136
7137                 if (token.type != ')') {
7138                         while(true) {
7139                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
7140                                 if (token.type != ',')
7141                                         break;
7142                                 next_token();
7143                         }
7144                 }
7145         }
7146         rem_anchor_token(',');
7147         rem_anchor_token(')');
7148         expect(')');
7149
7150         /* the result is a (int)0 */
7151         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
7152         cnst->base.source_position = source_position;
7153         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
7154         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
7155         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
7156
7157         return cnst;
7158
7159 end_error:
7160         return create_invalid_expression();
7161 }
7162
7163 /**
7164  * Parses a primary expression.
7165  */
7166 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
7167 {
7168         switch (token.type) {
7169                 case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
7170                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
7171                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
7172                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
7173                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
7174                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
7175                 case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
7176                 case T___FUNCTION__:
7177                 case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
7178                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
7179                 case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
7180                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
7181                 case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
7182                 case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
7183                 case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
7184                 case T___builtin_expect:
7185                 case T___builtin_alloca:
7186                 case T___builtin_inf:
7187                 case T___builtin_inff:
7188                 case T___builtin_infl:
7189                 case T___builtin_nan:
7190                 case T___builtin_nanf:
7191                 case T___builtin_nanl:
7192                 case T___builtin_huge_val:
7193                 case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
7194                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
7195                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7196                 case T___builtin_isless:
7197                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
7198                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7199                 case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
7200                 case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
7201                 case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
7202                 case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
7203                 case T_ANDAND:
7204                         if (GNU_MODE)
7205                                 return parse_label_address();
7206                         break;
7207
7208                 case '(':                        return parse_parenthesized_expression();
7209                 case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
7210         }
7211
7212         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
7213         return create_invalid_expression();
7214 }
7215
7216 /**
7217  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
7218  */
7219 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
7220 {
7221         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
7222         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
7223
7224         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
7225                         warning.char_subscripts) {
7226                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7227                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
7228         }
7229 }
7230
7231 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
7232 {
7233         eat('[');
7234         add_anchor_token(']');
7235
7236         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
7237
7238         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
7239
7240         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
7241
7242         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
7243         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
7244
7245         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7246         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
7247
7248         type_t *return_type;
7249         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7250                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
7251                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7252                 array_access->index     = inside;
7253                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
7254         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
7255                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
7256                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
7257                 array_access->index     = left;
7258                 array_access->flipped   = true;
7259                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
7260         } else {
7261                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
7262                         errorf(HERE,
7263                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
7264                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
7265                 }
7266                 return_type             = type_error_type;
7267                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7268                 array_access->index     = inside;
7269         }
7270
7271         expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
7272
7273         rem_anchor_token(']');
7274         if (token.type == ']') {
7275                 next_token();
7276         } else {
7277                 parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
7278         }
7279         return expression;
7280 }
7281
7282 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
7283                                     source_position_t const pos)
7284 {
7285         expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7286         tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
7287         tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
7288
7289         char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
7290
7291         /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
7292         bool old     = in_type_prop;
7293         in_type_prop = true;
7294         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
7295                 next_token();
7296                 add_anchor_token(')');
7297                 type_t* const orig_type = parse_typename();
7298                 tp_expression->typeprop.type = orig_type;
7299
7300                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7301                 char const* const wrong_type =
7302                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
7303                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
7304                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
7305                         NULL;
7306                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7307                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be %s type '%T'",
7308                                what, wrong_type, type);
7309                 }
7310
7311                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7312                 expect(')');
7313         } else {
7314                 expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7315
7316                 type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
7317                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
7318
7319                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7320                 char const* const wrong_type =
7321                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
7322                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
7323                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
7324                         NULL;
7325                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7326                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be expression of %s type '%T'", what, wrong_type, type);
7327                 }
7328
7329                 tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
7330                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
7331         }
7332
7333 end_error:
7334         in_type_prop = old;
7335         return tp_expression;
7336 }
7337
7338 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
7339 {
7340         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
7341         eat(T_sizeof);
7342         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos);
7343 }
7344
7345 static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
7346 {
7347         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
7348         eat(T___alignof__);
7349         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos);
7350 }
7351
7352 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *compound)
7353 {
7354         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7355
7356         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7357         next_token();
7358
7359         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
7360         select->select.compound = compound;
7361
7362         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7363                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7364                 return select;
7365         }
7366         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7367         next_token();
7368
7369         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
7370         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7371
7372         type_t *type_left;
7373         bool    saw_error = false;
7374         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7375                 if (!is_pointer) {
7376                         errorf(HERE,
7377                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7378                                symbol, orig_type);
7379                         saw_error = true;
7380                 }
7381                 type_left = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7382         } else {
7383                 if (is_pointer && is_type_valid(type)) {
7384                         errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
7385                         saw_error = true;
7386                 }
7387                 type_left = type;
7388         }
7389
7390         declaration_t *entry;
7391         if (type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT ||
7392             type_left->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
7393                 declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
7394
7395                 if (!declaration->init.complete) {
7396                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
7397                                symbol, type_left);
7398                         goto create_error_entry;
7399                 }
7400
7401                 entry = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
7402                 if (entry == NULL) {
7403                         errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
7404                         goto create_error_entry;
7405                 }
7406         } else {
7407                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && !saw_error) {
7408                         errorf(HERE,
7409                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7410                                symbol, type_left);
7411                 }
7412 create_error_entry:
7413                 entry         = allocate_declaration_zero();
7414                 entry->symbol = symbol;
7415         }
7416
7417         select->select.compound_entry = entry;
7418
7419         type_t *const res_type =
7420                 get_qualified_type(entry->type, type_left->base.qualifiers);
7421
7422         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
7423          * code to revert this! */
7424         select->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(res_type);
7425
7426         type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(res_type);
7427         if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
7428                 select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
7429         }
7430
7431         return select;
7432 }
7433
7434 static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
7435                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos)
7436 {
7437         type_t         *expected_type      = parameter->type;
7438         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
7439         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
7440         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
7441         type_t         *arg_type           = skip_typeref(arg_expr->base.type);
7442
7443         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
7444         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
7445                         && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
7446                                 & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
7447                 declaration_t  *union_decl = expected_type_skip->compound.declaration;
7448
7449                 declaration_t *declaration = union_decl->scope.declarations;
7450                 type_t        *best_type   = NULL;
7451                 for ( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
7452                         type_t *decl_type = declaration->type;
7453                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
7454                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
7455                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
7456                                 continue;
7457
7458                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7459                                 best_type = decl_type;
7460                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
7461                                 best_type = decl_type;
7462                         }
7463                 }
7464
7465                 if (best_type != NULL) {
7466                         expected_type = best_type;
7467                 }
7468         }
7469
7470         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
7471         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression,
7472                                                     expected_type);
7473
7474         if (error != ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7475                 /* report exact scope in error messages (like "in argument 3") */
7476                 char buf[64];
7477                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
7478                 report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
7479                                                         &arg_expr->base.source_position);
7480         } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
7481                 type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
7482                 if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
7483                     !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
7484                     !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
7485                         /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
7486                         warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
7487                                 "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
7488                                 pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
7489                 }
7490         }
7491 }
7492
7493 /**
7494  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
7495  *
7496  * @param expression  the function address
7497  */
7498 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
7499 {
7500         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
7501         result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
7502
7503         call_expression_t *call = &result->call;
7504         call->function          = expression;
7505
7506         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
7507         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7508
7509         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
7510         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7511                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7512
7513                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
7514                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
7515                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
7516                 }
7517         }
7518
7519         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
7520                 errorf(HERE, "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function", expression, orig_type);
7521         }
7522
7523         /* parse arguments */
7524         eat('(');
7525         add_anchor_token(')');
7526         add_anchor_token(',');
7527
7528         if (token.type != ')') {
7529                 call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
7530
7531                 while (true) {
7532                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
7533
7534                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
7535                         if (last_argument == NULL) {
7536                                 call->arguments = argument;
7537                         } else {
7538                                 last_argument->next = argument;
7539                         }
7540                         last_argument = argument;
7541
7542                         if (token.type != ',')
7543                                 break;
7544                         next_token();
7545                 }
7546         }
7547         rem_anchor_token(',');
7548         rem_anchor_token(')');
7549         expect(')');
7550
7551         if (function_type == NULL)
7552                 return result;
7553
7554         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
7555         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
7556         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
7557                 for (unsigned pos = 0; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
7558                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
7559                         check_call_argument(parameter, argument, ++pos);
7560                 }
7561
7562                 if (parameter != NULL) {
7563                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7564                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
7565                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7566                 }
7567         }
7568
7569         /* do default promotion */
7570         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
7571                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
7572
7573                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
7574
7575                 argument->expression
7576                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
7577         }
7578
7579         check_format(&result->call);
7580
7581         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
7582             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
7583                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
7584                          "function call has aggregate value");
7585         }
7586
7587 end_error:
7588         return result;
7589 }
7590
7591 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
7592
7593 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
7594 {
7595         return
7596                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
7597                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
7598                 type1->compound.declaration == type2->compound.declaration;
7599 }
7600
7601 /**
7602  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
7603  *
7604  * @param expression  the conditional expression
7605  */
7606 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
7607 {
7608         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
7609
7610         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
7611         conditional->base.source_position = *HERE;
7612         conditional->condition            = expression;
7613
7614         eat('?');
7615         add_anchor_token(':');
7616
7617         /* 6.5.15.2 */
7618         type_t *const condition_type_orig = expression->base.type;
7619         type_t *const condition_type      = skip_typeref(condition_type_orig);
7620         if (!is_type_scalar(condition_type) && is_type_valid(condition_type)) {
7621                 type_error("expected a scalar type in conditional condition",
7622                            &expression->base.source_position, condition_type_orig);
7623         }
7624
7625         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
7626         bool          gnu_cond = false;
7627         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
7628                 gnu_cond = true;
7629         } else
7630                 true_expression = parse_expression();
7631         rem_anchor_token(':');
7632         expect(':');
7633         expression_t *false_expression =
7634                 parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
7635
7636         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
7637         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
7638         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
7639         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
7640
7641         /* 6.5.15.3 */
7642         type_t *result_type;
7643         if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7644                         is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7645                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
7646                 if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7647                         result_type = false_type;
7648                 } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7649                         result_type = true_type;
7650                 } else {
7651                         if (warning.other && (
7652                                                 !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7653                                                 !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
7654                                         )) {
7655                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7656                                                 "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
7657                         }
7658                         result_type = type_void;
7659                 }
7660         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
7661                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
7662                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
7663
7664                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7665                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7666
7667                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
7668                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
7669                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
7670         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
7671                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
7672                 result_type = true_type;
7673         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
7674                 type_t *pointer_type;
7675                 type_t *other_type;
7676                 expression_t *other_expression;
7677                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
7678                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
7679                         pointer_type     = true_type;
7680                         other_type       = false_type;
7681                         other_expression = false_expression;
7682                 } else {
7683                         pointer_type     = false_type;
7684                         other_type       = true_type;
7685                         other_expression = true_expression;
7686                 }
7687
7688                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
7689                         result_type = pointer_type;
7690                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
7691                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
7692                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
7693
7694                         type_t *to;
7695                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7696                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7697                                 to = type_void;
7698                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
7699                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
7700                                 to = to1;
7701                         } else {
7702                                 if (warning.other) {
7703                                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7704                                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
7705                                                         true_type, false_type);
7706                                 }
7707                                 to = type_void;
7708                         }
7709
7710                         type_t *const type =
7711                                 get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
7712                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7713                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
7714                         if (warning.other) {
7715                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7716                                                 "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
7717                         }
7718                         result_type = pointer_type;
7719                 } else {
7720                         if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
7721                                 type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7722                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
7723                         }
7724                         result_type = type_error_type;
7725                 }
7726         } else {
7727                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
7728                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7729                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
7730                                                 false_type);
7731                 }
7732                 result_type = type_error_type;
7733         }
7734
7735         conditional->true_expression
7736                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7737         conditional->false_expression
7738                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7739         conditional->base.type = result_type;
7740         return result;
7741 end_error:
7742         return create_invalid_expression();
7743 }
7744
7745 /**
7746  * Parse an extension expression.
7747  */
7748 static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
7749 {
7750         eat(T___extension__);
7751
7752         bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
7753         in_gcc_extension         = true;
7754         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7755         in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
7756         return expression;
7757 }
7758
7759 /**
7760  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
7761  */
7762 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
7763 {
7764         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
7765
7766         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
7767         result->base.type    = type_int;
7768
7769         expect('(');
7770         add_anchor_token(')');
7771         expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
7772         rem_anchor_token(')');
7773         expect(')');
7774         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
7775
7776         return result;
7777 end_error:
7778         return create_invalid_expression();
7779 }
7780
7781 /**
7782  * Parse a throw expression
7783  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
7784  */
7785 static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
7786 {
7787         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
7788         result->base.source_position = *HERE;
7789         result->base.type            = type_void;
7790
7791         eat(T_throw);
7792
7793         expression_t *value = NULL;
7794         switch (token.type) {
7795                 EXPRESSION_START {
7796                         value = parse_assignment_expression();
7797                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
7798                         type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
7799                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7800                         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
7801                                 errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7802                                                 "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7803                         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7804                                 type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7805                                 if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
7806                                                 !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7807                                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7808                                                         "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7809                                 }
7810                         }
7811                 }
7812
7813                 default:
7814                         break;
7815         }
7816         result->unary.value = value;
7817
7818         return result;
7819 }
7820
7821 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
7822                                      type_t *pointer_type,
7823                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
7824 {
7825         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
7826         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
7827
7828         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
7829                 if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7830                         errorf(source_position,
7831                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
7832                                orig_pointer_type);
7833                         return false;
7834                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7835                         warningf(source_position,
7836                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
7837                                  orig_pointer_type);
7838                 }
7839         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
7840                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
7841                         errorf(source_position,
7842                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
7843                                orig_pointer_type);
7844                         return false;
7845                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7846                         warningf(source_position,
7847                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
7848                                  orig_pointer_type);
7849                 }
7850         }
7851         return true;
7852 }
7853
7854 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
7855 {
7856         switch (expression->kind) {
7857         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
7858         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
7859         case EXPR_SELECT:
7860         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
7861                 return true;
7862
7863         default:
7864                 /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
7865                  * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
7866                  * lvalue. */
7867                 return !is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type));
7868         }
7869 }
7870
7871 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
7872 {
7873         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7874         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7875         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7876                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7877                                               type, orig_type)) {
7878                         return;
7879                 }
7880         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
7881                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7882                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7883                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
7884                 return;
7885         }
7886         if (!is_lvalue(expression->value)) {
7887                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7888                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "lvalue required as operand");
7889         }
7890         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7891 }
7892
7893 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
7894 {
7895         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7896         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7897         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
7898                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7899                         /* TODO: improve error message */
7900                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7901                                 "operation needs an arithmetic type");
7902                 }
7903                 return;
7904         }
7905
7906         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7907 }
7908
7909 static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
7910 {
7911         semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(expression);
7912         if (warning.traditional)
7913                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7914                         "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
7915 }
7916
7917 static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
7918 {
7919         bool regular_take_address = true;
7920         for (;;) {
7921                 if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
7922                         expr = expr->unary.value;
7923                 } else {
7924                         regular_take_address = false;
7925                 }
7926
7927                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
7928                         break;
7929
7930                 expr = expr->unary.value;
7931         }
7932
7933         if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
7934                 return NULL;
7935
7936         if (!regular_take_address &&
7937             !is_type_function(skip_typeref(expr->reference.declaration->type))) {
7938                 return NULL;
7939         }
7940
7941         return expr;
7942 }
7943
7944 static void warn_function_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
7945 {
7946         if (!warning.address)
7947                 return;
7948
7949         expr = get_reference_address(expr);
7950         if (expr != NULL) {
7951                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
7952                         "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
7953                         expr->reference.declaration->symbol);
7954         }
7955 }
7956
7957 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
7958 {
7959         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7960         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7961         if (!is_type_scalar(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
7962                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7963                        "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
7964         }
7965
7966         warn_function_address_as_bool(expression->value);
7967
7968         expression->base.type = type_int;
7969 }
7970
7971 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
7972 {
7973         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7974         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7975         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
7976                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7977                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7978                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
7979                 }
7980                 return;
7981         }
7982
7983         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7984 }
7985
7986 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
7987 {
7988         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7989         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7990         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
7991                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7992                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7993                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or array type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
7994                 }
7995                 return;
7996         }
7997
7998         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
7999         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
8000         expression->base.type = result_type;
8001 }
8002
8003 /**
8004  * Record that an address is taken (expression represents an lvalue).
8005  *
8006  * @param expression       the expression
8007  * @param may_be_register  if true, the expression might be an register
8008  */
8009 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
8010 {
8011         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8012                 return;
8013
8014         declaration_t *const declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
8015         /* happens for parse errors */
8016         if (declaration == NULL)
8017                 return;
8018
8019         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER && !may_be_register) {
8020                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8021                                 "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
8022                                 declaration->symbol);
8023         } else {
8024                 declaration->address_taken = 1;
8025         }
8026 }
8027
8028 /**
8029  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
8030  */
8031 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
8032 {
8033         expression_t *value = expression->value;
8034         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
8035
8036         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
8037         if (!is_type_valid(skip_typeref(orig_type)))
8038                 return;
8039
8040         set_address_taken(value, false);
8041
8042         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8043 }
8044
8045 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
8046 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
8047 {                                                                            \
8048         expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
8049                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
8050         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                          \
8051         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8052         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
8053                                                                                  \
8054         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
8055                                                                                  \
8056         return unary_expression;                                                 \
8057 }
8058
8059 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
8060                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
8061 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
8062                                semantic_unexpr_plus)
8063 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
8064                                semantic_not)
8065 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
8066                                semantic_dereference)
8067 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
8068                                semantic_take_addr)
8069 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
8070                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
8071 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8072                                semantic_incdec)
8073 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8074                                semantic_incdec)
8075
8076 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
8077                                                sfunc)                         \
8078 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
8079 {                                                                             \
8080         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
8081                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
8082         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                           \
8083         eat(token_type);                                                          \
8084         unary_expression->unary.value          = left;                            \
8085                                                                                   \
8086         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
8087                                                                               \
8088         return unary_expression;                                                  \
8089 }
8090
8091 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
8092                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8093                                        semantic_incdec)
8094 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
8095                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8096                                        semantic_incdec)
8097
8098 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
8099 {
8100         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
8101
8102         type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
8103         type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
8104
8105         /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
8106         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
8107                 return type_long_double;
8108         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
8109                 return type_double;
8110         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
8111                 return type_float;
8112         }
8113
8114         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8115         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8116
8117         if (type_left == type_right)
8118                 return type_left;
8119
8120         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8121         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8122         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
8123         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
8124
8125         if (signed_left == signed_right)
8126                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
8127
8128         int     s_rank;
8129         int     u_rank;
8130         type_t *s_type;
8131         type_t *u_type;
8132         if (signed_left) {
8133                 s_rank = rank_left;
8134                 s_type = type_left;
8135                 u_rank = rank_right;
8136                 u_type = type_right;
8137         } else {
8138                 s_rank = rank_right;
8139                 s_type = type_right;
8140                 u_rank = rank_left;
8141                 u_type = type_left;
8142         }
8143
8144         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
8145                 return u_type;
8146
8147         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
8148          * easier here... */
8149         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
8150                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
8151                 return s_type;
8152
8153         switch (s_rank) {
8154                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
8155                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
8156                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
8157
8158                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
8159         }
8160 }
8161
8162 /**
8163  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
8164  */
8165 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8166 {
8167         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8168         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8169         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8170         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8171         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8172         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8173
8174         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8175                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8176                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8177                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8178                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8179                 }
8180                 return;
8181         }
8182
8183         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8184         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8185         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8186         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8187 }
8188
8189 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
8190 {
8191         if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
8192             !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
8193                 return;
8194
8195         expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
8196         /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
8197         if (is_type_integer(right->base.type) &&
8198             is_constant_expression(right)     &&
8199             fold_constant(right) == 0) {
8200                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
8201         }
8202 }
8203
8204 /**
8205  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
8206  */
8207 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression) {
8208         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8209         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8210 }
8211
8212 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8213 {
8214         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8215         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8216         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8217         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8218         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8219         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8220
8221         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8222                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8223                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8224                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8225                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
8226                 }
8227                 return;
8228         }
8229
8230         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8231         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8232
8233         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
8234         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
8235         expression->base.type = type_left;
8236 }
8237
8238 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
8239 {
8240         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8241         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8242         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8243         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8244         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8245         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8246
8247         /* § 6.5.6 */
8248         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8249                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8250                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8251                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8252                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8253                 return;
8254         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8255                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8256                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8257                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8258         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
8259                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8260                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
8261                 expression->base.type = type_right;
8262         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8263                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8264                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
8265                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8266         }
8267 }
8268
8269 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
8270 {
8271         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
8272         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
8273         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8274         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8275         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8276         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8277         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
8278
8279         /* § 5.6.5 */
8280         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8281                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8282                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8283                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8284                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
8285                 return;
8286         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8287                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8288                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8289                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8290         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8291                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
8292                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
8293                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
8294                         errorf(pos,
8295                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
8296                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8297                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
8298                         if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8299                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
8300                                        orig_type_left);
8301                         } else if (warning.other) {
8302                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
8303                         }
8304                 }
8305                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
8306         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8307                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
8308                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8309         }
8310 }
8311
8312 static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
8313 {
8314         while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8315                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8316                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
8317                         return;
8318                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8319         }
8320
8321         if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL ||
8322             expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
8323                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8324                         "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
8325         }
8326 }
8327
8328 /**
8329  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
8330  *
8331  * @param expression   The expression to check.
8332  */
8333 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
8334 {
8335         expression_t *left  = expression->left;
8336         expression_t *right = expression->right;
8337
8338         if (warning.address) {
8339                 warn_string_literal_address(left);
8340                 warn_string_literal_address(right);
8341
8342                 expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
8343                 if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8344                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8345                                 "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8346                                 func_left->reference.declaration->symbol);
8347                 }
8348
8349                 expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
8350                 if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8351                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8352                                 "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8353                                 func_right->reference.declaration->symbol);
8354                 }
8355         }
8356
8357         type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8358         type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8359         type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8360         type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8361
8362         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
8363         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8364                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
8365                 if (warning.sign_compare &&
8366                     (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
8367                      expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
8368                     (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
8369
8370                         /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
8371                          * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
8372                          * the type of the other operand. */
8373                         expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
8374                         expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
8375
8376                         if (is_constant_expression(left)) {
8377                                 const_expr = left;
8378                                 other_expr = right;
8379                         } else if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
8380                                 const_expr = right;
8381                                 other_expr = left;
8382                         }
8383
8384                         if (const_expr != NULL) {
8385                                 type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
8386                                 long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
8387                                 /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
8388                                 (void) other_type;
8389                                 (void) val;
8390                         }
8391                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8392                                  "comparison between signed and unsigned");
8393                 }
8394                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8395                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8396                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8397                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
8398                 if (warning.float_equal &&
8399                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
8400                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
8401                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
8402                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8403                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
8404                 }
8405         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8406                 /* TODO check compatibility */
8407         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
8408                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
8409         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8410                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
8411         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8412                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
8413                                         &expression->base.source_position,
8414                                         type_left, type_right);
8415         }
8416         expression->base.type = type_int;
8417 }
8418
8419 /**
8420  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
8421  */
8422 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
8423 {
8424         const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
8425         const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
8426
8427         for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
8428                 if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
8429                         continue;
8430
8431                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
8432                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
8433                         return true;
8434         }
8435         /* TODO */
8436         return false;
8437 }
8438
8439 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
8440 {
8441         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
8442         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8443
8444         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
8445                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
8446                        left);
8447                 return false;
8448         }
8449
8450         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
8451                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
8452                 return false;
8453         }
8454         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
8455                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
8456                        orig_type_left);
8457                 return false;
8458         }
8459         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
8460                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
8461                        left, orig_type_left);
8462                 return false;
8463         }
8464         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
8465                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
8466                        left, orig_type_left);
8467                 return false;
8468         }
8469
8470         return true;
8471 }
8472
8473 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8474 {
8475         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
8476         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
8477         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8478         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8479
8480         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8481                 return;
8482
8483         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8484         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8485
8486         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8487                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8488                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8489                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8490                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8491                 }
8492                 return;
8493         }
8494
8495         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8496          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8497          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8498          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8499         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8500         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8501         expression->base.type   = type_left;
8502 }
8503
8504 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8505 {
8506         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
8507         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8508 }
8509
8510 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8511 {
8512         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8513         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8514         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8515         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8516         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8517         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8518
8519         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8520                 return;
8521
8522         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8523                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8524                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8525                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8526                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8527                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8528                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8529                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8530         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8531                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8532                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8533                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8534         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8535                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8536                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
8537                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8538         }
8539 }
8540
8541 /**
8542  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
8543  */
8544 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8545 {
8546         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8547         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8548         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8549         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8550         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8551         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8552
8553         warn_function_address_as_bool(left);
8554         warn_function_address_as_bool(right);
8555
8556         if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
8557                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8558                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8559                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8560                                "operation needs scalar types");
8561                 }
8562                 return;
8563         }
8564
8565         expression->base.type = type_int;
8566 }
8567
8568 /**
8569  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
8570  */
8571 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8572 {
8573         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
8574         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
8575
8576         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8577                 return;
8578
8579         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
8580         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
8581                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
8582         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
8583         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
8584 }
8585
8586 /**
8587  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
8588  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
8589  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
8590  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
8591  * Examples:
8592  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
8593  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
8594  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
8595  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
8596  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
8597  * analysis. */
8598 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
8599 {
8600         switch (expr->kind) {
8601                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
8602                 case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
8603                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
8604                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
8605                 case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
8606                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
8607                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
8608                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
8609                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
8610                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:             return false;
8611
8612                 case EXPR_CALL: {
8613                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
8614                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
8615                                 return true;
8616
8617                         switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
8618                                 case T___builtin_va_end: return true;
8619                                 default:                 return false;
8620                         }
8621                 }
8622
8623                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
8624                  * conditional expression has no effect */
8625                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
8626                         const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
8627                         return
8628                                 expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
8629                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
8630                 }
8631
8632                 case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
8633                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
8634                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
8635                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
8636                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
8637
8638                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
8639                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
8640                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
8641                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
8642                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
8643                 case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
8644                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
8645                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
8646                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
8647
8648                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
8649                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
8650                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
8651                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
8652                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
8653                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
8654                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
8655                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
8656                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
8657                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
8658
8659                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
8660                  * suppress the warning */
8661                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
8662                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8663                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
8664                 }
8665
8666                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
8667                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
8668                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:               return true;
8669
8670                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
8671                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
8672                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
8673                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
8674                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
8675                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
8676                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
8677                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
8678                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
8679                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
8680                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
8681                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
8682                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
8683                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
8684                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
8685                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
8686                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
8687                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
8688                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
8689                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
8690                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
8691                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
8692                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
8693                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
8694                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
8695                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
8696                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
8697
8698                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
8699                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
8700                  * hand side */
8701                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
8702                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
8703                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
8704                  * hand side has a separate warning */
8705                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
8706                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
8707
8708                 case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:     return true;
8709                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
8710                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
8711                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
8712                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
8713                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
8714                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
8715         }
8716
8717         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
8718 }
8719
8720 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
8721 {
8722         if (warning.unused_value) {
8723                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
8724                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
8725                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
8726                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
8727                 }
8728         }
8729         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
8730 }
8731
8732 /**
8733  * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
8734  */
8735 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
8736 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
8737 {                                                                            \
8738         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
8739         binexpr->base.source_position = *HERE;                                   \
8740         binexpr->binary.left          = left;                                    \
8741         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8742                                                                              \
8743         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
8744                                                                              \
8745         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
8746         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
8747                                                                              \
8748         return binexpr;                                                          \
8749 }
8750
8751 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8752 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8753 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8754 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
8755 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
8756 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8757 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8758 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8759 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8760 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8761 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8762 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8763 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8764 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8765 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8766 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8767 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
8768 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
8769 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
8770 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8771 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8772 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8773 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8774 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8775 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8776 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8777 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8778 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8779 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8780 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
8781
8782
8783 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
8784 {
8785         if (token.type < 0) {
8786                 return expected_expression_error();
8787         }
8788
8789         expression_parser_function_t *parser
8790                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
8791         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
8792         expression_t                 *left;
8793
8794         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
8795                 left = parser->parser();
8796         } else {
8797                 left = parse_primary_expression();
8798         }
8799         assert(left != NULL);
8800         left->base.source_position = source_position;
8801
8802         while(true) {
8803                 if (token.type < 0) {
8804                         return expected_expression_error();
8805                 }
8806
8807                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
8808                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
8809                         break;
8810                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
8811                         break;
8812
8813                 left = parser->infix_parser(left);
8814
8815                 assert(left != NULL);
8816                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
8817                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
8818         }
8819
8820         return left;
8821 }
8822
8823 /**
8824  * Parse an expression.
8825  */
8826 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
8827 {
8828         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
8829 }
8830
8831 /**
8832  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
8833  *
8834  * @param parser      the parser function
8835  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
8836  */
8837 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
8838                                        int token_type)
8839 {
8840         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
8841
8842         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
8843                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
8844                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
8845         }
8846         entry->parser = parser;
8847 }
8848
8849 /**
8850  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
8851  *
8852  * @param parser      the parser function
8853  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
8854  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
8855  */
8856 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
8857                 int token_type, unsigned precedence)
8858 {
8859         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
8860
8861         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
8862                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
8863                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
8864                       "token");
8865         }
8866         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
8867         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
8868 }
8869
8870 /**
8871  * Initialize the expression parsers.
8872  */
8873 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
8874 {
8875         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
8876
8877         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
8878         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
8879         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
8880         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
8881         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
8882         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
8883         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
8884         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
8885         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
8886         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
8887         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
8888         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
8889         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
8890         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
8891         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
8892         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
8893         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
8894         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
8895         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
8896         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
8897         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
8898         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
8899         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
8900         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
8901         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
8902         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8903         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8904         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8905         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8906         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8907         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8908         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8909         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8910         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8911         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8912         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
8913         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
8914
8915         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
8916         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
8917         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
8918         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
8919         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
8920         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
8921         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
8922         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
8923         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
8924         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
8925         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
8926         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
8927         register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
8928 }
8929
8930 /**
8931  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
8932  */
8933 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
8934 {
8935         asm_argument_t *result = NULL;
8936         asm_argument_t *last   = NULL;
8937
8938         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
8939                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
8940                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
8941
8942                 if (token.type == '[') {
8943                         eat('[');
8944                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
8945                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
8946                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
8947                                 return NULL;
8948                         }
8949                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
8950
8951                         expect(']');
8952                 }
8953
8954                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
8955                 expect('(');
8956                 add_anchor_token(')');
8957                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
8958                 rem_anchor_token(')');
8959                 if (is_out) {
8960                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
8961                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
8962                          * int -> float is not) */
8963                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
8964                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
8965                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
8966                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
8967                                         unsigned flags;
8968                                         unsigned size;
8969                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
8970                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
8971                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
8972                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
8973                                         } else {
8974                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
8975                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
8976                                         }
8977
8978                                         do {
8979                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
8980                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
8981                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
8982
8983                                                 unsigned value_flags;
8984                                                 unsigned value_size;
8985                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
8986                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
8987                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
8988                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
8989                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
8990                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
8991                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
8992                                                 } else {
8993                                                         break;
8994                                                 }
8995
8996                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
8997                                                         break;
8998
8999                                                 expression = value;
9000                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
9001                                 }
9002                         }
9003
9004                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
9005                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9006                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
9007                         }
9008
9009                         if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
9010                                 mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
9011                 } else {
9012                         mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
9013                 }
9014                 argument->expression = expression;
9015                 expect(')');
9016
9017                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
9018
9019                 if (last != NULL) {
9020                         last->next = argument;
9021                 } else {
9022                         result = argument;
9023                 }
9024                 last = argument;
9025
9026                 if (token.type != ',')
9027                         break;
9028                 eat(',');
9029         }
9030
9031         return result;
9032 end_error:
9033         return NULL;
9034 }
9035
9036 /**
9037  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
9038  */
9039 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
9040 {
9041         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
9042         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
9043
9044         while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9045                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
9046                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
9047
9048                 if (last != NULL) {
9049                         last->next = clobber;
9050                 } else {
9051                         result = clobber;
9052                 }
9053                 last = clobber;
9054
9055                 if (token.type != ',')
9056                         break;
9057                 eat(',');
9058         }
9059
9060         return result;
9061 }
9062
9063 /**
9064  * Parse an asm statement.
9065  */
9066 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
9067 {
9068         statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9069         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
9070
9071         eat(T_asm);
9072
9073         if (token.type == T_volatile) {
9074                 next_token();
9075                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9076         }
9077
9078         expect('(');
9079         add_anchor_token(')');
9080         add_anchor_token(':');
9081         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
9082
9083         if (token.type != ':') {
9084                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9085                 goto end_of_asm;
9086         }
9087         eat(':');
9088
9089         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
9090         if (token.type != ':') {
9091                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9092                 goto end_of_asm;
9093         }
9094         eat(':');
9095
9096         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
9097         if (token.type != ':') {
9098                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9099                 goto end_of_asm;
9100         }
9101         rem_anchor_token(':');
9102         eat(':');
9103
9104         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
9105
9106 end_of_asm:
9107         rem_anchor_token(')');
9108         expect(')');
9109         expect(';');
9110
9111         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
9112                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
9113                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
9114                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9115         }
9116
9117         return statement;
9118 end_error:
9119         return create_invalid_statement();
9120 }
9121
9122 /**
9123  * Parse a case statement.
9124  */
9125 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
9126 {
9127         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9128         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
9129
9130         eat(T_case);
9131
9132         expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
9133         statement->case_label.expression = expression;
9134         if (!is_constant_expression(expression)) {
9135                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9136                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9137                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9138                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))) {
9139                         errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
9140                 }
9141                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9142         } else {
9143                 long const val = fold_constant(expression);
9144                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
9145                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
9146         }
9147
9148         if (GNU_MODE) {
9149                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
9150                         next_token();
9151                         expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
9152                         statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
9153                         if (!is_constant_expression(end_range)) {
9154                                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9155                                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9156                                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9157                                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(end_range->base.type))) {
9158                                         errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
9159                                 }
9160                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9161                         } else {
9162                                 long const val = fold_constant(end_range);
9163                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
9164
9165                                 if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
9166                                         statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
9167                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
9168                                 }
9169                         }
9170                 }
9171         }
9172
9173         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9174
9175         expect(':');
9176
9177         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9178                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
9179                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
9180                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
9181                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9182                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
9183                                         continue;
9184
9185                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
9186                                         continue;
9187
9188                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
9189                                        &l->base.source_position);
9190                                 break;
9191                         }
9192                 }
9193                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9194                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9195                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9196                 } else {
9197                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9198                 }
9199                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9200         } else {
9201                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
9202         }
9203
9204         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9205         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9206         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9207                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after case label");
9208         }
9209
9210         POP_PARENT;
9211         return statement;
9212 end_error:
9213         POP_PARENT;
9214         return create_invalid_statement();
9215 }
9216
9217 /**
9218  * Parse a default statement.
9219  */
9220 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
9221 {
9222         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9223
9224         eat(T_default);
9225
9226         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9227
9228         expect(':');
9229         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9230                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
9231                 if (def_label != NULL) {
9232                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
9233                                &def_label->base.source_position);
9234                 } else {
9235                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
9236
9237                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9238                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9239                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9240                         } else {
9241                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9242                         }
9243                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9244                 }
9245         } else {
9246                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
9247                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
9248         }
9249
9250         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9251         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9252         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9253                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after default label");
9254         }
9255
9256         POP_PARENT;
9257         return statement;
9258 end_error:
9259         POP_PARENT;
9260         return create_invalid_statement();
9261 }
9262
9263 /**
9264  * Parse a label statement.
9265  */
9266 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
9267 {
9268         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
9269         symbol_t      *symbol = token.v.symbol;
9270         declaration_t *label  = get_label(symbol);
9271
9272         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
9273         statement->label.label       = label;
9274
9275         next_token();
9276
9277         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9278
9279         /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
9280          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far */
9281         if (label->init.statement != NULL) {
9282                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
9283                        symbol, &label->source_position);
9284         } else {
9285                 label->source_position = token.source_position;
9286                 label->init.statement  = statement;
9287         }
9288
9289         eat(':');
9290
9291         if (token.type == '}') {
9292                 /* TODO only warn? */
9293                 if (warning.other && false) {
9294                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
9295                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
9296                 } else {
9297                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
9298                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
9299                 }
9300         } else if (token.type == ';') {
9301                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
9302                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
9303                  * before a closing brace. */
9304                 statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
9305                 next_token();
9306         } else {
9307                 statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9308                 statement->label.statement = inner_stmt;
9309                 if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9310                         errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after label");
9311                 }
9312         }
9313
9314         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
9315         if (label_last == NULL) {
9316                 label_first = &statement->label;
9317         } else {
9318                 label_last->next = &statement->label;
9319         }
9320         label_last = &statement->label;
9321
9322         POP_PARENT;
9323         return statement;
9324 }
9325
9326 /**
9327  * Parse an if statement.
9328  */
9329 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
9330 {
9331         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
9332
9333         eat(T_if);
9334
9335         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9336
9337         add_anchor_token('{');
9338
9339         expect('(');
9340         add_anchor_token(')');
9341         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9342         statement->ifs.condition = expr;
9343         mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
9344         rem_anchor_token(')');
9345         expect(')');
9346
9347 end_error:
9348         rem_anchor_token('{');
9349
9350         add_anchor_token(T_else);
9351         statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
9352         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
9353
9354         if (token.type == T_else) {
9355                 next_token();
9356                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
9357         }
9358
9359         POP_PARENT;
9360         return statement;
9361 }
9362
9363 /**
9364  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
9365  *
9366  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
9367  */
9368 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
9369         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
9370         if (! is_type_enum(type))
9371                 return;
9372         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
9373
9374         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
9375         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
9376                 return;
9377
9378         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
9379         const declaration_t *declaration;
9380         long last_value = -1;
9381         for (declaration = enumt->declaration->next;
9382              declaration != NULL && declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
9383                  declaration = declaration->next) {
9384                 const expression_t *expression = declaration->init.enum_value;
9385                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant(expression) : last_value + 1;
9386                 bool                found      = false;
9387                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9388                         if (l->expression == NULL)
9389                                 continue;
9390                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
9391                                 found = true;
9392                                 break;
9393                         }
9394                 }
9395                 if (! found) {
9396                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9397                                 "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch", declaration->symbol);
9398                 }
9399                 last_value = value;
9400         }
9401 }
9402
9403 /**
9404  * Parse a switch statement.
9405  */
9406 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
9407 {
9408         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
9409
9410         eat(T_switch);
9411
9412         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9413
9414         expect('(');
9415         add_anchor_token(')');
9416         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9417         mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
9418         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9419         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
9420                 type = promote_integer(type);
9421                 if (warning.traditional) {
9422                         if (get_rank(type) >= get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG)) {
9423                                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9424                                         "'%T' switch expression not converted to '%T' in ISO C",
9425                                         type, type_int);
9426                         }
9427                 }
9428         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
9429                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
9430                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
9431                 type = type_error_type;
9432         }
9433         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
9434         expect(')');
9435         rem_anchor_token(')');
9436
9437         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
9438         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
9439         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
9440         current_switch          = rem;
9441
9442         if (warning.switch_default &&
9443             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
9444                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
9445         }
9446         if (warning.switch_enum)
9447                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
9448
9449         POP_PARENT;
9450         return statement;
9451 end_error:
9452         POP_PARENT;
9453         return create_invalid_statement();
9454 }
9455
9456 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
9457 {
9458         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
9459         current_loop = loop;
9460
9461         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
9462
9463         current_loop = rem;
9464         return body;
9465 }
9466
9467 /**
9468  * Parse a while statement.
9469  */
9470 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
9471 {
9472         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
9473
9474         eat(T_while);
9475
9476         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9477
9478         expect('(');
9479         add_anchor_token(')');
9480         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9481         statement->whiles.condition = cond;
9482         mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
9483         rem_anchor_token(')');
9484         expect(')');
9485
9486         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9487
9488         POP_PARENT;
9489         return statement;
9490 end_error:
9491         POP_PARENT;
9492         return create_invalid_statement();
9493 }
9494
9495 /**
9496  * Parse a do statement.
9497  */
9498 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
9499 {
9500         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
9501
9502         eat(T_do);
9503
9504         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9505
9506         add_anchor_token(T_while);
9507         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9508         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
9509
9510         expect(T_while);
9511         expect('(');
9512         add_anchor_token(')');
9513         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9514         statement->do_while.condition = cond;
9515         mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
9516         rem_anchor_token(')');
9517         expect(')');
9518         expect(';');
9519
9520         POP_PARENT;
9521         return statement;
9522 end_error:
9523         POP_PARENT;
9524         return create_invalid_statement();
9525 }
9526
9527 /**
9528  * Parse a for statement.
9529  */
9530 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
9531 {
9532         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
9533
9534         eat(T_for);
9535
9536         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9537
9538         size_t const top = environment_top();
9539         scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
9540
9541         expect('(');
9542         add_anchor_token(')');
9543
9544         if (token.type != ';') {
9545                 if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
9546                         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
9547                 } else {
9548                         add_anchor_token(';');
9549                         expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
9550                         statement->fors.initialisation = init;
9551                         mark_decls_read(init, DECL_ANY);
9552                         if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
9553                                 warningf(&init->base.source_position,
9554                                          "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9555                         }
9556                         rem_anchor_token(';');
9557                         expect(';');
9558                 }
9559         } else {
9560                 expect(';');
9561         }
9562
9563         if (token.type != ';') {
9564                 add_anchor_token(';');
9565                 expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9566                 statement->fors.condition = cond;
9567                 mark_decls_read(cond, NULL);
9568                 rem_anchor_token(';');
9569         }
9570         expect(';');
9571         if (token.type != ')') {
9572                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
9573                 statement->fors.step = step;
9574                 mark_decls_read(step, DECL_ANY);
9575                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
9576                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
9577                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9578                 }
9579         }
9580         rem_anchor_token(')');
9581         expect(')');
9582         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9583
9584         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9585         scope_pop();
9586         environment_pop_to(top);
9587
9588         POP_PARENT;
9589         return statement;
9590
9591 end_error:
9592         POP_PARENT;
9593         rem_anchor_token(')');
9594         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9595         scope_pop();
9596         environment_pop_to(top);
9597
9598         return create_invalid_statement();
9599 }
9600
9601 /**
9602  * Parse a goto statement.
9603  */
9604 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
9605 {
9606         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
9607         eat(T_goto);
9608
9609         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
9610                 next_token();
9611                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9612                 mark_decls_read(expression, NULL);
9613
9614                 /* Argh: although documentation say the expression must be of type void *,
9615                  * gcc excepts anything that can be casted into void * without error */
9616                 type_t *type = expression->base.type;
9617
9618                 if (type != type_error_type) {
9619                         if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
9620                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9621                                         "cannot convert to a pointer type");
9622                         } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
9623                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9624                                         "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
9625                         }
9626                         expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
9627                 }
9628
9629                 statement->gotos.expression = expression;
9630         } else {
9631                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9632                         if (GNU_MODE)
9633                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
9634                         else
9635                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9636                         eat_until_anchor();
9637                         goto end_error;
9638                 }
9639                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
9640                 next_token();
9641
9642                 statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
9643         }
9644
9645         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
9646         if (goto_last == NULL) {
9647                 goto_first = &statement->gotos;
9648         } else {
9649                 goto_last->next = &statement->gotos;
9650         }
9651         goto_last = &statement->gotos;
9652
9653         expect(';');
9654
9655         return statement;
9656 end_error:
9657         return create_invalid_statement();
9658 }
9659
9660 /**
9661  * Parse a continue statement.
9662  */
9663 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
9664 {
9665         if (current_loop == NULL) {
9666                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
9667         }
9668
9669         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
9670
9671         eat(T_continue);
9672         expect(';');
9673
9674 end_error:
9675         return statement;
9676 }
9677
9678 /**
9679  * Parse a break statement.
9680  */
9681 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
9682 {
9683         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
9684                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
9685         }
9686
9687         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
9688
9689         eat(T_break);
9690         expect(';');
9691
9692 end_error:
9693         return statement;
9694 }
9695
9696 /**
9697  * Parse a __leave statement.
9698  */
9699 static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
9700 {
9701         if (current_try == NULL) {
9702                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
9703         }
9704
9705         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
9706
9707         eat(T___leave);
9708         expect(';');
9709
9710 end_error:
9711         return statement;
9712 }
9713
9714 /**
9715  * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
9716  */
9717 static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
9718 {
9719         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
9720         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
9721         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
9722                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
9723                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
9724                         return false;
9725                 } else {
9726                         return true;
9727                 }
9728         }
9729         default:
9730                 return false;
9731         }
9732 }
9733
9734 /**
9735  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
9736  */
9737 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
9738 {
9739         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
9740                 return false;
9741
9742         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
9743         return !is_type_function(type);
9744 }
9745
9746 /**
9747  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
9748  */
9749 static bool is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9750 {
9751         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9752                 return false;
9753         }
9754         const declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
9755         return is_local_var_declaration(declaration);
9756 }
9757
9758 /**
9759  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
9760  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
9761  */
9762 declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9763 {
9764         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9765                 return NULL;
9766         }
9767         declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
9768         if (is_var_declaration(declaration))
9769                 return declaration;
9770         return NULL;
9771 }
9772
9773 /**
9774  * Parse a return statement.
9775  */
9776 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
9777 {
9778         eat(T_return);
9779
9780         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
9781
9782         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
9783         if (token.type != ';') {
9784                 return_value = parse_expression();
9785                 mark_decls_read(return_value, NULL);
9786         }
9787
9788         const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
9789         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
9790         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
9791
9792         if (return_value != NULL) {
9793                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
9794
9795                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type,        ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
9796                                 !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9797                         if (warning.other) {
9798                                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9799                                                 "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
9800                         }
9801                         return_value = NULL;
9802                 } else {
9803                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
9804                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
9805                                             &statement->base.source_position);
9806                         return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
9807                 }
9808                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
9809                 if (warning.other        &&
9810                                 return_value != NULL &&
9811                                 return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
9812                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
9813                         if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
9814                                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9815                                          "function returns address of local variable");
9816                         }
9817                 }
9818         } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9819                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9820                                 "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
9821         }
9822         statement->returns.value = return_value;
9823
9824         expect(';');
9825
9826 end_error:
9827         return statement;
9828 }
9829
9830 /**
9831  * Parse a declaration statement.
9832  */
9833 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
9834 {
9835         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
9836
9837         declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
9838         if (GNU_MODE)
9839                 parse_external_declaration();
9840         else
9841                 parse_declaration(record_declaration);
9842
9843         if (before == NULL) {
9844                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
9845         } else {
9846                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
9847         }
9848         statement->declaration.declarations_end = last_declaration;
9849
9850         return statement;
9851 }
9852
9853 /**
9854  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
9855  */
9856 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
9857 {
9858         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
9859
9860         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
9861         statement->expression.expression = expr;
9862         mark_decls_read(expr, DECL_ANY);
9863
9864         expect(';');
9865
9866 end_error:
9867         return statement;
9868 }
9869
9870 /**
9871  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
9872  * __try{ } __except() { }
9873  */
9874 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
9875 {
9876         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
9877         eat(T___try);
9878
9879         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9880
9881         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
9882         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
9883         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9884         current_try = rem;
9885
9886         POP_PARENT;
9887
9888         if (token.type == T___except) {
9889                 eat(T___except);
9890                 expect('(');
9891                 add_anchor_token(')');
9892                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9893                 mark_decls_read(expr, NULL);
9894                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9895                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
9896                         type = promote_integer(type);
9897                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
9898                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
9899                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
9900                         type = type_error_type;
9901                 }
9902                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
9903                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9904                 expect(')');
9905                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9906         } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
9907                 eat(T___finally);
9908                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9909         } else {
9910                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
9911                 return create_invalid_statement();
9912         }
9913         return statement;
9914 end_error:
9915         return create_invalid_statement();
9916 }
9917
9918 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
9919 {
9920         if (warning.empty_statement) {
9921                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
9922         }
9923         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
9924         eat(';');
9925         return statement;
9926 }
9927
9928 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void) {
9929         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
9930
9931         eat(T___label__);
9932
9933         declaration_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
9934
9935         while (true) {
9936                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9937                         parse_error_expected("while parsing local label declaration",
9938                                 T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9939                         goto end_error;
9940                 }
9941                 symbol_t      *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
9942                 declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL);
9943                 if (declaration != NULL) {
9944                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
9945                                 symbol, &declaration->source_position);
9946                 } else {
9947                         declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
9948                         declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL;
9949                         declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
9950                         declaration->symbol          = symbol;
9951                         declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
9952                         declaration->init.statement  = NULL;
9953
9954                         if (end != NULL)
9955                                 end->next = declaration;
9956                         end = declaration;
9957                         if (begin == NULL)
9958                                 begin = declaration;
9959
9960                         local_label_push(declaration);
9961                 }
9962                 next_token();
9963
9964                 if (token.type != ',')
9965                         break;
9966                 next_token();
9967         }
9968         eat(';');
9969 end_error:
9970         statement->declaration.declarations_begin = begin;
9971         statement->declaration.declarations_end   = end;
9972         return statement;
9973 }
9974
9975 /**
9976  * Parse a statement.
9977  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
9978  * "statement has no effect" warnings
9979  */
9980 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
9981 {
9982         statement_t *statement = NULL;
9983
9984         /* declaration or statement */
9985         add_anchor_token(';');
9986         switch (token.type) {
9987         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
9988                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
9989                 if (la1_type == ':') {
9990                         statement = parse_label_statement();
9991                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
9992                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
9993                 } else switch (la1_type) {
9994                         case '*':
9995                                 if (get_declaration(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
9996                                         goto expression_statment;
9997                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
9998
9999                         DECLARATION_START
10000                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10001                                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10002                                 break;
10003
10004                         default:
10005 expression_statment:
10006                                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10007                                 break;
10008                 }
10009                 break;
10010         }
10011
10012         case T___extension__:
10013                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
10014                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
10015                 do {
10016                         next_token();
10017                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
10018                 bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
10019                 in_gcc_extension       = true;
10020                 statement = parse_statement();
10021                 in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
10022                 break;
10023
10024         DECLARATION_START
10025                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10026                 break;
10027
10028         case T___label__:
10029                 statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
10030                 break;
10031
10032         case ';':        statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
10033         case '{':        statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
10034         case T___leave:  statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
10035         case T___try:    statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
10036         case T_asm:      statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
10037         case T_break:    statement = parse_break();                   break;
10038         case T_case:     statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
10039         case T_continue: statement = parse_continue();                break;
10040         case T_default:  statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
10041         case T_do:       statement = parse_do();                      break;
10042         case T_for:      statement = parse_for();                     break;
10043         case T_goto:     statement = parse_goto();                    break;
10044         case T_if:       statement = parse_if();                      break;
10045         case T_return:   statement = parse_return();                  break;
10046         case T_switch:   statement = parse_switch();                  break;
10047         case T_while:    statement = parse_while();                   break;
10048
10049         EXPRESSION_START
10050                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10051                 break;
10052
10053         default:
10054                 errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
10055                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
10056                 if (!at_anchor())
10057                         next_token();
10058                 break;
10059         }
10060         rem_anchor_token(';');
10061
10062         assert(statement != NULL
10063                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
10064
10065         return statement;
10066 }
10067
10068 /**
10069  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
10070  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
10071  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
10072  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
10073  */
10074 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
10075 {
10076         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
10077
10078         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
10079                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
10080                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10081                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10082                                         "statement has no effect");
10083                 }
10084         }
10085
10086         return statement;
10087 }
10088
10089 /**
10090  * Parse a compound statement.
10091  */
10092 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
10093 {
10094         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10095
10096         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10097
10098         eat('{');
10099         add_anchor_token('}');
10100
10101         size_t const top       = environment_top();
10102         size_t const top_local = local_label_top();
10103         scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
10104
10105         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
10106         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
10107         while (token.type != '}') {
10108                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
10109                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
10110                                "EOF while parsing compound statement");
10111                         break;
10112                 }
10113                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
10114                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
10115                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
10116                         if (at_anchor())
10117                                 goto end_error;
10118                         continue;
10119                 }
10120
10121                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
10122                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10123                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
10124                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
10125                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
10126                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
10127                         }
10128                 }
10129
10130                 *anchor = sub_statement;
10131
10132                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
10133                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
10134
10135                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
10136         }
10137         next_token();
10138
10139         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
10140         if (warning.unused_value) {
10141                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
10142                 for( ; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
10143                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
10144                                 continue;
10145                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
10146                          * statement as it has always an effect */
10147                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
10148                                 continue;
10149
10150                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
10151                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10152                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10153                                          "statement has no effect");
10154                         }
10155                 }
10156         }
10157
10158 end_error:
10159         rem_anchor_token('}');
10160         assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
10161         scope_pop();
10162         environment_pop_to(top);
10163         local_label_pop_to(top_local);
10164
10165         POP_PARENT;
10166         return statement;
10167 }
10168
10169 /**
10170  * Initialize builtin types.
10171  */
10172 static void initialize_builtin_types(void)
10173 {
10174         type_intmax_t    = make_global_typedef("__intmax_t__",      type_long_long);
10175         type_size_t      = make_global_typedef("__SIZE_TYPE__",     type_unsigned_long);
10176         type_ssize_t     = make_global_typedef("__SSIZE_TYPE__",    type_long);
10177         type_ptrdiff_t   = make_global_typedef("__PTRDIFF_TYPE__",  type_long);
10178         type_uintmax_t   = make_global_typedef("__uintmax_t__",     type_unsigned_long_long);
10179         type_uptrdiff_t  = make_global_typedef("__UPTRDIFF_TYPE__", type_unsigned_long);
10180         type_wchar_t     = make_global_typedef("__WCHAR_TYPE__",    opt_short_wchar_t ? type_unsigned_short : type_int);
10181         type_wint_t      = make_global_typedef("__WINT_TYPE__",     type_int);
10182
10183         type_intmax_t_ptr  = make_pointer_type(type_intmax_t,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10184         type_ptrdiff_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_ptrdiff_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10185         type_ssize_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_ssize_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10186         type_wchar_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_wchar_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10187
10188         /* const version of wchar_t */
10189         type_const_wchar_t = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
10190         type_const_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration  = type_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration;
10191         type_const_wchar_t->base.qualifiers      |= TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST;
10192
10193         type_const_wchar_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_const_wchar_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10194 }
10195
10196 /**
10197  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
10198  */
10199 static void check_unused_globals(void)
10200 {
10201         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
10202                 return;
10203
10204         for (const declaration_t *decl = file_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
10205                 if (decl->used                  ||
10206                     decl->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
10207                     decl->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
10208                     decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
10209                         continue;
10210
10211                 type_t *const type = decl->type;
10212                 const char *s;
10213                 if (is_type_function(skip_typeref(type))) {
10214                         if (!warning.unused_function || decl->is_inline)
10215                                 continue;
10216
10217                         s = (decl->init.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared");
10218                 } else {
10219                         if (!warning.unused_variable)
10220                                 continue;
10221
10222                         s = "defined";
10223                 }
10224
10225                 warningf(&decl->source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
10226                         type, decl->symbol, s);
10227         }
10228 }
10229
10230 static void parse_global_asm(void)
10231 {
10232         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
10233
10234         eat(T_asm);
10235         expect('(');
10236
10237         statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
10238         statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
10239         unit->global_asm         = statement;
10240
10241         expect(')');
10242         expect(';');
10243
10244 end_error:;
10245 }
10246
10247 /**
10248  * Parse a translation unit.
10249  */
10250 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
10251 {
10252         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10253
10254 #ifndef NDEBUG
10255         unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
10256         memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
10257 #endif
10258         for (;;) {
10259 #ifndef NDEBUG
10260                 bool anchor_leak = false;
10261                 for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
10262                         unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
10263                         if (count != 0) {
10264                                 errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
10265                                 anchor_leak = true;
10266                         }
10267                 }
10268                 if (in_gcc_extension) {
10269                         errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
10270                         anchor_leak = true;
10271                 }
10272
10273                 if (anchor_leak)
10274                         abort();
10275 #endif
10276
10277                 switch (token.type) {
10278                         DECLARATION_START
10279                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10280                         case T___extension__:
10281                                 parse_external_declaration();
10282                                 break;
10283
10284                         case T_asm:
10285                                 parse_global_asm();
10286                                 break;
10287
10288                         case T_EOF:
10289                                 rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10290                                 return;
10291
10292                         case ';':
10293                                 if (!strict_mode) {
10294                                         if (warning.other)
10295                                                 warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
10296                                         next_token();
10297                                         break;
10298                                 }
10299                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
10300
10301                         default:
10302                                 errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
10303                                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
10304                                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
10305                                 next_token();
10306                                 break;
10307                 }
10308         }
10309 }
10310
10311 /**
10312  * Parse the input.
10313  *
10314  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
10315  */
10316 void start_parsing(void)
10317 {
10318         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10319         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10320         local_label_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10321         diagnostic_count  = 0;
10322         error_count       = 0;
10323         warning_count     = 0;
10324
10325         type_set_output(stderr);
10326         ast_set_output(stderr);
10327
10328         assert(unit == NULL);
10329         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
10330
10331         assert(file_scope == NULL);
10332         file_scope = &unit->scope;
10333
10334         assert(scope == NULL);
10335         scope_push(&unit->scope);
10336
10337         initialize_builtin_types();
10338 }
10339
10340 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
10341 {
10342         /* do NOT use scope_pop() here, this will crash, will it by hand */
10343         assert(scope == &unit->scope);
10344         scope            = NULL;
10345         last_declaration = NULL;
10346
10347         assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
10348         check_unused_globals();
10349         file_scope = NULL;
10350
10351         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
10352         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
10353         DEL_ARR_F(local_label_stack);
10354
10355         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
10356         unit = NULL;
10357         return result;
10358 }
10359
10360 void parse(void)
10361 {
10362         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
10363         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
10364                 next_token();
10365         }
10366         parse_translation_unit();
10367 }
10368
10369 /**
10370  * Initialize the parser.
10371  */
10372 void init_parser(void)
10373 {
10374         sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
10375
10376         if (c_mode & _MS) {
10377                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
10378                 sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
10379                 sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
10380                 sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
10381                 sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
10382                 sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
10383                 sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
10384                 sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
10385                 sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
10386                 sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
10387                 sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
10388                 sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
10389                 sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
10390                 sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
10391                 sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
10392                 sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
10393                 sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
10394                 sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
10395                 sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
10396         }
10397         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
10398
10399         init_expression_parsers();
10400         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
10401
10402         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
10403         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
10404 }
10405
10406 /**
10407  * Terminate the parser.
10408  */
10409 void exit_parser(void)
10410 {
10411         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
10412 }