nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "lang_features.h"
  37 #include "warning.h"
  38 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40 #include "adt/array.h"
  41
  42 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  43 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
  44
  45 typedef struct {
  46         declaration_t *old_declaration;
  47         symbol_t      *symbol;
  48         unsigned short namespc;
  49 } stack_entry_t;
  50
  51 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  52 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  53         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;
  54         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  55         bool                 invalid;
  56         bool                 have_arguments;
  57         union {
  58                 size_t   value;
  59                 string_t string;
  60         } u;
  61 };
  62
  63 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  64 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  65         source_position_t  source_position;
  66         unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
  67         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  68         unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
  69         unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
  70         decl_modifiers_t   decl_modifiers;    /**< MS __declspec extended modifier mask */
  71         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  72         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  73         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  74         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  75         type_t            *type;
  76 };
  77
  78 /**
  79  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  80  */
  81 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  82         type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  83                                          array type with unspecified size this gets
  84                                          adjusted to the actual size. */
  85         declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
  86         bool           must_be_constant;
  87 } parse_initializer_env_t;
  88
  89 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration);
  90
  91 static token_t             token;
  92 static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
  93 static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
  94 static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
  95 static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
  96 static scope_t            *global_scope      = NULL;
  97 static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
  98 static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
  99 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 100 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
 101 static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
 102 static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
 103 static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 104 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 105 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 106 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
 107 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 108
 109 static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
 110
 111 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 112 static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
 113 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
 114 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
 115 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
 116 static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
 117 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
 118 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
 119 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
 120 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
 121 static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
 122 static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
 123 static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
 124 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
 125 static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
 126 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
 127 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
 128 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
 129 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
 130
 131 /** The token anchor set */
 132 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 133
 134 /** The current source position. */
 135 #define HERE &token.source_position
 136
 137 static type_t *type_valist;
 138
 139 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 140 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 141
 142 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
 143 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 144 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 145
 146 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
 147 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
 148                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
 149 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
 150
 151 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 152
 153 #define STORAGE_CLASSES     \
 154         case T_typedef:         \
 155         case T_extern:          \
 156         case T_static:          \
 157         case T_auto:            \
 158         case T_register:
 159
 160 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 161         case T_const:           \
 162         case T_restrict:        \
 163         case T_volatile:        \
 164         case T_inline:          \
 165         case T__forceinline:
 166
 167 #ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 168 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 169         case T__Complex:
 170 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 171         case T__Imaginary:
 172 #else
 173 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS
 174 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 175 #endif
 176
 177 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 178         case T_void:              \
 179         case T_char:              \
 180         case T_short:             \
 181         case T_int:               \
 182         case T_long:              \
 183         case T_float:             \
 184         case T_double:            \
 185         case T_signed:            \
 186         case T_unsigned:          \
 187         case T__Bool:             \
 188         case T_struct:            \
 189         case T_union:             \
 190         case T_enum:              \
 191         case T___typeof__:        \
 192         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 193         case T__declspec:         \
 194         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 195         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 196
 197 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 198         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 199         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 200         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 201
 202 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 203         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 204         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 205
 206 /**
 207  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 208  * initialize all fields with zero.
 209  */
 210 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 211 {
 212         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 213         memset(res, 0, size);
 214         return res;
 215 }
 216
 217 static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 218 {
 219         declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
 220         declaration->type      = type_error_type;
 221         declaration->alignment = 0;
 222         return declaration;
 223 }
 224
 225 /**
 226  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 227  *
 228  * @param kind  the statement kind
 229  */
 230 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 231 {
 232         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 233                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 234                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 235                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 236                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 237                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 238                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 239                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 240                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 241                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 242                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 243                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 244                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 245                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 246                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 247                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 248                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 249                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 250                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 251                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 252         };
 253         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 254         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 255         return sizes[kind];
 256 }
 257
 258 /**
 259  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 260  *
 261  * @param kind  the expression kind
 262  */
 263 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 264 {
 265         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 266                 [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 267                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 268                 [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 269                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 270                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 271                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 272                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 273                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 274                 [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 275                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 276                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 277                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 278                 [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 279                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 280                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 281                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 282                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 283                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 284                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
 285                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 286                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
 287                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 288                 [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 289                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 290                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 291         };
 292         if(kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 293                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 294         }
 295         if(kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 296                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 297         }
 298         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 299         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 300         return sizes[kind];
 301 }
 302
 303 /**
 304  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 305  * fields with zero.
 306  */
 307 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 308 {
 309         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 310         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 311
 312         res->base.kind = kind;
 313         return res;
 314 }
 315
 316 /**
 317  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 318  * fields with zero.
 319  */
 320 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 321 {
 322         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 323         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 324
 325         res->base.kind = kind;
 326         res->base.type = type_error_type;
 327         return res;
 328 }
 329
 330 /**
 331  * Creates a new invalid expression.
 332  */
 333 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 334 {
 335         expression_t *expression         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 336         expression->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 337         return expression;
 338 }
 339
 340 /**
 341  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 342  */
 343 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 344 {
 345         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 346         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 347         return statement;
 348 }
 349
 350 /**
 351  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 352  */
 353 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 354 {
 355         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 356         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 357         return statement;
 358 }
 359
 360 /**
 361  * Returns the size of a type node.
 362  *
 363  * @param kind  the type kind
 364  */
 365 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 366 {
 367         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 368                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 369                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 370                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 371                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 372                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 373                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 374                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 375                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 376                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 377                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 378                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 379                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 380                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 381         };
 382         assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 383         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 384         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 385         return sizes[kind];
 386 }
 387
 388 /**
 389  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 390  * fields with zero.
 391  */
 392 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind, const source_position_t *source_position)
 393 {
 394         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 395         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 396         memset(res, 0, size);
 397
 398         res->base.kind            = kind;
 399         res->base.source_position = *source_position;
 400         return res;
 401 }
 402
 403 /**
 404  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 405  *
 406  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 407  */
 408 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 409 {
 410         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 411                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 412                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 413                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 414                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 415                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 416         };
 417         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
 418         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 419         return sizes[kind];
 420 }
 421
 422 /**
 423  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 424  * fields with zero.
 425  */
 426 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 427 {
 428         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 429         result->kind          = kind;
 430
 431         return result;
 432 }
 433
 434 /**
 435  * Free a type from the type obstack.
 436  */
 437 static void free_type(void *type)
 438 {
 439         obstack_free(type_obst, type);
 440 }
 441
 442 /**
 443  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 444  */
 445 static size_t environment_top(void)
 446 {
 447         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 448 }
 449
 450 /**
 451  * Returns the index of the top element of the label stack.
 452  */
 453 static size_t label_top(void)
 454 {
 455         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 456 }
 457
 458 /**
 459  * Return the next token.
 460  */
 461 static inline void next_token(void)
 462 {
 463         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 464         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 465         lexer_next_token();
 466
 467         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos+1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 468
 469 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 470         print_token(stderr, &token);
 471         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 472 #endif
 473 }
 474
 475 /**
 476  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 477  */
 478 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
 479 {
 480         assert(num > 0 && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 481         int pos = (lookahead_bufpos+num-1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 482         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 483 }
 484
 485 /**
 486  * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 487  */
 488 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type) {
 489         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 490         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 491 }
 492
 493 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type) {
 494         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 495         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 496         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 497         return count;
 498 }
 499
 500 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count) {
 501         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 502         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 503 }
 504
 505 /**
 506  * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 507  */
 508 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type) {
 509         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 510         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 511 }
 512
 513 static bool at_anchor(void) {
 514         if(token.type < 0)
 515                 return false;
 516         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 517 }
 518
 519 /**
 520  * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
 521  */
 522 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type) {
 523         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 524         unsigned brace_count = 0;
 525         unsigned bracket_count = 0;
 526         int end_token = type;
 527
 528         if(type == '(')
 529                 end_token = ')';
 530         else if(type == '{')
 531                 end_token = '}';
 532         else if(type == '[')
 533                 end_token = ']';
 534
 535         while(token.type != end_token ||
 536               (parenthesis_count > 0 || brace_count > 0 || bracket_count > 0)) {
 537
 538                 switch(token.type) {
 539                 case T_EOF: return;
 540                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 541                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 542                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 543                 case ')':
 544                         if(parenthesis_count > 0)
 545                                 --parenthesis_count;
 546                         break;
 547                 case '}':
 548                         if(brace_count > 0)
 549                                 --brace_count;
 550                         break;
 551                 case ']':
 552                         if(bracket_count > 0)
 553                                 --bracket_count;
 554                         break;
 555                 default:
 556                         break;
 557                 }
 558                 next_token();
 559         }
 560 }
 561
 562 /**
 563  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 564  */
 565 static void eat_until_anchor(void) {
 566         if(token.type == T_EOF)
 567                 return;
 568         while(token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 569                 if(token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 570                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 571                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
 572                         break;
 573                 next_token();
 574         }
 575 }
 576
 577 static void eat_block(void) {
 578         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 579         if(token.type == '}')
 580                 next_token();
 581 }
 582
 583 /**
 584  * eat all token until a ';' is reached or a stop token is found.
 585  */
 586 static void eat_statement(void) {
 587         eat_until_matching_token(';');
 588         if(token.type == ';')
 589                 next_token();
 590 }
 591
 592 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while(0)
 593
 594 /**
 595  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 596  */
 597 static
 598 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 599 __attribute__((sentinel))
 600 #endif
 601 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 602 {
 603         if(message != NULL) {
 604                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 605         }
 606         va_list ap;
 607         va_start(ap, message);
 608         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 609         va_end(ap);
 610 }
 611
 612 /**
 613  * Report a type error.
 614  */
 615 static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position,
 616                        type_t *type)
 617 {
 618         errorf(source_position, "%s, but found type '%T'", msg, type);
 619 }
 620
 621 /**
 622  * Report an incompatible type.
 623  */
 624 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 625                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 626 {
 627         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 628                msg, type1, type2);
 629 }
 630
 631 /**
 632  * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
 633  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 634  * and goto the end_error label.
 635  */
 636 #define expect(expected)                              \
 637         do {                                              \
 638     if(UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {          \
 639         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 640                 add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 641         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 642         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 643                 next_token();                             \
 644                 rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 645         goto end_error;                               \
 646     }                                                 \
 647     next_token();                                     \
 648         } while(0)
 649
 650 static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
 651 {
 652         if(scope != NULL) {
 653                 scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
 654         }
 655         scope = new_scope;
 656
 657         last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 658 }
 659
 660 /**
 661  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
 662  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
 663  */
 664 static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 665                                       const namespace_t namespc)
 666 {
 667         declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 668         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
 669                 if(declaration->namespc == namespc)
 670                         return declaration;
 671         }
 672
 673         return NULL;
 674 }
 675
 676 /**
 677  * pushs an environment_entry on the environment stack and links the
 678  * corresponding symbol to the new entry
 679  */
 680 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
 681 {
 682         symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
 683         namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 684
 685         /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
 686         declaration_t *iter = symbol->declaration;
 687         if (iter == NULL) {
 688                 symbol->declaration = declaration;
 689         } else {
 690                 declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
 691                 for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 692                         /* replace an entry? */
 693                         if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
 694                                 if(iter_last == NULL) {
 695                                         symbol->declaration = declaration;
 696                                 } else {
 697                                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 698                                 }
 699                                 declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 700                                 break;
 701                         }
 702                 }
 703                 if(iter == NULL) {
 704                         assert(iter_last->symbol_next == NULL);
 705                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 706                 }
 707         }
 708
 709         /* remember old declaration */
 710         stack_entry_t entry;
 711         entry.symbol          = symbol;
 712         entry.old_declaration = iter;
 713         entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
 714         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 715 }
 716
 717 static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 718 {
 719         assert(declaration->source_position.input_name != NULL);
 720         assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
 721         stack_push(&environment_stack, declaration);
 722 }
 723
 724 static void label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 725 {
 726         declaration->parent_scope = &current_function->scope;
 727         stack_push(&label_stack, declaration);
 728 }
 729
 730 /**
 731  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 732  */
 733 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 734 {
 735         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 736         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 737         size_t         i;
 738
 739         assert(new_top <= top);
 740         if(new_top == top)
 741                 return;
 742
 743         for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 744                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 745
 746                 declaration_t *old_declaration = entry->old_declaration;
 747                 symbol_t      *symbol          = entry->symbol;
 748                 namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
 749
 750                 /* replace/remove declaration */
 751                 declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 752                 assert(declaration != NULL);
 753                 if(declaration->namespc == namespc) {
 754                         if(old_declaration == NULL) {
 755                                 symbol->declaration = declaration->symbol_next;
 756                         } else {
 757                                 symbol->declaration = old_declaration;
 758                         }
 759                 } else {
 760                         declaration_t *iter_last = declaration;
 761                         declaration_t *iter      = declaration->symbol_next;
 762                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 763                                 /* replace an entry? */
 764                                 if(iter->namespc == namespc) {
 765                                         assert(iter_last != NULL);
 766                                         iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
 767                                         if(old_declaration != NULL) {
 768                                                 old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 769                                         }
 770                                         break;
 771                                 }
 772                         }
 773                         assert(iter != NULL);
 774                 }
 775         }
 776
 777         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 778 }
 779
 780 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 781 {
 782         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 783 }
 784
 785 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 786 {
 787         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 788 }
 789
 790
 791 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 792 {
 793         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 794         /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
 795          * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
 796          * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
 797          * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
 798          *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
 799         if(type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 800                 return ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
 801
 802         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 803         return type->atomic.akind;
 804 }
 805
 806 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 807 {
 808         if(type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 809                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 810
 811         if(get_rank(type) < ATOMIC_TYPE_INT)
 812                 type = type_int;
 813
 814         return type;
 815 }
 816
 817 /**
 818  * Create a cast expression.
 819  *
 820  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 821  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 822  */
 823 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 824                                             type_t *dest_type)
 825 {
 826         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 827
 828         cast->unary.value = expression;
 829         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 830
 831         return cast;
 832 }
 833
 834 /**
 835  * Check if a given expression represents the 0 pointer constant.
 836  */
 837 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 838 {
 839         /* skip void* cast */
 840         if(expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
 841                         || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 842                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 843         }
 844
 845         /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
 846          * which evaluates to 0 */
 847         if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
 848                 return false;
 849
 850         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 851         if (!is_type_integer(type))
 852                 return false;
 853
 854         return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
 855 }
 856
 857 /**
 858  * Create an implicit cast expression.
 859  *
 860  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 861  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 862  */
 863 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
 864                                           type_t *dest_type)
 865 {
 866         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
 867
 868         if (source_type == dest_type)
 869                 return expression;
 870
 871         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
 872 }
 873
 874 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
 875 static type_t *semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
 876                             const expression_t *const right,
 877                             const char *context,
 878                             const source_position_t *source_position)
 879 {
 880         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 881         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 882         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 883
 884         if(is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
 885                 if(is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
 886                         return orig_type_left;
 887                 } else if(is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
 888                         type_t *points_to_left
 889                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
 890                         type_t *points_to_right
 891                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
 892
 893                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
 894                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
 895                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
 896                         if(missing_qualifiers != 0) {
 897                                 errorf(source_position,
 898                                                 "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointed-to type", type_left, context, type_right, missing_qualifiers);
 899                                 return orig_type_left;
 900                         }
 901
 902                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
 903                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
 904
 905                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
 906                                         is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
 907                                 return orig_type_left;
 908                         }
 909
 910                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
 911                                 warningf(source_position,
 912                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
 913                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
 914                         }
 915
 916                         return orig_type_left;
 917                 } else if(is_type_integer(type_right)) {
 918                         warningf(source_position,
 919                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
 920                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 921                         return orig_type_left;
 922                 }
 923         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
 924             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
 925                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
 926                 return orig_type_left;
 927         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
 928                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
 929                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
 930                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
 931                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
 932                         return orig_type_left;
 933                 }
 934         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
 935                 warningf(source_position,
 936                                 "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
 937                                 context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 938                 return orig_type_left;
 939         }
 940
 941         if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
 942                 return type_left;
 943
 944         if (!is_type_valid(type_right))
 945                 return orig_type_right;
 946
 947         return NULL;
 948 }
 949
 950 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
 951 {
 952         /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
 953         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
 954
 955         if(!is_constant_expression(result)) {
 956                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
 957                        "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
 958         }
 959
 960         return result;
 961 }
 962
 963 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
 964 {
 965         /* start parsing at precedence 2 (assignment expression) */
 966         return parse_sub_expression(2);
 967 }
 968
 969 static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
 970 {
 971         symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
 972
 973         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
 974         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
 975         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
 976         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
 977         declaration->type                   = type;
 978         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
 979         declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
 980
 981         record_declaration(declaration);
 982
 983         type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
 984         typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
 985
 986         return typedef_type;
 987 }
 988
 989 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
 990 {
 991         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
 992         string_t result = token.v.string;
 993
 994         next_token();
 995
 996         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
 997                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
 998                 next_token();
 999         }
1000
1001         return result;
1002 }
1003
1004 static const char *gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1005         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1006         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1007         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1008         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1009         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1010         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1011         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1012         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1013         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1014         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1015         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1016         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1017         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1018         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1019         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1020         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1021         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1022         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "coommon",
1023         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1024         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1025         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1026         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1027         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1028         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1029         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1030         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1031         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1032         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1033         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1034         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1035         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1036         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]                              = "interrupt",
1037         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1038         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1039         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1040         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1041         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1042         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1043         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1044         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1045         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1046         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1047         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1048         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1049         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1050         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1051         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1052         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1053         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1054         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1055         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1056         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1057         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1058         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1059         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1060         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1061         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1062         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1063         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1064         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1065         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1066         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1067         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1068         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1069         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1070 };
1071
1072 /**
1073  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1074  */
1075 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
1076         if(s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1077                 s2 += 2;
1078                 size_t l1 = strlen(s1);
1079                 if(l1 + 2 != strlen(s2)) {
1080                         /* not equal */
1081                         return 1;
1082                 }
1083                 return strncmp(s1, s2, l1);
1084         }
1085         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1086 }
1087
1088 /**
1089  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute.
1090  */
1091 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind) {
1092         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1093         attribute->kind            = kind;
1094         attribute->next            = NULL;
1095         attribute->invalid         = false;
1096         attribute->have_arguments  = false;
1097
1098         return attribute;
1099         return attribute;
1100 }
1101
1102 /**
1103  * parse one constant expression argument.
1104  */
1105 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1106         expression_t *expression;
1107         add_anchor_token(')');
1108         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1109         rem_anchor_token(')');
1110         expect(')');
1111         (void)expression;
1112         return;
1113 end_error:
1114         attribute->invalid = true;
1115 }
1116
1117 /**
1118  * parse a list of constant expressions arguments.
1119  */
1120 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1121         expression_t *expression;
1122         add_anchor_token(')');
1123         add_anchor_token(',');
1124         while(true){
1125                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1126                 if(token.type != ',')
1127                         break;
1128                 next_token();
1129         }
1130         rem_anchor_token(',');
1131         rem_anchor_token(')');
1132         expect(')');
1133         (void)expression;
1134         return;
1135 end_error:
1136         attribute->invalid = true;
1137 }
1138
1139 /**
1140  * parse one string literal argument.
1141  */
1142 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1143                                            string_t *string)
1144 {
1145         add_anchor_token('(');
1146         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1147                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1148                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1149                 goto end_error;
1150         }
1151         *string = parse_string_literals();
1152         rem_anchor_token('(');
1153         expect(')');
1154         return;
1155 end_error:
1156         attribute->invalid = true;
1157 }
1158
1159 /**
1160  * parse one tls model.
1161  */
1162 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1163         static const char *tls_models[] = {
1164                 "global-dynamic",
1165                 "local-dynamic",
1166                 "initial-exec",
1167                 "local-exec"
1168         };
1169         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1170         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1171         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1172                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1173                         if(strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1174                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1175                                 return;
1176                         }
1177                 }
1178         }
1179         errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1180         attribute->invalid = true;
1181 }
1182
1183 /**
1184  * parse one tls model.
1185  */
1186 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1187         static const char *visibilities[] = {
1188                 "default",
1189                 "protected",
1190                 "hidden",
1191                 "internal"
1192         };
1193         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1194         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1195         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1196                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1197                         if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1198                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1199                                 return;
1200                         }
1201                 }
1202         }
1203         errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1204         attribute->invalid = true;
1205 }
1206
1207 /**
1208  * parse one (code) model.
1209  */
1210 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1211         static const char *visibilities[] = {
1212                 "small",
1213                 "medium",
1214                 "large"
1215         };
1216         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1217         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1218         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1219                 for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1220                         if(strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1221                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1222                                 return;
1223                         }
1224                 }
1225         }
1226         errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1227         attribute->invalid = true;
1228 }
1229
1230 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1231 {
1232         /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
1233
1234         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
1235          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
1236         add_anchor_token(')');
1237         expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
1238         rem_anchor_token(')');
1239         expect(')');
1240         return;
1241 end_error:
1242         attribute->invalid = true;
1243 }
1244
1245 /**
1246  * parse one interrupt argument.
1247  */
1248 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1249         static const char *interrupts[] = {
1250                 "IRQ",
1251                 "FIQ",
1252                 "SWI",
1253                 "ABORT",
1254                 "UNDEF"
1255         };
1256         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1257         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1258         if(string.begin != NULL) {
1259                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1260                         if(strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1261                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1262                                 return;
1263                         }
1264                 }
1265         }
1266         errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an interrupt", string.begin);
1267         attribute->invalid = true;
1268 }
1269
1270 /**
1271  * parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1272  */
1273 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute) {
1274         static const char *format_names[] = {
1275                 "printf",
1276                 "scanf",
1277                 "strftime",
1278                 "strfmon"
1279         };
1280         int i;
1281
1282         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1283                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1284                 goto end_error;
1285         }
1286         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1287         for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1288                 if(strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1289                         break;
1290         }
1291         if(i >= 4) {
1292                 if(warning.attribute)
1293                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1294         }
1295         next_token();
1296
1297         expect(',');
1298         add_anchor_token(')');
1299         add_anchor_token(',');
1300         parse_constant_expression();
1301         rem_anchor_token(',');
1302         rem_anchor_token('(');
1303
1304         expect(',');
1305         add_anchor_token(')');
1306         parse_constant_expression();
1307         rem_anchor_token('(');
1308         expect(')');
1309         return;
1310 end_error:
1311         attribute->u.value = true;
1312 }
1313
1314 /**
1315  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1316  *
1317  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1318  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1319  *
1320  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1321  *  const
1322  *  volatile
1323  *  cdecl
1324  *  stdcall
1325  *  fastcall
1326  *  deprecated
1327  *  noinline
1328  *  noreturn
1329  *  naked
1330  *  pure
1331  *  always_inline
1332  *  malloc
1333  *  weak
1334  *  constructor
1335  *  destructor
1336  *  nothrow
1337  *  transparent_union
1338  *  common
1339  *  nocommon
1340  *  packed
1341  *  shared
1342  *  notshared
1343  *  used
1344  *  unused
1345  *  no_instrument_function
1346  *  warn_unused_result
1347  *  longcall
1348  *  shortcall
1349  *  long_call
1350  *  short_call
1351  *  function_vector
1352  *  interrupt_handler
1353  *  nmi_handler
1354  *  nesting
1355  *  near
1356  *  far
1357  *  signal
1358  *  eightbit_data
1359  *  tiny_data
1360  *  saveall
1361  *  flatten
1362  *  sseregparm
1363  *  externally_visible
1364  *  return_twice
1365  *  may_alias
1366  *  ms_struct
1367  *  gcc_struct
1368  *  dllimport
1369  *  dllexport
1370  *
1371  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1372  *  aligned( const expression )
1373  *  alias( string literal )
1374  *  section( string literal )
1375  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1376  *  format_arg( const expression )
1377  *  tls_model( string literal )
1378  *  visibility( string literal )
1379  *  regparm( const expression )
1380  *  model( string leteral )
1381  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1382  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1383  *
1384  * The following attributes might have arguments
1385  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1386  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1387  *  interrupt( string literal )
1388  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1389  */
1390 static void parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1391 {
1392         gnu_attribute_t *head = *attributes;
1393         gnu_attribute_t *last = *attributes;
1394         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1395
1396         eat(T___attribute__);
1397         expect('(');
1398         expect('(');
1399
1400         if(token.type != ')') {
1401                 /* find the end of the list */
1402                 if(last != NULL) {
1403                         while(last->next != NULL)
1404                                 last = last->next;
1405                 }
1406
1407                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1408                 while(true) {
1409                         const char *name;
1410                         if(token.type == T_const) {
1411                                 name = "const";
1412                         } else if(token.type == T_volatile) {
1413                                 name = "volatile";
1414                         } else if(token.type == T_cdecl) {
1415                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1416                                 name = "cdecl";
1417                         } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1418                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1419                                 break;
1420                         }
1421                         const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1422                         name = sym->string;
1423                         next_token();
1424
1425                         int i;
1426                         for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1427                                 if(strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1428                                         break;
1429                         }
1430                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1431
1432                         attribute = NULL;
1433                         if(kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1434                                 if(warning.attribute)
1435                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1436
1437                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1438                                 if(token.type == '(') {
1439                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1440                                 }
1441                         } else {
1442                                 /* check for arguments */
1443                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1444                                 if(token.type == '(') {
1445                                         next_token();
1446                                         if(token.type == ')') {
1447                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1448                                                 next_token();
1449                                         } else
1450                                                 attribute->have_arguments = true;
1451                                 }
1452
1453                                 switch(kind) {
1454                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:
1455                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1456                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:
1457                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:
1458                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:
1459                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:
1460                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:
1461                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:
1462                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1463                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:
1464                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:
1465                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1466                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1467                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:
1468                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:
1469                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:
1470                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION:
1471                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1472                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1473                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:
1474                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1475                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1476                                 case GNU_AK_USED:
1477                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:
1478                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1479                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1480                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1481                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1482                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1483                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1484                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1485                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1486                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1487                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1488                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1489                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1490                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1491                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1492                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1493                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1494                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1495                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1496                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1497                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1498                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1499                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1500                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1501                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:
1502                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:
1503                                         if(attribute->have_arguments) {
1504                                                 /* should have no arguments */
1505                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1506                                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1507                                                 /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1508                                                 eat(')');
1509                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1510                                         }
1511                                         break;
1512
1513                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1514                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1515                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1516                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1517                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1518                                                 /* should have arguments */
1519                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1520                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1521                                         } else
1522                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1523                                         break;
1524                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1525                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1526                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1527                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1528                                                 /* should have arguments */
1529                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1530                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1531                                         } else
1532                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1533                                         break;
1534                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1535                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1536                                                 /* should have arguments */
1537                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1538                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1539                                         } else
1540                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1541                                         break;
1542                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1543                                         /* may have one string argument */
1544                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1545                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1546                                         break;
1547                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1548                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1549                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1550                                         break;
1551                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1552                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1553                                                 /* should have arguments */
1554                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1555                                         } else
1556                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1557                                         break;
1558                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1559                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1560                                                 /* should have arguments */
1561                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1562                                         } else
1563                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1564                                         break;
1565                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1566                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1567                                                 /* should have arguments */
1568                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1569                                         } else {
1570                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1571                                         }
1572                                         break;
1573                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1574                                         if(!attribute->have_arguments) {
1575                                                 /* should have arguments */
1576                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1577                                         } else {
1578                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1579                                         }
1580                                         break;
1581                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1582                                         /* may have one string argument */
1583                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1584                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1585                                         break;
1586                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1587                                         /* may have one string argument */
1588                                         if(attribute->have_arguments)
1589                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1590                                         break;
1591                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1592                                         /* already handled */
1593                                         break;
1594                                 }
1595                         }
1596                         if(attribute != NULL) {
1597                                 if(last != NULL) {
1598                                         last->next = attribute;
1599                                         last       = attribute;
1600                                 } else {
1601                                         head = last = attribute;
1602                                 }
1603                         }
1604
1605                         if(token.type != ',')
1606                                 break;
1607                         next_token();
1608                 }
1609         }
1610         expect(')');
1611         expect(')');
1612 end_error:
1613         *attributes = head;
1614 }
1615
1616 /**
1617  * Parse GNU attributes.
1618  */
1619 static void parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1620 {
1621         while(true) {
1622                 switch(token.type) {
1623                 case T___attribute__: {
1624                         parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1625                         break;
1626                 }
1627                 case T_asm:
1628                         next_token();
1629                         expect('(');
1630                         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1631                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1632                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1633                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1634                                 break;
1635                         } else {
1636                                 parse_string_literals();
1637                         }
1638                         expect(')');
1639                         break;
1640                 default:
1641                         goto attributes_finished;
1642                 }
1643         }
1644
1645 attributes_finished:
1646 end_error:
1647         return;
1648 }
1649
1650 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
1651 {
1652         designator_t *result = NULL;
1653         designator_t *last   = NULL;
1654
1655         while(true) {
1656                 designator_t *designator;
1657                 switch(token.type) {
1658                 case '[':
1659                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1660                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1661                         next_token();
1662                         add_anchor_token(']');
1663                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
1664                         rem_anchor_token(']');
1665                         expect(']');
1666                         break;
1667                 case '.':
1668                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1669                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1670                         next_token();
1671                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1672                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
1673                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1674                                 return NULL;
1675                         }
1676                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
1677                         next_token();
1678                         break;
1679                 default:
1680                         expect('=');
1681                         return result;
1682                 }
1683
1684                 assert(designator != NULL);
1685                 if(last != NULL) {
1686                         last->next = designator;
1687                 } else {
1688                         result = designator;
1689                 }
1690                 last = designator;
1691         }
1692 end_error:
1693         return NULL;
1694 }
1695
1696 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
1697                                               const string_t *const string)
1698 {
1699         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1700         (void) type;
1701
1702         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
1703         initializer->string.string = *string;
1704
1705         return initializer;
1706 }
1707
1708 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
1709                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
1710 {
1711         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1712         (void) type;
1713
1714         initializer_t *const initializer =
1715                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
1716         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
1717
1718         return initializer;
1719 }
1720
1721 /**
1722  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
1723  */
1724 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
1725                                                   expression_t *expression)
1726 {
1727         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
1728
1729         /* § 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
1730         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1731         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
1732         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
1733         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
1734                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
1735                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
1736
1737                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
1738                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
1739                         switch (expression->kind) {
1740                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1741                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
1742                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
1743                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
1744                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
1745                                                         &expression->string.value);
1746                                         }
1747
1748                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
1749                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
1750                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
1751                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
1752                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
1753                                         }
1754                                 }
1755
1756                                 default:
1757                                         break;
1758                         }
1759                 }
1760         }
1761
1762         type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(type, expression, "initializer",
1763                                                  &expression->base.source_position);
1764         if (res_type == NULL)
1765                 return NULL;
1766
1767         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
1768         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, res_type);
1769
1770         return result;
1771 }
1772
1773 /**
1774  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
1775  */
1776 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1777 {
1778         return is_constant_expression(expression)
1779                 || is_address_constant(expression);
1780 }
1781
1782 /**
1783  * Parses an scalar initializer.
1784  *
1785  * § 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
1786  */
1787 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
1788                                                bool must_be_constant)
1789 {
1790         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
1791         int braces = 0;
1792         while(token.type == '{') {
1793                 next_token();
1794                 if(braces == 0) {
1795                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
1796                 }
1797                 braces++;
1798         }
1799
1800         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1801         if(must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
1802                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1803                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
1804                        expression);
1805         }
1806
1807         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
1808
1809         if(initializer == NULL) {
1810                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1811                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
1812                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
1813                 /* TODO */
1814                 return NULL;
1815         }
1816
1817         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
1818         while(braces > 0) {
1819                 if(token.type == ',') {
1820                         next_token();
1821                 }
1822                 if(token.type != '}') {
1823                         if(!additional_warning_displayed) {
1824                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
1825                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
1826                         }
1827                 }
1828                 eat_block();
1829                 braces--;
1830         }
1831
1832         return initializer;
1833 }
1834
1835 /**
1836  * An entry in the type path.
1837  */
1838 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
1839 struct type_path_entry_t {
1840         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
1841         union {
1842                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
1843                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
1844         } v;
1845 };
1846
1847 /**
1848  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
1849  */
1850 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
1851 struct type_path_t {
1852         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
1853         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
1854         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
1855 };
1856
1857 /**
1858  * Prints a type path for debugging.
1859  */
1860 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
1861                 const type_path_t *path)
1862 {
1863         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1864
1865         for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
1866                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
1867
1868                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
1869                 if(is_type_compound(type)) {
1870                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
1871                         if(entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
1872                                 assert(i == len-1);
1873                                 continue;
1874                         }
1875                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
1876                 } else if(is_type_array(type)) {
1877                         fprintf(stderr, "[%zd]", entry->v.index);
1878                 } else {
1879                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
1880                 }
1881         }
1882         if(path->top_type != NULL) {
1883                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
1884                 print_type(path->top_type);
1885                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
1886         }
1887 }
1888
1889 /**
1890  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
1891  * (type).a.b returns the b.
1892  */
1893 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
1894 {
1895         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1896         assert(len > 0);
1897         return &path->path[len-1];
1898 }
1899
1900 /**
1901  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
1902  */
1903 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
1904 {
1905         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1906         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
1907
1908         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
1909         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
1910         return result;
1911 }
1912
1913 /**
1914  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
1915  * top_type.
1916  */
1917 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
1918 {
1919         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
1920         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
1921
1922         assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));
1923
1924         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
1925         top->type              = top_type;
1926
1927         if(is_type_compound(top_type)) {
1928                 declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
1929                 declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
1930                 top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
1931
1932                 if(entry != NULL) {
1933                         path->top_type         = entry->type;
1934                 } else {
1935                         path->top_type         = NULL;
1936                 }
1937         } else {
1938                 assert(is_type_array(top_type));
1939
1940                 top->v.index   = 0;
1941                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
1942         }
1943 }
1944
1945 /**
1946  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
1947  * (type).a.b to (type).a
1948  */
1949 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
1950 {
1951         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
1952
1953         path->top_type = top->type;
1954
1955         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1956         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
1957 }
1958
1959 /**
1960  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
1961  * path level is reached.
1962  */
1963 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
1964 {
1965         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1966
1967         while(len > top_path_level) {
1968                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
1969                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1970         }
1971 }
1972
1973 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
1974                             bool used_in_offsetof)
1975 {
1976         for( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
1977                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
1978                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
1979
1980                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1981
1982                 if(designator->symbol != NULL) {
1983                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
1984                         if(!is_type_compound(type)) {
1985                                 if(is_type_valid(type)) {
1986                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
1987                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
1988                                                symbol, orig_type);
1989                                 }
1990                                 goto failed;
1991                         }
1992
1993                         declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
1994                         declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
1995                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
1996                                 if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
1997                                         break;
1998                                 }
1999                         }
2000                         if(iter == NULL) {
2001                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2002                                        "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2003                                 goto failed;
2004                         }
2005                         if(used_in_offsetof) {
2006                                 type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
2007                                 if(real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2008                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2009                                                "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2010                                                symbol);
2011                                         goto failed;
2012                                 }
2013                         }
2014
2015                         top->type             = orig_type;
2016                         top->v.compound_entry = iter;
2017                         orig_type             = iter->type;
2018                 } else {
2019                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2020                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2021
2022                         if(!is_type_array(type)) {
2023                                 if(is_type_valid(type)) {
2024                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2025                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2026                                                array_index, orig_type);
2027                                 }
2028                                 goto failed;
2029                         }
2030                         if(!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
2031                                 goto failed;
2032                         }
2033
2034                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2035                         if(!used_in_offsetof) {
2036                                 if(index < 0) {
2037                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2038                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2039                                         goto failed;
2040                                 }
2041                                 if(type->array.size_constant == true) {
2042                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2043                                         if(index >= array_size) {
2044                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2045                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2046                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2047                                                 goto failed;
2048                                         }
2049                                 }
2050                         }
2051
2052                         top->type    = orig_type;
2053                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2054                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2055                 }
2056                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2057
2058                 if(designator->next != NULL) {
2059                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2060                 }
2061         }
2062         return true;
2063
2064 failed:
2065         return false;
2066 }
2067
2068 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2069 {
2070         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2071
2072         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2073         if(is_type_union(type)) {
2074                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2075                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2076         } else if(is_type_struct(type)) {
2077                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2078
2079                 entry                 = entry->next;
2080                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2081                 if(entry != NULL) {
2082                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2083                         return;
2084                 }
2085         } else {
2086                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2087
2088                 top->v.index++;
2089
2090                 if(!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2091                         return;
2092                 }
2093         }
2094
2095         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2096          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2097         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2098
2099         if(len > top_path_level) {
2100                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2101                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2102         } else {
2103                 path->top_type = NULL;
2104         }
2105 }
2106
2107 /**
2108  * skip until token is found.
2109  */
2110 static void skip_until(int type) {
2111         while(token.type != type) {
2112                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
2113                         return;
2114                 next_token();
2115         }
2116 }
2117
2118 /**
2119  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2120  */
2121 static void skip_initializers(void)
2122 {
2123         if(token.type == '{')
2124                 next_token();
2125
2126         while(token.type != '}') {
2127                 if(token.type == T_EOF)
2128                         return;
2129                 if(token.type == '{') {
2130                         eat_block();
2131                         continue;
2132                 }
2133                 next_token();
2134         }
2135 }
2136
2137 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2138 {
2139         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2140                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2141         return &empty_initializer;
2142 }
2143
2144 /**
2145  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2146  */
2147 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2148                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2149                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2150 {
2151         if(token.type == '}') {
2152                 /* empty initializer */
2153                 return create_empty_initializer();
2154         }
2155
2156         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2157         type_t *type      = NULL;
2158
2159         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2160                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2161         } else {
2162                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2163
2164                 /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
2165                  * initializers in this case. */
2166                 if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
2167                         skip_initializers();
2168                         return create_empty_initializer();
2169                 }
2170         }
2171
2172         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2173
2174         while(true) {
2175                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2176                 if(token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2177                         designator = parse_designation();
2178
2179                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2180                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2181                         if(!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2182                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2183                                 goto end_error;
2184                         }
2185
2186                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2187                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2188                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2189                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2190                 }
2191
2192                 initializer_t *sub;
2193
2194                 if(token.type == '{') {
2195                         if(type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2196                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2197                         } else {
2198                                 eat('{');
2199                                 if(type == NULL) {
2200                                         if (env->declaration != NULL)
2201                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2202                                                 env->declaration->symbol);
2203                                 else
2204                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2205                                 } else
2206                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2207
2208                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2209                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2210                                                             env);
2211                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2212
2213                                 if(type != NULL) {
2214                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2215                                         expect('}');
2216                                 } else {
2217                                         expect('}');
2218                                         goto error_parse_next;
2219                                 }
2220                         }
2221                 } else {
2222                         /* must be an expression */
2223                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2224
2225                         if(env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2226                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2227                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
2228                                        expression);
2229                         }
2230
2231                         if(type == NULL) {
2232                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2233                                 goto error_excess;
2234                         }
2235
2236                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2237                         if((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2238                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2239                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2240                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2241                                 if(sub != NULL) {
2242                                         if(token.type == ',') {
2243                                                 next_token();
2244                                         }
2245                                         if(token.type != '}') {
2246                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2247                                                                  orig_type);
2248                                         }
2249                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2250                                         return sub;
2251                                 }
2252                         }
2253
2254                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2255                         while(true) {
2256                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2257                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2258
2259                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2260                                 if(sub != NULL) {
2261                                         break;
2262                                 }
2263                                 if(!is_type_valid(type)) {
2264                                         goto end_error;
2265                                 }
2266                                 if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
2267                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2268                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2269                                                         expression, orig_type);
2270                                         goto end_error;
2271                                 }
2272
2273                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2274                         }
2275                 }
2276
2277                 /* update largest index of top array */
2278                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2279                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2280                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2281                 if(is_type_array(first_type)) {
2282                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2283                         if(index > path->max_index)
2284                                 path->max_index = index;
2285                 }
2286
2287                 if(type != NULL) {
2288                         /* append to initializers list */
2289                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2290                 } else {
2291 error_excess:
2292                         if(env->declaration != NULL)
2293                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2294                                  env->declaration->symbol);
2295                         else
2296                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2297                 }
2298
2299 error_parse_next:
2300                 if(token.type == '}') {
2301                         break;
2302                 }
2303                 expect(',');
2304                 if(token.type == '}') {
2305                         break;
2306                 }
2307
2308                 if(type != NULL) {
2309                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2310                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2311                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2312                         if(orig_type != NULL)
2313                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2314                         else
2315                                 type = NULL;
2316                 }
2317         }
2318
2319         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2320         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2321         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2322         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2323         result->list.len      = len;
2324         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2325                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2326
2327         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2328         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2329
2330         return result;
2331
2332 end_error:
2333         skip_initializers();
2334         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2335         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2336         return NULL;
2337 }
2338
2339 /**
2340  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2341  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2342  */
2343 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2344 {
2345         type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
2346         initializer_t *result = NULL;
2347         size_t         max_index;
2348
2349         if(is_type_scalar(type)) {
2350                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2351         } else if(token.type == '{') {
2352                 eat('{');
2353
2354                 type_path_t path;
2355                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2356                 path.top_type = env->type;
2357                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2358
2359                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2360
2361                 add_anchor_token('}');
2362                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2363                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2364
2365                 max_index = path.max_index;
2366                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2367
2368                 expect('}');
2369         } else {
2370                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2371                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2372                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2373         }
2374
2375         /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2376          * the array type size */
2377         if(is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2378                         && result != NULL) {
2379                 size_t size;
2380                 switch (result->kind) {
2381                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2382                         size = max_index + 1;
2383                         break;
2384
2385                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2386                         size = result->string.string.size;
2387                         break;
2388
2389                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2390                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2391                         break;
2392
2393                 default:
2394                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2395                 }
2396
2397                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2398                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2399                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2400
2401                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2402
2403                 new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
2404                 new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
2405                 new_type->array.size            = size;
2406                 env->type = new_type;
2407         }
2408
2409         return result;
2410 end_error:
2411         return NULL;
2412 }
2413
2414 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
2415
2416 static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2417 {
2418         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2419         if(is_struct) {
2420                 eat(T_struct);
2421         } else {
2422                 eat(T_union);
2423         }
2424
2425         symbol_t      *symbol      = NULL;
2426         declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
2427
2428         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2429                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
2430         }
2431
2432         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2433                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2434                 next_token();
2435
2436                 if(is_struct) {
2437                         declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_STRUCT);
2438                 } else {
2439                         declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_UNION);
2440                 }
2441         } else if(token.type != '{') {
2442                 if(is_struct) {
2443                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2444                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2445                 } else {
2446                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2447                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2448                 }
2449
2450                 return NULL;
2451         }
2452
2453         if(declaration == NULL) {
2454                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2455                 declaration->namespc         =
2456                         (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
2457                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2458                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2459                 declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
2460                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2461                         environment_push(declaration);
2462                 }
2463                 append_declaration(declaration);
2464         }
2465
2466         if(token.type == '{') {
2467                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
2468                         assert(symbol != NULL);
2469                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y'",
2470                                is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol);
2471                         declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
2472                 }
2473                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2474
2475                 parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
2476                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
2477         }
2478
2479         return declaration;
2480 }
2481
2482 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
2483 {
2484         eat('{');
2485
2486         if(token.type == '}') {
2487                 next_token();
2488                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
2489                 return;
2490         }
2491
2492         add_anchor_token('}');
2493         do {
2494                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2495                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2496                         eat_block();
2497                         rem_anchor_token('}');
2498                         return;
2499                 }
2500
2501                 declaration_t *const entry = allocate_declaration_zero();
2502                 entry->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
2503                 entry->type            = enum_type;
2504                 entry->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2505                 entry->source_position = token.source_position;
2506                 next_token();
2507
2508                 if(token.type == '=') {
2509                         next_token();
2510                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
2511
2512                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
2513                         entry->init.enum_value = value;
2514
2515                         /* TODO semantic */
2516                 }
2517
2518                 record_declaration(entry);
2519
2520                 if(token.type != ',')
2521                         break;
2522                 next_token();
2523         } while(token.type != '}');
2524         rem_anchor_token('}');
2525
2526         expect('}');
2527
2528 end_error:
2529         ;
2530 }
2531
2532 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
2533 {
2534         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2535         declaration_t   *declaration;
2536         symbol_t        *symbol;
2537
2538         eat(T_enum);
2539         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2540                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2541                 next_token();
2542
2543                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
2544         } else if(token.type != '{') {
2545                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
2546                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2547                 return NULL;
2548         } else {
2549                 declaration = NULL;
2550                 symbol      = NULL;
2551         }
2552
2553         if(declaration == NULL) {
2554                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2555                 declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
2556                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2557                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2558                 declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
2559         }
2560
2561         type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, &declaration->source_position);
2562         type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
2563
2564         if(token.type == '{') {
2565                 if(declaration->init.complete) {
2566                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
2567                 }
2568                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2569                         environment_push(declaration);
2570                 }
2571                 append_declaration(declaration);
2572                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2573
2574                 parse_enum_entries(type);
2575                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
2576         }
2577
2578         return type;
2579 }
2580
2581 /**
2582  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
2583  */
2584 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
2585 {
2586         const declaration_t *const declaration =
2587                 get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2588         return
2589                 declaration != NULL &&
2590                 declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
2591 }
2592
2593 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
2594 {
2595         eat(T___typeof__);
2596
2597         type_t *type;
2598
2599         expect('(');
2600         add_anchor_token(')');
2601
2602         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
2603
2604 restart:
2605         switch(token.type) {
2606         case T___extension__:
2607                 /* this can be a prefix to a typename or an expression */
2608                 /* we simply eat it now. */
2609                 do {
2610                         next_token();
2611                 } while(token.type == T___extension__);
2612                 goto restart;
2613
2614         case T_IDENTIFIER:
2615                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
2616                         type = parse_typename();
2617                 } else {
2618                         expression = parse_expression();
2619                         type       = expression->base.type;
2620                 }
2621                 break;
2622
2623         TYPENAME_START
2624                 type = parse_typename();
2625                 break;
2626
2627         default:
2628                 expression = parse_expression();
2629                 type       = expression->base.type;
2630                 break;
2631         }
2632
2633         rem_anchor_token(')');
2634         expect(')');
2635
2636         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF, &expression->base.source_position);
2637         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
2638         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
2639
2640         return typeof_type;
2641 end_error:
2642         return NULL;
2643 }
2644
2645 typedef enum {
2646         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
2647         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
2648         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
2649         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
2650         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
2651         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
2652         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
2653         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
2654         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
2655         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
2656         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
2657         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
2658         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
2659         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
2660         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
2661         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
2662         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
2663         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
2664 } specifiers_t;
2665
2666 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
2667                                    type_t *const real_type)
2668 {
2669         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN, &builtin_source_position);
2670         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
2671         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
2672
2673         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
2674         if(type != result) {
2675                 free_type(type);
2676         }
2677
2678         return result;
2679 }
2680
2681 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
2682 {
2683         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2684         if(declaration == NULL ||
2685            declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2686                 return NULL;
2687
2688         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &declaration->source_position);
2689         type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
2690
2691         return type;
2692 }
2693
2694 /**
2695  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
2696  */
2697 static bool check_elignment_value(long long intvalue) {
2698         if(intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
2699                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
2700                 return false;
2701         }
2702         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
2703         for(unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
2704                 if (i == v)
2705                         return true;
2706         }
2707         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
2708         return false;
2709 }
2710
2711 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
2712         if(*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
2713         *modifiers |= tag; \
2714 } while(0)
2715
2716 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2717 {
2718         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->decl_modifiers;
2719
2720         while(true) {
2721                 if(token.type == T_restrict) {
2722                         next_token();
2723                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
2724                         goto end_loop;
2725                 } else if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2726                         break;
2727                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
2728                 if(symbol == sym_align) {
2729                         next_token();
2730                         expect('(');
2731                         if(token.type != T_INTEGER)
2732                                 goto end_error;
2733                         if(check_elignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
2734                                 if(specifiers->alignment != 0)
2735                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
2736                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
2737                         }
2738                         next_token();
2739                         expect(')');
2740                 } else if(symbol == sym_allocate) {
2741                         next_token();
2742                         expect('(');
2743                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2744                                 goto end_error;
2745                         (void)token.v.symbol;
2746                         expect(')');
2747                 } else if(symbol == sym_dllimport) {
2748                         next_token();
2749                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
2750                 } else if(symbol == sym_dllexport) {
2751                         next_token();
2752                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
2753                 } else if(symbol == sym_thread) {
2754                         next_token();
2755                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
2756                 } else if(symbol == sym_naked) {
2757                         next_token();
2758                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
2759                 } else if(symbol == sym_noinline) {
2760                         next_token();
2761                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
2762                 } else if(symbol == sym_noreturn) {
2763                         next_token();
2764                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
2765                 } else if(symbol == sym_nothrow) {
2766                         next_token();
2767                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
2768                 } else if(symbol == sym_novtable) {
2769                         next_token();
2770                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
2771                 } else if(symbol == sym_property) {
2772                         next_token();
2773                         expect('(');
2774                         for(;;) {
2775                                 bool is_get = false;
2776                                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2777                                         goto end_error;
2778                                 if(token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
2779                                         is_get = true;
2780                                 } else if(token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
2781                                 } else {
2782                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
2783                                         goto end_error;
2784                                 }
2785                                 next_token();
2786                                 expect('=');
2787                                 if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2788                                         goto end_error;
2789                                 if(is_get) {
2790                                         if(specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
2791                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
2792                                         } else {
2793                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
2794                                         }
2795                                 } else {
2796                                         if(specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
2797                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
2798                                         } else {
2799                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
2800                                         }
2801                                 }
2802                                 next_token();
2803                                 if(token.type == ',') {
2804                                         next_token();
2805                                         continue;
2806                                 }
2807                                 break;
2808                         }
2809                         expect(')');
2810                 } else if(symbol == sym_selectany) {
2811                         next_token();
2812                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
2813                 } else if(symbol == sym_uuid) {
2814                         next_token();
2815                         expect('(');
2816                         if(token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
2817                                 goto end_error;
2818                         next_token();
2819                         expect(')');
2820                 } else if(symbol == sym_deprecated) {
2821                         next_token();
2822                         if(specifiers->deprecated != 0)
2823                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
2824                         specifiers->deprecated = 1;
2825                         if(token.type == '(') {
2826                                 next_token();
2827                                 if(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
2828                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
2829                                         next_token();
2830                                 } else {
2831                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
2832                                 }
2833                                 expect(')');
2834                         }
2835                 } else if(symbol == sym_noalias) {
2836                         next_token();
2837                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
2838                 } else {
2839                         warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
2840                         next_token();
2841                         if(token.type == '(')
2842                                 skip_until(')');
2843                 }
2844 end_loop:
2845                 if (token.type == ',')
2846                         next_token();
2847         }
2848 end_error:
2849         return;
2850 }
2851
2852 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2853 {
2854         type_t   *type            = NULL;
2855         unsigned  type_qualifiers = 0;
2856         unsigned  type_specifiers = 0;
2857         int       newtype         = 0;
2858
2859         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
2860
2861         while(true) {
2862                 switch(token.type) {
2863
2864                 /* storage class */
2865 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
2866                 case token:                                                        \
2867                         if(specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
2868                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
2869                         }                                                              \
2870                         specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
2871                         next_token();                                                  \
2872                         break;
2873
2874                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2875                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
2876                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
2877                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
2878                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
2879
2880                 case T__declspec:
2881                         next_token();
2882                         expect('(');
2883                         add_anchor_token(')');
2884                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
2885                         rem_anchor_token(')');
2886                         expect(')');
2887                         break;
2888
2889                 case T___thread:
2890                         switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
2891                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
2892                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
2893                                 break;
2894
2895                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
2896                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
2897                                 break;
2898
2899                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
2900                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
2901                                 break;
2902
2903                         default:
2904                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
2905                                 break;
2906                         }
2907                         next_token();
2908                         break;
2909
2910                 /* type qualifiers */
2911 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
2912                 case token:                                                     \
2913                         type_qualifiers |= qualifier;                               \
2914                         next_token();                                               \
2915                         break;
2916
2917                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
2918                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
2919                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
2920                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
2921                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
2922                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
2923                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
2924                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
2925
2926                 case T___extension__:
2927                         /* TODO */
2928                         next_token();
2929                         break;
2930
2931                 /* type specifiers */
2932 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
2933                 case token:                                                     \
2934                         next_token();                                               \
2935                         if(type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
2936                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
2937                         } else {                                                    \
2938                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
2939                         }                                                           \
2940                         break;
2941
2942                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void")
2943                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char")
2944                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short")
2945                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int")
2946                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float")
2947                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double")
2948                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed")
2949                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned")
2950                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool")
2951                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8")
2952                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16")
2953                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32")
2954                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64")
2955                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128")
2956                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex")
2957                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary")
2958
2959                 case T__forceinline:
2960                         /* only in microsoft mode */
2961                         specifiers->decl_modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
2962
2963                 case T_inline:
2964                         next_token();
2965                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
2966                         break;
2967
2968                 case T_long:
2969                         next_token();
2970                         if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
2971                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
2972                         } else if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
2973                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
2974                         } else {
2975                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
2976                         }
2977                         break;
2978
2979                 case T_struct: {
2980                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT, HERE);
2981
2982                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
2983                         break;
2984                 }
2985                 case T_union: {
2986                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
2987
2988                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
2989                         break;
2990                 }
2991                 case T_enum:
2992                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
2993                         break;
2994                 case T___typeof__:
2995                         type = parse_typeof();
2996                         break;
2997                 case T___builtin_va_list:
2998                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
2999                         next_token();
3000                         break;
3001
3002                 case T___attribute__:
3003                         parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3004                         break;
3005
3006                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3007                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3008                         if(type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0)
3009                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3010
3011                         type_t *typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3012
3013                         if(typedef_type == NULL)
3014                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3015
3016                         next_token();
3017                         type = typedef_type;
3018                         break;
3019                 }
3020
3021                 /* function specifier */
3022                 default:
3023                         goto finish_specifiers;
3024                 }
3025         }
3026
3027 finish_specifiers:
3028
3029         if(type == NULL) {
3030                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3031
3032                 /* match valid basic types */
3033                 switch(type_specifiers) {
3034                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3035                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3036                         break;
3037                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3038                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3039                         break;
3040                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3041                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3042                         break;
3043                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3044                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3045                         break;
3046                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3047                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3048                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3049                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3050                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3051                         break;
3052                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3053                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3054                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3055                         break;
3056                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3057                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3058                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3059                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3060                         break;
3061                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3062                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3063                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3064                         break;
3065                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3066                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3067                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3068                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3069                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3070                         break;
3071                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3072                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3073                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3074                         break;
3075                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3076                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3077                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3078                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3079                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3080                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3081                         break;
3082                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3083                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3084                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3085                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3086                         break;
3087
3088                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3089                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3090                         break;
3091
3092                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3093                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3094                         break;
3095
3096                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3097                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3098                         break;
3099
3100                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3101                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3102                         break;
3103
3104                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3105                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3106                         break;
3107
3108                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3109                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3110                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3111                         break;
3112
3113                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3114                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3115                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3116                         break;
3117
3118                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3119                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3120                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3121                         break;
3122
3123                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3124                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3125                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3126                         break;
3127
3128                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3129                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3130                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3131                         break;
3132
3133                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3134                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3135                         break;
3136                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3137                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3138                         break;
3139                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3140                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3141                         break;
3142                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3143                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3144                         break;
3145                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3146                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3147                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3148                         break;
3149                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3150                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3151                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3152                         break;
3153                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3154                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3155                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3156                         break;
3157                 default:
3158                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3159                         if(type_specifiers == 0) {
3160                                 if (! strict_mode) {
3161                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3162                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3163                                         }
3164                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3165                                         break;
3166                                 } else {
3167                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3168                                 }
3169                         } else if((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3170                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3171                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers gives");
3172                         } else if(type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3173                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3174                         } else {
3175                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3176                         }
3177                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
3178                 }
3179
3180                 if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX &&
3181                    atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3182                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
3183                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3184                 } else if(type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY &&
3185                           atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3186                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
3187                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3188                 } else {
3189                         type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
3190                         type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
3191                 }
3192                 newtype = 1;
3193         } else {
3194                 if(type_specifiers != 0) {
3195                         errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3196                 }
3197         }
3198
3199         type->base.qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3200         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3201
3202         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
3203         if(newtype && result != type) {
3204                 free_type(type);
3205         }
3206
3207         specifiers->type = result;
3208 end_error:
3209         return;
3210 }
3211
3212 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3213 {
3214         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3215
3216         while(true) {
3217                 switch(token.type) {
3218                 /* type qualifiers */
3219                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3220                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3221                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3222                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3223                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3224                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3225                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3226                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3227                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3228
3229                 default:
3230                         return type_qualifiers;
3231                 }
3232         }
3233 }
3234
3235 static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
3236 {
3237         declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
3238         declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
3239         do {
3240                 declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
3241                 declaration->type            = NULL; /* a K&R parameter list has no types, yet */
3242                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3243                 declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3244                 next_token();
3245
3246                 if(last_declaration != NULL) {
3247                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
3248                 } else {
3249                         declarations = declaration;
3250                 }
3251                 last_declaration = declaration;
3252
3253                 if (token.type != ',') {
3254                         break;
3255                 }
3256                 next_token();
3257         } while(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3258
3259         return declarations;
3260 }
3261
3262 static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
3263 {
3264         /* TODO: improve error messages */
3265
3266         if(declaration->declared_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
3267                 errorf(HERE, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
3268         } else if(declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
3269                         && declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
3270                 errorf(HERE, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
3271         }
3272
3273         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
3274         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3275
3276         /* Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic sugar.  Turn it
3277          * into a pointer. § 6.7.5.3 (7) */
3278         if (is_type_array(type)) {
3279                 type_t *const element_type = type->array.element_type;
3280
3281                 type = make_pointer_type(element_type, type->base.qualifiers);
3282
3283                 declaration->type = type;
3284         }
3285
3286         if(is_type_incomplete(type)) {
3287                 errorf(HERE, "incomplete type '%T' not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
3288                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
3289         }
3290 }
3291
3292 static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
3293 {
3294         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
3295         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
3296
3297         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
3298
3299         declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
3300
3301         semantic_parameter(declaration);
3302
3303         return declaration;
3304 }
3305
3306 static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
3307 {
3308         declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
3309
3310         eat('(');
3311         add_anchor_token(')');
3312         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
3313
3314         if(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3315                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3316                 if(!is_typedef_symbol(symbol)) {
3317                         type->kr_style_parameters = true;
3318                         declarations = parse_identifier_list();
3319                         goto parameters_finished;
3320                 }
3321         }
3322
3323         if(token.type == ')') {
3324                 next_token();
3325                 type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
3326                 goto parameters_finished;
3327         }
3328         if(token.type == T_void && look_ahead(1)->type == ')') {
3329                 next_token();
3330                 next_token();
3331                 goto parameters_finished;
3332         }
3333
3334         declaration_t        *declaration;
3335         declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
3336         function_parameter_t *parameter;
3337         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
3338
3339         while(true) {
3340                 switch(token.type) {
3341                 case T_DOTDOTDOT:
3342                         next_token();
3343                         type->variadic = 1;
3344                         goto parameters_finished;
3345
3346                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
3347                 case T___extension__:
3348                 DECLARATION_START
3349                         declaration = parse_parameter();
3350
3351                         parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3352                         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3353                         parameter->type = declaration->type;
3354
3355                         if(last_parameter != NULL) {
3356                                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
3357                                 last_parameter->next   = parameter;
3358                         } else {
3359                                 type->parameters = parameter;
3360                                 declarations     = declaration;
3361                         }
3362                         last_parameter   = parameter;
3363                         last_declaration = declaration;
3364                         break;
3365
3366                 default:
3367                         goto parameters_finished;
3368                 }
3369                 if (token.type != ',') {
3370                         goto parameters_finished;
3371                 }
3372                 next_token();
3373         }
3374
3375
3376 parameters_finished:
3377         rem_anchor_token(')');
3378         expect(')');
3379
3380         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3381         return declarations;
3382
3383 end_error:
3384         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3385         return NULL;
3386 }
3387
3388 typedef enum {
3389         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
3390         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
3391         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
3392         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
3393 } construct_type_kind_t;
3394
3395 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
3396 struct construct_type_t {
3397         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
3398         construct_type_t      *next;
3399 };
3400
3401 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
3402 struct parsed_pointer_t {
3403         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3404         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3405 };
3406
3407 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
3408 struct construct_function_type_t {
3409         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3410         type_t           *function_type;
3411 };
3412
3413 typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
3414 struct parsed_array_t {
3415         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3416         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3417         bool              is_static;
3418         bool              is_variable;
3419         expression_t     *size;
3420 };
3421
3422 typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
3423 struct construct_base_type_t {
3424         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3425         type_t           *type;
3426 };
3427
3428 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
3429 {
3430         eat('*');
3431
3432         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3433         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3434         pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
3435         pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
3436
3437         return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
3438 }
3439
3440 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
3441 {
3442         eat('[');
3443         add_anchor_token(']');
3444
3445         parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
3446         memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
3447         array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
3448
3449         if(token.type == T_static) {
3450                 array->is_static = true;
3451                 next_token();
3452         }
3453
3454         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3455         if(type_qualifiers != 0) {
3456                 if(token.type == T_static) {
3457                         array->is_static = true;
3458                         next_token();
3459                 }
3460         }
3461         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3462
3463         if(token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
3464                 array->is_variable = true;
3465                 next_token();
3466         } else if(token.type != ']') {
3467                 array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
3468         }
3469
3470         rem_anchor_token(']');
3471         expect(']');
3472
3473         return (construct_type_t*) array;
3474 end_error:
3475         return NULL;
3476 }
3477
3478 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
3479 {
3480         type_t *type;
3481         if(declaration != NULL) {
3482                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &declaration->source_position);
3483         } else {
3484                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
3485         }
3486
3487         declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
3488         if(declaration != NULL) {
3489                 declaration->scope.declarations = parameters;
3490         }
3491
3492         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
3493                 obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3494         memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3495         construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
3496         construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
3497
3498         return (construct_type_t*) construct_function_type;
3499 }
3500
3501 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
3502                 bool may_be_abstract)
3503 {
3504         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
3505          * how to construct the final declarator type */
3506         construct_type_t *first = NULL;
3507         construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
3508         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
3509
3510         /* pointers */
3511         while(token.type == '*') {
3512                 construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
3513
3514                 if(last == NULL) {
3515                         first = type;
3516                         last  = type;
3517                 } else {
3518                         last->next = type;
3519                         last       = type;
3520                 }
3521         }
3522
3523         /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
3524         parse_attributes(&attributes);
3525
3526         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
3527
3528         switch(token.type) {
3529         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3530                 if(declaration == NULL) {
3531                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
3532                 } else {
3533                         declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3534                         declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3535                 }
3536                 next_token();
3537                 break;
3538         case '(':
3539                 next_token();
3540                 add_anchor_token(')');
3541                 inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
3542                 rem_anchor_token(')');
3543                 expect(')');
3544                 break;
3545         default:
3546                 if(may_be_abstract)
3547                         break;
3548                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
3549                 /* avoid a loop in the outermost scope, because eat_statement doesn't
3550                  * eat '}' */
3551                 if(token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
3552                         next_token();
3553                 } else {
3554                         eat_statement();
3555                 }
3556                 return NULL;
3557         }
3558
3559         construct_type_t *p = last;
3560
3561         while(true) {
3562                 construct_type_t *type;
3563                 switch(token.type) {
3564                 case '(':
3565                         type = parse_function_declarator(declaration);
3566                         break;
3567                 case '[':
3568                         type = parse_array_declarator();
3569                         break;
3570                 default:
3571                         goto declarator_finished;
3572                 }
3573
3574                 /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
3575                 if(p != NULL) {
3576                         type->next = p->next;
3577                         p->next    = type;
3578                 } else {
3579                         type->next = first;
3580                         first      = type;
3581                 }
3582                 if(last == p) {
3583                         last = type;
3584                 }
3585         }
3586
3587 declarator_finished:
3588         parse_attributes(&attributes);
3589
3590         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
3591          * as it's not needed anymore */
3592         if(last == NULL) {
3593                 assert(first == NULL);
3594                 first = inner_types;
3595         } else {
3596                 last->next = inner_types;
3597         }
3598
3599         return first;
3600 end_error:
3601         return NULL;
3602 }
3603
3604 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
3605                                          type_t *type)
3606 {
3607         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
3608         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
3609                 switch(iter->kind) {
3610                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
3611                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
3612                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
3613                         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
3614                                 = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
3615
3616                         type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
3617
3618                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
3619
3620                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
3621                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
3622                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
3623                                 type = type_error_type;
3624                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
3625                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
3626                                 type = type_error_type;
3627                         } else {
3628                                 type = function_type;
3629                         }
3630                         break;
3631                 }
3632
3633                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
3634                         parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
3635                         type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, &null_position);
3636                         pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
3637                         pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
3638
3639                         type = pointer_type;
3640                         break;
3641                 }
3642
3643                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
3644                         parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
3645                         type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, &null_position);
3646
3647                         expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
3648                         if(size_expression != NULL) {
3649                                 size_expression
3650                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
3651                         }
3652
3653                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
3654                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
3655                         array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
3656                         array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
3657                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
3658
3659                         if(size_expression != NULL) {
3660                                 if(is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
3661                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
3662                                         array_type->array.size
3663                                                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
3664                                 } else {
3665                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
3666                                 }
3667                         }
3668
3669                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
3670                         if (is_type_atomic(skipped_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
3671                                 errorf(HERE, "array of void is not allowed");
3672                                 type = type_error_type;
3673                         } else {
3674                                 type = array_type;
3675                         }
3676                         break;
3677                 }
3678                 }
3679
3680                 type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
3681                 if(hashed_type != type) {
3682                         /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
3683                          * destroy other types... */
3684                         if(iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
3685                                 free_type(type);
3686                         }
3687                         type = hashed_type;
3688                 }
3689         }
3690
3691         return type;
3692 }
3693
3694 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
3695                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
3696 {
3697         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
3698         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
3699         declaration->decl_modifiers         = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
3700         declaration->deprecated             = specifiers->deprecated;
3701         declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
3702         declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
3703         declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
3704         declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
3705
3706         declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
3707         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
3708                         && scope != global_scope) {
3709                 declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
3710         }
3711
3712         if(specifiers->alignment != 0) {
3713                 /* TODO: add checks here */
3714                 declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
3715         }
3716
3717         construct_type_t *construct_type
3718                 = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
3719         type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
3720         declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
3721
3722         if(construct_type != NULL) {
3723                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
3724         }
3725
3726         return declaration;
3727 }
3728
3729 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
3730 {
3731         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
3732
3733         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
3734         if(construct_type != NULL) {
3735                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
3736         }
3737
3738         return result;
3739 }
3740
3741 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
3742 {
3743         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
3744                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
3745         } else {
3746                 scope->declarations = declaration;
3747         }
3748         last_declaration = declaration;
3749         return declaration;
3750 }
3751
3752 /**
3753  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
3754  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
3755  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
3756  *
3757  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
3758  *
3759  * @param decl    the declaration to check
3760  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
3761  */
3762 static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_type_t *const func_type)
3763 {
3764         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
3765                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3766                          "'main' is normally a non-static function");
3767         }
3768         if (skip_typeref(func_type->return_type) != type_int) {
3769                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3770                          "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
3771                          func_type->return_type);
3772         }
3773         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
3774         if (parm != NULL) {
3775                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
3776                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
3777                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
3778                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'", first_type);
3779                 }
3780                 parm = parm->next;
3781                 if (parm != NULL) {
3782                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
3783                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
3784                                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
3785                                          "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
3786                         }
3787                         parm = parm->next;
3788                         if (parm != NULL) {
3789                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
3790                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
3791                                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
3792                                                  "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
3793                                 }
3794                                 parm = parm->next;
3795                                 if (parm != NULL) {
3796                                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
3797                                 }
3798                         }
3799                 } else {
3800                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
3801                 }
3802         }
3803 }
3804
3805 /**
3806  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
3807  */
3808 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
3809 {
3810         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
3811 }
3812
3813 static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
3814         declaration_t *const declaration,
3815         const bool is_function_definition)
3816 {
3817         const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
3818         const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
3819
3820         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
3821         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3822         if (is_type_function(type) &&
3823                         type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
3824                         warning.strict_prototypes) {
3825                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3826                          "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
3827                          orig_type, declaration->symbol);
3828         }
3829
3830         if (is_function_definition && warning.main && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
3831                 check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
3832         }
3833
3834         assert(declaration->symbol != NULL);
3835         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
3836
3837         assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
3838         if (previous_declaration != NULL) {
3839                 if (previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
3840                         /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
3841                         if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
3842                                 previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
3843                         }
3844
3845                         const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
3846                         if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
3847                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
3848                                        "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
3849                                        orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
3850                                    &previous_declaration->source_position);
3851                         } else {
3852                                 unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
3853                                 if(old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
3854                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
3855                                                "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
3856                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
3857                                         return previous_declaration;
3858                                 }
3859
3860                                 unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
3861
3862                                 if(is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
3863                                         previous_declaration->type = type;
3864                                         prev_type                  = type;
3865                                 }
3866
3867                                 /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
3868                                  * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
3869                                  * none nor extern) */
3870                                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
3871                                         switch (old_storage_class) {
3872                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3873                                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
3874
3875                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3876                                                         if (is_function_definition) {
3877                                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
3878                                                                     prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
3879                                                                     !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
3880                                                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3881                                                                                  "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
3882                                                                                  orig_type, symbol);
3883                                                                 }
3884                                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
3885                                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
3886                                                         }
3887                                                         break;
3888
3889                                                 default: break;
3890                                         }
3891                                 }
3892
3893                                 if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
3894                                                 new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
3895 warn_redundant_declaration:
3896                                         if (warning.redundant_decls) {
3897                                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3898                                                          "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
3899                                                          symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
3900                                         }
3901                                 } else if (current_function == NULL) {
3902                                         if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
3903                                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
3904                                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
3905                                                        "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
3906                                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
3907                                         } else {
3908                                                 if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN && !is_function_definition) {
3909                                                         goto warn_redundant_declaration;
3910                                                 }
3911                                                 if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
3912                                                         previous_declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
3913                                                         previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
3914                                                 }
3915                                         }
3916                                 } else {
3917                                         if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
3918                                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
3919                                                        "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
3920                                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
3921                                         } else {
3922                                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
3923                                                        "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
3924                                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
3925                                         }
3926                                 }
3927                         }
3928                         return previous_declaration;
3929                 }
3930         } else if (is_function_definition) {
3931                 if (declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
3932                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
3933                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3934                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
3935                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
3936                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3937                                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type,
3938                                          symbol);
3939                         }
3940                 }
3941         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
3942             scope == global_scope &&
3943             !is_type_function(type) && (
3944               declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
3945               declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
3946             )) {
3947                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
3948                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
3949         }
3950
3951         assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
3952         assert(scope != NULL);
3953
3954         declaration->parent_scope = scope;
3955
3956         environment_push(declaration);
3957         return append_declaration(declaration);
3958 }
3959
3960 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
3961 {
3962         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, false);
3963 }
3964
3965 static declaration_t *record_function_definition(declaration_t *declaration)
3966 {
3967         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, true);
3968 }
3969
3970 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
3971                 const source_position_t *source_position)
3972 {
3973         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
3974                declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
3975 }
3976
3977 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
3978                                      bool only_type_specifiers)
3979 {
3980         switch(token->type) {
3981                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3982                         return true;
3983                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
3984                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
3985
3986                 case T___extension__:
3987                 STORAGE_CLASSES
3988                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
3989                         return !only_type_specifiers;
3990
3991                 default:
3992                         return false;
3993         }
3994 }
3995
3996 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
3997 {
3998         eat('=');
3999
4000         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4001         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4002
4003         if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
4004                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4005         }
4006
4007         bool must_be_constant = false;
4008         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
4009                         || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
4010                         || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
4011                 must_be_constant = true;
4012         }
4013
4014         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4015         env.type             = orig_type;
4016         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4017         env.declaration      = declaration;
4018
4019         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4020
4021         if(env.type != orig_type) {
4022                 orig_type         = env.type;
4023                 type              = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4024                 declaration->type = env.type;
4025         }
4026
4027         if(is_type_function(type)) {
4028                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4029                        "initializers not allowed for function types at declator '%Y' (type '%T')",
4030                        declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4031         } else {
4032                 declaration->init.initializer = initializer;
4033         }
4034 }
4035
4036 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4037 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4038                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4039                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4040 {
4041         eat(';');
4042
4043         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4044         declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
4045         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4046         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4047         declaration->decl_modifiers         = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
4048
4049         if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4050                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4051                          "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4052         }
4053         declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4054
4055         type_t *type = declaration->type;
4056         switch (type->kind) {
4057                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4058                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4059                         if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
4060                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4061                                          "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4062                         }
4063                         break;
4064                 }
4065
4066                 case TYPE_ENUM:
4067                         break;
4068
4069                 default:
4070                         warningf(&declaration->source_position, "empty declaration");
4071                         break;
4072         }
4073
4074         finished_declaration(declaration);
4075 }
4076
4077 static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
4078                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4079                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4080 {
4081         add_anchor_token(';');
4082         add_anchor_token('=');
4083         add_anchor_token(',');
4084         while(true) {
4085                 declaration_t *declaration = finished_declaration(ndeclaration);
4086
4087                 type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4088                 type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4089
4090                 if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION &&
4091                     declaration->is_inline &&
4092                     is_type_valid(type)) {
4093                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4094                                  "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
4095                 }
4096
4097                 if(token.type == '=') {
4098                         parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
4099                 }
4100
4101                 if(token.type != ',')
4102                         break;
4103                 eat(',');
4104
4105                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4106         }
4107         expect(';');
4108
4109 end_error:
4110         rem_anchor_token(';');
4111         rem_anchor_token('=');
4112         rem_anchor_token(',');
4113 }
4114
4115 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
4116 {
4117         symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4118         if(symbol == NULL) {
4119                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4120                 return declaration;
4121         }
4122         namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
4123         if(namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
4124                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4125         }
4126
4127         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4128         if(previous_declaration == NULL ||
4129                         previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
4130                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
4131                        symbol);
4132                 return declaration;
4133         }
4134
4135         if(previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
4136                 previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
4137                 previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
4138                 previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4139                 previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
4140                 return previous_declaration;
4141         } else {
4142                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4143         }
4144 }
4145
4146 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4147 {
4148         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4149         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4150         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4151
4152         if(token.type == ';') {
4153                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
4154         } else {
4155                 declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4156                 parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
4157         }
4158 }
4159
4160 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
4161 {
4162         type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
4163         if (!is_type_function(type))
4164                 return;
4165
4166         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
4167                 return;
4168
4169         /* push function parameters */
4170         int       top        = environment_top();
4171         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
4172         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
4173
4174         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
4175         for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4176                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
4177                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4178                 environment_push(parameter);
4179         }
4180
4181         /* parse declaration list */
4182         while(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
4183                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
4184         }
4185
4186         /* pop function parameters */
4187         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
4188         set_scope(last_scope);
4189         environment_pop_to(top);
4190
4191         /* update function type */
4192         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
4193         new_type->function.kr_style_parameters = false;
4194
4195         function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
4196         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
4197
4198         declaration_t *parameter_declaration = declaration->scope.declarations;
4199         for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
4200                         parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
4201                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4202                 if(parameter_type == NULL) {
4203                         if (strict_mode) {
4204                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
4205                                        parameter_declaration->symbol);
4206                         } else {
4207                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
4208                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
4209                                                 parameter_declaration->symbol);
4210                                 }
4211                                 parameter_type              = type_int;
4212                                 parameter_declaration->type = parameter_type;
4213                         }
4214                 }
4215
4216                 semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
4217                 parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4218
4219                 function_parameter_t *function_parameter
4220                         = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4221                 memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4222
4223                 function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
4224                 if(last_parameter != NULL) {
4225                         last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
4226                 } else {
4227                         parameters = function_parameter;
4228                 }
4229                 last_parameter = function_parameter;
4230         }
4231         new_type->function.parameters = parameters;
4232
4233         type = typehash_insert(new_type);
4234         if(type != new_type) {
4235                 obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
4236         }
4237
4238         declaration->type = type;
4239 }
4240
4241 static bool first_err = true;
4242
4243 /**
4244  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
4245  * else does noting.
4246  */
4247 static void print_in_function(void) {
4248         if (first_err) {
4249                 first_err = false;
4250                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
4251                         current_function->source_position.input_name,
4252                         current_function->symbol);
4253         }
4254 }
4255
4256 /**
4257  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
4258  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
4259  */
4260 static void check_labels(void)
4261 {
4262         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
4263             goto_statement != NULL;
4264             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
4265                 declaration_t *label = goto_statement->label;
4266
4267                 label->used = true;
4268                 if (label->source_position.input_name == NULL) {
4269                         print_in_function();
4270                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
4271                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->symbol);
4272                  }
4273         }
4274         goto_first = goto_last = NULL;
4275
4276         if (warning.unused_label) {
4277                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
4278                          label_statement != NULL;
4279                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
4280                         const declaration_t *label = label_statement->label;
4281
4282                         if (! label->used) {
4283                                 print_in_function();
4284                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
4285                                         "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->symbol);
4286                         }
4287                 }
4288         }
4289         label_first = label_last = NULL;
4290 }
4291
4292 /**
4293  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
4294  */
4295 static void check_declarations(void)
4296 {
4297         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
4298                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
4299
4300                 const declaration_t *parameter = scope->declarations;
4301                 for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4302                         if (! parameter->used) {
4303                                 print_in_function();
4304                                 warningf(&parameter->source_position,
4305                                          "unused parameter '%Y'", parameter->symbol);
4306                         }
4307                 }
4308         }
4309         if (warning.unused_variable) {
4310         }
4311 }
4312
4313 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
4314 {
4315         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
4316          * specifiers */
4317         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4318         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4319
4320         add_anchor_token(';');
4321         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4322         rem_anchor_token(';');
4323
4324         /* must be a declaration */
4325         if(token.type == ';') {
4326                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
4327                 return;
4328         }
4329
4330         add_anchor_token(',');
4331         add_anchor_token('=');
4332         rem_anchor_token(';');
4333
4334         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
4335         declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4336
4337         rem_anchor_token(',');
4338         rem_anchor_token('=');
4339         rem_anchor_token(';');
4340
4341         /* must be a declaration */
4342         if(token.type == ',' || token.type == '=' || token.type == ';') {
4343                 parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
4344                 return;
4345         }
4346
4347         /* must be a function definition */
4348         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
4349
4350         if(token.type != '{') {
4351                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
4352                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
4353                 return;
4354         }
4355
4356         type_t *type = ndeclaration->type;
4357
4358         /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
4359          * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
4360         if(type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
4361                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
4362                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
4363                                type, ndeclaration->symbol);
4364                 }
4365                 eat_block();
4366                 return;
4367         }
4368
4369         /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
4370          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
4371         if(type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
4372                 type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
4373                 duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
4374
4375                 type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
4376                 if(type != duplicate) {
4377                         obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
4378                 }
4379                 ndeclaration->type = type;
4380         }
4381
4382         declaration_t *const declaration = record_function_definition(ndeclaration);
4383         if(ndeclaration != declaration) {
4384                 declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
4385         }
4386         type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
4387
4388         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
4389         int       top        = environment_top();
4390         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
4391         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
4392
4393         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
4394         for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4395                 if(parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
4396                         parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4397                 }
4398                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
4399                                 || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
4400                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4401                 environment_push(parameter);
4402         }
4403
4404         if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
4405                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4406                 eat_block();
4407                 goto end_of_parse_external_declaration;
4408         } else {
4409                 /* parse function body */
4410                 int            label_stack_top      = label_top();
4411                 declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
4412                 current_function                    = declaration;
4413
4414                 declaration->init.statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
4415                 first_err = true;
4416                 check_labels();
4417                 check_declarations();
4418
4419                 assert(current_function == declaration);
4420                 current_function = old_current_function;
4421                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
4422         }
4423
4424 end_of_parse_external_declaration:
4425         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
4426         set_scope(last_scope);
4427         environment_pop_to(top);
4428 }
4429
4430 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
4431                                   source_position_t *source_position)
4432 {
4433         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
4434
4435         type->bitfield.base_type = base_type;
4436         type->bitfield.size      = size;
4437
4438         return type;
4439 }
4440
4441 static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
4442                                           symbol_t *symbol)
4443 {
4444         declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
4445         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
4446                 if(iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
4447                         continue;
4448
4449                 if(iter->symbol == NULL) {
4450                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
4451                         if(is_type_compound(type)) {
4452                                 declaration_t *result
4453                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
4454                                 if(result != NULL)
4455                                         return result;
4456                         }
4457                         continue;
4458                 }
4459
4460                 if(iter->symbol == symbol) {
4461                         return iter;
4462                 }
4463         }
4464
4465         return NULL;
4466 }
4467
4468 static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
4469                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
4470 {
4471         declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
4472         if(last_declaration != NULL) {
4473                 while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
4474                         last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
4475                 }
4476         }
4477
4478         while(1) {
4479                 declaration_t *declaration;
4480
4481                 if(token.type == ':') {
4482                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
4483                         next_token();
4484
4485                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
4486                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
4487
4488                         if(!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
4489                                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
4490                                        base_type);
4491                         }
4492
4493                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size, &source_position);
4494
4495                         declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
4496                         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4497                         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4498                         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4499                         declaration->source_position        = source_position;
4500                         declaration->decl_modifiers         = specifiers->decl_modifiers;
4501                         declaration->type                   = type;
4502                 } else {
4503                         declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
4504
4505                         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4506                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4507
4508                         if(token.type == ':') {
4509                                 source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
4510                                 next_token();
4511                                 expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
4512
4513                                 if(!is_type_integer(type)) {
4514                                         errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an "
4515                                                "integer type", orig_type);
4516                                 }
4517
4518                                 type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size, &source_position);
4519                                 declaration->type = bitfield_type;
4520                         } else {
4521                                 /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
4522                                  * that they're at the end of the struct */
4523                                 if(is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
4524                                         errorf(HERE,
4525                                                "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
4526                                                declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4527                                 } else if(is_type_function(type)) {
4528                                         errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function "
4529                                                "type '%T'", declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4530                                 }
4531                         }
4532                 }
4533
4534                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
4535                 symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
4536                 if(symbol != NULL) {
4537                         declaration_t *prev_decl
4538                                 = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
4539
4540                         if(prev_decl != NULL) {
4541                                 assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
4542                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4543                                        "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
4544                                        symbol, &prev_decl->source_position);
4545                         }
4546                 }
4547
4548                 /* append declaration */
4549                 if(last_declaration != NULL) {
4550                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
4551                 } else {
4552                         struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
4553                 }
4554                 last_declaration = declaration;
4555
4556                 if(token.type != ',')
4557                         break;
4558                 next_token();
4559         }
4560         expect(';');
4561
4562 end_error:
4563         ;
4564 }
4565
4566 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
4567 {
4568         eat('{');
4569         add_anchor_token('}');
4570
4571         while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
4572                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4573                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4574                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4575
4576                 parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
4577         }
4578         rem_anchor_token('}');
4579
4580         if(token.type == T_EOF) {
4581                 errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
4582         }
4583         next_token();
4584 }
4585
4586 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
4587 {
4588         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4589         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4590         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4591         if(specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4592                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
4593                  * storage class is...
4594                  */
4595                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
4596         }
4597
4598         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
4599
4600         return result;
4601 }
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function) (unsigned precedence);
4607 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function) (unsigned precedence,
4608                                                           expression_t *left);
4609
4610 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
4611 struct expression_parser_function_t {
4612         unsigned                         precedence;
4613         parse_expression_function        parser;
4614         unsigned                         infix_precedence;
4615         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
4616 };
4617
4618 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
4619
4620 /**
4621  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
4622  */
4623 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
4624 {
4625         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
4626         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
4627                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token '%K'", &token);
4628         }
4629         next_token();
4630
4631         return create_invalid_expression();
4632 }
4633
4634 /**
4635  * Parse a string constant.
4636  */
4637 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
4638 {
4639         wide_string_t wres;
4640         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
4641                 string_t res = token.v.string;
4642                 next_token();
4643                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
4644                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
4645                         next_token();
4646                 }
4647                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
4648                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
4649                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
4650                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
4651                          * will construct the array type */
4652                         cnst->base.type    = type_char_ptr;
4653                         cnst->string.value = res;
4654                         return cnst;
4655                 }
4656
4657                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
4658         } else {
4659                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
4660         }
4661         next_token();
4662
4663         for (;;) {
4664                 switch (token.type) {
4665                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
4666                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
4667                                 break;
4668
4669                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
4670                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
4671                                 break;
4672
4673                         default: {
4674                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
4675                                 cnst->base.type         = type_wchar_t_ptr;
4676                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
4677                                 return cnst;
4678                         }
4679                 }
4680                 next_token();
4681         }
4682 }
4683
4684 /**
4685  * Parse an integer constant.
4686  */
4687 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
4688 {
4689         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
4690         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
4691         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4692         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
4693
4694         next_token();
4695
4696         return cnst;
4697 }
4698
4699 /**
4700  * Parse a character constant.
4701  */
4702 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
4703 {
4704         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
4705
4706         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
4707         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4708         cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
4709
4710         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
4711                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
4712                         /* TODO */
4713                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
4714                 } else {
4715                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
4716                 }
4717         }
4718         next_token();
4719
4720         return cnst;
4721 }
4722
4723 /**
4724  * Parse a wide character constant.
4725  */
4726 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
4727 {
4728         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
4729
4730         cnst->base.source_position    = *HERE;
4731         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
4732         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
4733
4734         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
4735                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
4736                         /* TODO */
4737                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
4738                 } else {
4739                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
4740                 }
4741         }
4742         next_token();
4743
4744         return cnst;
4745 }
4746
4747 /**
4748  * Parse a float constant.
4749  */
4750 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
4751 {
4752         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
4753         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
4754         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
4755
4756         next_token();
4757
4758         return cnst;
4759 }
4760
4761 static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
4762                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4763 {
4764         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, source_position);
4765         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
4766         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4767
4768         type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
4769         if(type != ntype) {
4770                 free_type(ntype);
4771         }
4772
4773         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4774         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4775         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4776         declaration->type                   = type;
4777         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
4778         declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
4779         declaration->parent_scope           = global_scope;
4780
4781         scope_t *old_scope = scope;
4782         set_scope(global_scope);
4783
4784         environment_push(declaration);
4785         /* prepends the declaration to the global declarations list */
4786         declaration->next   = scope->declarations;
4787         scope->declarations = declaration;
4788
4789         assert(scope == global_scope);
4790         set_scope(old_scope);
4791
4792         return declaration;
4793 }
4794
4795 /**
4796  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
4797  * already exists.
4798  *
4799  * @param return_type    the return type
4800  * @param argument_type  the argument type
4801  */
4802 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
4803 {
4804         function_parameter_t *parameter
4805                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4806         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
4807         parameter->type = argument_type;
4808
4809         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
4810         type->function.return_type = return_type;
4811         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
4812
4813         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
4814         if(result != type) {
4815                 free_type(type);
4816         }
4817
4818         return result;
4819 }
4820
4821 /**
4822  * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
4823  *
4824  * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
4825  */
4826 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
4827 {
4828         switch(symbol->ID) {
4829         case T___builtin_alloca:
4830                 return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
4831         case T___builtin_nan:
4832                 return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
4833         case T___builtin_nanf:
4834                 return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
4835         case T___builtin_nand:
4836                 return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
4837         case T___builtin_va_end:
4838                 return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
4839         default:
4840                 internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
4841         }
4842 }
4843
4844 /**
4845  * Performs automatic type cast as described in § 6.3.2.1.
4846  *
4847  * @param orig_type  the original type
4848  */
4849 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
4850 {
4851         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4852         if(is_type_array(type)) {
4853                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
4854                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
4855                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
4856
4857                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
4858         }
4859
4860         if(is_type_function(type)) {
4861                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
4862         }
4863
4864         return orig_type;
4865 }
4866
4867 /**
4868  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
4869  * to function-pointer types as defined § 6.3.2.1
4870  */
4871 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
4872 {
4873         switch (expression->kind) {
4874                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: return expression->reference.declaration->type;
4875                 case EXPR_SELECT:    return expression->select.compound_entry->type;
4876
4877                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
4878                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
4879                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
4880                         assert(is_type_pointer(type));
4881                         return type->pointer.points_to;
4882                 }
4883
4884                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
4885                         return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
4886
4887                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
4888                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
4889                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
4890                         if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
4891                                 return type_left;
4892                         assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
4893                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
4894                 }
4895
4896                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
4897                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
4898                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
4899                 }
4900
4901                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
4902                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
4903                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
4904                 }
4905
4906                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
4907                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
4908
4909                 default: break;
4910         }
4911
4912         return expression->base.type;
4913 }
4914
4915 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
4916 {
4917         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
4918
4919         reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
4920         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
4921
4922         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4923
4924         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
4925         next_token();
4926
4927         if(declaration == NULL) {
4928                 if (! strict_mode && token.type == '(') {
4929                         /* an implicitly defined function */
4930                         if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
4931                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
4932                                         symbol);
4933                         }
4934
4935                         declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol,
4936                                                                &source_position);
4937                 } else {
4938                         errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
4939                         return create_invalid_expression();
4940                 }
4941         }
4942
4943         type_t *type         = declaration->type;
4944
4945         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
4946          * code to revert this! */
4947         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
4948
4949         ref->declaration = declaration;
4950         ref->base.type   = type;
4951
4952         /* this declaration is used */
4953         declaration->used = true;
4954
4955         /* check for deprecated functions */
4956         if(declaration->deprecated != 0) {
4957                 const char *prefix = "";
4958                 if (is_type_function(declaration->type))
4959                         prefix = "function ";
4960
4961                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
4962                         warningf(&source_position,
4963                                 "%s'%Y' was declared 'deprecated(\"%s\")'", prefix, declaration->symbol,
4964                                 declaration->deprecated_string);
4965                 } else {
4966                         warningf(&source_position,
4967                                 "%s'%Y' was declared 'deprecated'", prefix, declaration->symbol);
4968                 }
4969         }
4970
4971         return expression;
4972 }
4973
4974 static void check_cast_allowed(expression_t *expression, type_t *dest_type)
4975 {
4976         (void) expression;
4977         (void) dest_type;
4978         /* TODO check if explicit cast is allowed and issue warnings/errors */
4979 }
4980
4981 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
4982 {
4983         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
4984
4985         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4986         env.type             = type;
4987         env.declaration      = NULL;
4988         env.must_be_constant = false;
4989         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4990         type = env.type;
4991
4992         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
4993         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
4994         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
4995
4996         return expression;
4997 }
4998
4999 /**
5000  * Parse a cast expression.
5001  */
5002 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
5003 {
5004         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
5005
5006         type_t *type  = parse_typename();
5007
5008         /* matching add_anchor_token() is at call site */
5009         rem_anchor_token(')');
5010         expect(')');
5011
5012         if(token.type == '{') {
5013                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
5014         }
5015
5016         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
5017         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
5018
5019         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
5020
5021         check_cast_allowed(value, type);
5022
5023         cast->base.type   = type;
5024         cast->unary.value = value;
5025
5026         return cast;
5027 end_error:
5028         return create_invalid_expression();
5029 }
5030
5031 /**
5032  * Parse a statement expression.
5033  */
5034 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
5035 {
5036         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
5037
5038         statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
5039         expression->statement.statement  = statement;
5040         expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
5041
5042         /* find last statement and use its type */
5043         type_t *type = type_void;
5044         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
5045         if (stmt != NULL) {
5046                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
5047                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
5048
5049                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
5050                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
5051                 }
5052         } else {
5053                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
5054         }
5055         expression->base.type = type;
5056
5057         expect(')');
5058
5059         return expression;
5060 end_error:
5061         return create_invalid_expression();
5062 }
5063
5064 /**
5065  * Parse a braced expression.
5066  */
5067 static expression_t *parse_brace_expression(void)
5068 {
5069         eat('(');
5070         add_anchor_token(')');
5071
5072         switch(token.type) {
5073         case '{':
5074                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
5075                 return parse_statement_expression();
5076
5077         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
5078         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
5079                 return parse_cast();
5080         case T_IDENTIFIER:
5081                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
5082                         return parse_cast();
5083                 }
5084         }
5085
5086         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
5087         rem_anchor_token(')');
5088         expect(')');
5089
5090         return result;
5091 end_error:
5092         return create_invalid_expression();
5093 }
5094
5095 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
5096 {
5097         next_token();
5098         /* TODO */
5099
5100         if (current_function == NULL) {
5101                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
5102         }
5103
5104         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5105         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5106         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
5107
5108         return expression;
5109 }
5110
5111 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
5112 {
5113         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
5114
5115         if (current_function == NULL) {
5116                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
5117         }
5118
5119         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5120         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5121         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
5122
5123         return expression;
5124 }
5125
5126 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
5127 {
5128         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
5129
5130         if (current_function == NULL) {
5131                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
5132         }
5133
5134         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5135         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5136         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
5137
5138         return expression;
5139 }
5140
5141 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
5142 {
5143         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
5144
5145         if (current_function == NULL) {
5146                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
5147         }
5148
5149         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
5150         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
5151         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
5152
5153         return expression;
5154 }
5155
5156 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
5157 {
5158         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5159         result->source_position = *HERE;
5160
5161         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5162                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
5163                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5164                 return NULL;
5165         }
5166         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
5167         next_token();
5168
5169         designator_t *last_designator = result;
5170         while(true) {
5171                 if(token.type == '.') {
5172                         next_token();
5173                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5174                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
5175                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5176                                 return NULL;
5177                         }
5178                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5179                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
5180                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
5181                         next_token();
5182
5183                         last_designator->next = designator;
5184                         last_designator       = designator;
5185                         continue;
5186                 }
5187                 if(token.type == '[') {
5188                         next_token();
5189                         add_anchor_token(']');
5190                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
5191                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
5192                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
5193                         rem_anchor_token(']');
5194                         expect(']');
5195                         if(designator->array_index == NULL) {
5196                                 return NULL;
5197                         }
5198
5199                         last_designator->next = designator;
5200                         last_designator       = designator;
5201                         continue;
5202                 }
5203                 break;
5204         }
5205
5206         return result;
5207 end_error:
5208         return NULL;
5209 }
5210
5211 /**
5212  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
5213  */
5214 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
5215 {
5216         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
5217
5218         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
5219         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
5220
5221         expect('(');
5222         add_anchor_token(',');
5223         type_t *type = parse_typename();
5224         rem_anchor_token(',');
5225         expect(',');
5226         add_anchor_token(')');
5227         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
5228         rem_anchor_token(')');
5229         expect(')');
5230
5231         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
5232         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
5233
5234         type_path_t path;
5235         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
5236         path.top_type = type;
5237         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
5238
5239         descend_into_subtype(&path);
5240
5241         if(!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
5242                 return create_invalid_expression();
5243         }
5244
5245         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
5246
5247         return expression;
5248 end_error:
5249         return create_invalid_expression();
5250 }
5251
5252 /**
5253  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
5254  */
5255 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
5256 {
5257         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
5258
5259         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
5260
5261         expect('(');
5262         add_anchor_token(',');
5263         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
5264         rem_anchor_token(',');
5265         expect(',');
5266         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
5267         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5268                 declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
5269                 if (decl == NULL)
5270                         return create_invalid_expression();
5271                 if (decl->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
5272                     decl->next == NULL) {
5273                         expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
5274                         expect(')');
5275                         return expression;
5276                 }
5277         }
5278         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
5279                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
5280 end_error:
5281         return create_invalid_expression();
5282 }
5283
5284 /**
5285  * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
5286  */
5287 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
5288 {
5289         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
5290
5291         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
5292
5293         expect('(');
5294         expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
5295         expect(',');
5296         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
5297         expect(')');
5298
5299         return expression;
5300 end_error:
5301         return create_invalid_expression();
5302 }
5303
5304 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
5305 {
5306         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
5307
5308         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
5309
5310         expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
5311         next_token();
5312
5313         type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
5314         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5315
5316         expression->base.type = type;
5317         return expression;
5318 }
5319
5320 /**
5321  * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
5322  */
5323 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
5324 {
5325         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
5326
5327         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
5328
5329         expect('(');
5330         add_anchor_token(')');
5331         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
5332         rem_anchor_token(')');
5333         expect(')');
5334         expression->base.type = type_int;
5335
5336         return expression;
5337 end_error:
5338         return create_invalid_expression();
5339 }
5340
5341 /**
5342  * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
5343  */
5344 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
5345 {
5346         eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
5347
5348         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
5349
5350         expect('(');
5351         add_anchor_token(')');
5352         expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
5353         if (token.type == ',') {
5354                 next_token();
5355                 expression->builtin_prefetch.rw = parse_assignment_expression();
5356         }
5357         if (token.type == ',') {
5358                 next_token();
5359                 expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
5360         }
5361         rem_anchor_token(')');
5362         expect(')');
5363         expression->base.type = type_void;
5364
5365         return expression;
5366 end_error:
5367         return create_invalid_expression();
5368 }
5369
5370 /**
5371  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
5372  */
5373 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
5374 {
5375         expression_t *expression;
5376
5377         switch(token.type) {
5378         case T___builtin_isgreater:
5379                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
5380                 break;
5381         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
5382                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
5383                 break;
5384         case T___builtin_isless:
5385                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
5386                 break;
5387         case T___builtin_islessequal:
5388                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
5389                 break;
5390         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
5391                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
5392                 break;
5393         case T___builtin_isunordered:
5394                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
5395                 break;
5396         default:
5397                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
5398                 break;
5399         }
5400         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
5401         next_token();
5402
5403         expect('(');
5404         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
5405         expect(',');
5406         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
5407         expect(')');
5408
5409         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
5410         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
5411
5412         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
5413         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
5414         if(!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
5415                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
5416                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
5417                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
5418                 }
5419         } else {
5420                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
5421         }
5422
5423         return expression;
5424 end_error:
5425         return create_invalid_expression();
5426 }
5427
5428 /**
5429  * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
5430  */
5431 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
5432 {
5433         eat(T___builtin_expect);
5434
5435         expression_t *expression
5436                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
5437
5438         expect('(');
5439         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
5440         expect(',');
5441         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
5442         expect(')');
5443
5444         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
5445
5446         return expression;
5447 end_error:
5448         return create_invalid_expression();
5449 }
5450
5451 /**
5452  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
5453  */
5454 static expression_t *parse_assume(void) {
5455         eat(T__assume);
5456
5457         expression_t *expression
5458                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
5459
5460         expect('(');
5461         add_anchor_token(')');
5462         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
5463         rem_anchor_token(')');
5464         expect(')');
5465
5466         expression->base.type = type_void;
5467         return expression;
5468 end_error:
5469         return create_invalid_expression();
5470 }
5471
5472 /**
5473  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
5474  */
5475 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void) {
5476         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5477         eat(T___noop);
5478
5479         if (token.type == '(') {
5480                 /* parse arguments */
5481                 eat('(');
5482                 add_anchor_token(')');
5483                 add_anchor_token(',');
5484
5485                 if(token.type != ')') {
5486                         while(true) {
5487                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
5488                                 if(token.type != ',')
5489                                         break;
5490                                 next_token();
5491                         }
5492                 }
5493         }
5494         rem_anchor_token(',');
5495         rem_anchor_token(')');
5496         expect(')');
5497
5498         /* the result is a (int)0 */
5499         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
5500         cnst->base.source_position = source_position;
5501         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
5502         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
5503         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
5504
5505         return cnst;
5506
5507 end_error:
5508         return create_invalid_expression();
5509 }
5510
5511 /**
5512  * Parses a primary expression.
5513  */
5514 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
5515 {
5516         switch (token.type) {
5517                 case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
5518                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
5519                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
5520                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
5521                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
5522                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
5523                 case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
5524                 case T___FUNCTION__:
5525                 case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
5526                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
5527                 case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
5528                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
5529                 case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
5530                 case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
5531                 case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
5532                 case T___builtin_expect:         return parse_builtin_expect();
5533                 case T___builtin_alloca:
5534                 case T___builtin_nan:
5535                 case T___builtin_nand:
5536                 case T___builtin_nanf:
5537                 case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
5538                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
5539                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
5540                 case T___builtin_isless:
5541                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
5542                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
5543                 case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
5544                 case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
5545                 case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
5546                 case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
5547
5548                 case '(':                        return parse_brace_expression();
5549                 case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
5550         }
5551
5552         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
5553         return create_invalid_expression();
5554 }
5555
5556 /**
5557  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
5558  */
5559 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression) {
5560         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
5561         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
5562
5563         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
5564                         warning.char_subscripts) {
5565                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
5566                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
5567         }
5568 }
5569
5570 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
5571                                             expression_t *left)
5572 {
5573         (void) precedence;
5574
5575         eat('[');
5576         add_anchor_token(']');
5577
5578         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
5579
5580         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
5581
5582         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
5583
5584         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
5585         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
5586
5587         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
5588         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
5589
5590         type_t *return_type;
5591         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
5592                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
5593                 array_access->array_ref = left;
5594                 array_access->index     = inside;
5595                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
5596         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
5597                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
5598                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
5599                 array_access->index     = left;
5600                 array_access->flipped   = true;
5601                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
5602         } else {
5603                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
5604                         errorf(HERE,
5605                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
5606                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
5607                 }
5608                 return_type             = type_error_type;
5609                 array_access->array_ref = create_invalid_expression();
5610         }
5611
5612         rem_anchor_token(']');
5613         if(token.type != ']') {
5614                 parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
5615                 return expression;
5616         }
5617         next_token();
5618
5619         return_type           = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
5620         expression->base.type = return_type;
5621
5622         return expression;
5623 }
5624
5625 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t kind, unsigned precedence)
5626 {
5627         expression_t *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
5628         tp_expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
5629
5630         if(token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
5631                 next_token();
5632                 add_anchor_token(')');
5633                 tp_expression->typeprop.type = parse_typename();
5634                 rem_anchor_token(')');
5635                 expect(')');
5636         } else {
5637                 expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
5638                 expression->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
5639
5640                 tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
5641                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
5642         }
5643
5644         return tp_expression;
5645 end_error:
5646         return create_invalid_expression();
5647 }
5648
5649 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
5650 {
5651         eat(T_sizeof);
5652         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, precedence);
5653 }
5654
5655 static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
5656 {
5657         eat(T___alignof__);
5658         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, precedence);
5659 }
5660
5661 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
5662                                              expression_t *compound)
5663 {
5664         (void) precedence;
5665         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
5666
5667         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
5668         next_token();
5669
5670         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
5671         select->select.compound = compound;
5672
5673         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
5674                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
5675                 return select;
5676         }
5677         symbol_t *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
5678         select->select.symbol = symbol;
5679         next_token();
5680
5681         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
5682         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5683
5684         type_t *type_left = type;
5685         if(is_pointer) {
5686                 if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
5687                         if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5688                                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
5689                         }
5690                         return create_invalid_expression();
5691                 }
5692                 type_left = type->pointer.points_to;
5693         }
5694         type_left = skip_typeref(type_left);
5695
5696         if (type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT &&
5697             type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
5698                 if (is_type_valid(type_left)) {
5699                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or "
5700                                "union, but '%T'", symbol, type_left);
5701                 }
5702                 return create_invalid_expression();
5703         }
5704
5705         declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
5706
5707         if(!declaration->init.complete) {
5708                 errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
5709                        symbol, type_left);
5710                 return create_invalid_expression();
5711         }
5712
5713         declaration_t *iter = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
5714         if(iter == NULL) {
5715                 errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
5716                 return create_invalid_expression();
5717         }
5718
5719         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5720          * code to revert this! */
5721         type_t *expression_type = automatic_type_conversion(iter->type);
5722
5723         select->select.compound_entry = iter;
5724         select->base.type             = expression_type;
5725
5726         if(expression_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
5727                 expression_t *extract
5728                         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT);
5729                 extract->unary.value = select;
5730                 extract->base.type   = expression_type->bitfield.base_type;
5731
5732                 return extract;
5733         }
5734
5735         return select;
5736 }
5737
5738 /**
5739  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
5740  *
5741  * @param expression  the function address
5742  */
5743 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
5744                                            expression_t *expression)
5745 {
5746         (void) precedence;
5747         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
5748         result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
5749
5750         call_expression_t *call = &result->call;
5751         call->function          = expression;
5752
5753         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
5754         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5755
5756         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
5757         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
5758                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
5759
5760                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
5761                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
5762                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
5763                 }
5764         }
5765
5766         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
5767                 errorf(HERE, "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function", expression, orig_type);
5768         }
5769
5770         /* parse arguments */
5771         eat('(');
5772         add_anchor_token(')');
5773         add_anchor_token(',');
5774
5775         if(token.type != ')') {
5776                 call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
5777
5778                 while(true) {
5779                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
5780
5781                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
5782                         if(last_argument == NULL) {
5783                                 call->arguments = argument;
5784                         } else {
5785                                 last_argument->next = argument;
5786                         }
5787                         last_argument = argument;
5788
5789                         if(token.type != ',')
5790                                 break;
5791                         next_token();
5792                 }
5793         }
5794         rem_anchor_token(',');
5795         rem_anchor_token(')');
5796         expect(')');
5797
5798         if(function_type != NULL) {
5799                 function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
5800                 call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
5801                 for( ; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
5802                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
5803                         type_t *expected_type = parameter->type;
5804                         /* TODO report scope in error messages */
5805                         expression_t *const arg_expr = argument->expression;
5806                         type_t       *const res_type = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr,
5807                                                                        "function call",
5808                                                                        &arg_expr->base.source_position);
5809                         if (res_type == NULL) {
5810                                 /* TODO improve error message */
5811                                 errorf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
5812                                         "Cannot call function with argument '%E' of type '%T' where type '%T' is expected",
5813                                         arg_expr, arg_expr->base.type, expected_type);
5814                         } else {
5815                                 argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, expected_type);
5816                         }
5817                 }
5818                 /* too few parameters */
5819                 if(parameter != NULL) {
5820                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
5821                 } else if(argument != NULL) {
5822                         /* too many parameters */
5823                         if(!function_type->variadic
5824                                         && !function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
5825                                 errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
5826                         } else {
5827                                 /* do default promotion */
5828                                 for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
5829                                         type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
5830
5831                                         type = skip_typeref(type);
5832                                         if(is_type_integer(type)) {
5833                                                 type = promote_integer(type);
5834                                         } else if(type == type_float) {
5835                                                 type = type_double;
5836                                         }
5837
5838                                         argument->expression
5839                                                 = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
5840                                 }
5841
5842                                 check_format(&result->call);
5843                         }
5844                 } else {
5845                         check_format(&result->call);
5846                 }
5847         }
5848
5849         return result;
5850 end_error:
5851         return create_invalid_expression();
5852 }
5853
5854 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
5855
5856 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
5857 {
5858         return
5859                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
5860                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
5861                 type1->compound.declaration == type2->compound.declaration;
5862 }
5863
5864 /**
5865  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
5866  *
5867  * @param expression  the conditional expression
5868  */
5869 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
5870                                                   expression_t *expression)
5871 {
5872         eat('?');
5873         add_anchor_token(':');
5874
5875         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
5876
5877         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
5878         conditional->condition = expression;
5879
5880         /* 6.5.15.2 */
5881         type_t *const condition_type_orig = expression->base.type;
5882         type_t *const condition_type      = skip_typeref(condition_type_orig);
5883         if (!is_type_scalar(condition_type) && is_type_valid(condition_type)) {
5884                 type_error("expected a scalar type in conditional condition",
5885                            &expression->base.source_position, condition_type_orig);
5886         }
5887
5888         expression_t *true_expression = parse_expression();
5889         rem_anchor_token(':');
5890         expect(':');
5891         expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
5892
5893         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
5894         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
5895         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
5896         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
5897
5898         /* 6.5.15.3 */
5899         type_t *result_type;
5900         if(is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
5901                 is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
5902                 if (!is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
5903                     || !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
5904                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
5905                                         "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
5906                 }
5907                 result_type = type_void;
5908         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
5909                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
5910                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
5911
5912                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
5913                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
5914
5915                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
5916                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
5917                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
5918         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
5919                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
5920                 result_type = true_type;
5921         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
5922                 type_t *pointer_type;
5923                 type_t *other_type;
5924                 expression_t *other_expression;
5925                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type)) {
5926                         pointer_type     = true_type;
5927                         other_type       = false_type;
5928                         other_expression = false_expression;
5929                 } else {
5930                         pointer_type     = false_type;
5931                         other_type       = true_type;
5932                         other_expression = true_expression;
5933                 }
5934
5935                 if(is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
5936                         if(!pointers_compatible(true_type, false_type)) {
5937                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
5938                                                 "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible", true_type, false_type);
5939                         }
5940                         result_type = true_type;
5941                 } else if(is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
5942                         result_type = pointer_type;
5943                 } else if(is_type_integer(other_type)) {
5944                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
5945                                         "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
5946                         result_type = pointer_type;
5947                 } else {
5948                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
5949                                         &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
5950                         result_type = type_error_type;
5951                 }
5952         } else {
5953                 /* TODO: one pointer to void*, other some pointer */
5954
5955                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
5956                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
5957                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type,
5958                                                 false_type);
5959                 }
5960                 result_type = type_error_type;
5961         }
5962
5963         conditional->true_expression
5964                 = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
5965         conditional->false_expression
5966                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
5967         conditional->base.type = result_type;
5968         return result;
5969 end_error:
5970         return create_invalid_expression();
5971 }
5972
5973 /**
5974  * Parse an extension expression.
5975  */
5976 static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
5977 {
5978         eat(T___extension__);
5979
5980         /* TODO enable extensions */
5981         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
5982         /* TODO disable extensions */
5983         return expression;
5984 }
5985
5986 /**
5987  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
5988  */
5989 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
5990 {
5991         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
5992
5993         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
5994         result->base.type    = type_int;
5995
5996         expect('(');
5997         add_anchor_token(')');
5998         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
5999         rem_anchor_token(')');
6000         expect(')');
6001         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
6002
6003         return result;
6004 end_error:
6005         return create_invalid_expression();
6006 }
6007
6008 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
6009 {
6010         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6011         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6012         /* TODO !is_type_real && !is_type_pointer */
6013         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type) && type->kind != TYPE_POINTER) {
6014                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6015                         /* TODO: improve error message */
6016                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
6017                 }
6018                 return;
6019         }
6020
6021         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6022 }
6023
6024 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
6025 {
6026         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6027         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6028         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
6029                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6030                         /* TODO: improve error message */
6031                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs an arithmetic type");
6032                 }
6033                 return;
6034         }
6035
6036         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6037 }
6038
6039 static void semantic_unexpr_scalar(unary_expression_t *expression)
6040 {
6041         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6042         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6043         if (!is_type_scalar(type)) {
6044                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6045                         errorf(HERE, "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
6046                 }
6047                 return;
6048         }
6049
6050         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6051 }
6052
6053 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
6054 {
6055         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6056         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6057         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
6058                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6059                         errorf(HERE, "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
6060                 }
6061                 return;
6062         }
6063
6064         expression->base.type = orig_type;
6065 }
6066
6067 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
6068 {
6069         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
6070         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6071         if(!is_type_pointer(type)) {
6072                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6073                         errorf(HERE, "Unary '*' needs pointer or arrray type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
6074                 }
6075                 return;
6076         }
6077
6078         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
6079         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
6080         expression->base.type = result_type;
6081 }
6082
6083 /**
6084  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
6085  */
6086 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
6087 {
6088         expression_t *value = expression->value;
6089         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
6090
6091         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
6092         if(!is_type_valid(orig_type))
6093                 return;
6094
6095         if(value->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
6096                 declaration_t *const declaration = value->reference.declaration;
6097                 if(declaration != NULL) {
6098                         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER) {
6099                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6100                                        "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
6101                                        declaration->symbol);
6102                         }
6103                         declaration->address_taken = 1;
6104                 }
6105         }
6106
6107         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6108 }
6109
6110 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc)   \
6111 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence)            \
6112 {                                                                              \
6113         eat(token_type);                                                           \
6114                                                                                    \
6115         expression_t *unary_expression                                             \
6116                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                         \
6117         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                            \
6118         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(precedence);          \
6119                                                                                    \
6120         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                           \
6121                                                                                    \
6122         return unary_expression;                                                   \
6123 }
6124
6125 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
6126                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
6127 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
6128                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
6129 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
6130                                semantic_unexpr_scalar)
6131 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
6132                                semantic_dereference)
6133 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
6134                                semantic_take_addr)
6135 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
6136                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
6137 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
6138                                semantic_incdec)
6139 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
6140                                semantic_incdec)
6141
6142 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
6143                                                sfunc)                         \
6144 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence,           \
6145                                                expression_t *left)            \
6146 {                                                                             \
6147         (void) precedence;                                                        \
6148         eat(token_type);                                                          \
6149                                                                               \
6150         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
6151                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
6152         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
6153                                                                                   \
6154         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
6155                                                                               \
6156         return unary_expression;                                                  \
6157 }
6158
6159 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
6160                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
6161                                        semantic_incdec)
6162 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
6163                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
6164                                        semantic_incdec)
6165
6166 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
6167 {
6168         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
6169
6170         /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
6171         if(type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
6172                 return type_long_double;
6173         } else if(type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
6174                 return type_double;
6175         } else if(type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
6176                 return type_float;
6177         }
6178
6179         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
6180         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
6181
6182         if(type_left == type_right)
6183                 return type_left;
6184
6185         bool signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
6186         bool signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
6187         int  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
6188         int  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
6189         if(rank_left < rank_right) {
6190                 if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_right) {
6191                         return type_right;
6192                 } else {
6193                         return type_left;
6194                 }
6195         } else {
6196                 if(signed_left == signed_right || !signed_left) {
6197                         return type_left;
6198                 } else {
6199                         return type_right;
6200                 }
6201         }
6202 }
6203
6204 /**
6205  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
6206  */
6207 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
6208 {
6209         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6210         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6211         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6212         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6213         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6214         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6215
6216         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6217                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6218                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6219                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
6220                 }
6221                 return;
6222         }
6223
6224         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6225         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6226         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6227         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
6228 }
6229
6230 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
6231 {
6232         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6233         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6234         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6235         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6236         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6237         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6238
6239         if(!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6240                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6241                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6242                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs integer types");
6243                 }
6244                 return;
6245         }
6246
6247         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
6248         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
6249
6250         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
6251         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
6252         expression->base.type = type_left;
6253 }
6254
6255 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
6256 {
6257         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6258         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6259         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6260         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6261         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6262         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6263
6264         /* § 5.6.5 */
6265         if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6266                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6267                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6268                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6269                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
6270                 return;
6271         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6272                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6273         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
6274                 expression->base.type = type_right;
6275         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6276                 errorf(HERE, "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')", orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6277         }
6278 }
6279
6280 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
6281 {
6282         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6283         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6284         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6285         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6286         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6287         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6288
6289         /* § 5.6.5 */
6290         if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6291                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6292                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6293                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6294                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
6295                 return;
6296         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6297                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6298         } else if(is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6299                 if(!pointers_compatible(type_left, type_right)) {
6300                         errorf(HERE,
6301                                "pointers to incompatible objects to binary '-' ('%T', '%T')",
6302                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6303                 } else {
6304                         expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
6305                 }
6306         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6307                 errorf(HERE, "invalid operands to binary '-' ('%T', '%T')",
6308                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6309         }
6310 }
6311
6312 /**
6313  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
6314  *
6315  * @param expression   The expression to check.
6316  */
6317 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
6318 {
6319         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
6320         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
6321         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6322         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6323
6324         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6325         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6326
6327         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
6328         if(is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6329                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
6330                 if (warning.sign_compare &&
6331                     (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
6332                      expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
6333                     (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
6334
6335                         /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
6336                          * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
6337                          * the type of the other operand. */
6338                         expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
6339                         expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
6340
6341                         if(is_constant_expression(left)) {
6342                                 const_expr = left;
6343                                 other_expr = right;
6344                         } else if(is_constant_expression(right)) {
6345                                 const_expr = right;
6346                                 other_expr = left;
6347                         }
6348
6349                         type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
6350                         if(const_expr != NULL) {
6351                                 long val = fold_constant(const_expr);
6352                                 /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
6353                                 (void) other_type;
6354                                 (void) val;
6355                         }
6356                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6357                                  "comparison between signed and unsigned");
6358                 }
6359                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6360                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
6361                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6362                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
6363                 if (warning.float_equal &&
6364                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
6365                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
6366                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
6367                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6368                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
6369                 }
6370         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6371                 /* TODO check compatibility */
6372         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
6373                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
6374         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
6375                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
6376         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6377                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
6378                                         &expression->base.source_position,
6379                                         type_left, type_right);
6380         }
6381         expression->base.type = type_int;
6382 }
6383
6384 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6385 {
6386         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
6387         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
6388         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6389         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6390
6391         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6392         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6393
6394         if(!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6395                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6396                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6397                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs arithmetic types");
6398                 }
6399                 return;
6400         }
6401
6402         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
6403          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
6404          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
6405          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
6406         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6407         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6408         expression->base.type   = type_left;
6409 }
6410
6411 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6412 {
6413         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6414         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6415         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6416         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6417         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6418         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6419
6420         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
6421                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
6422                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
6423                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
6424                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
6425                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
6426                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
6427                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6428         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
6429                 expression->base.type = type_left;
6430         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6431                 errorf(HERE, "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment", orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6432         }
6433 }
6434
6435 /**
6436  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
6437  */
6438 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
6439 {
6440         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
6441         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
6442         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
6443         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
6444         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6445         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6446
6447         if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
6448                 /* TODO: improve error message */
6449                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6450                         errorf(HERE, "operation needs scalar types");
6451                 }
6452                 return;
6453         }
6454
6455         expression->base.type = type_int;
6456 }
6457
6458 /**
6459  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
6460  */
6461 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
6462 {
6463         const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
6464         const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
6465
6466         for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
6467                 if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
6468                         continue;
6469
6470                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
6471                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
6472                         return true;
6473         }
6474         /* TODO */
6475         return false;
6476 }
6477
6478 /**
6479  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
6480  */
6481 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
6482 {
6483         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
6484         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
6485
6486         type_t *type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
6487         type_left         = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6488
6489         /* must be a modifiable lvalue */
6490         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
6491                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
6492                 return;
6493         }
6494         if(type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
6495                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
6496                        orig_type_left);
6497                 return;
6498         }
6499         if(is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
6500                 errorf(HERE,
6501                        "left-hand side of assignment '%E' has incomplete type '%T'",
6502                        left, orig_type_left);
6503                 return;
6504         }
6505         if(is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
6506                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
6507                        left, orig_type_left);
6508                 return;
6509         }
6510
6511         type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right,
6512                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
6513         if (res_type == NULL) {
6514                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
6515                         "cannot assign to '%T' from '%T'",
6516                         orig_type_left, expression->right->base.type);
6517         } else {
6518                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, res_type);
6519         }
6520
6521         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
6522 }
6523
6524 /**
6525  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
6526  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
6527  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
6528  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
6529  * Examples:
6530  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
6531  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
6532  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
6533  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
6534  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
6535  * analysis. */
6536 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
6537 {
6538         switch (expr->kind) {
6539                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
6540                 case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
6541                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
6542                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
6543                 case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
6544                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
6545                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
6546                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
6547                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
6548
6549                 case EXPR_CALL: {
6550                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
6551                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
6552                                 return true;
6553
6554                         switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
6555                                 case T___builtin_va_end: return true;
6556                                 default:                 return false;
6557                         }
6558                 }
6559
6560                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
6561                  * conditional expression has no effect */
6562                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
6563                         const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
6564                         return
6565                                 expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
6566                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
6567                 }
6568
6569                 case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
6570                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
6571                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
6572                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
6573                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
6574
6575                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
6576                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
6577                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
6578                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
6579                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
6580                 case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
6581                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
6582                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
6583                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
6584
6585                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
6586                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
6587                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
6588                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
6589                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
6590                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
6591                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
6592                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
6593                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
6594                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
6595
6596                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
6597                  * suppress the warning */
6598                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
6599                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
6600                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
6601                 }
6602
6603                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
6604                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
6605                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT:    return false;
6606
6607                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
6608                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
6609                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
6610                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
6611                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
6612                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
6613                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
6614                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
6615                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
6616                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
6617                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
6618                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
6619                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
6620                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
6621                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
6622                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
6623                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
6624                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
6625                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
6626                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
6627                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
6628                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
6629                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
6630                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
6631                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
6632                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
6633                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
6634
6635                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
6636                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
6637                  * hand side */
6638                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
6639                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
6640                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
6641                  * hand side has a separate warning */
6642                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
6643                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
6644
6645                 case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:     return true;
6646                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
6647                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
6648                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
6649                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
6650                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
6651                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
6652         }
6653
6654         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
6655 }
6656
6657 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
6658 {
6659         if (warning.unused_value) {
6660                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
6661                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
6662                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
6663                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
6664                 }
6665         }
6666         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
6667 }
6668
6669 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, sfunc, lr)  \
6670 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(unsigned precedence,      \
6671                                                 expression_t *left)       \
6672 {                                                                         \
6673         eat(token_type);                                                      \
6674         source_position_t pos = *HERE;                                        \
6675                                                                           \
6676         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(precedence + lr);          \
6677                                                                           \
6678         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type); \
6679         binexpr->base.source_position = pos;                                  \
6680         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                         \
6681         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                        \
6682         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                              \
6683                                                                           \
6684         return binexpr;                                                       \
6685 }
6686
6687 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',', EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,    semantic_comma, 1)
6688 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*', EXPR_BINARY_MUL,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6689 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/', EXPR_BINARY_DIV,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6690 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%', EXPR_BINARY_MOD,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6691 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+', EXPR_BINARY_ADD,      semantic_add, 1)
6692 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-', EXPR_BINARY_SUB,      semantic_sub, 1)
6693 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<', EXPR_BINARY_LESS,     semantic_comparison, 1)
6694 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>', EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,  semantic_comparison, 1)
6695 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=', EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,   semantic_binexpr_assign, 0)
6696
6697 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,
6698                       semantic_comparison, 1)
6699 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
6700                       semantic_comparison, 1)
6701 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,
6702                       semantic_comparison, 1)
6703 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,
6704                       semantic_comparison, 1)
6705
6706 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,
6707                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6708 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,
6709                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6710 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,
6711                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
6712 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,
6713                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
6714 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,
6715                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
6716 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,
6717                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
6718 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,
6719                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
6720 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,
6721                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
6722 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,
6723                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
6724 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,
6725                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6726 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,
6727                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6728 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,
6729                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6730 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
6731                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6732 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
6733                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6734 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
6735                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6736 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
6737                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6738 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
6739                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
6740
6741 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
6742 {
6743         if(token.type < 0) {
6744                 return expected_expression_error();
6745         }
6746
6747         expression_parser_function_t *parser
6748                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
6749         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
6750         expression_t                 *left;
6751
6752         if(parser->parser != NULL) {
6753                 left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
6754         } else {
6755                 left = parse_primary_expression();
6756         }
6757         assert(left != NULL);
6758         left->base.source_position = source_position;
6759
6760         while(true) {
6761                 if(token.type < 0) {
6762                         return expected_expression_error();
6763                 }
6764
6765                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
6766                 if(parser->infix_parser == NULL)
6767                         break;
6768                 if(parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
6769                         break;
6770
6771                 left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
6772
6773                 assert(left != NULL);
6774                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
6775                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
6776         }
6777
6778         return left;
6779 }
6780
6781 /**
6782  * Parse an expression.
6783  */
6784 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
6785 {
6786         return parse_sub_expression(1);
6787 }
6788
6789 /**
6790  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator with given precedence.
6791  *
6792  * @param parser      the parser function
6793  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
6794  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
6795  */
6796 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
6797                                        int token_type, unsigned precedence)
6798 {
6799         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
6800
6801         if(entry->parser != NULL) {
6802                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
6803                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
6804         }
6805         entry->parser     = parser;
6806         entry->precedence = precedence;
6807 }
6808
6809 /**
6810  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
6811  *
6812  * @param parser      the parser function
6813  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
6814  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
6815  */
6816 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
6817                 int token_type, unsigned precedence)
6818 {
6819         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
6820
6821         if(entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
6822                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
6823                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
6824                       "token");
6825         }
6826         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
6827         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
6828 }
6829
6830 /**
6831  * Initialize the expression parsers.
6832  */
6833 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
6834 {
6835         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
6836
6837         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,         '[',              30);
6838         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,          '(',              30);
6839         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        '.',              30);
6840         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        T_MINUSGREATER,   30);
6841         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
6842                                                               T_PLUSPLUS,       30);
6843         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
6844                                                               T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
6845
6846         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              16);
6847         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              16);
6848         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              16);
6849         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       16);
6850         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 16);
6851         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              15);
6852         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              15);
6853         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
6854         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
6855         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
6856         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL, T_GREATEREQUAL,   14);
6857         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,        T_EQUALEQUAL,     13);
6858         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
6859                                                     T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, 13);
6860         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,  '&',              12);
6861         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,  '^',              11);
6862         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,   '|',              10);
6863         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,  T_ANDAND,          9);
6864         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,   T_PIPEPIPE,        8);
6865         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,   '?',               7);
6866         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,       '=',               2);
6867         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,   T_PLUSEQUAL,       2);
6868         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,   T_MINUSEQUAL,      2);
6869         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,   T_ASTERISKEQUAL,   2);
6870         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,   T_SLASHEQUAL,      2);
6871         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,   T_PERCENTEQUAL,    2);
6872         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
6873                                                                 T_LESSLESSEQUAL, 2);
6874         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
6875                                                           T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, 2);
6876         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
6877                                                                      T_ANDEQUAL, 2);
6878         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
6879                                                                     T_PIPEEQUAL, 2);
6880         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
6881                                                                    T_CARETEQUAL, 2);
6882
6883         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,        ',',               1);
6884
6885         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',      25);
6886         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',      25);
6887         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',      25);
6888         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',      25);
6889         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',      25);
6890         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',      25);
6891         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
6892                                                                   T_PLUSPLUS,   25);
6893         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
6894                                                                   T_MINUSMINUS, 25);
6895         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof, 25);
6896         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                T___alignof__, 25);
6897         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,            T___extension__, 25);
6898         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,
6899                                                      T___builtin_classify_type, 25);
6900 }
6901
6902 /**
6903  * Parse a asm statement constraints specification.
6904  */
6905 static asm_constraint_t *parse_asm_constraints(void)
6906 {
6907         asm_constraint_t *result = NULL;
6908         asm_constraint_t *last   = NULL;
6909
6910         while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
6911                 asm_constraint_t *constraint = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(constraint[0]));
6912                 memset(constraint, 0, sizeof(constraint[0]));
6913
6914                 if(token.type == '[') {
6915                         eat('[');
6916                         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6917                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm constraint",
6918                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6919                                 return NULL;
6920                         }
6921                         constraint->symbol = token.v.symbol;
6922
6923                         expect(']');
6924                 }
6925
6926                 constraint->constraints = parse_string_literals();
6927                 expect('(');
6928                 constraint->expression = parse_expression();
6929                 expect(')');
6930
6931                 if(last != NULL) {
6932                         last->next = constraint;
6933                 } else {
6934                         result = constraint;
6935                 }
6936                 last = constraint;
6937
6938                 if(token.type != ',')
6939                         break;
6940                 eat(',');
6941         }
6942
6943         return result;
6944 end_error:
6945         return NULL;
6946 }
6947
6948 /**
6949  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
6950  */
6951 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
6952 {
6953         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
6954         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
6955
6956         while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6957                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
6958                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
6959
6960                 if(last != NULL) {
6961                         last->next = clobber;
6962                 } else {
6963                         result = clobber;
6964                 }
6965                 last = clobber;
6966
6967                 if(token.type != ',')
6968                         break;
6969                 eat(',');
6970         }
6971
6972         return result;
6973 }
6974
6975 /**
6976  * Parse an asm statement.
6977  */
6978 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
6979 {
6980         eat(T_asm);
6981
6982         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
6983         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
6984
6985         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
6986
6987         if(token.type == T_volatile) {
6988                 next_token();
6989                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
6990         }
6991
6992         expect('(');
6993         add_anchor_token(')');
6994         add_anchor_token(':');
6995         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
6996
6997         if(token.type != ':') {
6998                 rem_anchor_token(':');
6999                 goto end_of_asm;
7000         }
7001         eat(':');
7002
7003         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_constraints();
7004         if(token.type != ':') {
7005                 rem_anchor_token(':');
7006                 goto end_of_asm;
7007         }
7008         eat(':');
7009
7010         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_constraints();
7011         if(token.type != ':') {
7012                 rem_anchor_token(':');
7013                 goto end_of_asm;
7014         }
7015         rem_anchor_token(':');
7016         eat(':');
7017
7018         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
7019
7020 end_of_asm:
7021         rem_anchor_token(')');
7022         expect(')');
7023         expect(';');
7024         return statement;
7025 end_error:
7026         return create_invalid_statement();
7027 }
7028
7029 /**
7030  * Parse a case statement.
7031  */
7032 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
7033 {
7034         eat(T_case);
7035
7036         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
7037
7038         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
7039         statement->case_label.expression = parse_expression();
7040
7041         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
7042                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
7043                         next_token();
7044                         statement->case_label.end_range = parse_expression();
7045                 }
7046         }
7047
7048         expect(':');
7049
7050         if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.expression)) {
7051                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7052                        "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
7053         } else {
7054                 /* TODO: check if the case label is already known */
7055                 if (current_switch != NULL) {
7056                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
7057                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
7058                                 current_switch->first_case =
7059                                 current_switch->last_case  = &statement->case_label;
7060                         } else {
7061                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
7062                         }
7063                 } else {
7064                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7065                                "case label not within a switch statement");
7066                 }
7067         }
7068         statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
7069
7070         return statement;
7071 end_error:
7072         return create_invalid_statement();
7073 }
7074
7075 /**
7076  * Finds an existing default label of a switch statement.
7077  */
7078 static case_label_statement_t *
7079 find_default_label(const switch_statement_t *statement)
7080 {
7081         case_label_statement_t *label = statement->first_case;
7082         for ( ; label != NULL; label = label->next) {
7083                 if (label->expression == NULL)
7084                         return label;
7085         }
7086         return NULL;
7087 }
7088
7089 /**
7090  * Parse a default statement.
7091  */
7092 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
7093 {
7094         eat(T_default);
7095
7096         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
7097
7098         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7099
7100         expect(':');
7101         if (current_switch != NULL) {
7102                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = find_default_label(current_switch);
7103                 if (def_label != NULL) {
7104                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
7105                                &def_label->base.source_position);
7106                 } else {
7107                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
7108                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
7109                                 current_switch->first_case =
7110                                         current_switch->last_case  = &statement->case_label;
7111                         } else {
7112                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
7113                         }
7114                 }
7115         } else {
7116                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7117                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
7118         }
7119         statement->case_label.statement = parse_statement();
7120
7121         return statement;
7122 end_error:
7123         return create_invalid_statement();
7124 }
7125
7126 /**
7127  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7128  */
7129 static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7130 {
7131         declaration_t *candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7132         assert(current_function != NULL);
7133         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7134          * declaration */
7135         if(candidate != NULL
7136                         && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
7137                 return candidate;
7138         }
7139
7140         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7141         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
7142         declaration->namespc       = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7143         declaration->symbol        = symbol;
7144
7145         label_push(declaration);
7146
7147         return declaration;
7148 }
7149
7150 /**
7151  * Parse a label statement.
7152  */
7153 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
7154 {
7155         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
7156         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7157         next_token();
7158
7159         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
7160
7161         /* if source position is already set then the label is defined twice,
7162          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto so far */
7163         if(label->source_position.input_name != NULL) {
7164                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
7165                        symbol, &label->source_position);
7166         } else {
7167                 label->source_position = token.source_position;
7168         }
7169
7170         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
7171
7172         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7173         statement->label.label          = label;
7174
7175         eat(':');
7176
7177         if(token.type == '}') {
7178                 /* TODO only warn? */
7179                 if(false) {
7180                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
7181                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
7182                 } else {
7183                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
7184                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
7185                 }
7186                 return statement;
7187         } else {
7188                 if (token.type == ';') {
7189                         /* eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
7190                          * after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label before
7191                          * a }. */
7192                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
7193                         next_token();
7194                 } else {
7195                         statement->label.statement = parse_statement();
7196                 }
7197         }
7198
7199         /* remember the labels's in a list for later checking */
7200         if (label_last == NULL) {
7201                 label_first = &statement->label;
7202         } else {
7203                 label_last->next = &statement->label;
7204         }
7205         label_last = &statement->label;
7206
7207         return statement;
7208 }
7209
7210 /**
7211  * Parse an if statement.
7212  */
7213 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
7214 {
7215         eat(T_if);
7216
7217         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
7218         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7219
7220         expect('(');
7221         add_anchor_token(')');
7222         statement->ifs.condition = parse_expression();
7223         rem_anchor_token(')');
7224         expect(')');
7225
7226         add_anchor_token(T_else);
7227         statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
7228         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
7229
7230         if(token.type == T_else) {
7231                 next_token();
7232                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
7233         }
7234
7235         return statement;
7236 end_error:
7237         return create_invalid_statement();
7238 }
7239
7240 /**
7241  * Parse a switch statement.
7242  */
7243 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
7244 {
7245         eat(T_switch);
7246
7247         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
7248         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7249
7250         expect('(');
7251         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
7252         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7253         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
7254                 type = promote_integer(type);
7255         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7256                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7257                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
7258                 type = type_error_type;
7259         }
7260         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
7261         expect(')');
7262
7263         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
7264         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
7265         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
7266         current_switch          = rem;
7267
7268         if(warning.switch_default &&
7269            find_default_label(&statement->switchs) == NULL) {
7270                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
7271         }
7272
7273         return statement;
7274 end_error:
7275         return create_invalid_statement();
7276 }
7277
7278 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
7279 {
7280         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
7281         current_loop = loop;
7282
7283         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
7284
7285         current_loop = rem;
7286         return body;
7287 }
7288
7289 /**
7290  * Parse a while statement.
7291  */
7292 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
7293 {
7294         eat(T_while);
7295
7296         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
7297         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7298
7299         expect('(');
7300         add_anchor_token(')');
7301         statement->whiles.condition = parse_expression();
7302         rem_anchor_token(')');
7303         expect(')');
7304
7305         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7306
7307         return statement;
7308 end_error:
7309         return create_invalid_statement();
7310 }
7311
7312 /**
7313  * Parse a do statement.
7314  */
7315 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
7316 {
7317         eat(T_do);
7318
7319         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
7320
7321         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7322
7323         add_anchor_token(T_while);
7324         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7325         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
7326
7327         expect(T_while);
7328         expect('(');
7329         add_anchor_token(')');
7330         statement->do_while.condition = parse_expression();
7331         rem_anchor_token(')');
7332         expect(')');
7333         expect(';');
7334
7335         return statement;
7336 end_error:
7337         return create_invalid_statement();
7338 }
7339
7340 /**
7341  * Parse a for statement.
7342  */
7343 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
7344 {
7345         eat(T_for);
7346
7347         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
7348         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7349
7350         int      top        = environment_top();
7351         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
7352         set_scope(&statement->fors.scope);
7353
7354         expect('(');
7355         add_anchor_token(')');
7356
7357         if(token.type != ';') {
7358                 if(is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
7359                         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
7360                 } else {
7361                         add_anchor_token(';');
7362                         expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
7363                         statement->fors.initialisation = init;
7364                         if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
7365                                 warningf(&init->base.source_position,
7366                                          "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
7367                         }
7368                         rem_anchor_token(';');
7369                         expect(';');
7370                 }
7371         } else {
7372                 expect(';');
7373         }
7374
7375         if(token.type != ';') {
7376                 add_anchor_token(';');
7377                 statement->fors.condition = parse_expression();
7378                 rem_anchor_token(';');
7379         }
7380         expect(';');
7381         if(token.type != ')') {
7382                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
7383                 statement->fors.step = step;
7384                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
7385                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
7386                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
7387                 }
7388         }
7389         rem_anchor_token(')');
7390         expect(')');
7391         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
7392
7393         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
7394         set_scope(last_scope);
7395         environment_pop_to(top);
7396
7397         return statement;
7398
7399 end_error:
7400         rem_anchor_token(')');
7401         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
7402         set_scope(last_scope);
7403         environment_pop_to(top);
7404
7405         return create_invalid_statement();
7406 }
7407
7408 /**
7409  * Parse a goto statement.
7410  */
7411 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
7412 {
7413         eat(T_goto);
7414
7415         if(token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7416                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7417                 eat_statement();
7418                 return NULL;
7419         }
7420         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7421         next_token();
7422
7423         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
7424
7425         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
7426         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7427
7428         statement->gotos.label = label;
7429
7430         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
7431         if (goto_last == NULL) {
7432                 goto_first = &statement->gotos;
7433         } else {
7434                 goto_last->next = &statement->gotos;
7435         }
7436         goto_last = &statement->gotos;
7437
7438         expect(';');
7439
7440         return statement;
7441 end_error:
7442         return create_invalid_statement();
7443 }
7444
7445 /**
7446  * Parse a continue statement.
7447  */
7448 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
7449 {
7450         statement_t *statement;
7451         if (current_loop == NULL) {
7452                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
7453                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7454         } else {
7455                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
7456
7457                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7458         }
7459
7460         eat(T_continue);
7461         expect(';');
7462
7463         return statement;
7464 end_error:
7465         return create_invalid_statement();
7466 }
7467
7468 /**
7469  * Parse a break statement.
7470  */
7471 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
7472 {
7473         statement_t *statement;
7474         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
7475                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
7476                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7477         } else {
7478                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
7479
7480                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7481         }
7482
7483         eat(T_break);
7484         expect(';');
7485
7486         return statement;
7487 end_error:
7488         return create_invalid_statement();
7489 }
7490
7491 /**
7492  * Parse a __leave statement.
7493  */
7494 static statement_t *parse_leave(void)
7495 {
7496         statement_t *statement;
7497         if (current_try == NULL) {
7498                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
7499                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
7500         } else {
7501                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
7502
7503                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7504         }
7505
7506         eat(T___leave);
7507         expect(';');
7508
7509         return statement;
7510 end_error:
7511         return create_invalid_statement();
7512 }
7513
7514 /**
7515  * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
7516  */
7517 static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
7518         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
7519         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
7520         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
7521                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
7522                 if(is_type_function(type)) {
7523                         return false;
7524                 } else {
7525                         return true;
7526                 }
7527         }
7528         default:
7529                 return false;
7530         }
7531 }
7532
7533 /**
7534  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
7535  */
7536 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration) {
7537         if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
7538                 return false;
7539
7540         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
7541         return !is_type_function(type);
7542 }
7543
7544 /**
7545  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
7546  */
7547 static bool is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
7548 {
7549         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7550                 return false;
7551         }
7552         const declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
7553         return is_local_var_declaration(declaration);
7554 }
7555
7556 /**
7557  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
7558  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
7559  */
7560 declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
7561 {
7562         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7563                 return NULL;
7564         }
7565         declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
7566         if (is_var_declaration(declaration))
7567                 return declaration;
7568         return NULL;
7569 }
7570
7571 /**
7572  * Parse a return statement.
7573  */
7574 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
7575 {
7576         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
7577         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7578
7579         eat(T_return);
7580
7581         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
7582         if(token.type != ';') {
7583                 return_value = parse_expression();
7584         }
7585         expect(';');
7586
7587         const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
7588         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
7589         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
7590
7591         if(return_value != NULL) {
7592                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
7593
7594                 if(is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
7595                                 && !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7596                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
7597                                  "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
7598                         return_value = NULL;
7599                 } else {
7600                         type_t *const res_type = semantic_assign(return_type,
7601                                 return_value, "'return'", &statement->base.source_position);
7602                         if (res_type == NULL) {
7603                                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7604                                        "cannot return something of type '%T' in function returning '%T'",
7605                                        return_value->base.type, return_type);
7606                         } else {
7607                                 return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, res_type);
7608                         }
7609                 }
7610                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
7611                 if (return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
7612                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
7613                         if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
7614                                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
7615                                          "function returns address of local variable");
7616                         }
7617                 }
7618         } else {
7619                 if(!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7620                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
7621                                  "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
7622                 }
7623         }
7624         statement->returns.value = return_value;
7625
7626         return statement;
7627 end_error:
7628         return create_invalid_statement();
7629 }
7630
7631 /**
7632  * Parse a declaration statement.
7633  */
7634 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
7635 {
7636         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
7637
7638         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7639
7640         declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
7641         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
7642
7643         if(before == NULL) {
7644                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
7645         } else {
7646                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
7647         }
7648         statement->declaration.declarations_end = last_declaration;
7649
7650         return statement;
7651 }
7652
7653 /**
7654  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
7655  */
7656 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
7657 {
7658         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
7659
7660         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
7661         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
7662         statement->expression.expression = expr;
7663
7664         expect(';');
7665
7666         return statement;
7667 end_error:
7668         return create_invalid_statement();
7669 }
7670
7671 /**
7672  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
7673  * __try{ } __except() { }
7674  */
7675 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void) {
7676         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
7677
7678         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
7679         eat(T___try);
7680
7681         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
7682         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
7683         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
7684         current_try = rem;
7685
7686         if(token.type == T___except) {
7687                 eat(T___except);
7688                 expect('(');
7689                 add_anchor_token(')');
7690                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
7691                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7692                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
7693                         type = promote_integer(type);
7694                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7695                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7696                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
7697                         type = type_error_type;
7698                 }
7699                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
7700                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7701                 expect(')');
7702                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
7703         } else if(token.type == T__finally) {
7704                 eat(T___finally);
7705                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
7706         } else {
7707                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
7708                 return create_invalid_statement();
7709         }
7710         return statement;
7711 end_error:
7712         return create_invalid_statement();
7713 }
7714
7715 /**
7716  * Parse a statement.
7717  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
7718  * "statement has no effect" warnings
7719  */
7720 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
7721 {
7722         statement_t *statement = NULL;
7723
7724         /* declaration or statement */
7725         add_anchor_token(';');
7726         switch(token.type) {
7727         case T_asm:
7728                 statement = parse_asm_statement();
7729                 break;
7730
7731         case T_case:
7732                 statement = parse_case_statement();
7733                 break;
7734
7735         case T_default:
7736                 statement = parse_default_statement();
7737                 break;
7738
7739         case '{':
7740                 statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
7741                 break;
7742
7743         case T_if:
7744                 statement = parse_if();
7745                 break;
7746
7747         case T_switch:
7748                 statement = parse_switch();
7749                 break;
7750
7751         case T_while:
7752                 statement = parse_while();
7753                 break;
7754
7755         case T_do:
7756                 statement = parse_do();
7757                 break;
7758
7759         case T_for:
7760                 statement = parse_for();
7761                 break;
7762
7763         case T_goto:
7764                 statement = parse_goto();
7765                 break;
7766
7767         case T_continue:
7768                 statement = parse_continue();
7769                 break;
7770
7771         case T_break:
7772                 statement = parse_break();
7773                 break;
7774
7775         case T___leave:
7776                 statement = parse_leave();
7777                 break;
7778
7779         case T_return:
7780                 statement = parse_return();
7781                 break;
7782
7783         case ';':
7784                 if(warning.empty_statement) {
7785                         warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
7786                 }
7787                 statement = create_empty_statement();
7788                 next_token();
7789                 break;
7790
7791         case T_IDENTIFIER:
7792                 if(look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
7793                         statement = parse_label_statement();
7794                         break;
7795                 }
7796
7797                 if(is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
7798                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
7799                         break;
7800                 }
7801
7802                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
7803                 break;
7804
7805         case T___extension__:
7806                 /* this can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement */
7807                 /* we simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion */
7808                 do {
7809                         next_token();
7810                 } while(token.type == T___extension__);
7811                 statement = parse_statement();
7812                 break;
7813
7814         DECLARATION_START
7815                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
7816                 break;
7817
7818         case T___try:
7819                 statement = parse_ms_try_statment();
7820                 break;
7821
7822         default:
7823                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
7824                 break;
7825         }
7826         rem_anchor_token(';');
7827
7828         assert(statement != NULL
7829                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
7830
7831         return statement;
7832 }
7833
7834 /**
7835  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
7836  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
7837  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
7838  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
7839  */
7840 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
7841 {
7842         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
7843
7844         if(statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
7845                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
7846                 if(!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
7847                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7848                                         "statement has no effect");
7849                 }
7850         }
7851
7852         return statement;
7853 }
7854
7855 /**
7856  * Parse a compound statement.
7857  */
7858 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
7859 {
7860         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
7861
7862         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
7863
7864         eat('{');
7865         add_anchor_token('}');
7866
7867         int      top        = environment_top();
7868         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
7869         set_scope(&statement->compound.scope);
7870
7871         statement_t *last_statement = NULL;
7872
7873         while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
7874                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
7875                 if(is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
7876                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
7877                         if(at_anchor())
7878                                 goto end_error;
7879                         continue;
7880                 }
7881
7882                 if(last_statement != NULL) {
7883                         last_statement->base.next = sub_statement;
7884                 } else {
7885                         statement->compound.statements = sub_statement;
7886                 }
7887
7888                 while(sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
7889                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
7890
7891                 last_statement = sub_statement;
7892         }
7893
7894         if(token.type == '}') {
7895                 next_token();
7896         } else {
7897                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
7898                        "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
7899         }
7900
7901         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
7902         if(warning.unused_value) {
7903                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
7904                 for( ; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
7905                         if(sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
7906                                 continue;
7907                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
7908                          * statement as it has always an effect */
7909                         if(inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
7910                                 continue;
7911
7912                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
7913                         if(!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
7914                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7915                                          "statement has no effect");
7916                         }
7917                 }
7918         }
7919
7920 end_error:
7921         rem_anchor_token('}');
7922         assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
7923         set_scope(last_scope);
7924         environment_pop_to(top);
7925
7926         return statement;
7927 }
7928
7929 /**
7930  * Initialize builtin types.
7931  */
7932 static void initialize_builtin_types(void)
7933 {
7934         type_intmax_t    = make_global_typedef("__intmax_t__",      type_long_long);
7935         type_size_t      = make_global_typedef("__SIZE_TYPE__",     type_unsigned_long);
7936         type_ssize_t     = make_global_typedef("__SSIZE_TYPE__",    type_long);
7937         type_ptrdiff_t   = make_global_typedef("__PTRDIFF_TYPE__",  type_long);
7938         type_uintmax_t   = make_global_typedef("__uintmax_t__",     type_unsigned_long_long);
7939         type_uptrdiff_t  = make_global_typedef("__UPTRDIFF_TYPE__", type_unsigned_long);
7940         type_wchar_t     = make_global_typedef("__WCHAR_TYPE__",    type_int);
7941         type_wint_t      = make_global_typedef("__WINT_TYPE__",     type_int);
7942
7943         type_intmax_t_ptr  = make_pointer_type(type_intmax_t,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7944         type_ptrdiff_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_ptrdiff_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7945         type_ssize_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_ssize_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7946         type_wchar_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_wchar_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7947 }
7948
7949 /**
7950  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
7951  */
7952 static void check_unused_globals(void)
7953 {
7954         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
7955                 return;
7956
7957         for (const declaration_t *decl = global_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
7958                 if (decl->used || decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
7959                         continue;
7960
7961                 type_t *const type = decl->type;
7962                 const char *s;
7963                 if (is_type_function(skip_typeref(type))) {
7964                         if (!warning.unused_function || decl->is_inline)
7965                                 continue;
7966
7967                         s = (decl->init.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared");
7968                 } else {
7969                         if (!warning.unused_variable)
7970                                 continue;
7971
7972                         s = "defined";
7973                 }
7974
7975                 warningf(&decl->source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
7976                         type, decl->symbol, s);
7977         }
7978 }
7979
7980 /**
7981  * Parse a translation unit.
7982  */
7983 static translation_unit_t *parse_translation_unit(void)
7984 {
7985         translation_unit_t *unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
7986
7987         assert(global_scope == NULL);
7988         global_scope = &unit->scope;
7989
7990         assert(scope == NULL);
7991         set_scope(&unit->scope);
7992
7993         initialize_builtin_types();
7994
7995         while(token.type != T_EOF) {
7996                 if (token.type == ';') {
7997                         /* TODO error in strict mode */
7998                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
7999                         next_token();
8000                 } else {
8001                         parse_external_declaration();
8002                 }
8003         }
8004
8005         assert(scope == &unit->scope);
8006         scope          = NULL;
8007         last_declaration = NULL;
8008
8009         assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
8010         check_unused_globals();
8011         global_scope = NULL;
8012
8013         return unit;
8014 }
8015
8016 /**
8017  * Parse the input.
8018  *
8019  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
8020  */
8021 translation_unit_t *parse(void)
8022 {
8023         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
8024         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
8025         diagnostic_count  = 0;
8026         error_count       = 0;
8027         warning_count     = 0;
8028
8029         type_set_output(stderr);
8030         ast_set_output(stderr);
8031
8032         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
8033         for(int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
8034                 next_token();
8035         }
8036         translation_unit_t *unit = parse_translation_unit();
8037
8038         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
8039         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
8040
8041         return unit;
8042 }
8043
8044 /**
8045  * Initialize the parser.
8046  */
8047 void init_parser(void)
8048 {
8049         if(c_mode & _MS) {
8050                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
8051                 sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
8052                 sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
8053                 sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
8054                 sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
8055                 sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
8056                 sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
8057                 sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
8058                 sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
8059                 sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
8060                 sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
8061                 sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
8062                 sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
8063                 sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
8064                 sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
8065                 sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
8066                 sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
8067                 sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
8068                 sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
8069         }
8070         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
8071
8072         init_expression_parsers();
8073         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
8074
8075         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
8076         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
8077 }
8078
8079 /**
8080  * Terminate the parser.
8081  */
8082 void exit_parser(void)
8083 {
8084         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
8085 }