nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "lang_features.h"
  37 #include "warning.h"
  38 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40 #include "adt/array.h"
  41
  42 /** if wchar_t is equal to unsigned short. */
  43 bool opt_short_wchar_t =
  44 #ifdef _WIN32
  45         true;
  46 #else
  47         false;
  48 #endif
  49
  50 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  51 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 2
  52
  53 typedef struct {
  54         declaration_t *old_declaration;
  55         symbol_t      *symbol;
  56         unsigned short namespc;
  57 } stack_entry_t;
  58
  59 typedef struct argument_list_t argument_list_t;
  60 struct argument_list_t {
  61         long              argument;
  62         argument_list_t  *next;
  63 };
  64
  65 typedef struct gnu_attribute_t gnu_attribute_t;
  66 struct gnu_attribute_t {
  67         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind;           /**< The kind of the GNU attribute. */
  68         gnu_attribute_t     *next;
  69         bool                 invalid;        /**< Set if this attribute had argument errors, */
  70         bool                 have_arguments; /**< True, if this attribute has arguments. */
  71         union {
  72                 size_t              value;
  73                 string_t            string;
  74                 atomic_type_kind_t  akind;
  75                 long                argument;  /**< Single argument. */
  76                 argument_list_t    *arguments; /**< List of argument expressions. */
  77         } u;
  78 };
  79
  80 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  81 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  82         source_position_t  source_position;
  83         unsigned char      declared_storage_class;
  84         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  85         unsigned int       is_inline : 1;
  86         unsigned int       deprecated : 1;
  87         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;         /**< declaration modifiers */
  88         gnu_attribute_t   *gnu_attributes;    /**< list of GNU attributes */
  89         const char        *deprecated_string; /**< can be set if declaration was marked deprecated. */
  90         symbol_t          *get_property_sym;  /**< the name of the get property if set. */
  91         symbol_t          *put_property_sym;  /**< the name of the put property if set. */
  92         type_t            *type;
  93 };
  94
  95 /**
  96  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  97  */
  98 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  99         type_t        *type;        /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
 100                                          array type with unspecified size this gets
 101                                          adjusted to the actual size. */
 102         declaration_t *declaration; /**< the declaration that is initialized if any */
 103         bool           must_be_constant;
 104 } parse_initializer_env_t;
 105
 106 typedef declaration_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (declaration_t *declaration);
 107
 108 static token_t             token;
 109 static token_t             lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
 110 static int                 lookahead_bufpos;
 111 static stack_entry_t      *environment_stack = NULL;
 112 static stack_entry_t      *label_stack       = NULL;
 113 static scope_t            *global_scope      = NULL;
 114 static scope_t            *scope             = NULL;
 115 static declaration_t      *last_declaration  = NULL;
 116 static declaration_t      *current_function  = NULL;
 117 static switch_statement_t *current_switch    = NULL;
 118 static statement_t        *current_loop      = NULL;
 119 static statement_t        *current_parent    = NULL;
 120 static ms_try_statement_t *current_try       = NULL;
 121 static goto_statement_t   *goto_first        = NULL;
 122 static goto_statement_t   *goto_last         = NULL;
 123 static label_statement_t  *label_first       = NULL;
 124 static label_statement_t  *label_last        = NULL;
 125 static translation_unit_t *unit              = NULL;
 126 static struct obstack      temp_obst;
 127
 128 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 129         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 130         current_parent = (stmt);
 131 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 132
 133 static source_position_t null_position = { NULL, 0 };
 134
 135 /* symbols for Microsoft extended-decl-modifier */
 136 static const symbol_t *sym_align      = NULL;
 137 static const symbol_t *sym_allocate   = NULL;
 138 static const symbol_t *sym_dllimport  = NULL;
 139 static const symbol_t *sym_dllexport  = NULL;
 140 static const symbol_t *sym_naked      = NULL;
 141 static const symbol_t *sym_noinline   = NULL;
 142 static const symbol_t *sym_noreturn   = NULL;
 143 static const symbol_t *sym_nothrow    = NULL;
 144 static const symbol_t *sym_novtable   = NULL;
 145 static const symbol_t *sym_property   = NULL;
 146 static const symbol_t *sym_get        = NULL;
 147 static const symbol_t *sym_put        = NULL;
 148 static const symbol_t *sym_selectany  = NULL;
 149 static const symbol_t *sym_thread     = NULL;
 150 static const symbol_t *sym_uuid       = NULL;
 151 static const symbol_t *sym_deprecated = NULL;
 152 static const symbol_t *sym_restrict   = NULL;
 153 static const symbol_t *sym_noalias    = NULL;
 154
 155 /** The token anchor set */
 156 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 157
 158 /** The current source position. */
 159 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 160
 161 static type_t *type_valist;
 162
 163 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 164 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 165
 166 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence);
 167 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 168 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 169
 170 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration);
 171 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
 172                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract);
 173 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
 174
 175 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 176
 177 #define STORAGE_CLASSES     \
 178         case T_typedef:         \
 179         case T_extern:          \
 180         case T_static:          \
 181         case T_auto:            \
 182         case T_register:        \
 183         case T___thread:
 184
 185 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 186         case T_const:           \
 187         case T_restrict:        \
 188         case T_volatile:        \
 189         case T_inline:          \
 190         case T__forceinline:    \
 191         case T___attribute__:
 192
 193 #ifdef PROVIDE_COMPLEX
 194 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 195         case T__Complex:
 196 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 197         case T__Imaginary:
 198 #else
 199 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS
 200 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 201 #endif
 202
 203 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 204         case T_void:              \
 205         case T_char:              \
 206         case T_short:             \
 207         case T_int:               \
 208         case T_long:              \
 209         case T_float:             \
 210         case T_double:            \
 211         case T_signed:            \
 212         case T_unsigned:          \
 213         case T__Bool:             \
 214         case T_struct:            \
 215         case T_union:             \
 216         case T_enum:              \
 217         case T___typeof__:        \
 218         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 219         case T__declspec:         \
 220         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 221         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 222
 223 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 224         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 225         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 226         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 227
 228 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 229         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 230         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 231
 232 /**
 233  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 234  * initialize all fields with zero.
 235  */
 236 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 237 {
 238         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 239         memset(res, 0, size);
 240         return res;
 241 }
 242
 243 static declaration_t *allocate_declaration_zero(void)
 244 {
 245         declaration_t *declaration = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(declaration_t));
 246         declaration->type      = type_error_type;
 247         declaration->alignment = 0;
 248         return declaration;
 249 }
 250
 251 /**
 252  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 253  *
 254  * @param kind  the statement kind
 255  */
 256 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 257 {
 258         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 259                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 260                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 261                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 262                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 263                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 264                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 265                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 266                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 267                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 268                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 269                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 270                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 271                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 272                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 273                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 274                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 275                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 276                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 277                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 278         };
 279         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 280         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 281         return sizes[kind];
 282 }
 283
 284 /**
 285  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 286  *
 287  * @param kind  the expression kind
 288  */
 289 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 290 {
 291         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 292                 [EXPR_INVALID]                 = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 293                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]               = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 294                 [EXPR_CONST]                   = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 295                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 296                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT] = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 297                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]          = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 298                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]     = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 299                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]        = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 300                 [EXPR_CALL]                    = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 301                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]             = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 302                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]            = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 303                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]             = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 304                 [EXPR_SELECT]                  = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 305                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]            = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 306                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                  = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 307                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                 = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 308                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]           = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 309                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 310                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]          = sizeof(builtin_symbol_expression_t),
 311                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]      = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 312                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]        = sizeof(builtin_prefetch_expression_t),
 313                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 314                 [EXPR_VA_START]                = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 315                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                  = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 316                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]               = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 317         };
 318         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 319                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 320         }
 321         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 322                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 323         }
 324         assert(kind <= sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]));
 325         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 326         return sizes[kind];
 327 }
 328
 329 /**
 330  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 331  * fields with zero.
 332  */
 333 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 334 {
 335         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 336         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 337
 338         res->base.kind   = kind;
 339         res->base.parent = current_parent;
 340         return res;
 341 }
 342
 343 /**
 344  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 345  * fields with zero.
 346  */
 347 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 348 {
 349         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 350         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 351
 352         res->base.kind = kind;
 353         res->base.type = type_error_type;
 354         return res;
 355 }
 356
 357 /**
 358  * Creates a new invalid expression.
 359  */
 360 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 361 {
 362         expression_t *expression         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 363         expression->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 364         return expression;
 365 }
 366
 367 /**
 368  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 369  */
 370 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 371 {
 372         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 373         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 374         return statement;
 375 }
 376
 377 /**
 378  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 379  */
 380 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 381 {
 382         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 383         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 384         return statement;
 385 }
 386
 387 /**
 388  * Returns the size of a type node.
 389  *
 390  * @param kind  the type kind
 391  */
 392 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 393 {
 394         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 395                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 396                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 397                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 398                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 399                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 400                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 401                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 402                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 403                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 404                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 405                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 406                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 407                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 408         };
 409         assert(sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(sizes[0]) == (int) TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 410         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 411         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 412         return sizes[kind];
 413 }
 414
 415 /**
 416  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 417  * fields with zero.
 418  *
 419  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
 420  * @param source_position  the source position of the type definition
 421  */
 422 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind, const source_position_t *source_position)
 423 {
 424         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 425         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 426         memset(res, 0, size);
 427
 428         res->base.kind            = kind;
 429         res->base.source_position = *source_position;
 430         return res;
 431 }
 432
 433 /**
 434  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 435  *
 436  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 437  */
 438 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 439 {
 440         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 441                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 442                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 443                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 444                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 445                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 446         };
 447         assert(kind < sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(*sizes));
 448         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 449         return sizes[kind];
 450 }
 451
 452 /**
 453  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 454  * fields with zero.
 455  */
 456 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 457 {
 458         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 459         result->kind          = kind;
 460
 461         return result;
 462 }
 463
 464 /**
 465  * Free a type from the type obstack.
 466  */
 467 static void free_type(void *type)
 468 {
 469         obstack_free(type_obst, type);
 470 }
 471
 472 /**
 473  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 474  */
 475 static size_t environment_top(void)
 476 {
 477         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 478 }
 479
 480 /**
 481  * Returns the index of the top element of the label stack.
 482  */
 483 static size_t label_top(void)
 484 {
 485         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 486 }
 487
 488 /**
 489  * Return the next token.
 490  */
 491 static inline void next_token(void)
 492 {
 493         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 494         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 495         lexer_next_token();
 496
 497         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos+1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 498
 499 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 500         print_token(stderr, &token);
 501         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 502 #endif
 503 }
 504
 505 /**
 506  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 507  */
 508 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(int num)
 509 {
 510         assert(num > 0 && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 511         int pos = (lookahead_bufpos+num-1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 512         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 513 }
 514
 515 /**
 516  * Adds a token to the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 517  */
 518 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 519 {
 520         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 521         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 522 }
 523
 524 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 525 {
 526         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 527         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 528         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 529         return count;
 530 }
 531
 532 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 533 {
 534         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 535         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 536 }
 537
 538 /**
 539  * Remove a token from the token anchor set (a multi-set).
 540  */
 541 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 542 {
 543         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 544         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 545 }
 546
 547 static bool at_anchor(void)
 548 {
 549         if (token.type < 0)
 550                 return false;
 551         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 552 }
 553
 554 /**
 555  * Eat tokens until a matching token is found.
 556  */
 557 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 558 {
 559         int end_token;
 560         switch (type) {
 561                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 562                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 563                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 564                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 565         }
 566
 567         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 568         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 569         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 570         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 571                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 572                brace_count       != 0         ||
 573                bracket_count     != 0) {
 574                 switch (token.type) {
 575                 case T_EOF: return;
 576                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 577                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 578                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 579
 580                 case ')':
 581                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 582                                 --parenthesis_count;
 583                         goto check_stop;
 584
 585                 case '}':
 586                         if (brace_count > 0)
 587                                 --brace_count;
 588                         goto check_stop;
 589
 590                 case ']':
 591                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 592                                 --bracket_count;
 593 check_stop:
 594                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 595                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 596                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 597                             bracket_count     == 0)
 598                                 return;
 599                         break;
 600
 601                 default:
 602                         break;
 603                 }
 604                 next_token();
 605         }
 606 }
 607
 608 /**
 609  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 610  */
 611 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 612 {
 613         if (token.type == T_EOF)
 614                 return;
 615         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 616                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 617                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 618                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
 619                         break;
 620                 next_token();
 621         }
 622 }
 623
 624 static void eat_block(void)
 625 {
 626         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 627         if (token.type == '}')
 628                 next_token();
 629 }
 630
 631 /**
 632  * eat all token until a ';' is reached or a stop token is found.
 633  */
 634 static void eat_statement(void)
 635 {
 636         eat_until_matching_token(';');
 637         if (token.type == ';')
 638                 next_token();
 639 }
 640
 641 #define eat(token_type)  do { assert(token.type == token_type); next_token(); } while (0)
 642
 643 /**
 644  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 645  */
 646 static
 647 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 648 __attribute__((sentinel))
 649 #endif
 650 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 651 {
 652         if (message != NULL) {
 653                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 654         }
 655         va_list ap;
 656         va_start(ap, message);
 657         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 658         va_end(ap);
 659 }
 660
 661 /**
 662  * Report a type error.
 663  */
 664 static void type_error(const char *msg, const source_position_t *source_position,
 665                        type_t *type)
 666 {
 667         errorf(source_position, "%s, but found type '%T'", msg, type);
 668 }
 669
 670 /**
 671  * Report an incompatible type.
 672  */
 673 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 674                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 675 {
 676         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 677                msg, type1, type2);
 678 }
 679
 680 /**
 681  * Expect the the current token is the expected token.
 682  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 683  * and goto the end_error label.
 684  */
 685 #define expect(expected)                              \
 686         do {                                              \
 687     if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {          \
 688         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 689                 add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 690         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 691         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 692                 next_token();                             \
 693                 rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 694         goto end_error;                               \
 695     }                                                 \
 696     next_token();                                     \
 697         } while (0)
 698
 699 static void set_scope(scope_t *new_scope)
 700 {
 701         if (scope != NULL) {
 702                 scope->last_declaration = last_declaration;
 703         }
 704         scope = new_scope;
 705
 706         last_declaration = new_scope->last_declaration;
 707 }
 708
 709 /**
 710  * Search a symbol in a given namespace and returns its declaration or
 711  * NULL if this symbol was not found.
 712  */
 713 static declaration_t *get_declaration(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 714                                       const namespace_t namespc)
 715 {
 716         declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 717         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->symbol_next) {
 718                 if (declaration->namespc == namespc)
 719                         return declaration;
 720         }
 721
 722         return NULL;
 723 }
 724
 725 /**
 726  * pushs an environment_entry on the environment stack and links the
 727  * corresponding symbol to the new entry
 728  */
 729 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, declaration_t *declaration)
 730 {
 731         symbol_t    *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
 732         namespace_t  namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
 733
 734         /* replace/add declaration into declaration list of the symbol */
 735         declaration_t *iter = symbol->declaration;
 736         if (iter == NULL) {
 737                 symbol->declaration = declaration;
 738         } else {
 739                 declaration_t *iter_last = NULL;
 740                 for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 741                         /* replace an entry? */
 742                         if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
 743                                 if (iter_last == NULL) {
 744                                         symbol->declaration = declaration;
 745                                 } else {
 746                                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 747                                 }
 748                                 declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 749                                 break;
 750                         }
 751                 }
 752                 if (iter == NULL) {
 753                         assert(iter_last->symbol_next == NULL);
 754                         iter_last->symbol_next = declaration;
 755                 }
 756         }
 757
 758         /* remember old declaration */
 759         stack_entry_t entry;
 760         entry.symbol          = symbol;
 761         entry.old_declaration = iter;
 762         entry.namespc         = (unsigned short) namespc;
 763         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 764 }
 765
 766 static void environment_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 767 {
 768         assert(declaration->source_position.input_name != NULL);
 769         assert(declaration->parent_scope != NULL);
 770         stack_push(&environment_stack, declaration);
 771 }
 772
 773 /**
 774  * Push a declaration of the label stack.
 775  *
 776  * @param declaration  the declaration
 777  */
 778 static void label_push(declaration_t *declaration)
 779 {
 780         declaration->parent_scope = &current_function->scope;
 781         stack_push(&label_stack, declaration);
 782 }
 783
 784 /**
 785  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 786  */
 787 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 788 {
 789         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 790         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 791         size_t         i;
 792
 793         assert(new_top <= top);
 794         if (new_top == top)
 795                 return;
 796
 797         for(i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 798                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 799
 800                 declaration_t *old_declaration = entry->old_declaration;
 801                 symbol_t      *symbol          = entry->symbol;
 802                 namespace_t    namespc         = (namespace_t)entry->namespc;
 803
 804                 /* replace/remove declaration */
 805                 declaration_t *declaration = symbol->declaration;
 806                 assert(declaration != NULL);
 807                 if (declaration->namespc == namespc) {
 808                         if (old_declaration == NULL) {
 809                                 symbol->declaration = declaration->symbol_next;
 810                         } else {
 811                                 symbol->declaration = old_declaration;
 812                         }
 813                 } else {
 814                         declaration_t *iter_last = declaration;
 815                         declaration_t *iter      = declaration->symbol_next;
 816                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter_last = iter, iter = iter->symbol_next) {
 817                                 /* replace an entry? */
 818                                 if (iter->namespc == namespc) {
 819                                         assert(iter_last != NULL);
 820                                         iter_last->symbol_next = old_declaration;
 821                                         if (old_declaration != NULL) {
 822                                                 old_declaration->symbol_next = iter->symbol_next;
 823                                         }
 824                                         break;
 825                                 }
 826                         }
 827                         assert(iter != NULL);
 828                 }
 829         }
 830
 831         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 832 }
 833
 834 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 835 {
 836         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 837 }
 838
 839 /**
 840  * Pop all entries on the label stack until the new_top
 841  * is reached.
 842  *
 843  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 844  */
 845 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 846 {
 847         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 848 }
 849
 850 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 851 {
 852         return (int) akind;
 853 }
 854
 855 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 856 {
 857         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 858         /* The C-standard allows promoting enums to int or unsigned int (see § 7.2.2
 859          * and esp. footnote 108). However we can't fold constants (yet), so we
 860          * can't decide whether unsigned int is possible, while int always works.
 861          * (unsigned int would be preferable when possible... for stuff like
 862          *  struct { enum { ... } bla : 4; } ) */
 863         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 864                 return get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT);
 865
 866         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 867         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 868 }
 869
 870 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 871 {
 872         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 873                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 874
 875         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
 876                 type = type_int;
 877
 878         return type;
 879 }
 880
 881 /**
 882  * Create a cast expression.
 883  *
 884  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 885  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 886  */
 887 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 888                                             type_t *dest_type)
 889 {
 890         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 891
 892         cast->unary.value = expression;
 893         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 894
 895         return cast;
 896 }
 897
 898 /**
 899  * Check if a given expression represents the 0 pointer constant.
 900  */
 901 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 902 {
 903         /* skip void* cast */
 904         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
 905                         || expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 906                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 907         }
 908
 909         /* TODO: not correct yet, should be any constant integer expression
 910          * which evaluates to 0 */
 911         if (expression->kind != EXPR_CONST)
 912                 return false;
 913
 914         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 915         if (!is_type_integer(type))
 916                 return false;
 917
 918         return expression->conste.v.int_value == 0;
 919 }
 920
 921 /**
 922  * Create an implicit cast expression.
 923  *
 924  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 925  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 926  */
 927 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
 928                                           type_t *dest_type)
 929 {
 930         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
 931
 932         if (source_type == dest_type)
 933                 return expression;
 934
 935         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
 936 }
 937
 938 typedef enum assign_error_t {
 939         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
 940         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
 941         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
 942         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
 943         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
 944         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
 945 } assign_error_t;
 946
 947 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
 948                                 const expression_t *const right,
 949                                 const char *context,
 950                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
 951 {
 952         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
 953         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
 954         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
 955
 956         switch (error) {
 957         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
 958                 return;
 959         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
 960                 errorf(source_position,
 961                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
 962                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
 963                 return;
 964
 965         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
 966                 type_t *points_to_left
 967                         = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
 968                 type_t *points_to_right
 969                         = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
 970
 971                 /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
 972                 unsigned missing_qualifiers
 973                         = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
 974                 warningf(source_position,
 975                          "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
 976                          orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
 977                 return;
 978         }
 979
 980         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
 981                 warningf(source_position,
 982                          "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
 983                                  orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
 984                 return;
 985
 986         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
 987                 warningf(source_position,
 988                          "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
 989                                  context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 990                 return;
 991
 992         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
 993                 warningf(source_position,
 994                                 "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
 995                                 context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
 996                 return;
 997
 998         default:
 999                 panic("invalid error value");
1000         }
1001 }
1002
1003 /** Implements the rules from § 6.5.16.1 */
1004 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1005                                       const expression_t *const right)
1006 {
1007         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1008         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1009         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1010
1011         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1012                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1013                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1014                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1015                         type_t *points_to_left
1016                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1017                         type_t *points_to_right
1018                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1019                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1020
1021                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1022                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1023                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1024                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1025                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1026                         }
1027
1028                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1029                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1030
1031                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
1032                                         is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1033                                 return res;
1034                         }
1035
1036                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1037                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1038                         }
1039
1040                         return res;
1041                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1042                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1043                 }
1044         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1045             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1046                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1047                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1048         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1049                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1050                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1051                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1052                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1053                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1054                 }
1055         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1056                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1057         }
1058
1059         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1060                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1061
1062         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1063 }
1064
1065 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1066 {
1067         /* start parsing at precedence 7 (conditional expression) */
1068         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(7);
1069
1070         if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1071                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1072                        "expression '%E' is not constant\n", result);
1073         }
1074
1075         return result;
1076 }
1077
1078 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1079 {
1080         /* start parsing at precedence 2 (assignment expression) */
1081         return parse_sub_expression(2);
1082 }
1083
1084 static type_t *make_global_typedef(const char *name, type_t *type)
1085 {
1086         symbol_t *const symbol       = symbol_table_insert(name);
1087
1088         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
1089         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
1090         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1091         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
1092         declaration->type                   = type;
1093         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
1094         declaration->source_position        = builtin_source_position;
1095
1096         record_declaration(declaration);
1097
1098         type_t *typedef_type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
1099         typedef_type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
1100
1101         return typedef_type;
1102 }
1103
1104 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1105 {
1106         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1107         string_t result = token.v.string;
1108
1109         next_token();
1110
1111         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1112                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1113                 next_token();
1114         }
1115
1116         return result;
1117 }
1118
1119 static const char *const gnu_attribute_names[GNU_AK_LAST] = {
1120         [GNU_AK_CONST]                  = "const",
1121         [GNU_AK_VOLATILE]               = "volatile",
1122         [GNU_AK_CDECL]                  = "cdecl",
1123         [GNU_AK_STDCALL]                = "stdcall",
1124         [GNU_AK_FASTCALL]               = "fastcall",
1125         [GNU_AK_DEPRECATED]             = "deprecated",
1126         [GNU_AK_NOINLINE]               = "noinline",
1127         [GNU_AK_NORETURN]               = "noreturn",
1128         [GNU_AK_NAKED]                  = "naked",
1129         [GNU_AK_PURE]                   = "pure",
1130         [GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE]          = "always_inline",
1131         [GNU_AK_MALLOC]                 = "malloc",
1132         [GNU_AK_WEAK]                   = "weak",
1133         [GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR]            = "constructor",
1134         [GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR]             = "destructor",
1135         [GNU_AK_NOTHROW]                = "nothrow",
1136         [GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION]      = "transparent_union",
1137         [GNU_AK_COMMON]                 = "common",
1138         [GNU_AK_NOCOMMON]               = "nocommon",
1139         [GNU_AK_PACKED]                 = "packed",
1140         [GNU_AK_SHARED]                 = "shared",
1141         [GNU_AK_NOTSHARED]              = "notshared",
1142         [GNU_AK_USED]                   = "used",
1143         [GNU_AK_UNUSED]                 = "unused",
1144         [GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION] = "no_instrument_function",
1145         [GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT]     = "warn_unused_result",
1146         [GNU_AK_LONGCALL]               = "longcall",
1147         [GNU_AK_SHORTCALL]              = "shortcall",
1148         [GNU_AK_LONG_CALL]              = "long_call",
1149         [GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL]             = "short_call",
1150         [GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR]        = "function_vector",
1151         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT]              = "interrupt",
1152         [GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER]      = "interrupt_handler",
1153         [GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER]            = "nmi_handler",
1154         [GNU_AK_NESTING]                = "nesting",
1155         [GNU_AK_NEAR]                   = "near",
1156         [GNU_AK_FAR]                    = "far",
1157         [GNU_AK_SIGNAL]                 = "signal",
1158         [GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA]          = "eightbit_data",
1159         [GNU_AK_TINY_DATA]              = "tiny_data",
1160         [GNU_AK_SAVEALL]                = "saveall",
1161         [GNU_AK_FLATTEN]                = "flatten",
1162         [GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM]             = "sseregparm",
1163         [GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE]     = "externally_visible",
1164         [GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE]           = "return_twice",
1165         [GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS]              = "may_alias",
1166         [GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT]              = "ms_struct",
1167         [GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT]             = "gcc_struct",
1168         [GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT]              = "dllimport",
1169         [GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT]              = "dllexport",
1170         [GNU_AK_ALIGNED]                = "aligned",
1171         [GNU_AK_ALIAS]                  = "alias",
1172         [GNU_AK_SECTION]                = "section",
1173         [GNU_AK_FORMAT]                 = "format",
1174         [GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG]             = "format_arg",
1175         [GNU_AK_WEAKREF]                = "weakref",
1176         [GNU_AK_NONNULL]                = "nonnull",
1177         [GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL]              = "tls_model",
1178         [GNU_AK_VISIBILITY]             = "visibility",
1179         [GNU_AK_REGPARM]                = "regparm",
1180         [GNU_AK_MODE]                   = "mode",
1181         [GNU_AK_MODEL]                  = "model",
1182         [GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT]              = "trap_exit",
1183         [GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH]              = "sp_switch",
1184         [GNU_AK_SENTINEL]               = "sentinel"
1185 };
1186
1187 /**
1188  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1189  */
1190 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1191 {
1192         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1193                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1194                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1195                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1196                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1197                 }
1198         }
1199
1200         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1201 }
1202
1203 /**
1204  * Allocate a new gnu temporal attribute.
1205  */
1206 static gnu_attribute_t *allocate_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_kind_t kind)
1207 {
1208         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(*attribute));
1209         attribute->kind            = kind;
1210         attribute->next            = NULL;
1211         attribute->invalid         = false;
1212         attribute->have_arguments  = false;
1213
1214         return attribute;
1215 }
1216
1217 /**
1218  * parse one constant expression argument.
1219  */
1220 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1221 {
1222         expression_t *expression;
1223         add_anchor_token(')');
1224         expression = parse_constant_expression();
1225         rem_anchor_token(')');
1226         expect(')');
1227         attribute->u.argument = fold_constant(expression);
1228         return;
1229 end_error:
1230         attribute->invalid = true;
1231 }
1232
1233 /**
1234  * parse a list of constant expressions arguments.
1235  */
1236 static void parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1237 {
1238         argument_list_t **list = &attribute->u.arguments;
1239         argument_list_t  *entry;
1240         expression_t     *expression;
1241         add_anchor_token(')');
1242         add_anchor_token(',');
1243         while (true) {
1244                 expression = parse_constant_expression();
1245                 entry = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(entry));
1246                 entry->argument = fold_constant(expression);
1247                 entry->next     = NULL;
1248                 *list = entry;
1249                 list = &entry->next;
1250                 if (token.type != ',')
1251                         break;
1252                 next_token();
1253         }
1254         rem_anchor_token(',');
1255         rem_anchor_token(')');
1256         expect(')');
1257         return;
1258 end_error:
1259         attribute->invalid = true;
1260 }
1261
1262 /**
1263  * parse one string literal argument.
1264  */
1265 static void parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute,
1266                                            string_t *string)
1267 {
1268         add_anchor_token('(');
1269         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1270                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute directive",
1271                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1272                 goto end_error;
1273         }
1274         *string = parse_string_literals();
1275         rem_anchor_token('(');
1276         expect(')');
1277         return;
1278 end_error:
1279         attribute->invalid = true;
1280 }
1281
1282 /**
1283  * parse one tls model.
1284  */
1285 static void parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1286 {
1287         static const char *const tls_models[] = {
1288                 "global-dynamic",
1289                 "local-dynamic",
1290                 "initial-exec",
1291                 "local-exec"
1292         };
1293         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1294         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1295         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1296                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1297                         if (strcmp(tls_models[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1298                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1299                                 return;
1300                         }
1301                 }
1302                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized tls model", string.begin);
1303         }
1304         attribute->invalid = true;
1305 }
1306
1307 /**
1308  * parse one tls model.
1309  */
1310 static void parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1311 {
1312         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1313                 "default",
1314                 "protected",
1315                 "hidden",
1316                 "internal"
1317         };
1318         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1319         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1320         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1321                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1322                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1323                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1324                                 return;
1325                         }
1326                 }
1327                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized visibility", string.begin);
1328         }
1329         attribute->invalid = true;
1330 }
1331
1332 /**
1333  * parse one (code) model.
1334  */
1335 static void parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1336 {
1337         static const char *const visibilities[] = {
1338                 "small",
1339                 "medium",
1340                 "large"
1341         };
1342         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1343         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1344         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1345                 for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
1346                         if (strcmp(visibilities[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1347                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1348                                 return;
1349                         }
1350                 }
1351                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized model", string.begin);
1352         }
1353         attribute->invalid = true;
1354 }
1355
1356 static void parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1357 {
1358         /* TODO: find out what is allowed here... */
1359
1360         /* at least: byte, word, pointer, list of machine modes
1361          * __XXX___ is interpreted as XXX */
1362         add_anchor_token(')');
1363
1364         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1365                 expect(T_IDENTIFIER);
1366         }
1367
1368         /* This isn't really correct, the backend should provide a list of machine
1369          * specific modes (according to gcc philosophy that is...) */
1370         const char *symbol_str = token.v.symbol->string;
1371         if (strcmp_underscore("QI",   symbol_str) == 0 ||
1372             strcmp_underscore("byte", symbol_str) == 0) {
1373                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
1374         } else if (strcmp_underscore("HI", symbol_str) == 0) {
1375                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
1376         } else if (strcmp_underscore("SI",      symbol_str) == 0
1377                 || strcmp_underscore("word",    symbol_str) == 0
1378                 || strcmp_underscore("pointer", symbol_str) == 0) {
1379                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
1380         } else if (strcmp_underscore("DI", symbol_str) == 0) {
1381                 attribute->u.akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
1382         } else {
1383                 warningf(HERE, "ignoring unknown mode '%s'", symbol_str);
1384                 attribute->invalid = true;
1385         }
1386         next_token();
1387
1388         rem_anchor_token(')');
1389         expect(')');
1390         return;
1391 end_error:
1392         attribute->invalid = true;
1393 }
1394
1395 /**
1396  * parse one interrupt argument.
1397  */
1398 static void parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1399 {
1400         static const char *const interrupts[] = {
1401                 "IRQ",
1402                 "FIQ",
1403                 "SWI",
1404                 "ABORT",
1405                 "UNDEF"
1406         };
1407         string_t string = { NULL, 0 };
1408         parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &string);
1409         if (string.begin != NULL) {
1410                 for(size_t i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
1411                         if (strcmp(interrupts[i], string.begin) == 0) {
1412                                 attribute->u.value = i;
1413                                 return;
1414                         }
1415                 }
1416                 errorf(HERE, "'%s' is not an interrupt", string.begin);
1417         }
1418         attribute->invalid = true;
1419 }
1420
1421 /**
1422  * parse ( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1423  */
1424 static void parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(gnu_attribute_t *attribute)
1425 {
1426         static const char *const format_names[] = {
1427                 "printf",
1428                 "scanf",
1429                 "strftime",
1430                 "strfmon"
1431         };
1432         int i;
1433
1434         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1435                 parse_error_expected("while parsing format attribute directive", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1436                 goto end_error;
1437         }
1438         const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
1439         for(i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
1440                 if (strcmp_underscore(format_names[i], name) == 0)
1441                         break;
1442         }
1443         if (i >= 4) {
1444                 if (warning.attribute)
1445                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' is an unrecognized format function type", name);
1446         }
1447         next_token();
1448
1449         expect(',');
1450         add_anchor_token(')');
1451         add_anchor_token(',');
1452         parse_constant_expression();
1453         rem_anchor_token(',');
1454         rem_anchor_token('(');
1455
1456         expect(',');
1457         add_anchor_token(')');
1458         parse_constant_expression();
1459         rem_anchor_token('(');
1460         expect(')');
1461         return;
1462 end_error:
1463         attribute->u.value = true;
1464 }
1465
1466 static void check_no_argument(gnu_attribute_t *attribute, const char *name)
1467 {
1468         if (!attribute->have_arguments)
1469                 return;
1470
1471         /* should have no arguments */
1472         errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1473         eat_until_matching_token('(');
1474         /* we have already consumed '(', so we stop before ')', eat it */
1475         eat(')');
1476         attribute->invalid = true;
1477 }
1478
1479 /**
1480  * Parse one GNU attribute.
1481  *
1482  * Note that attribute names can be specified WITH or WITHOUT
1483  * double underscores, ie const or __const__.
1484  *
1485  * The following attributes are parsed without arguments
1486  *  const
1487  *  volatile
1488  *  cdecl
1489  *  stdcall
1490  *  fastcall
1491  *  deprecated
1492  *  noinline
1493  *  noreturn
1494  *  naked
1495  *  pure
1496  *  always_inline
1497  *  malloc
1498  *  weak
1499  *  constructor
1500  *  destructor
1501  *  nothrow
1502  *  transparent_union
1503  *  common
1504  *  nocommon
1505  *  packed
1506  *  shared
1507  *  notshared
1508  *  used
1509  *  unused
1510  *  no_instrument_function
1511  *  warn_unused_result
1512  *  longcall
1513  *  shortcall
1514  *  long_call
1515  *  short_call
1516  *  function_vector
1517  *  interrupt_handler
1518  *  nmi_handler
1519  *  nesting
1520  *  near
1521  *  far
1522  *  signal
1523  *  eightbit_data
1524  *  tiny_data
1525  *  saveall
1526  *  flatten
1527  *  sseregparm
1528  *  externally_visible
1529  *  return_twice
1530  *  may_alias
1531  *  ms_struct
1532  *  gcc_struct
1533  *  dllimport
1534  *  dllexport
1535  *
1536  * The following attributes are parsed with arguments
1537  *  aligned( const expression )
1538  *  alias( string literal )
1539  *  section( string literal )
1540  *  format( identifier, const expression, const expression )
1541  *  format_arg( const expression )
1542  *  tls_model( string literal )
1543  *  visibility( string literal )
1544  *  regparm( const expression )
1545  *  model( string leteral )
1546  *  trap_exit( const expression )
1547  *  sp_switch( string literal )
1548  *
1549  * The following attributes might have arguments
1550  *  weak_ref( string literal )
1551  *  non_null( const expression // ',' )
1552  *  interrupt( string literal )
1553  *  sentinel( constant expression )
1554  */
1555 static decl_modifiers_t parse_gnu_attribute(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1556 {
1557         gnu_attribute_t *head      = *attributes;
1558         gnu_attribute_t *last      = *attributes;
1559         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1560         gnu_attribute_t *attribute;
1561
1562         eat(T___attribute__);
1563         expect('(');
1564         expect('(');
1565
1566         if (token.type != ')') {
1567                 /* find the end of the list */
1568                 if (last != NULL) {
1569                         while (last->next != NULL)
1570                                 last = last->next;
1571                 }
1572
1573                 /* non-empty attribute list */
1574                 while (true) {
1575                         const char *name;
1576                         if (token.type == T_const) {
1577                                 name = "const";
1578                         } else if (token.type == T_volatile) {
1579                                 name = "volatile";
1580                         } else if (token.type == T_cdecl) {
1581                                 /* __attribute__((cdecl)), WITH ms mode */
1582                                 name = "cdecl";
1583                         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
1584                                 const symbol_t *sym = token.v.symbol;
1585                                 name = sym->string;
1586                         } else {
1587                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing GNU attribute", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1588                                 break;
1589                         }
1590
1591                         next_token();
1592
1593                         int i;
1594                         for(i = 0; i < GNU_AK_LAST; ++i) {
1595                                 if (strcmp_underscore(gnu_attribute_names[i], name) == 0)
1596                                         break;
1597                         }
1598                         gnu_attribute_kind_t kind = (gnu_attribute_kind_t)i;
1599
1600                         attribute = NULL;
1601                         if (kind == GNU_AK_LAST) {
1602                                 if (warning.attribute)
1603                                         warningf(HERE, "'%s' attribute directive ignored", name);
1604
1605                                 /* skip possible arguments */
1606                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1607                                         eat_until_matching_token(')');
1608                                 }
1609                         } else {
1610                                 /* check for arguments */
1611                                 attribute = allocate_gnu_attribute(kind);
1612                                 if (token.type == '(') {
1613                                         next_token();
1614                                         if (token.type == ')') {
1615                                                 /* empty args are allowed */
1616                                                 next_token();
1617                                         } else
1618                                                 attribute->have_arguments = true;
1619                                 }
1620
1621                                 switch(kind) {
1622                                 case GNU_AK_CONST:
1623                                 case GNU_AK_VOLATILE:
1624                                 case GNU_AK_NAKED:
1625                                 case GNU_AK_MALLOC:
1626                                 case GNU_AK_WEAK:
1627                                 case GNU_AK_COMMON:
1628                                 case GNU_AK_NOCOMMON:
1629                                 case GNU_AK_SHARED:
1630                                 case GNU_AK_NOTSHARED:
1631                                 case GNU_AK_NO_INSTRUMENT_FUNCTION:
1632                                 case GNU_AK_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT:
1633                                 case GNU_AK_LONGCALL:
1634                                 case GNU_AK_SHORTCALL:
1635                                 case GNU_AK_LONG_CALL:
1636                                 case GNU_AK_SHORT_CALL:
1637                                 case GNU_AK_FUNCTION_VECTOR:
1638                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT_HANDLER:
1639                                 case GNU_AK_NMI_HANDLER:
1640                                 case GNU_AK_NESTING:
1641                                 case GNU_AK_NEAR:
1642                                 case GNU_AK_FAR:
1643                                 case GNU_AK_SIGNAL:
1644                                 case GNU_AK_EIGTHBIT_DATA:
1645                                 case GNU_AK_TINY_DATA:
1646                                 case GNU_AK_SAVEALL:
1647                                 case GNU_AK_FLATTEN:
1648                                 case GNU_AK_SSEREGPARM:
1649                                 case GNU_AK_EXTERNALLY_VISIBLE:
1650                                 case GNU_AK_RETURN_TWICE:
1651                                 case GNU_AK_MAY_ALIAS:
1652                                 case GNU_AK_MS_STRUCT:
1653                                 case GNU_AK_GCC_STRUCT:
1654                                         goto no_arg;
1655
1656                                 case GNU_AK_CDECL:             modifiers |= DM_CDECL;             goto no_arg;
1657                                 case GNU_AK_FASTCALL:          modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL;          goto no_arg;
1658                                 case GNU_AK_STDCALL:           modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;           goto no_arg;
1659                                 case GNU_AK_UNUSED:            modifiers |= DM_UNUSED;            goto no_arg;
1660                                 case GNU_AK_USED:              modifiers |= DM_USED;              goto no_arg;
1661                                 case GNU_AK_PURE:              modifiers |= DM_PURE;              goto no_arg;
1662                                 case GNU_AK_ALWAYS_INLINE:     modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;       goto no_arg;
1663                                 case GNU_AK_DLLIMPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLIMPORT;         goto no_arg;
1664                                 case GNU_AK_DLLEXPORT:         modifiers |= DM_DLLEXPORT;         goto no_arg;
1665                                 case GNU_AK_PACKED:            modifiers |= DM_PACKED;            goto no_arg;
1666                                 case GNU_AK_NOINLINE:          modifiers |= DM_NOINLINE;          goto no_arg;
1667                                 case GNU_AK_NORETURN:          modifiers |= DM_NORETURN;          goto no_arg;
1668                                 case GNU_AK_NOTHROW:           modifiers |= DM_NOTHROW;           goto no_arg;
1669                                 case GNU_AK_TRANSPARENT_UNION: modifiers |= DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION; goto no_arg;
1670                                 case GNU_AK_CONSTRUCTOR:       modifiers |= DM_CONSTRUCTOR;       goto no_arg;
1671                                 case GNU_AK_DESTRUCTOR:        modifiers |= DM_DESTRUCTOR;        goto no_arg;
1672                                 case GNU_AK_DEPRECATED:        modifiers |= DM_DEPRECATED;        goto no_arg;
1673
1674                                 case GNU_AK_ALIGNED:
1675                                         /* __align__ may be used without an argument */
1676                                         if (attribute->have_arguments) {
1677                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1678                                         }
1679                                         break;
1680
1681                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT_ARG:
1682                                 case GNU_AK_REGPARM:
1683                                 case GNU_AK_TRAP_EXIT:
1684                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1685                                                 /* should have arguments */
1686                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1687                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1688                                         } else
1689                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1690                                         break;
1691                                 case GNU_AK_ALIAS:
1692                                 case GNU_AK_SECTION:
1693                                 case GNU_AK_SP_SWITCH:
1694                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1695                                                 /* should have arguments */
1696                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1697                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1698                                         } else
1699                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1700                                         break;
1701                                 case GNU_AK_FORMAT:
1702                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1703                                                 /* should have arguments */
1704                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1705                                                 attribute->invalid = true;
1706                                         } else
1707                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_format_args(attribute);
1708                                         break;
1709                                 case GNU_AK_WEAKREF:
1710                                         /* may have one string argument */
1711                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1712                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_string_arg(attribute, &attribute->u.string);
1713                                         break;
1714                                 case GNU_AK_NONNULL:
1715                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1716                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg_list(attribute);
1717                                         break;
1718                                 case GNU_AK_TLS_MODEL:
1719                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1720                                                 /* should have arguments */
1721                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1722                                         } else
1723                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_tls_model_arg(attribute);
1724                                         break;
1725                                 case GNU_AK_VISIBILITY:
1726                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1727                                                 /* should have arguments */
1728                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1729                                         } else
1730                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_visibility_arg(attribute);
1731                                         break;
1732                                 case GNU_AK_MODEL:
1733                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1734                                                 /* should have arguments */
1735                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1736                                         } else {
1737                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_model_arg(attribute);
1738                                         }
1739                                         break;
1740                                 case GNU_AK_MODE:
1741                                         if (!attribute->have_arguments) {
1742                                                 /* should have arguments */
1743                                                 errorf(HERE, "wrong number of arguments specified for '%s' attribute", name);
1744                                         } else {
1745                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_mode_arg(attribute);
1746                                         }
1747                                         break;
1748                                 case GNU_AK_INTERRUPT:
1749                                         /* may have one string argument */
1750                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1751                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_interrupt_arg(attribute);
1752                                         break;
1753                                 case GNU_AK_SENTINEL:
1754                                         /* may have one string argument */
1755                                         if (attribute->have_arguments)
1756                                                 parse_gnu_attribute_const_arg(attribute);
1757                                         break;
1758                                 case GNU_AK_LAST:
1759                                         /* already handled */
1760                                         break;
1761
1762 no_arg:
1763                                         check_no_argument(attribute, name);
1764                                 }
1765                         }
1766                         if (attribute != NULL) {
1767                                 if (last != NULL) {
1768                                         last->next = attribute;
1769                                         last       = attribute;
1770                                 } else {
1771                                         head = last = attribute;
1772                                 }
1773                         }
1774
1775                         if (token.type != ',')
1776                                 break;
1777                         next_token();
1778                 }
1779         }
1780         expect(')');
1781         expect(')');
1782 end_error:
1783         *attributes = head;
1784
1785         return modifiers;
1786 }
1787
1788 /**
1789  * Parse GNU attributes.
1790  */
1791 static decl_modifiers_t parse_attributes(gnu_attribute_t **attributes)
1792 {
1793         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = 0;
1794
1795         while (true) {
1796                 switch(token.type) {
1797                 case T___attribute__:
1798                         modifiers |= parse_gnu_attribute(attributes);
1799                         continue;
1800
1801                 case T_asm:
1802                         next_token();
1803                         expect('(');
1804                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1805                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing assembler attribute",
1806                                                      T_STRING_LITERAL, NULL);
1807                                 eat_until_matching_token('(');
1808                                 break;
1809                         } else {
1810                                 parse_string_literals();
1811                         }
1812                         expect(')');
1813                         continue;
1814
1815                 case T_cdecl:     modifiers |= DM_CDECL;    break;
1816                 case T__fastcall: modifiers |= DM_FASTCALL; break;
1817                 case T__stdcall:  modifiers |= DM_STDCALL;  break;
1818
1819                 case T___thiscall:
1820                         /* TODO record modifier */
1821                         warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1822                         break;
1823
1824 end_error:
1825                 default: return modifiers;
1826                 }
1827
1828                 next_token();
1829         }
1830 }
1831
1832 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
1833 {
1834         designator_t *result = NULL;
1835         designator_t *last   = NULL;
1836
1837         while (true) {
1838                 designator_t *designator;
1839                 switch(token.type) {
1840                 case '[':
1841                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1842                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1843                         next_token();
1844                         add_anchor_token(']');
1845                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
1846                         rem_anchor_token(']');
1847                         expect(']');
1848                         break;
1849                 case '.':
1850                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1851                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1852                         next_token();
1853                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1854                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
1855                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1856                                 return NULL;
1857                         }
1858                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
1859                         next_token();
1860                         break;
1861                 default:
1862                         expect('=');
1863                         return result;
1864                 }
1865
1866                 assert(designator != NULL);
1867                 if (last != NULL) {
1868                         last->next = designator;
1869                 } else {
1870                         result = designator;
1871                 }
1872                 last = designator;
1873         }
1874 end_error:
1875         return NULL;
1876 }
1877
1878 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
1879                                               const string_t *const string)
1880 {
1881         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1882         (void) type;
1883
1884         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
1885         initializer->string.string = *string;
1886
1887         return initializer;
1888 }
1889
1890 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
1891                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
1892 {
1893         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1894         (void) type;
1895
1896         initializer_t *const initializer =
1897                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
1898         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
1899
1900         return initializer;
1901 }
1902
1903 /**
1904  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
1905  */
1906 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
1907                                                   expression_t *expression)
1908 {
1909         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
1910
1911         /* § 6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
1912         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1913         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
1914         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
1915         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
1916                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
1917                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
1918
1919                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
1920                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
1921                         switch (expression->kind) {
1922                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1923                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
1924                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
1925                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
1926                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
1927                                                         &expression->string.value);
1928                                         }
1929
1930                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
1931                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
1932                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
1933                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
1934                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
1935                                         }
1936                                 }
1937
1938                                 default:
1939                                         break;
1940                         }
1941                 }
1942         }
1943
1944         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
1945         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
1946                 return NULL;
1947         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
1948                             &expression->base.source_position);
1949
1950         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
1951         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
1952
1953         return result;
1954 }
1955
1956 /**
1957  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
1958  */
1959 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1960 {
1961         return is_constant_expression(expression)
1962                 || is_address_constant(expression);
1963 }
1964
1965 /**
1966  * Parses an scalar initializer.
1967  *
1968  * § 6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
1969  */
1970 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
1971                                                bool must_be_constant)
1972 {
1973         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
1974         int braces = 0;
1975         if (token.type == '{') {
1976                 warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
1977                 do {
1978                         ++braces;
1979                         next_token();
1980                 } while (token.type == '{');
1981         }
1982
1983         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1984         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
1985                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1986                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
1987                        expression);
1988         }
1989
1990         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
1991
1992         if (initializer == NULL) {
1993                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1994                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
1995                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
1996                 /* TODO */
1997                 return NULL;
1998         }
1999
2000         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
2001         while (braces > 0) {
2002                 if (token.type == ',') {
2003                         next_token();
2004                 }
2005                 if (token.type != '}') {
2006                         if (!additional_warning_displayed) {
2007                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
2008                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
2009                         }
2010                 }
2011                 eat_block();
2012                 braces--;
2013         }
2014
2015         return initializer;
2016 }
2017
2018 /**
2019  * An entry in the type path.
2020  */
2021 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
2022 struct type_path_entry_t {
2023         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
2024         union {
2025                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
2026                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
2027         } v;
2028 };
2029
2030 /**
2031  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
2032  */
2033 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
2034 struct type_path_t {
2035         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
2036         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
2037         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
2038 };
2039
2040 /**
2041  * Prints a type path for debugging.
2042  */
2043 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
2044                 const type_path_t *path)
2045 {
2046         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2047
2048         for(size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
2049                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
2050
2051                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
2052                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
2053                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
2054                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
2055                                 assert(i == len-1);
2056                                 continue;
2057                         }
2058                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->v.compound_entry->symbol->string);
2059                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2060                         fprintf(stderr, "[%zu]", entry->v.index);
2061                 } else {
2062                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
2063                 }
2064         }
2065         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
2066                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
2067                 print_type(path->top_type);
2068                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
2069         }
2070 }
2071
2072 /**
2073  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
2074  * (type).a.b returns the b.
2075  */
2076 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
2077 {
2078         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2079         assert(len > 0);
2080         return &path->path[len-1];
2081 }
2082
2083 /**
2084  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
2085  */
2086 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
2087 {
2088         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2089         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
2090
2091         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
2092         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
2093         return result;
2094 }
2095
2096 /**
2097  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current
2098  * top_type.
2099  */
2100 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2101 {
2102         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2103         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2104
2105         assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));
2106
2107         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2108         top->type              = top_type;
2109
2110         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2111                 declaration_t *declaration = top_type->compound.declaration;
2112                 declaration_t *entry       = declaration->scope.declarations;
2113                 top->v.compound_entry      = entry;
2114
2115                 if (entry != NULL) {
2116                         path->top_type         = entry->type;
2117                 } else {
2118                         path->top_type         = NULL;
2119                 }
2120         } else {
2121                 assert(is_type_array(top_type));
2122
2123                 top->v.index   = 0;
2124                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2125         }
2126 }
2127
2128 /**
2129  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2130  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2131  */
2132 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2133 {
2134         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2135
2136         path->top_type = top->type;
2137
2138         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2139         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2140 }
2141
2142 /**
2143  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2144  * path level is reached.
2145  */
2146 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2147 {
2148         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2149
2150         while (len > top_path_level) {
2151                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2152                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2153         }
2154 }
2155
2156 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2157                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2158 {
2159         for( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2160                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2161                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2162
2163                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2164
2165                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
2166                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2167                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
2168                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2169                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2170                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2171                                                symbol, orig_type);
2172                                 }
2173                                 goto failed;
2174                         }
2175
2176                         declaration_t *declaration = type->compound.declaration;
2177                         declaration_t *iter        = declaration->scope.declarations;
2178                         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
2179                                 if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
2180                                         break;
2181                                 }
2182                         }
2183                         if (iter == NULL) {
2184                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2185                                        "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2186                                 goto failed;
2187                         }
2188                         if (used_in_offsetof) {
2189                                 type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
2190                                 if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2191                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2192                                                "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2193                                                symbol);
2194                                         goto failed;
2195                                 }
2196                         }
2197
2198                         top->type             = orig_type;
2199                         top->v.compound_entry = iter;
2200                         orig_type             = iter->type;
2201                 } else {
2202                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2203                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2204
2205                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
2206                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2207                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2208                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2209                                                array_index, orig_type);
2210                                 }
2211                                 goto failed;
2212                         }
2213                         if (!is_type_valid(array_index->base.type)) {
2214                                 goto failed;
2215                         }
2216
2217                         long index = fold_constant(array_index);
2218                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
2219                                 if (index < 0) {
2220                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2221                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2222                                         goto failed;
2223                                 }
2224                                 if (type->array.size_constant == true) {
2225                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2226                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2227                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2228                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2229                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2230                                                 goto failed;
2231                                         }
2232                                 }
2233                         }
2234
2235                         top->type    = orig_type;
2236                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2237                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2238                 }
2239                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2240
2241                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2242                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2243                 }
2244         }
2245         return true;
2246
2247 failed:
2248         return false;
2249 }
2250
2251 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2252 {
2253         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2254
2255         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2256         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2257                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2258                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2259         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2260                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2261
2262                 entry                 = entry->next;
2263                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2264                 if (entry != NULL) {
2265                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2266                         return;
2267                 }
2268         } else {
2269                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2270
2271                 top->v.index++;
2272
2273                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2274                         return;
2275                 }
2276         }
2277
2278         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2279          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2280         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2281
2282         if (len > top_path_level) {
2283                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2284                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2285         } else {
2286                 path->top_type = NULL;
2287         }
2288 }
2289
2290 /**
2291  * skip until token is found.
2292  */
2293 static void skip_until(int type)
2294 {
2295         while (token.type != type) {
2296                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2297                         return;
2298                 next_token();
2299         }
2300 }
2301
2302 /**
2303  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2304  */
2305 static void skip_initializers(void)
2306 {
2307         if (token.type == '{')
2308                 next_token();
2309
2310         while (token.type != '}') {
2311                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2312                         return;
2313                 if (token.type == '{') {
2314                         eat_block();
2315                         continue;
2316                 }
2317                 next_token();
2318         }
2319 }
2320
2321 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2322 {
2323         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2324                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2325         return &empty_initializer;
2326 }
2327
2328 /**
2329  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2330  */
2331 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2332                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2333                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2334 {
2335         if (token.type == '}') {
2336                 /* empty initializer */
2337                 return create_empty_initializer();
2338         }
2339
2340         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2341         type_t *type      = NULL;
2342
2343         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2344                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2345         } else {
2346                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2347
2348                 /* we can't do usefull stuff if we didn't even parse the type. Skip the
2349                  * initializers in this case. */
2350                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2351                         skip_initializers();
2352                         return create_empty_initializer();
2353                 }
2354         }
2355
2356         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2357
2358         while (true) {
2359                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2360                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2361                         designator = parse_designation();
2362                         goto finish_designator;
2363                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2364                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2365                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2366                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2367                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2368                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2369                         eat(':');
2370
2371 finish_designator:
2372                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2373                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2374                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2375                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2376                                 goto end_error;
2377                         }
2378
2379                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2380                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2381                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2382                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2383
2384                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2385                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2386                 }
2387
2388                 initializer_t *sub;
2389
2390                 if (token.type == '{') {
2391                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2392                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2393                         } else {
2394                                 eat('{');
2395                                 if (type == NULL) {
2396                                         if (env->declaration != NULL) {
2397                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2398                                                        env->declaration->symbol);
2399                                         } else {
2400                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2401                                         }
2402                                 } else
2403                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2404
2405                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2406                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2407                                                             env);
2408                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2409
2410                                 if (type != NULL) {
2411                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2412                                         expect('}');
2413                                 } else {
2414                                         expect('}');
2415                                         goto error_parse_next;
2416                                 }
2417                         }
2418                 } else {
2419                         /* must be an expression */
2420                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2421
2422                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2423                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2424                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant\n",
2425                                        expression);
2426                         }
2427
2428                         if (type == NULL) {
2429                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2430                                 goto error_excess;
2431                         }
2432
2433                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2434                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2435                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2436                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2437                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2438                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2439                                         if (token.type == ',') {
2440                                                 next_token();
2441                                         }
2442                                         if (token.type != '}') {
2443                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2444                                                                  orig_type);
2445                                         }
2446                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2447                                         return sub;
2448                                 }
2449                         }
2450
2451                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2452                         while (true) {
2453                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2454                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2455
2456                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2457                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2458                                         break;
2459                                 }
2460                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2461                                         goto end_error;
2462                                 }
2463                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2464                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2465                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2466                                                         expression, orig_type);
2467                                         goto end_error;
2468                                 }
2469
2470                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2471                         }
2472                 }
2473
2474                 /* update largest index of top array */
2475                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2476                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2477                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2478                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2479                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2480                         if (index > path->max_index)
2481                                 path->max_index = index;
2482                 }
2483
2484                 if (type != NULL) {
2485                         /* append to initializers list */
2486                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2487                 } else {
2488 error_excess:
2489                         if (env->declaration != NULL)
2490                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2491                                  env->declaration->symbol);
2492                         else
2493                                 warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2494                 }
2495
2496 error_parse_next:
2497                 if (token.type == '}') {
2498                         break;
2499                 }
2500                 expect(',');
2501                 if (token.type == '}') {
2502                         break;
2503                 }
2504
2505                 if (type != NULL) {
2506                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2507                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2508                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2509                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2510                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2511                         else
2512                                 type = NULL;
2513                 }
2514         }
2515
2516         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2517         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2518         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2519         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2520         result->list.len      = len;
2521         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2522                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2523
2524         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2525         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2526
2527         return result;
2528
2529 end_error:
2530         skip_initializers();
2531         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2532         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2533         return NULL;
2534 }
2535
2536 /**
2537  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2538  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2539  */
2540 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2541 {
2542         type_t        *type   = skip_typeref(env->type);
2543         initializer_t *result = NULL;
2544         size_t         max_index;
2545
2546         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2547                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2548         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2549                 eat('{');
2550
2551                 type_path_t path;
2552                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2553                 path.top_type = env->type;
2554                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2555
2556                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2557
2558                 add_anchor_token('}');
2559                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2560                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2561
2562                 max_index = path.max_index;
2563                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2564
2565                 expect('}');
2566         } else {
2567                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2568                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2569                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2570         }
2571
2572         /* § 6.7.5 (22)  array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2573          * the array type size */
2574         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2575                         && result != NULL) {
2576                 size_t size;
2577                 switch (result->kind) {
2578                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2579                         size = max_index + 1;
2580                         break;
2581
2582                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2583                         size = result->string.string.size;
2584                         break;
2585
2586                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2587                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2588                         break;
2589
2590                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2591                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2592                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2593                         size = 0;
2594                         break;
2595
2596                 default:
2597                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2598                 }
2599
2600                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2601                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2602                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2603
2604                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2605
2606                 new_type->array.size_expression = cnst;
2607                 new_type->array.size_constant   = true;
2608                 new_type->array.size            = size;
2609                 env->type = new_type;
2610         }
2611
2612         return result;
2613 end_error:
2614         return NULL;
2615 }
2616
2617 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t *declaration);
2618
2619 static declaration_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2620 {
2621         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
2622         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = 0;
2623         if (is_struct) {
2624                 eat(T_struct);
2625         } else {
2626                 eat(T_union);
2627         }
2628
2629         symbol_t      *symbol      = NULL;
2630         declaration_t *declaration = NULL;
2631
2632         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2633                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2634         }
2635
2636         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2637                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2638                 next_token();
2639
2640                 namespace_t const namespc =
2641                         is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION;
2642                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
2643                 if (declaration != NULL) {
2644                         if (declaration->parent_scope != scope &&
2645                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2646                                 declaration = NULL;
2647                         } else if (declaration->init.complete &&
2648                                    token.type == '{') {
2649                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
2650                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition at %P)",
2651                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
2652                                        &declaration->source_position);
2653                                 declaration->scope.declarations = NULL;
2654                         }
2655                 }
2656         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2657                 if (is_struct) {
2658                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2659                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2660                 } else {
2661                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2662                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2663                 }
2664
2665                 return NULL;
2666         }
2667
2668         if (declaration == NULL) {
2669                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2670                 declaration->namespc         =
2671                         (is_struct ? NAMESPACE_STRUCT : NAMESPACE_UNION);
2672                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2673                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2674                 declaration->parent_scope    = scope;
2675                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2676                         environment_push(declaration);
2677                 }
2678                 append_declaration(declaration);
2679         }
2680
2681         if (token.type == '{') {
2682                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2683
2684                 parse_compound_type_entries(declaration);
2685                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
2686         }
2687
2688         declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
2689         return declaration;
2690 }
2691
2692 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
2693 {
2694         eat('{');
2695
2696         if (token.type == '}') {
2697                 next_token();
2698                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
2699                 return;
2700         }
2701
2702         add_anchor_token('}');
2703         do {
2704                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2705                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2706                         eat_block();
2707                         rem_anchor_token('}');
2708                         return;
2709                 }
2710
2711                 declaration_t *const entry = allocate_declaration_zero();
2712                 entry->storage_class   = STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
2713                 entry->type            = enum_type;
2714                 entry->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2715                 entry->source_position = token.source_position;
2716                 next_token();
2717
2718                 if (token.type == '=') {
2719                         next_token();
2720                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
2721
2722                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
2723                         entry->init.enum_value = value;
2724
2725                         /* TODO semantic */
2726                 }
2727
2728                 record_declaration(entry);
2729
2730                 if (token.type != ',')
2731                         break;
2732                 next_token();
2733         } while (token.type != '}');
2734         rem_anchor_token('}');
2735
2736         expect('}');
2737
2738 end_error:
2739         ;
2740 }
2741
2742 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
2743 {
2744         gnu_attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2745         declaration_t   *declaration;
2746         symbol_t        *symbol;
2747
2748         eat(T_enum);
2749         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2750                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2751                 next_token();
2752
2753                 declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_ENUM);
2754         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2755                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
2756                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2757                 return NULL;
2758         } else {
2759                 declaration = NULL;
2760                 symbol      = NULL;
2761         }
2762
2763         if (declaration == NULL) {
2764                 declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
2765                 declaration->namespc         = NAMESPACE_ENUM;
2766                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
2767                 declaration->symbol          = symbol;
2768                 declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
2769         }
2770
2771         type_t *const type      = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM, &declaration->source_position);
2772         type->enumt.declaration = declaration;
2773
2774         if (token.type == '{') {
2775                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
2776                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of enum %Y", symbol);
2777                 }
2778                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2779                         environment_push(declaration);
2780                 }
2781                 append_declaration(declaration);
2782                 declaration->init.complete = true;
2783
2784                 parse_enum_entries(type);
2785                 parse_attributes(&attributes);
2786         }
2787
2788         return type;
2789 }
2790
2791 /**
2792  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
2793  */
2794 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
2795 {
2796         const declaration_t *const declaration =
2797                 get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2798         return
2799                 declaration != NULL &&
2800                 declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF;
2801 }
2802
2803 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
2804 {
2805         eat(T___typeof__);
2806
2807         type_t *type;
2808
2809         expect('(');
2810         add_anchor_token(')');
2811
2812         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
2813
2814 restart:
2815         switch(token.type) {
2816         case T___extension__:
2817                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression.  We simply eat
2818                  * it now. */
2819                 do {
2820                         next_token();
2821                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
2822                 goto restart;
2823
2824         case T_IDENTIFIER:
2825                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
2826                         type = parse_typename();
2827                 } else {
2828                         expression = parse_expression();
2829                         type       = expression->base.type;
2830                 }
2831                 break;
2832
2833         TYPENAME_START
2834                 type = parse_typename();
2835                 break;
2836
2837         default:
2838                 expression = parse_expression();
2839                 type       = expression->base.type;
2840                 break;
2841         }
2842
2843         rem_anchor_token(')');
2844         expect(')');
2845
2846         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF, &expression->base.source_position);
2847         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
2848         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
2849
2850         return typeof_type;
2851 end_error:
2852         return NULL;
2853 }
2854
2855 typedef enum specifiers_t {
2856         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
2857         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
2858         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
2859         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
2860         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
2861         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
2862         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 6,
2863         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 7,
2864         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 8,
2865         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 9,
2866         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 10,
2867         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 11,
2868         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 12,
2869         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 13,
2870         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 14,
2871         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 15,
2872         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 16,
2873         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 17,
2874 } specifiers_t;
2875
2876 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
2877                                    type_t *const real_type)
2878 {
2879         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN, &builtin_source_position);
2880         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
2881         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
2882
2883         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
2884         if (type != result) {
2885                 free_type(type);
2886         }
2887
2888         return result;
2889 }
2890
2891 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
2892 {
2893         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2894         if (declaration == NULL ||
2895            declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
2896                 return NULL;
2897
2898         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &declaration->source_position);
2899         type->typedeft.declaration = declaration;
2900
2901         return type;
2902 }
2903
2904 /**
2905  * check for the allowed MS alignment values.
2906  */
2907 static bool check_alignment_value(long long intvalue)
2908 {
2909         if (intvalue < 1 || intvalue > 8192) {
2910                 errorf(HERE, "illegal alignment value");
2911                 return false;
2912         }
2913         unsigned v = (unsigned)intvalue;
2914         for(unsigned i = 1; i <= 8192; i += i) {
2915                 if (i == v)
2916                         return true;
2917         }
2918         errorf(HERE, "alignment must be power of two");
2919         return false;
2920 }
2921
2922 #define DET_MOD(name, tag) do { \
2923         if (*modifiers & tag) warningf(HERE, #name " used more than once"); \
2924         *modifiers |= tag; \
2925 } while (0)
2926
2927 static void parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2928 {
2929         decl_modifiers_t *modifiers = &specifiers->modifiers;
2930
2931         while (true) {
2932                 if (token.type == T_restrict) {
2933                         next_token();
2934                         DET_MOD(restrict, DM_RESTRICT);
2935                         goto end_loop;
2936                 } else if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2937                         break;
2938                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
2939                 if (symbol == sym_align) {
2940                         next_token();
2941                         expect('(');
2942                         if (token.type != T_INTEGER)
2943                                 goto end_error;
2944                         if (check_alignment_value(token.v.intvalue)) {
2945                                 if (specifiers->alignment != 0)
2946                                         warningf(HERE, "align used more than once");
2947                                 specifiers->alignment = (unsigned char)token.v.intvalue;
2948                         }
2949                         next_token();
2950                         expect(')');
2951                 } else if (symbol == sym_allocate) {
2952                         next_token();
2953                         expect('(');
2954                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2955                                 goto end_error;
2956                         (void)token.v.symbol;
2957                         expect(')');
2958                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllimport) {
2959                         next_token();
2960                         DET_MOD(dllimport, DM_DLLIMPORT);
2961                 } else if (symbol == sym_dllexport) {
2962                         next_token();
2963                         DET_MOD(dllexport, DM_DLLEXPORT);
2964                 } else if (symbol == sym_thread) {
2965                         next_token();
2966                         DET_MOD(thread, DM_THREAD);
2967                 } else if (symbol == sym_naked) {
2968                         next_token();
2969                         DET_MOD(naked, DM_NAKED);
2970                 } else if (symbol == sym_noinline) {
2971                         next_token();
2972                         DET_MOD(noinline, DM_NOINLINE);
2973                 } else if (symbol == sym_noreturn) {
2974                         next_token();
2975                         DET_MOD(noreturn, DM_NORETURN);
2976                 } else if (symbol == sym_nothrow) {
2977                         next_token();
2978                         DET_MOD(nothrow, DM_NOTHROW);
2979                 } else if (symbol == sym_novtable) {
2980                         next_token();
2981                         DET_MOD(novtable, DM_NOVTABLE);
2982                 } else if (symbol == sym_property) {
2983                         next_token();
2984                         expect('(');
2985                         for(;;) {
2986                                 bool is_get = false;
2987                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2988                                         goto end_error;
2989                                 if (token.v.symbol == sym_get) {
2990                                         is_get = true;
2991                                 } else if (token.v.symbol == sym_put) {
2992                                 } else {
2993                                         errorf(HERE, "Bad property name '%Y'", token.v.symbol);
2994                                         goto end_error;
2995                                 }
2996                                 next_token();
2997                                 expect('=');
2998                                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER)
2999                                         goto end_error;
3000                                 if (is_get) {
3001                                         if (specifiers->get_property_sym != NULL) {
3002                                                 errorf(HERE, "get property name already specified");
3003                                         } else {
3004                                                 specifiers->get_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3005                                         }
3006                                 } else {
3007                                         if (specifiers->put_property_sym != NULL) {
3008                                                 errorf(HERE, "put property name already specified");
3009                                         } else {
3010                                                 specifiers->put_property_sym = token.v.symbol;
3011                                         }
3012                                 }
3013                                 next_token();
3014                                 if (token.type == ',') {
3015                                         next_token();
3016                                         continue;
3017                                 }
3018                                 break;
3019                         }
3020                         expect(')');
3021                 } else if (symbol == sym_selectany) {
3022                         next_token();
3023                         DET_MOD(selectany, DM_SELECTANY);
3024                 } else if (symbol == sym_uuid) {
3025                         next_token();
3026                         expect('(');
3027                         if (token.type != T_STRING_LITERAL)
3028                                 goto end_error;
3029                         next_token();
3030                         expect(')');
3031                 } else if (symbol == sym_deprecated) {
3032                         next_token();
3033                         if (specifiers->deprecated != 0)
3034                                 warningf(HERE, "deprecated used more than once");
3035                         specifiers->deprecated = 1;
3036                         if (token.type == '(') {
3037                                 next_token();
3038                                 if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
3039                                         specifiers->deprecated_string = token.v.string.begin;
3040                                         next_token();
3041                                 } else {
3042                                         errorf(HERE, "string literal expected");
3043                                 }
3044                                 expect(')');
3045                         }
3046                 } else if (symbol == sym_noalias) {
3047                         next_token();
3048                         DET_MOD(noalias, DM_NOALIAS);
3049                 } else {
3050                         warningf(HERE, "Unknown modifier %Y ignored", token.v.symbol);
3051                         next_token();
3052                         if (token.type == '(')
3053                                 skip_until(')');
3054                 }
3055 end_loop:
3056                 if (token.type == ',')
3057                         next_token();
3058         }
3059 end_error:
3060         return;
3061 }
3062
3063 static declaration_t *create_error_declaration(symbol_t *symbol, storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
3064 {
3065         declaration_t *const decl    = allocate_declaration_zero();
3066         decl->source_position        = *HERE;
3067         decl->storage_class          =
3068                 storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE || scope == global_scope ?
3069                         storage_class : STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
3070         decl->declared_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
3071         decl->symbol                 = symbol;
3072         decl->implicit               = true;
3073         record_declaration(decl);
3074         return decl;
3075 }
3076
3077 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
3078 {
3079         type_t            *type            = NULL;
3080         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers      = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3081         type_modifiers_t   modifiers       = TYPE_MODIFIER_NONE;
3082         unsigned           type_specifiers = 0;
3083         bool               newtype         = false;
3084         bool               saw_error       = false;
3085
3086         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
3087
3088         while (true) {
3089                 specifiers->modifiers
3090                         |= parse_attributes(&specifiers->gnu_attributes);
3091                 if (specifiers->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3092                         modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3093
3094                 switch(token.type) {
3095
3096                 /* storage class */
3097 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
3098                 case token:                                                        \
3099                         if (specifiers->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) { \
3100                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
3101                         }                                                              \
3102                         specifiers->declared_storage_class = class;                    \
3103                         next_token();                                                  \
3104                         break;
3105
3106                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3107                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
3108                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3109                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
3110                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3111
3112                 case T__declspec:
3113                         next_token();
3114                         expect('(');
3115                         add_anchor_token(')');
3116                         parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers);
3117                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3118                         expect(')');
3119                         break;
3120
3121                 case T___thread:
3122                         switch (specifiers->declared_storage_class) {
3123                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3124                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD;
3125                                 break;
3126
3127                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3128                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN;
3129                                 break;
3130
3131                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3132                                 specifiers->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC;
3133                                 break;
3134
3135                         default:
3136                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers");
3137                                 break;
3138                         }
3139                         next_token();
3140                         break;
3141
3142                 /* type qualifiers */
3143 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3144                 case token:                                                     \
3145                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3146                         next_token();                                               \
3147                         break
3148
3149                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3150                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3151                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3152                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3153                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3154                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3155                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3156                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3157
3158                 case T___extension__:
3159                         /* TODO */
3160                         next_token();
3161                         break;
3162
3163                 /* type specifiers */
3164 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3165                 case token:                                                     \
3166                         next_token();                                               \
3167                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3168                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3169                         } else {                                                    \
3170                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3171                         }                                                           \
3172                         break
3173
3174                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
3175                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
3176                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
3177                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
3178                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
3179                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
3180                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
3181                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
3182                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
3183                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
3184                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
3185                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
3186                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
3187                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
3188                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
3189                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
3190
3191                 case T__forceinline:
3192                         /* only in microsoft mode */
3193                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3194                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
3195
3196                 case T_inline:
3197                         next_token();
3198                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3199                         break;
3200
3201                 case T_long:
3202                         next_token();
3203                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3204                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3205                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3206                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3207                         } else {
3208                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3209                         }
3210                         break;
3211
3212                 case T_struct: {
3213                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT, HERE);
3214
3215                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3216                         break;
3217                 }
3218                 case T_union: {
3219                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION, HERE);
3220                         type->compound.declaration = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3221                         if (type->compound.declaration->modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3222                                 modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3223                         break;
3224                 }
3225                 case T_enum:
3226                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3227                         break;
3228                 case T___typeof__:
3229                         type = parse_typeof();
3230                         break;
3231                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3232                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3233                         next_token();
3234                         break;
3235
3236                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3237                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3238                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3239                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3240                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3241                                  * '{' later on. */
3242                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3243                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3244                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3245                                         case T_const:
3246                                         case T_restrict:
3247                                         case T_volatile:
3248                                         case T_inline:
3249                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3250                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3251                                         case '*':
3252                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3253                                                 next_token();
3254                                                 continue;
3255
3256                                         default:
3257                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3258                                 }
3259                         }
3260
3261                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3262                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3263                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3264                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3265                                  * errors later on. */
3266                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3267                                 switch (la1_type) {
3268                                         DECLARATION_START
3269                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3270                                         case '*': {
3271                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3272
3273                                                 declaration_t *const decl =
3274                                                         create_error_declaration(token.v.symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF);
3275
3276                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, HERE);
3277                                                 type->typedeft.declaration = decl;
3278
3279                                                 next_token();
3280                                                 saw_error = true;
3281                                                 if (la1_type == '*')
3282                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3283                                                 continue;
3284                                         }
3285
3286                                         default:
3287                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3288                                 }
3289                         }
3290
3291                         next_token();
3292                         type = typedef_type;
3293                         break;
3294                 }
3295
3296                 /* function specifier */
3297                 default:
3298                         goto finish_specifiers;
3299                 }
3300         }
3301
3302 finish_specifiers:
3303         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3304                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3305
3306                 /* match valid basic types */
3307                 switch(type_specifiers) {
3308                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3309                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3310                         break;
3311                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3312                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3313                         break;
3314                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3315                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3316                         break;
3317                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3318                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3319                         break;
3320                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3321                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3322                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3323                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3324                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3325                         break;
3326                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3327                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3328                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3329                         break;
3330                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3331                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3332                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3333                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3334                         break;
3335                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3336                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3337                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3338                         break;
3339                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3340                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3341                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3342                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3343                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3344                         break;
3345                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3346                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3347                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3348                         break;
3349
3350                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3351                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3352                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3353                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3354                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3355                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3356                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3357
3358                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3359                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3360                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3361                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3362 warn_about_long_long:
3363                         if (warning.long_long) {
3364                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3365                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3366                         }
3367                         break;
3368
3369                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3370                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3371                         break;
3372
3373                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3374                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3375                         break;
3376
3377                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3378                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3379                         break;
3380
3381                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3382                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3383                         break;
3384
3385                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3386                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3387                         break;
3388
3389                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3390                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3391                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3392                         break;
3393
3394                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3395                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3396                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3397                         break;
3398
3399                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3400                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3401                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3402                         break;
3403
3404                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3405                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3406                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3407                         break;
3408
3409                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3410                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3411                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3412                         break;
3413
3414                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3415                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3416                         break;
3417                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3418                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3419                         break;
3420                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3421                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3422                         break;
3423                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3424                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3425                         break;
3426                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3427                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3428                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3429                         break;
3430                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3431                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3432                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3433                         break;
3434                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3435                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3436                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3437                         break;
3438                 default:
3439                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3440                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
3441                                 if (saw_error) {
3442                                         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
3443                                         return;
3444                                 }
3445
3446                                 if (!strict_mode) {
3447                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3448                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3449                                         }
3450                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3451                                         break;
3452                                 } else {
3453                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3454                                 }
3455                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3456                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3457                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
3458                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3459                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3460                         } else {
3461                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3462                         }
3463                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID;
3464                 }
3465
3466                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX &&
3467                    atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3468                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX, &builtin_source_position);
3469                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3470                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY &&
3471                           atomic_type != ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID) {
3472                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY, &builtin_source_position);
3473                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3474                 } else {
3475                         type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC, &builtin_source_position);
3476                         type->atomic.akind = atomic_type;
3477                 }
3478                 newtype = true;
3479         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
3480                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3481         }
3482
3483         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3484
3485         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
3486         type->base.modifiers  = modifiers;
3487
3488         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
3489         if (newtype && result != type) {
3490                 free_type(type);
3491         }
3492
3493         specifiers->type = result;
3494 end_error:
3495         return;
3496 }
3497
3498 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3499 {
3500         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3501
3502         while (true) {
3503                 switch(token.type) {
3504                 /* type qualifiers */
3505                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3506                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3507                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3508                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3509                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3510                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3511                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3512                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3513                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3514
3515                 default:
3516                         return qualifiers;
3517                 }
3518         }
3519 }
3520
3521 static declaration_t *parse_identifier_list(void)
3522 {
3523         declaration_t *declarations     = NULL;
3524         declaration_t *last_declaration = NULL;
3525         do {
3526                 declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
3527                 declaration->type            = NULL; /* a K&R parameter list has no types, yet */
3528                 declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3529                 declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3530                 next_token();
3531
3532                 if (last_declaration != NULL) {
3533                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
3534                 } else {
3535                         declarations = declaration;
3536                 }
3537                 last_declaration = declaration;
3538
3539                 if (token.type != ',') {
3540                         break;
3541                 }
3542                 next_token();
3543         } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3544
3545         return declarations;
3546 }
3547
3548 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
3549
3550 static void semantic_parameter(declaration_t *declaration)
3551 {
3552         /* TODO: improve error messages */
3553         source_position_t const* const pos = &declaration->source_position;
3554
3555         switch (declaration->declared_storage_class) {
3556                 case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
3557                         errorf(pos, "typedef not allowed in parameter list");
3558                         break;
3559
3560                 /* Allowed storage classes */
3561                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3562                 case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
3563                         break;
3564
3565                 default:
3566                         errorf(pos, "parameter may only have none or register storage class");
3567                         break;
3568         }
3569
3570         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
3571         /* §6.7.5.3(7): Array as last part of a parameter type is just syntactic
3572          * sugar.  Turn it into a pointer.
3573          * §6.7.5.3(8): A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning type''
3574          * shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1.
3575          */
3576         type_t *const type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
3577         declaration->type = type;
3578
3579         if (is_type_incomplete(skip_typeref(type))) {
3580                 errorf(pos, "incomplete type '%T' not allowed for parameter '%Y'",
3581                        orig_type, declaration->symbol);
3582         }
3583 }
3584
3585 static declaration_t *parse_parameter(void)
3586 {
3587         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
3588         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
3589
3590         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
3591
3592         declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/true);
3593
3594         return declaration;
3595 }
3596
3597 static declaration_t *parse_parameters(function_type_t *type)
3598 {
3599         declaration_t *declarations = NULL;
3600
3601         eat('(');
3602         add_anchor_token(')');
3603         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
3604
3605         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3606                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
3607                 if (!is_typedef_symbol(symbol)) {
3608                         type->kr_style_parameters = true;
3609                         declarations = parse_identifier_list();
3610                         goto parameters_finished;
3611                 }
3612         }
3613
3614         if (token.type == ')') {
3615                 type->unspecified_parameters = 1;
3616                 goto parameters_finished;
3617         }
3618
3619         declaration_t        *declaration;
3620         declaration_t        *last_declaration = NULL;
3621         function_parameter_t *parameter;
3622         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
3623
3624         while (true) {
3625                 switch(token.type) {
3626                 case T_DOTDOTDOT:
3627                         next_token();
3628                         type->variadic = 1;
3629                         goto parameters_finished;
3630
3631                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
3632                 case T___extension__:
3633                 DECLARATION_START
3634                         declaration = parse_parameter();
3635
3636                         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
3637                         if (last_parameter == NULL
3638                                         && token.type == ')'
3639                                         && declaration->symbol == NULL
3640                                         && skip_typeref(declaration->type) == type_void) {
3641                                 goto parameters_finished;
3642                         }
3643                         semantic_parameter(declaration);
3644
3645                         parameter       = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3646                         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
3647                         parameter->type = declaration->type;
3648
3649                         if (last_parameter != NULL) {
3650                                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
3651                                 last_parameter->next   = parameter;
3652                         } else {
3653                                 type->parameters = parameter;
3654                                 declarations     = declaration;
3655                         }
3656                         last_parameter   = parameter;
3657                         last_declaration = declaration;
3658                         break;
3659
3660                 default:
3661                         goto parameters_finished;
3662                 }
3663                 if (token.type != ',') {
3664                         goto parameters_finished;
3665                 }
3666                 next_token();
3667         }
3668
3669
3670 parameters_finished:
3671         rem_anchor_token(')');
3672         expect(')');
3673
3674         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3675         return declarations;
3676
3677 end_error:
3678         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3679         return NULL;
3680 }
3681
3682 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
3683         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
3684         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
3685         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
3686         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
3687 } construct_type_kind_t;
3688
3689 typedef struct construct_type_t construct_type_t;
3690 struct construct_type_t {
3691         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
3692         construct_type_t      *next;
3693 };
3694
3695 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t parsed_pointer_t;
3696 struct parsed_pointer_t {
3697         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3698         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3699 };
3700
3701 typedef struct construct_function_type_t construct_function_type_t;
3702 struct construct_function_type_t {
3703         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3704         type_t           *function_type;
3705 };
3706
3707 typedef struct parsed_array_t parsed_array_t;
3708 struct parsed_array_t {
3709         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3710         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers;
3711         bool              is_static;
3712         bool              is_variable;
3713         expression_t     *size;
3714 };
3715
3716 typedef struct construct_base_type_t construct_base_type_t;
3717 struct construct_base_type_t {
3718         construct_type_t  construct_type;
3719         type_t           *type;
3720 };
3721
3722 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
3723 {
3724         eat('*');
3725
3726         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3727         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3728         pointer->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
3729         pointer->type_qualifiers     = parse_type_qualifiers();
3730
3731         return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
3732 }
3733
3734 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
3735 {
3736         eat('[');
3737         add_anchor_token(']');
3738
3739         parsed_array_t *array = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(array[0]));
3740         memset(array, 0, sizeof(array[0]));
3741         array->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
3742
3743         if (token.type == T_static) {
3744                 array->is_static = true;
3745                 next_token();
3746         }
3747
3748         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3749         if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
3750                 if (token.type == T_static) {
3751                         array->is_static = true;
3752                         next_token();
3753                 }
3754         }
3755         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3756
3757         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
3758                 array->is_variable = true;
3759                 next_token();
3760         } else if (token.type != ']') {
3761                 array->size = parse_assignment_expression();
3762         }
3763
3764         rem_anchor_token(']');
3765         expect(']');
3766
3767         return (construct_type_t*) array;
3768 end_error:
3769         return NULL;
3770 }
3771
3772 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(declaration_t *declaration)
3773 {
3774         type_t *type;
3775         if (declaration != NULL) {
3776                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &declaration->source_position);
3777
3778                 unsigned mask = declaration->modifiers & (DM_CDECL|DM_STDCALL|DM_FASTCALL|DM_THISCALL);
3779
3780                 if (mask & (mask-1)) {
3781                         const char *first = NULL, *second = NULL;
3782
3783                         /* more than one calling convention set */
3784                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL) {
3785                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "cdecl";
3786                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "cdecl";
3787                         }
3788                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL) {
3789                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "stdcall";
3790                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "stdcall";
3791                         }
3792                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL) {
3793                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "fastcall";
3794                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "fastcall";
3795                         }
3796                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL) {
3797                                 if (first == NULL)       first = "thiscall";
3798                                 else if (second == NULL) second = "thiscall";
3799                         }
3800                         errorf(&declaration->source_position, "%s and %s attributes are not compatible", first, second);
3801                 }
3802
3803                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_CDECL)
3804                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_CDECL;
3805                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_STDCALL)
3806                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_STDCALL;
3807                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FASTCALL)
3808                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_FASTCALL;
3809                 else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_THISCALL)
3810                         type->function.calling_convention = CC_THISCALL;
3811         } else {
3812                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, HERE);
3813         }
3814
3815         declaration_t *parameters = parse_parameters(&type->function);
3816         if (declaration != NULL) {
3817                 declaration->scope.declarations = parameters;
3818         }
3819
3820         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type =
3821                 obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3822         memset(construct_function_type, 0, sizeof(construct_function_type[0]));
3823         construct_function_type->construct_type.kind = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
3824         construct_function_type->function_type       = type;
3825
3826         return &construct_function_type->construct_type;
3827 }
3828
3829 static void fix_declaration_type(declaration_t *declaration)
3830 {
3831         decl_modifiers_t declaration_modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
3832         type_modifiers_t type_modifiers        = declaration->type->base.modifiers;
3833
3834         if (declaration_modifiers & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)
3835                 type_modifiers |= TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION;
3836
3837         if (declaration->type->base.modifiers == type_modifiers)
3838                 return;
3839
3840         type_t *copy = duplicate_type(declaration->type);
3841         copy->base.modifiers = type_modifiers;
3842
3843         type_t *result = typehash_insert(copy);
3844         if (result != copy) {
3845                 obstack_free(type_obst, copy);
3846         }
3847
3848         declaration->type = result;
3849 }
3850
3851 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(declaration_t *declaration,
3852                 bool may_be_abstract)
3853 {
3854         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
3855          * how to construct the final declarator type */
3856         construct_type_t *first = NULL;
3857         construct_type_t *last  = NULL;
3858         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
3859
3860         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = parse_attributes(&attributes);
3861
3862         /* pointers */
3863         while (token.type == '*') {
3864                 construct_type_t *type = parse_pointer_declarator();
3865
3866                 if (last == NULL) {
3867                         first = type;
3868                         last  = type;
3869                 } else {
3870                         last->next = type;
3871                         last       = type;
3872                 }
3873
3874                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
3875                 modifiers |= parse_attributes(&attributes);
3876         }
3877
3878         if (declaration != NULL)
3879                 declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
3880
3881         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
3882
3883         switch(token.type) {
3884         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3885                 if (declaration == NULL) {
3886                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
3887                 } else {
3888                         declaration->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3889                         declaration->source_position = token.source_position;
3890                 }
3891                 next_token();
3892                 break;
3893         case '(':
3894                 next_token();
3895                 add_anchor_token(')');
3896                 inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
3897                 /* All later declarators only modify the return type, not declaration */
3898                 declaration = NULL;
3899                 rem_anchor_token(')');
3900                 expect(')');
3901                 break;
3902         default:
3903                 if (may_be_abstract)
3904                         break;
3905                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
3906                 /* avoid a loop in the outermost scope, because eat_statement doesn't
3907                  * eat '}' */
3908                 if (token.type == '}' && current_function == NULL) {
3909                         next_token();
3910                 } else {
3911                         eat_statement();
3912                 }
3913                 return NULL;
3914         }
3915
3916         construct_type_t *p = last;
3917
3918         while(true) {
3919                 construct_type_t *type;
3920                 switch(token.type) {
3921                 case '(':
3922                         type = parse_function_declarator(declaration);
3923                         break;
3924                 case '[':
3925                         type = parse_array_declarator();
3926                         break;
3927                 default:
3928                         goto declarator_finished;
3929                 }
3930
3931                 /* insert in the middle of the list (behind p) */
3932                 if (p != NULL) {
3933                         type->next = p->next;
3934                         p->next    = type;
3935                 } else {
3936                         type->next = first;
3937                         first      = type;
3938                 }
3939                 if (last == p) {
3940                         last = type;
3941                 }
3942         }
3943
3944 declarator_finished:
3945         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set last anymore
3946          * as it's not needed anymore */
3947         if (last == NULL) {
3948                 assert(first == NULL);
3949                 first = inner_types;
3950         } else {
3951                 last->next = inner_types;
3952         }
3953
3954         return first;
3955 end_error:
3956         return NULL;
3957 }
3958
3959 static void parse_declaration_attributes(declaration_t *declaration)
3960 {
3961         gnu_attribute_t  *attributes = NULL;
3962         decl_modifiers_t  modifiers  = parse_attributes(&attributes);
3963
3964         if (declaration == NULL)
3965                 return;
3966
3967         declaration->modifiers |= modifiers;
3968         /* check if we have these stupid mode attributes... */
3969         type_t *old_type = declaration->type;
3970         if (old_type == NULL)
3971                 return;
3972
3973         gnu_attribute_t *attribute = attributes;
3974         for ( ; attribute != NULL; attribute = attribute->next) {
3975                 if (attribute->kind != GNU_AK_MODE || attribute->invalid)
3976                         continue;
3977
3978                 atomic_type_kind_t  akind = attribute->u.akind;
3979                 if (!is_type_signed(old_type)) {
3980                         switch(akind) {
3981                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR; break;
3982                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT; break;
3983                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT; break;
3984                         case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: akind = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG; break;
3985                         default:
3986                                 panic("invalid akind in mode attribute");
3987                         }
3988                 }
3989                 declaration->type
3990                         = make_atomic_type(akind, old_type->base.qualifiers);
3991         }
3992 }
3993
3994 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list,
3995                                          type_t *type)
3996 {
3997         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
3998         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
3999                 switch(iter->kind) {
4000                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
4001                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
4002                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
4003                         construct_function_type_t *construct_function_type
4004                                 = (construct_function_type_t*) iter;
4005
4006                         type_t *function_type = construct_function_type->function_type;
4007
4008                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
4009
4010                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
4011                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
4012                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
4013                                 type = type_error_type;
4014                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
4015                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
4016                                 type = type_error_type;
4017                         } else {
4018                                 type = function_type;
4019                         }
4020                         break;
4021                 }
4022
4023                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
4024                         parsed_pointer_t *parsed_pointer = (parsed_pointer_t*) iter;
4025                         type_t           *pointer_type   = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_POINTER, &null_position);
4026                         pointer_type->pointer.points_to  = type;
4027                         pointer_type->base.qualifiers    = parsed_pointer->type_qualifiers;
4028
4029                         type = pointer_type;
4030                         break;
4031                 }
4032
4033                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
4034                         parsed_array_t *parsed_array  = (parsed_array_t*) iter;
4035                         type_t         *array_type    = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY, &null_position);
4036
4037                         expression_t *size_expression = parsed_array->size;
4038                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4039                                 size_expression
4040                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
4041                         }
4042
4043                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = parsed_array->type_qualifiers;
4044                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
4045                         array_type->array.is_static       = parsed_array->is_static;
4046                         array_type->array.is_variable     = parsed_array->is_variable;
4047                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
4048
4049                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
4050                                 if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
4051                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
4052                                         array_type->array.size
4053                                                 = fold_constant(size_expression);
4054                                 } else {
4055                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
4056                                 }
4057                         }
4058
4059                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
4060                         if (is_type_atomic(skipped_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
4061                                 errorf(HERE, "array of void is not allowed");
4062                                 type = type_error_type;
4063                         } else {
4064                                 type = array_type;
4065                         }
4066                         break;
4067                 }
4068                 }
4069
4070                 type_t *hashed_type = typehash_insert(type);
4071                 if (hashed_type != type) {
4072                         /* the function type was constructed earlier freeing it here will
4073                          * destroy other types... */
4074                         if (iter->kind != CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION) {
4075                                 free_type(type);
4076                         }
4077                         type = hashed_type;
4078                 }
4079         }
4080
4081         return type;
4082 }
4083
4084 static declaration_t *parse_declarator(
4085                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers, bool may_be_abstract)
4086 {
4087         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4088         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4089         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4090         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4091         declaration->deprecated_string      = specifiers->deprecated_string;
4092         declaration->get_property_sym       = specifiers->get_property_sym;
4093         declaration->put_property_sym       = specifiers->put_property_sym;
4094         declaration->is_inline              = specifiers->is_inline;
4095
4096         declaration->storage_class          = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4097         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE
4098                         && scope != global_scope) {
4099                 declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4100         }
4101
4102         if (specifiers->alignment != 0) {
4103                 /* TODO: add checks here */
4104                 declaration->alignment = specifiers->alignment;
4105         }
4106
4107         construct_type_t *construct_type
4108                 = parse_inner_declarator(declaration, may_be_abstract);
4109         type_t *const type = specifiers->type;
4110         declaration->type = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, type);
4111
4112         parse_declaration_attributes(declaration);
4113
4114         fix_declaration_type(declaration);
4115
4116         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4117                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4118         }
4119
4120         return declaration;
4121 }
4122
4123 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4124 {
4125         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(NULL, 1);
4126
4127         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4128         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4129                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4130         }
4131
4132         return result;
4133 }
4134
4135 static declaration_t *append_declaration(declaration_t* const declaration)
4136 {
4137         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
4138                 last_declaration->next = declaration;
4139         } else {
4140                 scope->declarations = declaration;
4141         }
4142         last_declaration = declaration;
4143         return declaration;
4144 }
4145
4146 /**
4147  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4148  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4149  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4150  *
4151  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4152  *
4153  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4154  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4155  */
4156 static void check_type_of_main(const declaration_t *const decl, const function_type_t *const func_type)
4157 {
4158         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4159                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4160                          "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4161         }
4162         if (skip_typeref(func_type->return_type) != type_int) {
4163                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4164                          "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4165                          func_type->return_type);
4166         }
4167         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4168         if (parm != NULL) {
4169                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4170                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4171                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
4172                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'", first_type);
4173                 }
4174                 parm = parm->next;
4175                 if (parm != NULL) {
4176                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4177                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4178                                 warningf(&decl->source_position,
4179                                          "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4180                         }
4181                         parm = parm->next;
4182                         if (parm != NULL) {
4183                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4184                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4185                                         warningf(&decl->source_position,
4186                                                  "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4187                                 }
4188                                 parm = parm->next;
4189                                 if (parm != NULL)
4190                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4191                         }
4192                 } else {
4193 warn_arg_count:
4194                         warningf(&decl->source_position, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
4195                 }
4196         }
4197 }
4198
4199 /**
4200  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
4201  */
4202 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
4203 {
4204         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
4205 }
4206
4207 static declaration_t *internal_record_declaration(
4208         declaration_t *const declaration,
4209         const bool is_definition)
4210 {
4211         const symbol_t *const symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4212         const namespace_t     namespc = (namespace_t)declaration->namespc;
4213
4214         assert(symbol != NULL);
4215         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4216
4217         type_t *const orig_type = declaration->type;
4218         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4219         if (is_type_function(type) &&
4220                         type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4221                         warning.strict_prototypes &&
4222                         previous_declaration == NULL) {
4223                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4224                          "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
4225                          orig_type, declaration->symbol);
4226         }
4227
4228         if (warning.main && is_type_function(type) && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4229                 check_type_of_main(declaration, &type->function);
4230         }
4231
4232         if (warning.nested_externs                             &&
4233             declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4234             scope                      != global_scope) {
4235                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4236                          "nested extern declaration of '%#T'", declaration->type, symbol);
4237         }
4238
4239         assert(declaration != previous_declaration);
4240         if (previous_declaration != NULL
4241                         && previous_declaration->parent_scope == scope) {
4242                 /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
4243                 if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
4244                         previous_declaration->type = declaration->type;
4245                 }
4246
4247                 const type_t *prev_type = skip_typeref(previous_declaration->type);
4248                 if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
4249                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4250                                    "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4251                                    orig_type, symbol, previous_declaration->type, symbol,
4252                                    &previous_declaration->source_position);
4253                 } else {
4254                         unsigned old_storage_class = previous_declaration->storage_class;
4255                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY) {
4256                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4257                                            "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
4258                                            symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4259                                 return previous_declaration;
4260                         }
4261
4262                         if (warning.redundant_decls                                     &&
4263                             is_definition                                               &&
4264                             previous_declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4265                             !(previous_declaration->modifiers & DM_USED)                &&
4266                             !previous_declaration->used) {
4267                                 warningf(&previous_declaration->source_position,
4268                                          "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
4269                                          previous_declaration->type, symbol);
4270                         }
4271
4272                         unsigned new_storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4273
4274                         if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
4275                                 previous_declaration->type = type;
4276                                 prev_type                  = type;
4277                         }
4278
4279                         /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
4280                          * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
4281                          * none nor extern) */
4282                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4283                                 if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
4284                                         previous_declaration->type = type;
4285                                         prev_type                  = type;
4286                                 }
4287
4288                                 switch (old_storage_class) {
4289                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
4290                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4291                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
4292
4293                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
4294                                         if (is_definition) {
4295                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
4296                                                     prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4297                                                     !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4298                                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4299                                                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4300                                                                          orig_type, symbol);
4301                                                 }
4302                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4303                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4304                                         }
4305                                         break;
4306
4307                                 default:
4308                                         break;
4309                                 }
4310                         }
4311
4312                         if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4313                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4314 warn_redundant_declaration:
4315                                 if (!is_definition          &&
4316                                     warning.redundant_decls &&
4317                                     strcmp(previous_declaration->source_position.input_name, "<builtin>") != 0) {
4318                                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4319                                                  "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
4320                                                  symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4321                                 }
4322                         } else if (current_function == NULL) {
4323                                 if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4324                                     new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4325                                         errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4326                                                "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
4327                                                symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4328                                 } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4329                                         previous_declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4330                                         previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4331                                 } else {
4332                                         goto warn_redundant_declaration;
4333                                 }
4334                         } else if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
4335                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4336                                        "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4337                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4338                         } else {
4339                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4340                                        "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
4341                                        symbol, &previous_declaration->source_position);
4342                         }
4343                 }
4344
4345                 previous_declaration->modifiers |= declaration->modifiers;
4346                 previous_declaration->is_inline |= declaration->is_inline;
4347                 return previous_declaration;
4348         } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
4349                 if (is_definition &&
4350                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4351                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4352                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4353                                          "no previous prototype for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4354                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4355                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4356                                          "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type,
4357                                          symbol);
4358                         }
4359                 }
4360         } else {
4361                 if (warning.missing_declarations &&
4362                     scope == global_scope && (
4363                       declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
4364                       declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD
4365                     )) {
4366                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4367                                  "no previous declaration for '%#T'", orig_type, symbol);
4368                 }
4369         }
4370
4371         assert(declaration->parent_scope == NULL);
4372         assert(scope != NULL);
4373
4374         declaration->parent_scope = scope;
4375
4376         environment_push(declaration);
4377         return append_declaration(declaration);
4378 }
4379
4380 static declaration_t *record_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
4381 {
4382         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, false);
4383 }
4384
4385 static declaration_t *record_definition(declaration_t *declaration)
4386 {
4387         return internal_record_declaration(declaration, true);
4388 }
4389
4390 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration_t *declaration,
4391                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4392 {
4393         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
4394                declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
4395 }
4396
4397 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
4398                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
4399 {
4400         switch(token->type) {
4401                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
4402                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
4403                         return true;
4404                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4405                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
4406
4407                 case T___extension__:
4408                 STORAGE_CLASSES
4409                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
4410
4411                 default:
4412                         return false;
4413         }
4414 }
4415
4416 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration_t *declaration)
4417 {
4418         eat('=');
4419
4420         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4421         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4422
4423         if (declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
4424                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
4425         }
4426
4427         bool must_be_constant = false;
4428         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
4429                         || declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC
4430                         || declaration->parent_scope == global_scope) {
4431                 must_be_constant = true;
4432         }
4433
4434         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4435         env.type             = orig_type;
4436         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4437         env.declaration      = declaration;
4438
4439         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4440
4441         if (env.type != orig_type) {
4442                 orig_type         = env.type;
4443                 type              = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4444                 declaration->type = env.type;
4445         }
4446
4447         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4448                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
4449                        "initializers not allowed for function types at declator '%Y' (type '%T')",
4450                        declaration->symbol, orig_type);
4451         } else {
4452                 declaration->init.initializer = initializer;
4453         }
4454 }
4455
4456 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4457 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4458                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4459                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4460 {
4461         eat(';');
4462
4463         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
4464         declaration->type                   = specifiers->type;
4465         declaration->declared_storage_class = specifiers->declared_storage_class;
4466         declaration->source_position        = specifiers->source_position;
4467         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
4468
4469         if (declaration->declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4470                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4471                          "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4472         }
4473         declaration->storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4474
4475         type_t *type = declaration->type;
4476         switch (type->kind) {
4477                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4478                 case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4479                         if (type->compound.declaration->symbol == NULL) {
4480                                 warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4481                                          "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4482                         }
4483                         break;
4484                 }
4485
4486                 case TYPE_ENUM:
4487                         break;
4488
4489                 default:
4490                         warningf(&declaration->source_position, "empty declaration");
4491                         break;
4492         }
4493
4494         finished_declaration(declaration);
4495 }
4496
4497 static void parse_declaration_rest(declaration_t *ndeclaration,
4498                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4499                 parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4500 {
4501         add_anchor_token(';');
4502         add_anchor_token('=');
4503         add_anchor_token(',');
4504         while(true) {
4505                 declaration_t *declaration = finished_declaration(ndeclaration);
4506
4507                 type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4508                 type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4509
4510                 if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION &&
4511                     declaration->is_inline &&
4512                     is_type_valid(type)) {
4513                         warningf(&declaration->source_position,
4514                                  "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'\n", declaration->symbol);
4515                 }
4516
4517                 if (token.type == '=') {
4518                         parse_init_declarator_rest(declaration);
4519                 }
4520
4521                 if (token.type != ',')
4522                         break;
4523                 eat(',');
4524
4525                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4526         }
4527         expect(';');
4528
4529 end_error:
4530         rem_anchor_token(';');
4531         rem_anchor_token('=');
4532         rem_anchor_token(',');
4533 }
4534
4535 static declaration_t *finished_kr_declaration(declaration_t *declaration)
4536 {
4537         symbol_t *symbol  = declaration->symbol;
4538         if (symbol == NULL) {
4539                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4540                 return declaration;
4541         }
4542         namespace_t namespc = (namespace_t) declaration->namespc;
4543         if (namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL) {
4544                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4545         }
4546
4547         declaration_t *previous_declaration = get_declaration(symbol, namespc);
4548         if (previous_declaration == NULL ||
4549                         previous_declaration->parent_scope != scope) {
4550                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
4551                        symbol);
4552                 return declaration;
4553         }
4554
4555         if (previous_declaration->type == NULL) {
4556                 previous_declaration->type          = declaration->type;
4557                 previous_declaration->declared_storage_class = declaration->declared_storage_class;
4558                 previous_declaration->storage_class = declaration->storage_class;
4559                 previous_declaration->parent_scope  = scope;
4560                 return previous_declaration;
4561         } else {
4562                 return record_declaration(declaration);
4563         }
4564 }
4565
4566 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration)
4567 {
4568         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4569         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4570         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4571
4572         if (token.type == ';') {
4573                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
4574         } else {
4575                 declaration_t *declaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
4576                 parse_declaration_rest(declaration, &specifiers, finished_declaration);
4577         }
4578 }
4579
4580 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
4581 {
4582         type_t *result = orig_type;
4583
4584         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4585         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
4586                 result = promote_integer(type);
4587         } else if (type == type_float) {
4588                 result = type_double;
4589         }
4590
4591         return result;
4592 }
4593
4594 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(declaration_t *declaration)
4595 {
4596         type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
4597         if (!is_type_function(type))
4598                 return;
4599
4600         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
4601                 return;
4602
4603         /* push function parameters */
4604         int       top        = environment_top();
4605         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
4606         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
4607
4608         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
4609         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4610                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL);
4611                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
4612                 environment_push(parameter);
4613         }
4614
4615         /* parse declaration list */
4616         while (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
4617                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration);
4618         }
4619
4620         /* pop function parameters */
4621         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
4622         set_scope(last_scope);
4623         environment_pop_to(top);
4624
4625         /* update function type */
4626         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
4627
4628         function_parameter_t *parameters     = NULL;
4629         function_parameter_t *last_parameter = NULL;
4630
4631         declaration_t *parameter_declaration = declaration->scope.declarations;
4632         for( ; parameter_declaration != NULL;
4633                         parameter_declaration = parameter_declaration->next) {
4634                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4635                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
4636                         if (strict_mode) {
4637                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
4638                                        parameter_declaration->symbol);
4639                         } else {
4640                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
4641                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
4642                                                 parameter_declaration->symbol);
4643                                 }
4644                                 parameter_type              = type_int;
4645                                 parameter_declaration->type = parameter_type;
4646                         }
4647                 }
4648
4649                 semantic_parameter(parameter_declaration);
4650                 parameter_type = parameter_declaration->type;
4651
4652                 /*
4653                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
4654                  */
4655                 parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
4656
4657                 function_parameter_t *function_parameter
4658                         = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4659                 memset(function_parameter, 0, sizeof(function_parameter[0]));
4660
4661                 function_parameter->type = parameter_type;
4662                 if (last_parameter != NULL) {
4663                         last_parameter->next = function_parameter;
4664                 } else {
4665                         parameters = function_parameter;
4666                 }
4667                 last_parameter = function_parameter;
4668         }
4669
4670         /* § 6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
4671          * prototype */
4672         new_type->function.parameters             = parameters;
4673         new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4674
4675         type = typehash_insert(new_type);
4676         if (type != new_type) {
4677                 obstack_free(type_obst, new_type);
4678         }
4679
4680         declaration->type = type;
4681 }
4682
4683 static bool first_err = true;
4684
4685 /**
4686  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
4687  * else does noting.
4688  */
4689 static void print_in_function(void)
4690 {
4691         if (first_err) {
4692                 first_err = false;
4693                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
4694                         current_function->source_position.input_name,
4695                         current_function->symbol);
4696         }
4697 }
4698
4699 /**
4700  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
4701  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
4702  */
4703 static void check_labels(void)
4704 {
4705         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
4706             goto_statement != NULL;
4707             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
4708                 declaration_t *label = goto_statement->label;
4709
4710                 label->used = true;
4711                 if (label->source_position.input_name == NULL) {
4712                         print_in_function();
4713                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
4714                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->symbol);
4715                  }
4716         }
4717         goto_first = goto_last = NULL;
4718
4719         if (warning.unused_label) {
4720                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
4721                          label_statement != NULL;
4722                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
4723                         const declaration_t *label = label_statement->label;
4724
4725                         if (! label->used) {
4726                                 print_in_function();
4727                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
4728                                         "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->symbol);
4729                         }
4730                 }
4731         }
4732         label_first = label_last = NULL;
4733 }
4734
4735 /**
4736  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
4737  */
4738 static void check_declarations(void)
4739 {
4740         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
4741                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->scope;
4742
4743                 if (is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
4744                         /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
4745                         return;
4746                 }
4747                 const declaration_t *parameter = scope->declarations;
4748                 for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
4749                         if (! parameter->used) {
4750                                 print_in_function();
4751                                 warningf(&parameter->source_position,
4752                                          "unused parameter '%Y'", parameter->symbol);
4753                         }
4754                 }
4755         }
4756         if (warning.unused_variable) {
4757         }
4758 }
4759
4760 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
4761 {
4762         return
4763                 !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
4764                 fold_constant(cond) != 0      ? 1 :
4765                 -1;
4766 }
4767
4768 static bool noreturn_candidate;
4769
4770 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
4771 {
4772         if (stmt->base.reachable)
4773                 return;
4774         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
4775                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
4776
4777         statement_t *last = stmt;
4778         statement_t *next;
4779         switch (stmt->kind) {
4780                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
4781                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
4782                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
4783                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
4784                         next = stmt->base.next;
4785                         break;
4786
4787                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
4788                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
4789                         break;
4790
4791                 case STATEMENT_RETURN:
4792                         noreturn_candidate = false;
4793                         return;
4794
4795                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
4796                         if_statement_t const* const ifs = &stmt->ifs;
4797                         int            const        val = determine_truth(ifs->condition);
4798
4799                         if (val >= 0)
4800                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
4801
4802                         if (val > 0)
4803                                 return;
4804
4805                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
4806                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
4807                                 return;
4808                         }
4809
4810                         next = stmt->base.next;
4811                         break;
4812                 }
4813
4814                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
4815                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
4816                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
4817
4818                         if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
4819                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant(expr);
4820                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
4821                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
4822                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
4823                                                 defaults = i;
4824                                                 continue;
4825                                         }
4826
4827                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
4828                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
4829                                                 return;
4830                                         }
4831                                 }
4832
4833                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
4834                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
4835                                         return;
4836                                 }
4837                         } else {
4838                                 bool has_default = false;
4839                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
4840                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
4841                                                 has_default = true;
4842
4843                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
4844                                 }
4845
4846                                 if (has_default)
4847                                         return;
4848                         }
4849
4850                         next = stmt->base.next;
4851                         break;
4852                 }
4853
4854                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
4855                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
4856                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
4857                         if (expr->kind == EXPR_CALL) {
4858                                 expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
4859                                 if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
4860                                         declaration_t const *const decl = func->reference.declaration;
4861                                         if (decl != NULL && decl->modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
4862                                                 return;
4863                                         }
4864                                 }
4865                         }
4866
4867                         next = stmt->base.next;
4868                         break;
4869                 }
4870
4871                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE: {
4872                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
4873                         for (;;) {
4874                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
4875                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
4876                                         return;
4877
4878                                 next = parent;
4879                                 switch (parent->kind) {
4880                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
4881                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
4882                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
4883
4884                                         default: break;
4885                                 }
4886                         }
4887                 }
4888
4889                 case STATEMENT_BREAK: {
4890                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
4891                         for (;;) {
4892                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
4893                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
4894                                         return;
4895
4896                                 switch (parent->kind) {
4897                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
4898                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
4899                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
4900                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
4901                                                 last = parent;
4902                                                 next = parent->base.next;
4903                                                 goto found_break_parent;
4904
4905                                         default: break;
4906                                 }
4907                         }
4908 found_break_parent:
4909                         break;
4910                 }
4911
4912                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
4913                         next = stmt->gotos.label->init.statement;
4914                         if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
4915                                 return;
4916                         break;
4917
4918                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
4919                         next = stmt->label.statement;
4920                         break;
4921
4922                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
4923                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
4924                         break;
4925
4926                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
4927                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
4928                         int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
4929
4930                         if (val >= 0)
4931                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
4932
4933                         if (val > 0)
4934                                 return;
4935
4936                         next = stmt->base.next;
4937                         break;
4938                 }
4939
4940                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
4941                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
4942                         break;
4943
4944                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
4945                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
4946
4947                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
4948                                 return;
4949                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
4950
4951                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
4952                         int          const        val  =
4953                                 cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
4954
4955                         if (val >= 0)
4956                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
4957
4958                         if (val > 0)
4959                                 return;
4960
4961                         next = stmt->base.next;
4962                         break;
4963                 }
4964
4965                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
4966                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
4967                         panic("unimplemented");
4968         }
4969
4970         while (next == NULL) {
4971                 next = last->base.parent;
4972                 if (next == NULL) {
4973                         noreturn_candidate = false;
4974
4975                         type_t *const type = current_function->type;
4976                         assert(is_type_function(type));
4977                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
4978                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
4979                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
4980                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
4981                             !is_sym_main(current_function->symbol)) {
4982                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
4983                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
4984                         }
4985                         return;
4986                 }
4987
4988                 switch (next->kind) {
4989                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
4990                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
4991                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
4992                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
4993                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
4994                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
4995                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
4996                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
4997                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
4998                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
4999                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
5000
5001                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5002                         case STATEMENT_IF:
5003                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5004                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5005                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5006                                 last = next;
5007                                 next = next->base.next;
5008                                 break;
5009
5010                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5011 continue_while:
5012                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5013                                         return;
5014                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5015
5016                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
5017                                 int                      const val    = determine_truth(whiles->condition);
5018
5019                                 if (val >= 0)
5020                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
5021
5022                                 if (val > 0)
5023                                         return;
5024
5025                                 last = next;
5026                                 next = next->base.next;
5027                                 break;
5028                         }
5029
5030                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
5031 continue_do_while:
5032                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5033                                         return;
5034                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5035
5036                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw  = &next->do_while;
5037                                 int                  const        val = determine_truth(dw->condition);
5038
5039                                 if (val >= 0)
5040                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
5041
5042                                 if (val > 0)
5043                                         return;
5044
5045                                 last = next;
5046                                 next = next->base.next;
5047                                 break;
5048                         }
5049
5050                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5051 continue_for:;
5052                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
5053
5054                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
5055
5056                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
5057                                         return;
5058                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
5059
5060                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5061                                 int          const        val  =
5062                                         cond == NULL ? 1 : determine_truth(cond);
5063
5064                                 if (val >= 0)
5065                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
5066
5067                                 if (val > 0)
5068                                         return;
5069
5070                                 last = next;
5071                                 next = next->base.next;
5072                                 break;
5073                         }
5074
5075                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
5076                                 panic("unimplemented");
5077                 }
5078         }
5079
5080         if (next == NULL) {
5081                 next = stmt->base.parent;
5082                 if (next == NULL) {
5083                         warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
5084                                  "control reaches end of non-void function");
5085                 }
5086         }
5087
5088         check_reachable(next);
5089 }
5090
5091 static void check_unreachable(statement_t const* const stmt)
5092 {
5093         if (!stmt->base.reachable            &&
5094             stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE &&
5095             stmt->kind != STATEMENT_FOR      &&
5096             (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_COMPOUND || stmt->compound.statements == NULL)) {
5097                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5098         }
5099
5100         switch (stmt->kind) {
5101                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5102                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5103                 case STATEMENT_RETURN:
5104                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
5105                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
5106                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
5107                 case STATEMENT_BREAK:
5108                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5109                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5110                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
5111                         break;
5112
5113                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5114                         if (stmt->compound.statements)
5115                                 check_unreachable(stmt->compound.statements);
5116                         break;
5117
5118                 case STATEMENT_IF:
5119                         check_unreachable(stmt->ifs.true_statement);
5120                         if (stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL)
5121                                 check_unreachable(stmt->ifs.false_statement);
5122                         break;
5123
5124                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5125                         check_unreachable(stmt->switchs.body);
5126                         break;
5127
5128                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5129                         check_unreachable(stmt->label.statement);
5130                         break;
5131
5132                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5133                         check_unreachable(stmt->case_label.statement);
5134                         break;
5135
5136                 case STATEMENT_WHILE:
5137                         check_unreachable(stmt->whiles.body);
5138                         break;
5139
5140                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5141                         check_unreachable(stmt->do_while.body);
5142                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
5143                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
5144                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
5145                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
5146                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
5147                                 }
5148                         }
5149                         break;
5150
5151                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5152                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
5153
5154                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
5155                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
5156                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5157                         } else {
5158                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
5159                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
5160                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
5161                                 }
5162
5163                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
5164                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
5165                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
5166                                 }
5167
5168                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
5169                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
5170                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
5171                                 }
5172                         }
5173
5174                         check_unreachable(stmt->fors.body);
5175                         break;
5176                 }
5177
5178                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
5179                         panic("unimplemented");
5180         }
5181
5182         if (stmt->base.next)
5183                 check_unreachable(stmt->base.next);
5184 }
5185
5186 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
5187 {
5188         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
5189          * specifiers */
5190         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5191         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5192
5193         add_anchor_token(';');
5194         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5195         rem_anchor_token(';');
5196
5197         /* must be a declaration */
5198         if (token.type == ';') {
5199                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers, append_declaration);
5200                 return;
5201         }
5202
5203         add_anchor_token(',');
5204         add_anchor_token('=');
5205         rem_anchor_token(';');
5206
5207         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
5208         declaration_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, /*may_be_abstract=*/false);
5209
5210         rem_anchor_token(',');
5211         rem_anchor_token('=');
5212         rem_anchor_token(';');
5213
5214         /* must be a declaration */
5215         switch (token.type) {
5216                 case ',':
5217                 case ';':
5218                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_declaration);
5219                         return;
5220
5221                 case '=':
5222                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_definition);
5223                         return;
5224         }
5225
5226         /* must be a function definition */
5227         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
5228
5229         if (token.type != '{') {
5230                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
5231                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
5232                 return;
5233         }
5234
5235         type_t *type = ndeclaration->type;
5236
5237         /* note that we don't skip typerefs: the standard doesn't allow them here
5238          * (so we can't use is_type_function here) */
5239         if (type->kind != TYPE_FUNCTION) {
5240                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5241                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
5242                                type, ndeclaration->symbol);
5243                 }
5244                 eat_block();
5245                 return;
5246         }
5247
5248         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
5249             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
5250                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
5251                          ndeclaration->symbol);
5252         }
5253
5254         /* § 6.7.5.3 (14) a function definition with () means no
5255          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
5256         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters
5257                         && type->function.parameters == NULL
5258                         && !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
5259                 type_t *duplicate = duplicate_type(type);
5260                 duplicate->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
5261
5262                 type = typehash_insert(duplicate);
5263                 if (type != duplicate) {
5264                         obstack_free(type_obst, duplicate);
5265                 }
5266                 ndeclaration->type = type;
5267         }
5268
5269         declaration_t *const declaration = record_definition(ndeclaration);
5270         if (ndeclaration != declaration) {
5271                 declaration->scope = ndeclaration->scope;
5272         }
5273         type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
5274
5275         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
5276         int       top        = environment_top();
5277         scope_t  *last_scope = scope;
5278         set_scope(&declaration->scope);
5279
5280         declaration_t *parameter = declaration->scope.declarations;
5281         for( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
5282                 if (parameter->parent_scope == &ndeclaration->scope) {
5283                         parameter->parent_scope = scope;
5284                 }
5285                 assert(parameter->parent_scope == NULL
5286                                 || parameter->parent_scope == scope);
5287                 parameter->parent_scope = scope;
5288                 if (parameter->symbol == NULL) {
5289                         errorf(&parameter->source_position, "parameter name omitted");
5290                         continue;
5291                 }
5292                 environment_push(parameter);
5293         }
5294
5295         if (declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
5296                 parser_error_multiple_definition(declaration, HERE);
5297                 eat_block();
5298         } else {
5299                 /* parse function body */
5300                 int            label_stack_top      = label_top();
5301                 declaration_t *old_current_function = current_function;
5302                 current_function                    = declaration;
5303                 current_parent                      = NULL;
5304
5305                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
5306                 declaration->init.statement = body;
5307                 first_err = true;
5308                 check_labels();
5309                 check_declarations();
5310                 if (warning.return_type      ||
5311                     warning.unreachable_code ||
5312                     (warning.missing_noreturn && !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
5313                         noreturn_candidate = true;
5314                         check_reachable(body);
5315                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
5316                                 check_unreachable(body);
5317                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
5318                             noreturn_candidate       &&
5319                             !(declaration->modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
5320                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
5321                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
5322                                          type, declaration->symbol);
5323                         }
5324                 }
5325
5326                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
5327                 assert(current_function == declaration);
5328                 current_function = old_current_function;
5329                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
5330         }
5331
5332         assert(scope == &declaration->scope);
5333         set_scope(last_scope);
5334         environment_pop_to(top);
5335 }
5336
5337 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
5338                                   source_position_t *source_position)
5339 {
5340         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD, source_position);
5341
5342         type->bitfield.base_type = base_type;
5343         type->bitfield.size      = size;
5344
5345         return type;
5346 }
5347
5348 static declaration_t *find_compound_entry(declaration_t *compound_declaration,
5349                                           symbol_t *symbol)
5350 {
5351         declaration_t *iter = compound_declaration->scope.declarations;
5352         for( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->next) {
5353                 if (iter->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
5354                         continue;
5355
5356                 if (iter->symbol == NULL) {
5357                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->type);
5358                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
5359                                 declaration_t *result
5360                                         = find_compound_entry(type->compound.declaration, symbol);
5361                                 if (result != NULL)
5362                                         return result;
5363                         }
5364                         continue;
5365                 }
5366
5367                 if (iter->symbol == symbol) {
5368                         return iter;
5369                 }
5370         }
5371
5372         return NULL;
5373 }
5374
5375 static void parse_compound_declarators(declaration_t *struct_declaration,
5376                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5377 {
5378         declaration_t *last_declaration = struct_declaration->scope.declarations;
5379         if (last_declaration != NULL) {
5380                 while(last_declaration->next != NULL) {
5381                         last_declaration = last_declaration->next;
5382                 }
5383         }
5384
5385         while(1) {
5386                 declaration_t *declaration;
5387
5388                 if (token.type == ':') {
5389                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5390                         next_token();
5391
5392                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
5393                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5394
5395                         if (!is_type_integer(skip_typeref(base_type))) {
5396                                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
5397                                        base_type);
5398                         }
5399
5400                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size, &source_position);
5401
5402                         declaration                         = allocate_declaration_zero();
5403                         declaration->namespc                = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5404                         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5405                         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5406                         declaration->source_position        = source_position;
5407                         declaration->modifiers              = specifiers->modifiers;
5408                         declaration->type                   = type;
5409                 } else {
5410                         declaration = parse_declarator(specifiers,/*may_be_abstract=*/true);
5411
5412                         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
5413                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5414
5415                         if (token.type == ':') {
5416                                 source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5417                                 next_token();
5418                                 expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5419
5420                                 if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
5421                                         errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an "
5422                                                "integer type", orig_type);
5423                                 }
5424
5425                                 type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(orig_type, size, &source_position);
5426                                 declaration->type = bitfield_type;
5427                         } else {
5428                                 /* TODO we ignore arrays for now... what is missing is a check
5429                                  * that they're at the end of the struct */
5430                                 if (is_type_incomplete(type) && !is_type_array(type)) {
5431                                         errorf(HERE,
5432                                                "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
5433                                                declaration->symbol, orig_type);
5434                                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
5435                                         errorf(HERE, "compound member '%Y' must not have function "
5436                                                "type '%T'", declaration->symbol, orig_type);
5437                                 }
5438                         }
5439                 }
5440
5441                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
5442                 symbol_t *symbol = declaration->symbol;
5443                 if (symbol != NULL) {
5444                         declaration_t *prev_decl
5445                                 = find_compound_entry(struct_declaration, symbol);
5446
5447                         if (prev_decl != NULL) {
5448                                 assert(prev_decl->symbol == symbol);
5449                                 errorf(&declaration->source_position,
5450                                        "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
5451                                        symbol, &prev_decl->source_position);
5452                         }
5453                 }
5454
5455                 /* append declaration */
5456                 if (last_declaration != NULL) {
5457                         last_declaration->next = declaration;
5458                 } else {
5459                         struct_declaration->scope.declarations = declaration;
5460                 }
5461                 last_declaration = declaration;
5462
5463                 if (token.type != ',')
5464                         break;
5465                 next_token();
5466         }
5467         expect(';');
5468
5469 end_error:
5470         ;
5471 }
5472
5473 static void parse_compound_type_entries(declaration_t *compound_declaration)
5474 {
5475         eat('{');
5476         add_anchor_token('}');
5477
5478         while(token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
5479                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5480                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5481                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5482
5483                 parse_compound_declarators(compound_declaration, &specifiers);
5484         }
5485         rem_anchor_token('}');
5486
5487         if (token.type == T_EOF) {
5488                 errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
5489         }
5490         next_token();
5491 }
5492
5493 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
5494 {
5495         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5496         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5497         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5498         if (specifiers.declared_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
5499                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
5500                  * storage class is...
5501                  */
5502                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
5503         }
5504
5505         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
5506
5507         return result;
5508 }
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function) (unsigned precedence);
5514 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function) (unsigned precedence,
5515                                                           expression_t *left);
5516
5517 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
5518 struct expression_parser_function_t {
5519         unsigned                         precedence;
5520         parse_expression_function        parser;
5521         unsigned                         infix_precedence;
5522         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
5523 };
5524
5525 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
5526
5527 /**
5528  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
5529  */
5530 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
5531 {
5532         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
5533         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
5534                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token '%K'", &token);
5535         }
5536         next_token();
5537
5538         return create_invalid_expression();
5539 }
5540
5541 /**
5542  * Parse a string constant.
5543  */
5544 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
5545 {
5546         wide_string_t wres;
5547         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
5548                 string_t res = token.v.string;
5549                 next_token();
5550                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
5551                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
5552                         next_token();
5553                 }
5554                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
5555                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
5556                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
5557                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
5558                          * will construct the array type */
5559                         cnst->base.type    = warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
5560                         cnst->string.value = res;
5561                         return cnst;
5562                 }
5563
5564                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
5565         } else {
5566                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
5567         }
5568         next_token();
5569
5570         for (;;) {
5571                 switch (token.type) {
5572                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
5573                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
5574                                 break;
5575
5576                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
5577                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
5578                                 break;
5579
5580                         default: {
5581                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
5582                                 cnst->base.type         = warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
5583                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
5584                                 return cnst;
5585                         }
5586                 }
5587                 next_token();
5588         }
5589 }
5590
5591 /**
5592  * Parse an integer constant.
5593  */
5594 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
5595 {
5596         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
5597         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
5598         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
5599         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = token.v.intvalue;
5600
5601         next_token();
5602
5603         return cnst;
5604 }
5605
5606 /**
5607  * Parse a character constant.
5608  */
5609 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
5610 {
5611         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
5612
5613         cnst->base.source_position = *HERE;
5614         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
5615         cnst->conste.v.character   = token.v.string;
5616
5617         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
5618                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
5619                         /* TODO */
5620                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
5621                 } else {
5622                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
5623                 }
5624         }
5625         next_token();
5626
5627         return cnst;
5628 }
5629
5630 /**
5631  * Parse a wide character constant.
5632  */
5633 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
5634 {
5635         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
5636
5637         cnst->base.source_position    = *HERE;
5638         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
5639         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
5640
5641         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
5642                 if (warning.multichar && (c_mode & _GNUC)) {
5643                         /* TODO */
5644                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
5645                 } else {
5646                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 characters in character constant");
5647                 }
5648         }
5649         next_token();
5650
5651         return cnst;
5652 }
5653
5654 /**
5655  * Parse a float constant.
5656  */
5657 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
5658 {
5659         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
5660         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
5661         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
5662
5663         next_token();
5664
5665         return cnst;
5666 }
5667
5668 static declaration_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
5669                 const source_position_t *source_position)
5670 {
5671         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, source_position);
5672         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
5673         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
5674
5675         type_t *type = typehash_insert(ntype);
5676         if (type != ntype) {
5677                 free_type(ntype);
5678         }
5679
5680         declaration_t *const declaration    = allocate_declaration_zero();
5681         declaration->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5682         declaration->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
5683         declaration->type                   = type;
5684         declaration->symbol                 = symbol;
5685         declaration->source_position        = *source_position;
5686         declaration->implicit               = true;
5687
5688         bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
5689         warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
5690         record_declaration(declaration);
5691         warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
5692
5693         return declaration;
5694 }
5695
5696 /**
5697  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
5698  * already exists.
5699  */
5700 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
5701                                     type_t *argument_type2)
5702 {
5703         function_parameter_t *parameter2
5704                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
5705         memset(parameter2, 0, sizeof(parameter2[0]));
5706         parameter2->type = argument_type2;
5707
5708         function_parameter_t *parameter1
5709                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
5710         memset(parameter1, 0, sizeof(parameter1[0]));
5711         parameter1->type = argument_type1;
5712         parameter1->next = parameter2;
5713
5714         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
5715         type->function.return_type = return_type;
5716         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
5717
5718         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
5719         if (result != type) {
5720                 free_type(type);
5721         }
5722
5723         return result;
5724 }
5725
5726 /**
5727  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
5728  * already exists.
5729  *
5730  * @param return_type    the return type
5731  * @param argument_type  the argument type
5732  */
5733 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
5734 {
5735         function_parameter_t *parameter
5736                 = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(parameter[0]));
5737         memset(parameter, 0, sizeof(parameter[0]));
5738         parameter->type = argument_type;
5739
5740         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
5741         type->function.return_type = return_type;
5742         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
5743
5744         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
5745         if (result != type) {
5746                 free_type(type);
5747         }
5748
5749         return result;
5750 }
5751
5752 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
5753 {
5754         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION, &builtin_source_position);
5755         type->function.return_type = return_type;
5756         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
5757
5758         type_t *result = typehash_insert(type);
5759         if (result != type) {
5760                 free_type(type);
5761         }
5762
5763         return result;
5764 }
5765
5766 /**
5767  * Creates a function type for some function like builtins.
5768  *
5769  * @param symbol   the symbol describing the builtin
5770  */
5771 static type_t *get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol_t *symbol)
5772 {
5773         switch(symbol->ID) {
5774         case T___builtin_alloca:
5775                 return make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t);
5776         case T___builtin_huge_val:
5777                 return make_function_0_type(type_double);
5778         case T___builtin_nan:
5779                 return make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr);
5780         case T___builtin_nanf:
5781                 return make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr);
5782         case T___builtin_nand:
5783                 return make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr);
5784         case T___builtin_va_end:
5785                 return make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist);
5786         case T___builtin_expect:
5787                 return make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long);
5788         default:
5789                 internal_errorf(HERE, "not implemented builtin symbol found");
5790         }
5791 }
5792
5793 /**
5794  * Performs automatic type cast as described in § 6.3.2.1.
5795  *
5796  * @param orig_type  the original type
5797  */
5798 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
5799 {
5800         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5801         if (is_type_array(type)) {
5802                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
5803                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
5804                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
5805
5806                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
5807         }
5808
5809         if (is_type_function(type)) {
5810                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5811         }
5812
5813         return orig_type;
5814 }
5815
5816 /**
5817  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
5818  * to function-pointer types as defined § 6.3.2.1
5819  */
5820 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
5821 {
5822         switch (expression->kind) {
5823                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: return expression->reference.declaration->type;
5824                 case EXPR_SELECT:    return expression->select.compound_entry->type;
5825
5826                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
5827                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
5828                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
5829                         assert(is_type_pointer(type));
5830                         return type->pointer.points_to;
5831                 }
5832
5833                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
5834                         return get_builtin_symbol_type(expression->builtin_symbol.symbol);
5835
5836                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
5837                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
5838                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
5839                         if (!is_type_valid(type_left))
5840                                 return type_left;
5841                         assert(is_type_pointer(type_left));
5842                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
5843                 }
5844
5845                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
5846                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
5847                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5848                 }
5849
5850                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
5851                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
5852                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
5853                 }
5854
5855                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
5856                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
5857
5858                 default: break;
5859         }
5860
5861         return expression->base.type;
5862 }
5863
5864 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
5865 {
5866         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
5867
5868         reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;
5869         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
5870
5871         declaration_t *declaration = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
5872
5873         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
5874         next_token();
5875
5876         if (declaration == NULL) {
5877                 if (token.type == '(') {
5878                         /* an implicitly declared function */
5879                         if (strict_mode) {
5880                                 errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
5881                         } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
5882                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'",
5883                                         symbol);
5884                         }
5885
5886                         declaration = create_implicit_function(symbol,
5887                                                                &source_position);
5888                 } else {
5889                         errorf(HERE, "unknown symbol '%Y' found.", symbol);
5890                         declaration = create_error_declaration(symbol, STORAGE_CLASS_NONE);
5891                 }
5892         }
5893
5894         type_t *type = declaration->type;
5895
5896         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5897          * code to revert this! */
5898         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5899
5900         ref->declaration = declaration;
5901         ref->base.type   = type;
5902
5903         /* this declaration is used */
5904         declaration->used = true;
5905
5906         /* check for deprecated functions */
5907         if (warning.deprecated_declarations &&
5908             declaration->modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
5909                 char const *const prefix = is_type_function(declaration->type) ?
5910                         "function" : "variable";
5911
5912                 if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL) {
5913                         warningf(&source_position,
5914                                 "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"", prefix,
5915                                 declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position,
5916                                 declaration->deprecated_string);
5917                 } else {
5918                         warningf(&source_position,
5919                                 "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
5920                                 declaration->symbol, &declaration->source_position);
5921                 }
5922         }
5923
5924         return expression;
5925 }
5926
5927 static void semantic_cast(expression_t *expression, type_t *orig_dest_type)
5928 {
5929         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
5930         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
5931         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
5932         source_position_t const *pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
5933
5934         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
5935         if (dst_type == type_void)
5936                 return;
5937
5938         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
5939         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
5940             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
5941             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
5942             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
5943                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
5944                 return;
5945         }
5946
5947         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
5948                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
5949                 return;
5950         }
5951
5952         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
5953                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
5954                 return;
5955         }
5956
5957         if (warning.cast_qual &&
5958             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
5959             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
5960                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
5961                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
5962                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
5963                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
5964                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
5965                         warningf(pos,
5966                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
5967                      missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
5968                 }
5969         }
5970 }
5971
5972 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
5973 {
5974         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
5975
5976         parse_initializer_env_t env;
5977         env.type             = type;
5978         env.declaration      = NULL;
5979         env.must_be_constant = false;
5980         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
5981         type = env.type;
5982
5983         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
5984         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
5985         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
5986
5987         return expression;
5988 }
5989
5990 /**
5991  * Parse a cast expression.
5992  */
5993 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
5994 {
5995         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
5996
5997         type_t *type  = parse_typename();
5998
5999         /* matching add_anchor_token() is at call site */
6000         rem_anchor_token(')');
6001         expect(')');
6002
6003         if (token.type == '{') {
6004                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
6005         }
6006
6007         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
6008         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
6009
6010         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(20);
6011         cast->base.type   = type;
6012         cast->unary.value = value;
6013
6014         semantic_cast(value, type);
6015
6016         return cast;
6017 end_error:
6018         return create_invalid_expression();
6019 }
6020
6021 /**
6022  * Parse a statement expression.
6023  */
6024 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
6025 {
6026         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
6027
6028         statement_t *statement           = parse_compound_statement(true);
6029         expression->statement.statement  = statement;
6030         expression->base.source_position = statement->base.source_position;
6031
6032         /* find last statement and use its type */
6033         type_t *type = type_void;
6034         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
6035         if (stmt != NULL) {
6036                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
6037                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
6038
6039                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
6040                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
6041                 }
6042         } else {
6043                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
6044         }
6045         expression->base.type = type;
6046
6047         expect(')');
6048
6049         return expression;
6050 end_error:
6051         return create_invalid_expression();
6052 }
6053
6054 /**
6055  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
6056  */
6057 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
6058 {
6059         eat('(');
6060         add_anchor_token(')');
6061
6062         switch(token.type) {
6063         case '{':
6064                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
6065                 return parse_statement_expression();
6066
6067         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
6068         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
6069                 return parse_cast();
6070         case T_IDENTIFIER:
6071                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
6072                         return parse_cast();
6073                 }
6074         }
6075
6076         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
6077         rem_anchor_token(')');
6078         expect(')');
6079
6080         return result;
6081 end_error:
6082         return create_invalid_expression();
6083 }
6084
6085 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
6086 {
6087         next_token();
6088         /* TODO */
6089
6090         if (current_function == NULL) {
6091                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
6092         }
6093
6094         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6095         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6096         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
6097
6098         return expression;
6099 }
6100
6101 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
6102 {
6103         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
6104
6105         if (current_function == NULL) {
6106                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
6107         }
6108
6109         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6110         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6111         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
6112
6113         return expression;
6114 }
6115
6116 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
6117 {
6118         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
6119
6120         if (current_function == NULL) {
6121                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
6122         }
6123
6124         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6125         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6126         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
6127
6128         return expression;
6129 }
6130
6131 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
6132 {
6133         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
6134
6135         if (current_function == NULL) {
6136                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
6137         }
6138
6139         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6140         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6141         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
6142
6143         return expression;
6144 }
6145
6146 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
6147 {
6148         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6149         result->source_position = *HERE;
6150
6151         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6152                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6153                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6154                 return NULL;
6155         }
6156         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
6157         next_token();
6158
6159         designator_t *last_designator = result;
6160         while(true) {
6161                 if (token.type == '.') {
6162                         next_token();
6163                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6164                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6165                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6166                                 return NULL;
6167                         }
6168                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6169                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6170                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
6171                         next_token();
6172
6173                         last_designator->next = designator;
6174                         last_designator       = designator;
6175                         continue;
6176                 }
6177                 if (token.type == '[') {
6178                         next_token();
6179                         add_anchor_token(']');
6180                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6181                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6182                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
6183                         rem_anchor_token(']');
6184                         expect(']');
6185                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
6186                                 return NULL;
6187                         }
6188
6189                         last_designator->next = designator;
6190                         last_designator       = designator;
6191                         continue;
6192                 }
6193                 break;
6194         }
6195
6196         return result;
6197 end_error:
6198         return NULL;
6199 }
6200
6201 /**
6202  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
6203  */
6204 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
6205 {
6206         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
6207
6208         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
6209         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
6210
6211         expect('(');
6212         add_anchor_token(',');
6213         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6214         rem_anchor_token(',');
6215         expect(',');
6216         add_anchor_token(')');
6217         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
6218         rem_anchor_token(')');
6219         expect(')');
6220
6221         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
6222         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
6223
6224         type_path_t path;
6225         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
6226         path.top_type = type;
6227         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
6228
6229         descend_into_subtype(&path);
6230
6231         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
6232                 return create_invalid_expression();
6233         }
6234
6235         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
6236
6237         return expression;
6238 end_error:
6239         return create_invalid_expression();
6240 }
6241
6242 /**
6243  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
6244  */
6245 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
6246 {
6247         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
6248
6249         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
6250
6251         expect('(');
6252         add_anchor_token(',');
6253         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6254         rem_anchor_token(',');
6255         expect(',');
6256         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
6257         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
6258                 declaration_t *const decl = expr->reference.declaration;
6259                 if (decl == NULL)
6260                         return create_invalid_expression();
6261                 if (decl->parent_scope == &current_function->scope &&
6262                     decl->next == NULL) {
6263                         expression->va_starte.parameter = decl;
6264                         expect(')');
6265                         return expression;
6266                 }
6267         }
6268         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
6269                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
6270 end_error:
6271         return create_invalid_expression();
6272 }
6273
6274 /**
6275  * Parses a _builtin_va_arg() expression.
6276  */
6277 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
6278 {
6279         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
6280
6281         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
6282
6283         expect('(');
6284         expression->va_arge.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6285         expect(',');
6286         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
6287         expect(')');
6288
6289         return expression;
6290 end_error:
6291         return create_invalid_expression();
6292 }
6293
6294 static expression_t *parse_builtin_symbol(void)
6295 {
6296         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL);
6297
6298         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
6299
6300         expression->builtin_symbol.symbol = symbol;
6301         next_token();
6302
6303         type_t *type = get_builtin_symbol_type(symbol);
6304         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
6305
6306         expression->base.type = type;
6307         return expression;
6308 }
6309
6310 /**
6311  * Parses a __builtin_constant() expression.
6312  */
6313 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
6314 {
6315         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
6316
6317         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
6318
6319         expect('(');
6320         add_anchor_token(')');
6321         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
6322         rem_anchor_token(')');
6323         expect(')');
6324         expression->base.type = type_int;
6325
6326         return expression;
6327 end_error:
6328         return create_invalid_expression();
6329 }
6330
6331 /**
6332  * Parses a __builtin_prefetch() expression.
6333  */
6334 static expression_t *parse_builtin_prefetch(void)
6335 {
6336         eat(T___builtin_prefetch);
6337
6338         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH);
6339
6340         expect('(');
6341         add_anchor_token(')');
6342         expression->builtin_prefetch.adr = parse_assignment_expression();
6343         if (token.type == ',') {
6344                 next_token();
6345                 expression->builtin_prefetch.rw = parse_assignment_expression();
6346         }
6347         if (token.type == ',') {
6348                 next_token();
6349                 expression->builtin_prefetch.locality = parse_assignment_expression();
6350         }
6351         rem_anchor_token(')');
6352         expect(')');
6353         expression->base.type = type_void;
6354
6355         return expression;
6356 end_error:
6357         return create_invalid_expression();
6358 }
6359
6360 /**
6361  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
6362  */
6363 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
6364 {
6365         expression_t *expression;
6366
6367         switch(token.type) {
6368         case T___builtin_isgreater:
6369                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
6370                 break;
6371         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
6372                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
6373                 break;
6374         case T___builtin_isless:
6375                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
6376                 break;
6377         case T___builtin_islessequal:
6378                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
6379                 break;
6380         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
6381                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
6382                 break;
6383         case T___builtin_isunordered:
6384                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
6385                 break;
6386         default:
6387                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
6388                 break;
6389         }
6390         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
6391         next_token();
6392
6393         expect('(');
6394         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
6395         expect(',');
6396         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
6397         expect(')');
6398
6399         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
6400         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
6401
6402         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6403         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6404         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
6405                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
6406                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
6407                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
6408                 }
6409         } else {
6410                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
6411         }
6412
6413         return expression;
6414 end_error:
6415         return create_invalid_expression();
6416 }
6417
6418 #if 0
6419 /**
6420  * Parses a __builtin_expect() expression.
6421  */
6422 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void)
6423 {
6424         eat(T___builtin_expect);
6425
6426         expression_t *expression
6427                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
6428
6429         expect('(');
6430         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
6431         expect(',');
6432         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
6433         expect(')');
6434
6435         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
6436
6437         return expression;
6438 end_error:
6439         return create_invalid_expression();
6440 }
6441 #endif
6442
6443 /**
6444  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
6445  */
6446 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
6447 {
6448         eat(T__assume);
6449
6450         expression_t *expression
6451                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
6452
6453         expect('(');
6454         add_anchor_token(')');
6455         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
6456         rem_anchor_token(')');
6457         expect(')');
6458
6459         expression->base.type = type_void;
6460         return expression;
6461 end_error:
6462         return create_invalid_expression();
6463 }
6464
6465 /**
6466  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
6467  */
6468 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
6469 {
6470         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
6471         eat(T___noop);
6472
6473         if (token.type == '(') {
6474                 /* parse arguments */
6475                 eat('(');
6476                 add_anchor_token(')');
6477                 add_anchor_token(',');
6478
6479                 if (token.type != ')') {
6480                         while(true) {
6481                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
6482                                 if (token.type != ',')
6483                                         break;
6484                                 next_token();
6485                         }
6486                 }
6487         }
6488         rem_anchor_token(',');
6489         rem_anchor_token(')');
6490         expect(')');
6491
6492         /* the result is a (int)0 */
6493         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6494         cnst->base.source_position = source_position;
6495         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
6496         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
6497         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
6498
6499         return cnst;
6500
6501 end_error:
6502         return create_invalid_expression();
6503 }
6504
6505 /**
6506  * Parses a primary expression.
6507  */
6508 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
6509 {
6510         switch (token.type) {
6511                 case T_INTEGER:                  return parse_int_const();
6512                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       return parse_character_constant();
6513                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  return parse_wide_character_constant();
6514                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            return parse_float_const();
6515                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
6516                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      return parse_string_const();
6517                 case T_IDENTIFIER:               return parse_reference();
6518                 case T___FUNCTION__:
6519                 case T___func__:                 return parse_function_keyword();
6520                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
6521                 case T___FUNCSIG__:              return parse_funcsig_keyword();
6522                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:            return parse_funcdname_keyword();
6523                 case T___builtin_offsetof:       return parse_offsetof();
6524                 case T___builtin_va_start:       return parse_va_start();
6525                 case T___builtin_va_arg:         return parse_va_arg();
6526                 case T___builtin_expect:
6527                 case T___builtin_alloca:
6528                 case T___builtin_nan:
6529                 case T___builtin_nand:
6530                 case T___builtin_nanf:
6531                 case T___builtin_huge_val:
6532                 case T___builtin_va_end:         return parse_builtin_symbol();
6533                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
6534                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
6535                 case T___builtin_isless:
6536                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
6537                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
6538                 case T___builtin_isunordered:    return parse_compare_builtin();
6539                 case T___builtin_constant_p:     return parse_builtin_constant();
6540                 case T___builtin_prefetch:       return parse_builtin_prefetch();
6541                 case T__assume:                  return parse_assume();
6542
6543                 case '(':                        return parse_parenthesized_expression();
6544                 case T___noop:                   return parse_noop_expression();
6545         }
6546
6547         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
6548         return create_invalid_expression();
6549 }
6550
6551 /**
6552  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
6553  */
6554 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
6555 {
6556         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
6557         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
6558
6559         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
6560                         warning.char_subscripts) {
6561                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
6562                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
6563         }
6564 }
6565
6566 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(unsigned precedence,
6567                                             expression_t *left)
6568 {
6569         (void) precedence;
6570
6571         eat('[');
6572         add_anchor_token(']');
6573
6574         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
6575
6576         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
6577
6578         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
6579
6580         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
6581         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
6582
6583         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
6584         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
6585
6586         type_t *return_type;
6587         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
6588                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
6589                 array_access->array_ref = left;
6590                 array_access->index     = inside;
6591                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
6592         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
6593                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
6594                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
6595                 array_access->index     = left;
6596                 array_access->flipped   = true;
6597                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
6598         } else {
6599                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
6600                         errorf(HERE,
6601                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
6602                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
6603                 }
6604                 return_type             = type_error_type;
6605                 array_access->array_ref = create_invalid_expression();
6606         }
6607
6608         rem_anchor_token(']');
6609         if (token.type != ']') {
6610                 parse_error_expected("Problem while parsing array access", ']', NULL);
6611                 return expression;
6612         }
6613         next_token();
6614
6615         return_type           = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
6616         expression->base.type = return_type;
6617
6618         return expression;
6619 }
6620
6621 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind,
6622                                     source_position_t const pos,
6623                                     unsigned const precedence)
6624 {
6625         expression_t *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
6626         tp_expression->base.type            = type_size_t;
6627         tp_expression->base.source_position = pos;
6628
6629         char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
6630
6631         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
6632                 next_token();
6633                 add_anchor_token(')');
6634                 type_t* const orig_type = parse_typename();
6635                 tp_expression->typeprop.type = orig_type;
6636
6637                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6638                 char const* const wrong_type =
6639                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
6640                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
6641                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
6642                         NULL;
6643                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
6644                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be %s type '%T'",
6645                                what, wrong_type, type);
6646                 }
6647
6648                 rem_anchor_token(')');
6649                 expect(')');
6650         } else {
6651                 expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
6652
6653                 type_t* const orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
6654                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
6655
6656                 type_t const* const type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6657                 char const* const wrong_type =
6658                         is_type_incomplete(type)    ? "incomplete"          :
6659                         type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION ? "function designator" :
6660                         type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD ? "bitfield"            :
6661                         NULL;
6662                 if (wrong_type != NULL) {
6663                         errorf(&pos, "operand of %s expression must not be expression of %s type '%T'", what, wrong_type, type);
6664                 }
6665
6666                 tp_expression->typeprop.type          = expression->base.type;
6667                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
6668         }
6669
6670         return tp_expression;
6671 end_error:
6672         return create_invalid_expression();
6673 }
6674
6675 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(unsigned precedence)
6676 {
6677         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
6678         eat(T_sizeof);
6679         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF, pos, precedence);
6680 }
6681
6682 static expression_t *parse_alignof(unsigned precedence)
6683 {
6684         source_position_t pos = *HERE;
6685         eat(T___alignof__);
6686         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF, pos, precedence);
6687 }
6688
6689 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(unsigned precedence,
6690                                              expression_t *compound)
6691 {
6692         (void) precedence;
6693         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
6694
6695         bool is_pointer = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
6696         next_token();
6697
6698         expression_t *select    = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
6699         select->select.compound = compound;
6700
6701         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6702                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6703                 return select;
6704         }
6705         symbol_t *symbol      = token.v.symbol;
6706         select->select.symbol = symbol;
6707         next_token();
6708
6709         type_t *const orig_type = compound->base.type;
6710         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6711
6712         type_t *type_left = type;
6713         if (is_pointer) {
6714                 if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
6715                         if (is_type_valid(type)) {
6716                                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
6717                         }
6718                         return create_invalid_expression();
6719                 }
6720                 type_left = type->pointer.points_to;
6721         }
6722         type_left = skip_typeref(type_left);
6723
6724         if (type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT &&
6725             type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
6726                 if (is_type_valid(type_left)) {
6727                         errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or "
6728                                "union, but '%T'", symbol, type_left);
6729                 }
6730                 return create_invalid_expression();
6731         }
6732
6733         declaration_t *const declaration = type_left->compound.declaration;
6734
6735         if (!declaration->init.complete) {
6736                 errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' of incomplete type '%T'",
6737                        symbol, type_left);
6738                 return create_invalid_expression();
6739         }
6740
6741         declaration_t *iter = find_compound_entry(declaration, symbol);
6742         if (iter == NULL) {
6743                 errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
6744                 return create_invalid_expression();
6745         }
6746
6747         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
6748          * code to revert this! */
6749         type_t *expression_type = automatic_type_conversion(iter->type);
6750
6751         select->select.compound_entry = iter;
6752         select->base.type             = expression_type;
6753
6754         type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(iter->type);
6755         if (skipped->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
6756                 select->base.type = skipped->bitfield.base_type;
6757         }
6758
6759         return select;
6760 }
6761
6762 static void check_call_argument(const function_parameter_t *parameter,
6763                                 call_argument_t *argument)
6764 {
6765         type_t         *expected_type      = parameter->type;
6766         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
6767         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
6768         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
6769
6770         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
6771         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
6772                         && (expected_type_skip->base.modifiers
6773                                 & TYPE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
6774                 declaration_t  *union_decl = expected_type_skip->compound.declaration;
6775
6776                 declaration_t *declaration = union_decl->scope.declarations;
6777                 type_t        *best_type   = NULL;
6778                 for ( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
6779                         type_t *decl_type = declaration->type;
6780                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
6781                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
6782                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
6783                                 continue;
6784
6785                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
6786                                 best_type = decl_type;
6787                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
6788                                 best_type = decl_type;
6789                         }
6790                 }
6791
6792                 if (best_type != NULL) {
6793                         expected_type = best_type;
6794                 }
6795         }
6796
6797         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
6798         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression,
6799                                                     expected_type);
6800
6801         /* TODO report exact scope in error messages (like "in 3rd parameter") */
6802         report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     "function call",
6803                             &arg_expr->base.source_position);
6804 }
6805
6806 /**
6807  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
6808  *
6809  * @param expression  the function address
6810  */
6811 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(unsigned precedence,
6812                                            expression_t *expression)
6813 {
6814         (void) precedence;
6815         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
6816         result->base.source_position = expression->base.source_position;
6817
6818         call_expression_t *call = &result->call;
6819         call->function          = expression;
6820
6821         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
6822         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6823
6824         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
6825         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
6826                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
6827
6828                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
6829                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
6830                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
6831                 }
6832         }
6833
6834         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
6835                 errorf(HERE, "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function", expression, orig_type);
6836         }
6837
6838         /* parse arguments */
6839         eat('(');
6840         add_anchor_token(')');
6841         add_anchor_token(',');
6842
6843         if (token.type != ')') {
6844                 call_argument_t *last_argument = NULL;
6845
6846                 while(true) {
6847                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
6848
6849                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6850                         if (last_argument == NULL) {
6851                                 call->arguments = argument;
6852                         } else {
6853                                 last_argument->next = argument;
6854                         }
6855                         last_argument = argument;
6856
6857                         if (token.type != ',')
6858                                 break;
6859                         next_token();
6860                 }
6861         }
6862         rem_anchor_token(',');
6863         rem_anchor_token(')');
6864         expect(')');
6865
6866         if (function_type == NULL)
6867                 return result;
6868
6869         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
6870         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
6871         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
6872                 for( ; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
6873                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
6874                         check_call_argument(parameter, argument);
6875                 }
6876
6877                 if (parameter != NULL) {
6878                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
6879                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
6880                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
6881                 }
6882         }
6883
6884         /* do default promotion */
6885         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
6886                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
6887
6888                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
6889
6890                 argument->expression
6891                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
6892         }
6893
6894         check_format(&result->call);
6895
6896         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
6897             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
6898                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
6899                          "function call has aggregate value");
6900         }
6901
6902         return result;
6903 end_error:
6904         return create_invalid_expression();
6905 }
6906
6907 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
6908
6909 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
6910 {
6911         return
6912                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
6913                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
6914                 type1->compound.declaration == type2->compound.declaration;
6915 }
6916
6917 /**
6918  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
6919  *
6920  * @param expression  the conditional expression
6921  */
6922 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(unsigned precedence,
6923                                                   expression_t *expression)
6924 {
6925         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
6926
6927         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
6928         conditional->base.source_position = *HERE;
6929         conditional->condition            = expression;
6930
6931         eat('?');
6932         add_anchor_token(':');
6933
6934         /* 6.5.15.2 */
6935         type_t *const condition_type_orig = expression->base.type;
6936         type_t *const condition_type      = skip_typeref(condition_type_orig);
6937         if (!is_type_scalar(condition_type) && is_type_valid(condition_type)) {
6938                 type_error("expected a scalar type in conditional condition",
6939                            &expression->base.source_position, condition_type_orig);
6940         }
6941
6942         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
6943         bool          gnu_cond = false;
6944         if ((c_mode & _GNUC) && token.type == ':') {
6945                 gnu_cond = true;
6946         } else
6947                 true_expression = parse_expression();
6948         rem_anchor_token(':');
6949         expect(':');
6950         expression_t *false_expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
6951
6952         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
6953         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
6954         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
6955         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
6956
6957         /* 6.5.15.3 */
6958         type_t *result_type;
6959         if (is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
6960                 is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6961                 if (!is_type_atomic(true_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
6962                     || !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
6963                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
6964                                         "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
6965                 }
6966                 result_type = type_void;
6967         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
6968                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
6969                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
6970
6971                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
6972                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
6973
6974                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
6975                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
6976                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
6977         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
6978                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
6979                 result_type = true_type;
6980         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
6981                 type_t *pointer_type;
6982                 type_t *other_type;
6983                 expression_t *other_expression;
6984                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
6985                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
6986                         pointer_type     = true_type;
6987                         other_type       = false_type;
6988                         other_expression = false_expression;
6989                 } else {
6990                         pointer_type     = false_type;
6991                         other_type       = true_type;
6992                         other_expression = true_expression;
6993                 }
6994
6995                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
6996                         result_type = pointer_type;
6997                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
6998                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
6999                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
7000
7001                         type_t *to;
7002                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7003                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7004                                 to = type_void;
7005                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
7006                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
7007                                 to = to1;
7008                         } else {
7009                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7010                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
7011                                         true_type, false_type);
7012                                 to = type_void;
7013                         }
7014
7015                         type_t *const copy = duplicate_type(to);
7016                         copy->base.qualifiers = to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers;
7017
7018                         type_t *const type = typehash_insert(copy);
7019                         if (type != copy)
7020                                 free_type(copy);
7021
7022                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7023                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
7024                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7025                                         "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
7026                         result_type = pointer_type;
7027                 } else {
7028                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7029                                         &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
7030                         result_type = type_error_type;
7031                 }
7032         } else {
7033                 /* TODO: one pointer to void*, other some pointer */
7034
7035                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
7036                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7037                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
7038                                                 false_type);
7039                 }
7040                 result_type = type_error_type;
7041         }
7042
7043         conditional->true_expression
7044                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7045         conditional->false_expression
7046                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7047         conditional->base.type = result_type;
7048         return result;
7049 end_error:
7050         return create_invalid_expression();
7051 }
7052
7053 /**
7054  * Parse an extension expression.
7055  */
7056 static expression_t *parse_extension(unsigned precedence)
7057 {
7058         eat(T___extension__);
7059
7060         /* TODO enable extensions */
7061         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
7062         /* TODO disable extensions */
7063         return expression;
7064 }
7065
7066 /**
7067  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
7068  */
7069 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(const unsigned precedence)
7070 {
7071         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
7072
7073         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
7074         result->base.type    = type_int;
7075
7076         expect('(');
7077         add_anchor_token(')');
7078         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(precedence);
7079         rem_anchor_token(')');
7080         expect(')');
7081         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
7082
7083         return result;
7084 end_error:
7085         return create_invalid_expression();
7086 }
7087
7088 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
7089                                      type_t *pointer_type,
7090                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
7091 {
7092         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
7093         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
7094
7095         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
7096                 if (!(c_mode & _GNUC) || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7097                         errorf(source_position,
7098                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
7099                                orig_pointer_type);
7100                         return false;
7101                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7102                         warningf(source_position,
7103                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
7104                                  orig_pointer_type);
7105                 }
7106         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
7107                 if (!(c_mode && _GNUC)) {
7108                         errorf(source_position,
7109                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
7110                                orig_pointer_type);
7111                         return false;
7112                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7113                         warningf(source_position,
7114                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
7115                                  orig_pointer_type);
7116                 }
7117         }
7118         return true;
7119 }
7120
7121 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
7122 {
7123         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7124         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7125         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7126                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7127                                               type, orig_type)) {
7128                         return;
7129                 }
7130         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
7131                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7132                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7133                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
7134                 return;
7135         }
7136         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7137 }
7138
7139 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
7140 {
7141         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7142         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7143         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
7144                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7145                         /* TODO: improve error message */
7146                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7147                                "operation needs an arithmetic type");
7148                 }
7149                 return;
7150         }
7151
7152         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7153 }
7154
7155 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
7156 {
7157         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7158         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7159         if (!is_type_scalar(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
7160                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7161                        "operand of ! must be of scalar type");
7162         }
7163
7164         expression->base.type = type_int;
7165 }
7166
7167 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
7168 {
7169         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7170         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7171         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
7172                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7173                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7174                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
7175                 }
7176                 return;
7177         }
7178
7179         expression->base.type = orig_type;
7180 }
7181
7182 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
7183 {
7184         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
7185         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7186         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
7187                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7188                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7189                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or arrray type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
7190                 }
7191                 return;
7192         }
7193
7194         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
7195         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
7196         expression->base.type = result_type;
7197 }
7198
7199 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
7200 {
7201         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
7202                 return;
7203
7204         declaration_t *const declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
7205         /* happens for parse errors */
7206         if (declaration == NULL)
7207                 return;
7208
7209         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER && !may_be_register) {
7210                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7211                                 "address of register variable '%Y' requested",
7212                                 declaration->symbol);
7213         } else {
7214                 declaration->address_taken = 1;
7215         }
7216 }
7217
7218 /**
7219  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
7220  */
7221 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
7222 {
7223         expression_t *value = expression->value;
7224         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
7225
7226         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
7227         if (!is_type_valid(orig_type))
7228                 return;
7229
7230         set_address_taken(value, false);
7231
7232         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7233 }
7234
7235 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc)   \
7236 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence)            \
7237 {                                                                              \
7238         expression_t *unary_expression                                             \
7239                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                         \
7240         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                            \
7241         eat(token_type);                                                           \
7242         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(precedence);          \
7243                                                                                    \
7244         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                           \
7245                                                                                    \
7246         return unary_expression;                                                   \
7247 }
7248
7249 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
7250                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
7251 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
7252                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
7253 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
7254                                semantic_not)
7255 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
7256                                semantic_dereference)
7257 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
7258                                semantic_take_addr)
7259 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
7260                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
7261 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
7262                                semantic_incdec)
7263 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
7264                                semantic_incdec)
7265
7266 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
7267                                                sfunc)                         \
7268 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(unsigned precedence,           \
7269                                                expression_t *left)            \
7270 {                                                                             \
7271         (void) precedence;                                                        \
7272                                                                               \
7273         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
7274                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
7275         unary_expression->base.source_position = *HERE;                           \
7276         eat(token_type);                                                          \
7277         unary_expression->unary.value          = left;                            \
7278                                                                                   \
7279         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
7280                                                                               \
7281         return unary_expression;                                                  \
7282 }
7283
7284 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
7285                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
7286                                        semantic_incdec)
7287 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
7288                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
7289                                        semantic_incdec)
7290
7291 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
7292 {
7293         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
7294
7295         /* § 6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
7296         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
7297                 return type_long_double;
7298         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
7299                 return type_double;
7300         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
7301                 return type_float;
7302         }
7303
7304         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
7305         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
7306
7307         if (type_left == type_right)
7308                 return type_left;
7309
7310         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
7311         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
7312         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
7313         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
7314
7315         if (signed_left == signed_right)
7316                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
7317
7318         int     s_rank;
7319         int     u_rank;
7320         type_t *s_type;
7321         type_t *u_type;
7322         if (signed_left) {
7323                 s_rank = rank_left;
7324                 s_type = type_left;
7325                 u_rank = rank_right;
7326                 u_type = type_right;
7327         } else {
7328                 s_rank = rank_right;
7329                 s_type = type_right;
7330                 u_rank = rank_left;
7331                 u_type = type_left;
7332         }
7333
7334         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
7335                 return u_type;
7336
7337         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
7338          * easier here... */
7339         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
7340                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
7341                 return s_type;
7342
7343         switch (s_rank) {
7344                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
7345                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
7346                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
7347
7348                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
7349         }
7350 }
7351
7352 /**
7353  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
7354  */
7355 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
7356 {
7357         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
7358         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
7359         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7360         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7361         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7362         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7363
7364         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7365                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7366                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7367                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7368                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
7369                 }
7370                 return;
7371         }
7372
7373         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7374         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
7375         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7376         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
7377 }
7378
7379 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
7380 {
7381         if (warning.div_by_zero                       &&
7382             is_type_integer(expression->base.type)    &&
7383             is_constant_expression(expression->right) &&
7384             fold_constant(expression->right) == 0) {
7385                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
7386         }
7387 }
7388
7389 /**
7390  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
7391  */
7392 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression) {
7393         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
7394         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
7395 }
7396
7397 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
7398 {
7399         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
7400         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
7401         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7402         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7403         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7404         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7405
7406         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
7407                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7408                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7409                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7410                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
7411                 }
7412                 return;
7413         }
7414
7415         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
7416         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
7417
7418         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
7419         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
7420         expression->base.type = type_left;
7421 }
7422
7423 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
7424 {
7425         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
7426         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
7427         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7428         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7429         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7430         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7431
7432         /* § 6.5.6 */
7433         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7434                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7435                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
7436                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7437                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
7438                 return;
7439         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
7440                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7441                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
7442                 expression->base.type = type_left;
7443         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
7444                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7445                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
7446                 expression->base.type = type_right;
7447         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7448                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7449                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
7450                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7451         }
7452 }
7453
7454 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
7455 {
7456         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
7457         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
7458         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7459         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7460         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7461         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7462         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
7463
7464         /* § 5.6.5 */
7465         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7466                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7467                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
7468                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7469                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
7470                 return;
7471         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
7472                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7473                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
7474                 expression->base.type = type_left;
7475         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
7476                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
7477                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
7478                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
7479                         errorf(pos,
7480                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
7481                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7482                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
7483                         if (is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7484                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
7485                         } else {
7486                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
7487                                        orig_type_left);
7488                         }
7489                 }
7490                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
7491         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7492                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
7493                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7494         }
7495 }
7496
7497 /**
7498  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
7499  *
7500  * @param expression   The expression to check.
7501  */
7502 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
7503 {
7504         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
7505         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
7506         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7507         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7508
7509         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7510         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7511
7512         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
7513         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7514                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
7515                 if (warning.sign_compare &&
7516                     (expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL &&
7517                      expression->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
7518                     (is_type_signed(type_left) != is_type_signed(type_right))) {
7519
7520                         /* check if 1 of the operands is a constant, in this case we just
7521                          * check wether we can safely represent the resulting constant in
7522                          * the type of the other operand. */
7523                         expression_t *const_expr = NULL;
7524                         expression_t *other_expr = NULL;
7525
7526                         if (is_constant_expression(left)) {
7527                                 const_expr = left;
7528                                 other_expr = right;
7529                         } else if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
7530                                 const_expr = right;
7531                                 other_expr = left;
7532                         }
7533
7534                         if (const_expr != NULL) {
7535                                 type_t *other_type = skip_typeref(other_expr->base.type);
7536                                 long    val        = fold_constant(const_expr);
7537                                 /* TODO: check if val can be represented by other_type */
7538                                 (void) other_type;
7539                                 (void) val;
7540                         }
7541                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7542                                  "comparison between signed and unsigned");
7543                 }
7544                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7545                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
7546                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7547                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
7548                 if (warning.float_equal &&
7549                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
7550                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
7551                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
7552                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7553                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
7554                 }
7555         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
7556                 /* TODO check compatibility */
7557         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7558                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
7559         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
7560                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
7561         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7562                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
7563                                         &expression->base.source_position,
7564                                         type_left, type_right);
7565         }
7566         expression->base.type = type_int;
7567 }
7568
7569 /**
7570  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
7571  */
7572 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
7573 {
7574         const scope_t       *scope       = &type->declaration->scope;
7575         const declaration_t *declaration = scope->declarations;
7576
7577         for (; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
7578                 if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL)
7579                         continue;
7580
7581                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
7582                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
7583                         return true;
7584         }
7585         /* TODO */
7586         return false;
7587 }
7588
7589 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
7590 {
7591         switch (expression->kind) {
7592         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
7593         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
7594         case EXPR_SELECT:
7595         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
7596                 return true;
7597
7598         default:
7599                 return false;
7600         }
7601 }
7602
7603 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
7604 {
7605         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
7606         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7607
7608         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
7609                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
7610                        left);
7611                 return false;
7612         }
7613
7614         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
7615                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to arrays ('%E')", left);
7616                 return false;
7617         }
7618         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
7619                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
7620                        orig_type_left);
7621                 return false;
7622         }
7623         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
7624                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
7625                        left, orig_type_left);
7626                 return false;
7627         }
7628         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
7629                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
7630                        left, orig_type_left);
7631                 return false;
7632         }
7633
7634         return true;
7635 }
7636
7637 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
7638 {
7639         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
7640         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
7641         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7642         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7643
7644         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
7645                 return;
7646
7647         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7648         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7649
7650         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7651                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7652                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7653                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7654                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
7655                 }
7656                 return;
7657         }
7658
7659         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
7660          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
7661          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
7662          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
7663         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7664         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7665         expression->base.type   = type_left;
7666 }
7667
7668 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
7669 {
7670         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
7671         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
7672 }
7673
7674 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
7675 {
7676         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
7677         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
7678         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7679         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7680         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7681         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7682
7683         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
7684                 return;
7685
7686         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
7687                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
7688                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
7689                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
7690                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
7691                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
7692                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
7693                 expression->base.type = type_left;
7694         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
7695                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
7696                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
7697                 expression->base.type = type_left;
7698         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7699                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7700                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
7701                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7702         }
7703 }
7704
7705 /**
7706  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
7707  */
7708 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
7709 {
7710         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
7711         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
7712         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
7713         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
7714         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7715         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7716
7717         if (!is_type_scalar(type_left) || !is_type_scalar(type_right)) {
7718                 /* TODO: improve error message */
7719                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7720                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
7721                                "operation needs scalar types");
7722                 }
7723                 return;
7724         }
7725
7726         expression->base.type = type_int;
7727 }
7728
7729 /**
7730  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
7731  */
7732 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
7733 {
7734         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
7735         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
7736
7737         type_t *type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
7738         type_left         = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7739
7740         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
7741                 return;
7742
7743         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
7744         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
7745                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
7746         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
7747         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
7748 }
7749
7750 /**
7751  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
7752  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
7753  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
7754  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
7755  * Examples:
7756  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
7757  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
7758  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
7759  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
7760  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
7761  * analysis. */
7762 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
7763 {
7764         switch (expr->kind) {
7765                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                   break;
7766                 case EXPR_INVALID:                   return true; /* do NOT warn */
7767                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                 return false;
7768                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
7769                 case EXPR_CONST:                     return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
7770                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:        return false;
7771                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:   return false;
7772                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:            return false;
7773                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:       return false;
7774
7775                 case EXPR_CALL: {
7776                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
7777                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL)
7778                                 return true;
7779
7780                         switch (call->function->builtin_symbol.symbol->ID) {
7781                                 case T___builtin_va_end: return true;
7782                                 default:                 return false;
7783                         }
7784                 }
7785
7786                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
7787                  * conditional expression has no effect */
7788                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
7789                         const conditional_expression_t *const cond = &expr->conditional;
7790                         return
7791                                 expression_has_effect(cond->true_expression) &&
7792                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
7793                 }
7794
7795                 case EXPR_SELECT:                    return false;
7796                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:              return false;
7797                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                    return false;
7798                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:             return false;
7799                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                   return false;
7800
7801                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                  return false;
7802                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:            break; /* handled in EXPR_CALL */
7803                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:        return false;
7804                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:          return true;
7805                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                  return false;
7806                 case EXPR_VA_START:                  return true;
7807                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                    return true;
7808                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                 return true; // TODO
7809                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:          return false;
7810
7811                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:              return false;
7812                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                return false;
7813                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:      return false;
7814                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                 return false;
7815                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:         return false;
7816                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:        return false;
7817                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:   return true;
7818                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:   return true;
7819                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
7820                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
7821
7822                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
7823                  * suppress the warning */
7824                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
7825                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7826                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
7827                 }
7828
7829                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:       return true;
7830                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:              return true;
7831
7832                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                return false;
7833                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                return false;
7834                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                return false;
7835                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                return false;
7836                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                return false;
7837                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              return false;
7838                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           return false;
7839                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               return false;
7840                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          return false;
7841                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            return false;
7842                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       return false;
7843                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        return false;
7844                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         return false;
7845                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        return false;
7846                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          return false;
7847                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         return false;
7848                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             return true;
7849                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         return true;
7850                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         return true;
7851                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         return true;
7852                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         return true;
7853                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         return true;
7854                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   return true;
7855                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  return true;
7856                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: return true;
7857                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: return true;
7858                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  return true;
7859
7860                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
7861                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
7862                  * hand side */
7863                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
7864                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
7865                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
7866                  * hand side has a separate warning */
7867                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
7868                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
7869
7870                 case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:     return true;
7871                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:          return false;
7872                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:     return false;
7873                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:             return false;
7874                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:        return false;
7875                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:      return false;
7876                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:        return false;
7877         }
7878
7879         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
7880 }
7881
7882 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
7883 {
7884         if (warning.unused_value) {
7885                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
7886                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
7887                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
7888                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
7889                 }
7890         }
7891         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
7892 }
7893
7894 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, sfunc, lr)  \
7895 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(unsigned precedence,      \
7896                                                 expression_t *left)       \
7897 {                                                                         \
7898         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type); \
7899         binexpr->base.source_position = *HERE;                                \
7900         binexpr->binary.left          = left;                                 \
7901         eat(token_type);                                                      \
7902                                                                           \
7903         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(precedence + lr);          \
7904                                                                           \
7905         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                        \
7906         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                              \
7907                                                                           \
7908         return binexpr;                                                       \
7909 }
7910
7911 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',', EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,    semantic_comma, 1)
7912 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*', EXPR_BINARY_MUL,      semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7913 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/', EXPR_BINARY_DIV,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
7914 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%', EXPR_BINARY_MOD,      semantic_divmod_arithmetic, 1)
7915 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+', EXPR_BINARY_ADD,      semantic_add, 1)
7916 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-', EXPR_BINARY_SUB,      semantic_sub, 1)
7917 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<', EXPR_BINARY_LESS,     semantic_comparison, 1)
7918 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>', EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,  semantic_comparison, 1)
7919 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=', EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,   semantic_binexpr_assign, 0)
7920
7921 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,
7922                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7923 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
7924                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7925 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,
7926                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7927 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,
7928                       semantic_comparison, 1)
7929
7930 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,
7931                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7932 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,
7933                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7934 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^', EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,
7935                       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic, 1)
7936 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,
7937                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
7938 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE, EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,
7939                       semantic_logical_op, 1)
7940 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,
7941                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
7942 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,
7943                       semantic_shift_op, 1)
7944 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,
7945                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
7946 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,
7947                       semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign, 0)
7948 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,
7949                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7950 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,
7951                       semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
7952 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,
7953                       semantic_divmod_assign, 0)
7954 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
7955                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7956 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
7957                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7958 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
7959                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7960 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
7961                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7962 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
7963                       semantic_arithmetic_assign, 0)
7964
7965 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(unsigned precedence)
7966 {
7967         if (token.type < 0) {
7968                 return expected_expression_error();
7969         }
7970
7971         expression_parser_function_t *parser
7972                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
7973         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
7974         expression_t                 *left;
7975
7976         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
7977                 left = parser->parser(parser->precedence);
7978         } else {
7979                 left = parse_primary_expression();
7980         }
7981         assert(left != NULL);
7982         left->base.source_position = source_position;
7983
7984         while(true) {
7985                 if (token.type < 0) {
7986                         return expected_expression_error();
7987                 }
7988
7989                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
7990                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
7991                         break;
7992                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
7993                         break;
7994
7995                 left = parser->infix_parser(parser->infix_precedence, left);
7996
7997                 assert(left != NULL);
7998                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
7999                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
8000         }
8001
8002         return left;
8003 }
8004
8005 /**
8006  * Parse an expression.
8007  */
8008 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
8009 {
8010         return parse_sub_expression(1);
8011 }
8012
8013 /**
8014  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator with given precedence.
8015  *
8016  * @param parser      the parser function
8017  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
8018  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
8019  */
8020 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
8021                                        int token_type, unsigned precedence)
8022 {
8023         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
8024
8025         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
8026                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
8027                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
8028         }
8029         entry->parser     = parser;
8030         entry->precedence = precedence;
8031 }
8032
8033 /**
8034  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
8035  *
8036  * @param parser      the parser function
8037  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
8038  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
8039  */
8040 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
8041                 int token_type, unsigned precedence)
8042 {
8043         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
8044
8045         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
8046                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
8047                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
8048                       "token");
8049         }
8050         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
8051         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
8052 }
8053
8054 /**
8055  * Initialize the expression parsers.
8056  */
8057 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
8058 {
8059         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
8060
8061         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,         '[',              30);
8062         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,          '(',              30);
8063         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        '.',              30);
8064         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,        T_MINUSGREATER,   30);
8065         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8066                                                               T_PLUSPLUS,       30);
8067         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8068                                                               T_MINUSMINUS,     30);
8069
8070         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,          '*',              17);
8071         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,          '/',              17);
8072         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,          '%',              17);
8073         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,          '+',              16);
8074         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,          '-',              16);
8075         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,    T_LESSLESS,       15);
8076         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,   T_GREATERGREATER, 15);
8077         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,         '<',              14);
8078         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,      '>',              14);
8079         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,    T_LESSEQUAL,      14);
8080         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL, T_GREATEREQUAL,   14);
8081         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,        T_EQUALEQUAL,     13);
8082         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,
8083                                                     T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, 13);
8084         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,  '&',              12);
8085         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,  '^',              11);
8086         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,   '|',              10);
8087         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,  T_ANDAND,          9);
8088         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,   T_PIPEPIPE,        8);
8089         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,   '?',               7);
8090         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,       '=',               2);
8091         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,   T_PLUSEQUAL,       2);
8092         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,   T_MINUSEQUAL,      2);
8093         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,   T_ASTERISKEQUAL,   2);
8094         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,   T_SLASHEQUAL,      2);
8095         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,   T_PERCENTEQUAL,    2);
8096         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,
8097                                                                 T_LESSLESSEQUAL, 2);
8098         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,
8099                                                           T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL, 2);
8100         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN,
8101                                                                      T_ANDEQUAL, 2);
8102         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,
8103                                                                     T_PIPEEQUAL, 2);
8104         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN,
8105                                                                    T_CARETEQUAL, 2);
8106
8107         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,        ',',               1);
8108
8109         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-',      25);
8110         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+',      25);
8111         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!',      25);
8112         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~',      25);
8113         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*',      25);
8114         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&',      25);
8115         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8116                                                                   T_PLUSPLUS,   25);
8117         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8118                                                                   T_MINUSMINUS, 25);
8119         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof, 25);
8120         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                T___alignof__, 25);
8121         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,            T___extension__, 25);
8122         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,
8123                                                      T___builtin_classify_type, 25);
8124 }
8125
8126 /**
8127  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
8128  */
8129 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
8130 {
8131         asm_argument_t *result = NULL;
8132         asm_argument_t *last   = NULL;
8133
8134         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
8135                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
8136                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
8137
8138                 if (token.type == '[') {
8139                         eat('[');
8140                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
8141                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
8142                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
8143                                 return NULL;
8144                         }
8145                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
8146
8147                         expect(']');
8148                 }
8149
8150                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
8151                 expect('(');
8152                 add_anchor_token(')');
8153                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
8154                 rem_anchor_token(')');
8155                 if (is_out) {
8156                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
8157                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
8158                          * int -> float is not) */
8159                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
8160                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
8161                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
8162                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
8163                                         unsigned flags;
8164                                         unsigned size;
8165                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
8166                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
8167                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
8168                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
8169                                         } else {
8170                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
8171                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
8172                                         }
8173
8174                                         do {
8175                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
8176                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
8177                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
8178
8179                                                 unsigned value_flags;
8180                                                 unsigned value_size;
8181                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
8182                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
8183                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
8184                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
8185                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
8186                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
8187                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
8188                                                 } else {
8189                                                         break;
8190                                                 }
8191
8192                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
8193                                                         break;
8194
8195                                                 expression = value;
8196                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
8197                                 }
8198                         }
8199
8200                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
8201                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8202                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
8203                         }
8204                 }
8205                 argument->expression = expression;
8206                 expect(')');
8207
8208                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
8209
8210                 if (last != NULL) {
8211                         last->next = argument;
8212                 } else {
8213                         result = argument;
8214                 }
8215                 last = argument;
8216
8217                 if (token.type != ',')
8218                         break;
8219                 eat(',');
8220         }
8221
8222         return result;
8223 end_error:
8224         return NULL;
8225 }
8226
8227 /**
8228  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
8229  */
8230 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
8231 {
8232         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
8233         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
8234
8235         while(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
8236                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
8237                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
8238
8239                 if (last != NULL) {
8240                         last->next = clobber;
8241                 } else {
8242                         result = clobber;
8243                 }
8244                 last = clobber;
8245
8246                 if (token.type != ',')
8247                         break;
8248                 eat(',');
8249         }
8250
8251         return result;
8252 }
8253
8254 /**
8255  * Parse an asm statement.
8256  */
8257 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
8258 {
8259         eat(T_asm);
8260
8261         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
8262         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8263
8264         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
8265
8266         if (token.type == T_volatile) {
8267                 next_token();
8268                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
8269         }
8270
8271         expect('(');
8272         add_anchor_token(')');
8273         add_anchor_token(':');
8274         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
8275
8276         if (token.type != ':') {
8277                 rem_anchor_token(':');
8278                 goto end_of_asm;
8279         }
8280         eat(':');
8281
8282         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
8283         if (token.type != ':') {
8284                 rem_anchor_token(':');
8285                 goto end_of_asm;
8286         }
8287         eat(':');
8288
8289         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
8290         if (token.type != ':') {
8291                 rem_anchor_token(':');
8292                 goto end_of_asm;
8293         }
8294         rem_anchor_token(':');
8295         eat(':');
8296
8297         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
8298
8299 end_of_asm:
8300         rem_anchor_token(')');
8301         expect(')');
8302         expect(';');
8303
8304         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
8305                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
8306                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
8307                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
8308         }
8309
8310         return statement;
8311 end_error:
8312         return create_invalid_statement();
8313 }
8314
8315 /**
8316  * Parse a case statement.
8317  */
8318 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
8319 {
8320         eat(T_case);
8321
8322         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
8323         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
8324
8325         *pos                             = token.source_position;
8326         statement->case_label.expression = parse_expression();
8327         if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.expression)) {
8328                 errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
8329                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
8330         } else {
8331                 long const val = fold_constant(statement->case_label.expression);
8332                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
8333                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
8334         }
8335
8336         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
8337                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
8338                         next_token();
8339                         statement->case_label.end_range = parse_expression();
8340                         if (! is_constant_expression(statement->case_label.end_range)) {
8341                                 errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
8342                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
8343                         } else {
8344                                 long const val = fold_constant(statement->case_label.end_range);
8345                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
8346
8347                                 if (val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
8348                                         statement->case_label.is_empty = true;
8349                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
8350                                 }
8351                         }
8352                 }
8353         }
8354
8355         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8356
8357         expect(':');
8358
8359         if (current_switch != NULL) {
8360                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
8361                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
8362                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
8363                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
8364                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty || l->expression == NULL)
8365                                         continue;
8366
8367                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
8368                                         continue;
8369
8370                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
8371                                        &l->base.source_position);
8372                                 break;
8373                         }
8374                 }
8375                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
8376                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
8377                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
8378                 } else {
8379                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
8380                 }
8381                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
8382         } else {
8383                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
8384         }
8385
8386         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
8387         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
8388         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
8389                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after case label");
8390         }
8391
8392         POP_PARENT;
8393         return statement;
8394 end_error:
8395         POP_PARENT;
8396         return create_invalid_statement();
8397 }
8398
8399 /**
8400  * Parse a default statement.
8401  */
8402 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
8403 {
8404         eat(T_default);
8405
8406         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
8407         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8408
8409         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8410
8411         expect(':');
8412         if (current_switch != NULL) {
8413                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
8414                 if (def_label != NULL) {
8415                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
8416                                &def_label->base.source_position);
8417                 } else {
8418                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
8419
8420                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
8421                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
8422                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
8423                         } else {
8424                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
8425                         }
8426                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
8427                 }
8428         } else {
8429                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
8430                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
8431         }
8432
8433         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
8434         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
8435         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
8436                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after default label");
8437         }
8438
8439         POP_PARENT;
8440         return statement;
8441 end_error:
8442         POP_PARENT;
8443         return create_invalid_statement();
8444 }
8445
8446 /**
8447  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
8448  *
8449  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
8450  */
8451 static declaration_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
8452 {
8453         declaration_t *candidate = get_declaration(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
8454         assert(current_function != NULL);
8455         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
8456          * declaration */
8457         if (candidate != NULL
8458                         && candidate->parent_scope == &current_function->scope) {
8459                 return candidate;
8460         }
8461
8462         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
8463         declaration_t *const declaration = allocate_declaration_zero();
8464         declaration->namespc       = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
8465         declaration->symbol        = symbol;
8466
8467         label_push(declaration);
8468
8469         return declaration;
8470 }
8471
8472 /**
8473  * Parse a label statement.
8474  */
8475 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
8476 {
8477         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
8478         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
8479         next_token();
8480
8481         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
8482
8483         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
8484         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8485         statement->label.label          = label;
8486
8487         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8488
8489         /* if source position is already set then the label is defined twice,
8490          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto so far */
8491         if (label->source_position.input_name != NULL) {
8492                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
8493                        symbol, &label->source_position);
8494         } else {
8495                 label->source_position = token.source_position;
8496                 label->init.statement  = statement;
8497         }
8498
8499         eat(':');
8500
8501         if (token.type == '}') {
8502                 /* TODO only warn? */
8503                 if (false) {
8504                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
8505                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
8506                 } else {
8507                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
8508                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
8509                 }
8510         } else if (token.type == ';') {
8511                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
8512                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
8513                  * before a closing brace. */
8514                 statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
8515                 next_token();
8516         } else {
8517                 statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
8518                 statement->label.statement = inner_stmt;
8519                 if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
8520                         errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after label");
8521                 }
8522         }
8523
8524         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
8525         if (label_last == NULL) {
8526                 label_first = &statement->label;
8527         } else {
8528                 label_last->next = &statement->label;
8529         }
8530         label_last = &statement->label;
8531
8532         POP_PARENT;
8533         return statement;
8534 }
8535
8536 /**
8537  * Parse an if statement.
8538  */
8539 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
8540 {
8541         eat(T_if);
8542
8543         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
8544         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8545
8546         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8547
8548         expect('(');
8549         add_anchor_token(')');
8550         statement->ifs.condition = parse_expression();
8551         rem_anchor_token(')');
8552         expect(')');
8553
8554         add_anchor_token(T_else);
8555         statement->ifs.true_statement = parse_statement();
8556         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
8557
8558         if (token.type == T_else) {
8559                 next_token();
8560                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
8561         }
8562
8563         POP_PARENT;
8564         return statement;
8565 end_error:
8566         POP_PARENT;
8567         return create_invalid_statement();
8568 }
8569
8570 /**
8571  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
8572  *
8573  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
8574  */
8575 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement) {
8576         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
8577         if (! is_type_enum(type))
8578                 return;
8579         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
8580
8581         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
8582         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
8583                 return;
8584
8585         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
8586         const declaration_t *declaration;
8587         long last_value = -1;
8588         for (declaration = enumt->declaration->next;
8589              declaration != NULL && declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY;
8590                  declaration = declaration->next) {
8591                 const expression_t *expression = declaration->init.enum_value;
8592                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant(expression) : last_value + 1;
8593                 bool                found      = false;
8594                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
8595                         if (l->expression == NULL)
8596                                 continue;
8597                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
8598                                 found = true;
8599                                 break;
8600                         }
8601                 }
8602                 if (! found) {
8603                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
8604                                 "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch", declaration->symbol);
8605                 }
8606                 last_value = value;
8607         }
8608 }
8609
8610 /**
8611  * Parse a switch statement.
8612  */
8613 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
8614 {
8615         eat(T_switch);
8616
8617         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
8618         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8619
8620         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8621
8622         expect('(');
8623         add_anchor_token(')');
8624         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
8625         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8626         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
8627                 type = promote_integer(type);
8628         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8629                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
8630                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
8631                 type = type_error_type;
8632         }
8633         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
8634         expect(')');
8635         rem_anchor_token(')');
8636
8637         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
8638         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
8639         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
8640         current_switch          = rem;
8641
8642         if (warning.switch_default &&
8643             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
8644                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
8645         }
8646         if (warning.switch_enum)
8647                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
8648
8649         POP_PARENT;
8650         return statement;
8651 end_error:
8652         POP_PARENT;
8653         return create_invalid_statement();
8654 }
8655
8656 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
8657 {
8658         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
8659         current_loop = loop;
8660
8661         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
8662
8663         current_loop = rem;
8664         return body;
8665 }
8666
8667 /**
8668  * Parse a while statement.
8669  */
8670 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
8671 {
8672         eat(T_while);
8673
8674         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
8675         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8676
8677         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8678
8679         expect('(');
8680         add_anchor_token(')');
8681         statement->whiles.condition = parse_expression();
8682         rem_anchor_token(')');
8683         expect(')');
8684
8685         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
8686
8687         POP_PARENT;
8688         return statement;
8689 end_error:
8690         POP_PARENT;
8691         return create_invalid_statement();
8692 }
8693
8694 /**
8695  * Parse a do statement.
8696  */
8697 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
8698 {
8699         eat(T_do);
8700
8701         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
8702         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8703
8704         PUSH_PARENT(statement)
8705
8706         add_anchor_token(T_while);
8707         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
8708         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
8709
8710         expect(T_while);
8711         expect('(');
8712         add_anchor_token(')');
8713         statement->do_while.condition = parse_expression();
8714         rem_anchor_token(')');
8715         expect(')');
8716         expect(';');
8717
8718         POP_PARENT;
8719         return statement;
8720 end_error:
8721         POP_PARENT;
8722         return create_invalid_statement();
8723 }
8724
8725 /**
8726  * Parse a for statement.
8727  */
8728 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
8729 {
8730         eat(T_for);
8731
8732         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
8733         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8734
8735         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
8736
8737         int      top        = environment_top();
8738         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
8739         set_scope(&statement->fors.scope);
8740
8741         expect('(');
8742         add_anchor_token(')');
8743
8744         if (token.type != ';') {
8745                 if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
8746                         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
8747                 } else {
8748                         add_anchor_token(';');
8749                         expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
8750                         statement->fors.initialisation = init;
8751                         if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
8752                                 warningf(&init->base.source_position,
8753                                          "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
8754                         }
8755                         rem_anchor_token(';');
8756                         expect(';');
8757                 }
8758         } else {
8759                 expect(';');
8760         }
8761
8762         if (token.type != ';') {
8763                 add_anchor_token(';');
8764                 statement->fors.condition = parse_expression();
8765                 rem_anchor_token(';');
8766         }
8767         expect(';');
8768         if (token.type != ')') {
8769                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
8770                 statement->fors.step = step;
8771                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
8772                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
8773                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
8774                 }
8775         }
8776         rem_anchor_token(')');
8777         expect(')');
8778         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
8779
8780         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
8781         set_scope(last_scope);
8782         environment_pop_to(top);
8783
8784         POP_PARENT;
8785         return statement;
8786
8787 end_error:
8788         POP_PARENT;
8789         rem_anchor_token(')');
8790         assert(scope == &statement->fors.scope);
8791         set_scope(last_scope);
8792         environment_pop_to(top);
8793
8794         return create_invalid_statement();
8795 }
8796
8797 /**
8798  * Parse a goto statement.
8799  */
8800 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
8801 {
8802         eat(T_goto);
8803
8804         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
8805                 parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
8806                 eat_statement();
8807                 goto end_error;
8808         }
8809         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
8810         next_token();
8811
8812         declaration_t *label = get_label(symbol);
8813
8814         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
8815         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8816
8817         statement->gotos.label = label;
8818
8819         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
8820         if (goto_last == NULL) {
8821                 goto_first = &statement->gotos;
8822         } else {
8823                 goto_last->next = &statement->gotos;
8824         }
8825         goto_last = &statement->gotos;
8826
8827         expect(';');
8828
8829         return statement;
8830 end_error:
8831         return create_invalid_statement();
8832 }
8833
8834 /**
8835  * Parse a continue statement.
8836  */
8837 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
8838 {
8839         statement_t *statement;
8840         if (current_loop == NULL) {
8841                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
8842                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
8843         } else {
8844                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
8845
8846                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8847         }
8848
8849         eat(T_continue);
8850         expect(';');
8851
8852         return statement;
8853 end_error:
8854         return create_invalid_statement();
8855 }
8856
8857 /**
8858  * Parse a break statement.
8859  */
8860 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
8861 {
8862         statement_t *statement;
8863         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
8864                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
8865                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
8866         } else {
8867                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
8868
8869                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8870         }
8871
8872         eat(T_break);
8873         expect(';');
8874
8875         return statement;
8876 end_error:
8877         return create_invalid_statement();
8878 }
8879
8880 /**
8881  * Parse a __leave statement.
8882  */
8883 static statement_t *parse_leave(void)
8884 {
8885         statement_t *statement;
8886         if (current_try == NULL) {
8887                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
8888                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
8889         } else {
8890                 statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
8891
8892                 statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8893         }
8894
8895         eat(T___leave);
8896         expect(';');
8897
8898         return statement;
8899 end_error:
8900         return create_invalid_statement();
8901 }
8902
8903 /**
8904  * Check if a given declaration represents a local variable.
8905  */
8906 static bool is_local_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
8907 {
8908         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
8909         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
8910         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
8911                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
8912                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
8913                         return false;
8914                 } else {
8915                         return true;
8916                 }
8917         }
8918         default:
8919                 return false;
8920         }
8921 }
8922
8923 /**
8924  * Check if a given declaration represents a variable.
8925  */
8926 static bool is_var_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
8927 {
8928         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
8929                 return false;
8930
8931         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
8932         return !is_type_function(type);
8933 }
8934
8935 /**
8936  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
8937  */
8938 static bool is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
8939 {
8940         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
8941                 return false;
8942         }
8943         const declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
8944         return is_local_var_declaration(declaration);
8945 }
8946
8947 /**
8948  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
8949  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
8950  */
8951 declaration_t *expr_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
8952 {
8953         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
8954                 return NULL;
8955         }
8956         declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
8957         if (is_var_declaration(declaration))
8958                 return declaration;
8959         return NULL;
8960 }
8961
8962 /**
8963  * Parse a return statement.
8964  */
8965 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
8966 {
8967         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
8968         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
8969
8970         eat(T_return);
8971
8972         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
8973         if (token.type != ';') {
8974                 return_value = parse_expression();
8975         }
8976         expect(';');
8977
8978         const type_t *const func_type = current_function->type;
8979         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
8980         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
8981
8982         if (return_value != NULL) {
8983                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
8984
8985                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
8986                                 && !is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8987                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
8988                                  "'return' with a value, in function returning void");
8989                         return_value = NULL;
8990                 } else {
8991                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
8992                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
8993                                             &statement->base.source_position);
8994                         return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
8995                 }
8996                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
8997                 if (return_value != NULL &&
8998                                 return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8999                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
9000                         if (is_local_variable(expression)) {
9001                                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9002                                          "function returns address of local variable");
9003                         }
9004                 }
9005         } else {
9006                 if (!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
9007                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9008                                  "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
9009                 }
9010         }
9011         statement->returns.value = return_value;
9012
9013         return statement;
9014 end_error:
9015         return create_invalid_statement();
9016 }
9017
9018 /**
9019  * Parse a declaration statement.
9020  */
9021 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
9022 {
9023         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
9024
9025         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9026
9027         declaration_t *before = last_declaration;
9028         parse_declaration(record_declaration);
9029
9030         if (before == NULL) {
9031                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = scope->declarations;
9032         } else {
9033                 statement->declaration.declarations_begin = before->next;
9034         }
9035         statement->declaration.declarations_end = last_declaration;
9036
9037         return statement;
9038 }
9039
9040 /**
9041  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
9042  */
9043 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
9044 {
9045         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
9046
9047         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
9048         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
9049         statement->expression.expression = expr;
9050
9051         expect(';');
9052
9053         return statement;
9054 end_error:
9055         return create_invalid_statement();
9056 }
9057
9058 /**
9059  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
9060  * __try{ } __except() { }
9061  */
9062 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
9063 {
9064         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
9065
9066         statement->base.source_position  = token.source_position;
9067         eat(T___try);
9068
9069         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
9070         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
9071         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9072         current_try = rem;
9073
9074         if (token.type == T___except) {
9075                 eat(T___except);
9076                 expect('(');
9077                 add_anchor_token(')');
9078                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9079                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9080                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
9081                         type = promote_integer(type);
9082                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
9083                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
9084                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
9085                         type = type_error_type;
9086                 }
9087                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
9088                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9089                 expect(')');
9090                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9091         } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
9092                 eat(T___finally);
9093                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
9094         } else {
9095                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
9096                 return create_invalid_statement();
9097         }
9098         return statement;
9099 end_error:
9100         return create_invalid_statement();
9101 }
9102
9103 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
9104 {
9105         if (warning.empty_statement) {
9106                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
9107         }
9108         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
9109         eat(';');
9110         return statement;
9111 }
9112
9113 /**
9114  * Parse a statement.
9115  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
9116  * "statement has no effect" warnings
9117  */
9118 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
9119 {
9120         statement_t *statement = NULL;
9121
9122         /* declaration or statement */
9123         add_anchor_token(';');
9124         switch (token.type) {
9125         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
9126                 token_type_t la1_type = look_ahead(1)->type;
9127                 if (la1_type == ':') {
9128                         statement = parse_label_statement();
9129                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
9130                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
9131                 } else switch (la1_type) {
9132                         DECLARATION_START
9133                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
9134                         case '*':
9135                                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
9136                                 break;
9137
9138                         default:
9139                                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
9140                                 break;
9141                 }
9142                 break;
9143         }
9144
9145         case T___extension__:
9146                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
9147                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
9148                 do {
9149                         next_token();
9150                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
9151                 statement = parse_statement();
9152                 break;
9153
9154         DECLARATION_START
9155                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
9156                 break;
9157
9158         case ';':        statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
9159         case '{':        statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
9160         case T___leave:  statement = parse_leave();                   break;
9161         case T___try:    statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
9162         case T_asm:      statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
9163         case T_break:    statement = parse_break();                   break;
9164         case T_case:     statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
9165         case T_continue: statement = parse_continue();                break;
9166         case T_default:  statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
9167         case T_do:       statement = parse_do();                      break;
9168         case T_for:      statement = parse_for();                     break;
9169         case T_goto:     statement = parse_goto();                    break;
9170         case T_if:       statement = parse_if ();                     break;
9171         case T_return:   statement = parse_return();                  break;
9172         case T_switch:   statement = parse_switch();                  break;
9173         case T_while:    statement = parse_while();                   break;
9174         default:         statement = parse_expression_statement();    break;
9175         }
9176         rem_anchor_token(';');
9177
9178         assert(statement != NULL
9179                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
9180
9181         return statement;
9182 }
9183
9184 /**
9185  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
9186  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
9187  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
9188  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
9189  */
9190 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
9191 {
9192         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
9193
9194         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
9195                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
9196                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
9197                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9198                                         "statement has no effect");
9199                 }
9200         }
9201
9202         return statement;
9203 }
9204
9205 /**
9206  * Parse a compound statement.
9207  */
9208 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
9209 {
9210         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
9211         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9212
9213         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9214
9215         eat('{');
9216         add_anchor_token('}');
9217
9218         int      top        = environment_top();
9219         scope_t *last_scope = scope;
9220         set_scope(&statement->compound.scope);
9221
9222         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
9223         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
9224         while (token.type != '}' && token.type != T_EOF) {
9225                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
9226                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
9227                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
9228                         if (at_anchor())
9229                                 goto end_error;
9230                         continue;
9231                 }
9232
9233                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
9234                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9235                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
9236                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
9237                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
9238                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
9239                         }
9240                 }
9241
9242                 *anchor = sub_statement;
9243
9244                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
9245                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
9246
9247                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
9248         }
9249
9250         if (token.type == '}') {
9251                 next_token();
9252         } else {
9253                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
9254                        "end of file while looking for closing '}'");
9255         }
9256
9257         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
9258         if (warning.unused_value) {
9259                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
9260                 for( ; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
9261                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
9262                                 continue;
9263                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
9264                          * statement as it has always an effect */
9265                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
9266                                 continue;
9267
9268                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
9269                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
9270                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9271                                          "statement has no effect");
9272                         }
9273                 }
9274         }
9275
9276 end_error:
9277         rem_anchor_token('}');
9278         assert(scope == &statement->compound.scope);
9279         set_scope(last_scope);
9280         environment_pop_to(top);
9281
9282         POP_PARENT;
9283         return statement;
9284 }
9285
9286 /**
9287  * Initialize builtin types.
9288  */
9289 static void initialize_builtin_types(void)
9290 {
9291         type_intmax_t    = make_global_typedef("__intmax_t__",      type_long_long);
9292         type_size_t      = make_global_typedef("__SIZE_TYPE__",     type_unsigned_long);
9293         type_ssize_t     = make_global_typedef("__SSIZE_TYPE__",    type_long);
9294         type_ptrdiff_t   = make_global_typedef("__PTRDIFF_TYPE__",  type_long);
9295         type_uintmax_t   = make_global_typedef("__uintmax_t__",     type_unsigned_long_long);
9296         type_uptrdiff_t  = make_global_typedef("__UPTRDIFF_TYPE__", type_unsigned_long);
9297         type_wchar_t     = make_global_typedef("__WCHAR_TYPE__",    opt_short_wchar_t ? type_unsigned_short : type_int);
9298         type_wint_t      = make_global_typedef("__WINT_TYPE__",     type_int);
9299
9300         type_intmax_t_ptr  = make_pointer_type(type_intmax_t,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
9301         type_ptrdiff_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_ptrdiff_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
9302         type_ssize_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_ssize_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
9303         type_wchar_t_ptr   = make_pointer_type(type_wchar_t,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
9304
9305         /* const version of wchar_t */
9306         type_const_wchar_t = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF, &builtin_source_position);
9307         type_const_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration  = type_wchar_t->typedeft.declaration;
9308         type_const_wchar_t->base.qualifiers      |= TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST;
9309
9310         type_const_wchar_t_ptr = make_pointer_type(type_const_wchar_t, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
9311 }
9312
9313 /**
9314  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
9315  */
9316 static void check_unused_globals(void)
9317 {
9318         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
9319                 return;
9320
9321         for (const declaration_t *decl = global_scope->declarations; decl != NULL; decl = decl->next) {
9322                 if (decl->used                  ||
9323                     decl->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
9324                     decl->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
9325                     decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
9326                         continue;
9327
9328                 type_t *const type = decl->type;
9329                 const char *s;
9330                 if (is_type_function(skip_typeref(type))) {
9331                         if (!warning.unused_function || decl->is_inline)
9332                                 continue;
9333
9334                         s = (decl->init.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared");
9335                 } else {
9336                         if (!warning.unused_variable)
9337                                 continue;
9338
9339                         s = "defined";
9340                 }
9341
9342                 warningf(&decl->source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
9343                         type, decl->symbol, s);
9344         }
9345 }
9346
9347 static void parse_global_asm(void)
9348 {
9349         eat(T_asm);
9350         expect('(');
9351
9352         statement_t *statement          = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9353         statement->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9354         statement->asms.asm_text        = parse_string_literals();
9355         statement->base.next            = unit->global_asm;
9356         unit->global_asm                = statement;
9357
9358         expect(')');
9359         expect(';');
9360
9361 end_error:;
9362 }
9363
9364 /**
9365  * Parse a translation unit.
9366  */
9367 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
9368 {
9369         for (;;) switch (token.type) {
9370                 DECLARATION_START
9371                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
9372                 case T___extension__:
9373                         parse_external_declaration();
9374                         break;
9375
9376                 case T_asm:
9377                         parse_global_asm();
9378                         break;
9379
9380                 case T_EOF:
9381                         return;
9382
9383                 case ';':
9384                         /* TODO error in strict mode */
9385                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
9386                         next_token();
9387                         break;
9388
9389                 default:
9390                         errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
9391                         if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
9392                                 eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
9393                         next_token();
9394                         break;
9395         }
9396 }
9397
9398 /**
9399  * Parse the input.
9400  *
9401  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
9402  */
9403 void start_parsing(void)
9404 {
9405         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
9406         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
9407         diagnostic_count  = 0;
9408         error_count       = 0;
9409         warning_count     = 0;
9410
9411         type_set_output(stderr);
9412         ast_set_output(stderr);
9413
9414         assert(unit == NULL);
9415         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
9416
9417         assert(global_scope == NULL);
9418         global_scope = &unit->scope;
9419
9420         assert(scope == NULL);
9421         set_scope(&unit->scope);
9422
9423         initialize_builtin_types();
9424 }
9425
9426 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
9427 {
9428         assert(scope == &unit->scope);
9429         scope          = NULL;
9430         last_declaration = NULL;
9431
9432         assert(global_scope == &unit->scope);
9433         check_unused_globals();
9434         global_scope = NULL;
9435
9436         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
9437         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
9438
9439         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
9440         unit = NULL;
9441         return result;
9442 }
9443
9444 void parse(void)
9445 {
9446         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
9447         for(int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
9448                 next_token();
9449         }
9450         parse_translation_unit();
9451 }
9452
9453 /**
9454  * Initialize the parser.
9455  */
9456 void init_parser(void)
9457 {
9458         if (c_mode & _MS) {
9459                 /* add predefined symbols for extended-decl-modifier */
9460                 sym_align      = symbol_table_insert("align");
9461                 sym_allocate   = symbol_table_insert("allocate");
9462                 sym_dllimport  = symbol_table_insert("dllimport");
9463                 sym_dllexport  = symbol_table_insert("dllexport");
9464                 sym_naked      = symbol_table_insert("naked");
9465                 sym_noinline   = symbol_table_insert("noinline");
9466                 sym_noreturn   = symbol_table_insert("noreturn");
9467                 sym_nothrow    = symbol_table_insert("nothrow");
9468                 sym_novtable   = symbol_table_insert("novtable");
9469                 sym_property   = symbol_table_insert("property");
9470                 sym_get        = symbol_table_insert("get");
9471                 sym_put        = symbol_table_insert("put");
9472                 sym_selectany  = symbol_table_insert("selectany");
9473                 sym_thread     = symbol_table_insert("thread");
9474                 sym_uuid       = symbol_table_insert("uuid");
9475                 sym_deprecated = symbol_table_insert("deprecated");
9476                 sym_restrict   = symbol_table_insert("restrict");
9477                 sym_noalias    = symbol_table_insert("noalias");
9478         }
9479         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
9480
9481         init_expression_parsers();
9482         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
9483
9484         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
9485         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
9486 }
9487
9488 /**
9489  * Terminate the parser.
9490  */
9491 void exit_parser(void)
9492 {
9493         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
9494 }