nsz Git - cparser/blob - parser.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include <assert.h>
  23 #include <stdarg.h>
  24 #include <stdbool.h>
  25
  26 #include "parser.h"
  27 #include "diagnostic.h"
  28 #include "format_check.h"
  29 #include "lexer.h"
  30 #include "symbol_t.h"
  31 #include "token_t.h"
  32 #include "types.h"
  33 #include "type_t.h"
  34 #include "type_hash.h"
  35 #include "ast_t.h"
  36 #include "entity_t.h"
  37 #include "attribute_t.h"
  38 #include "lang_features.h"
  39 #include "walk_statements.h"
  40 #include "warning.h"
  41 #include "adt/bitfiddle.h"
  42 #include "adt/error.h"
  43 #include "adt/array.h"
  44
  45 //#define PRINT_TOKENS
  46 #define MAX_LOOKAHEAD 1
  47
  48 typedef struct {
  49         entity_t           *old_entity;
  50         symbol_t           *symbol;
  51         entity_namespace_t  namespc;
  52 } stack_entry_t;
  53
  54 typedef struct declaration_specifiers_t  declaration_specifiers_t;
  55 struct declaration_specifiers_t {
  56         source_position_t  source_position;
  57         storage_class_t    storage_class;
  58         unsigned char      alignment;         /**< Alignment, 0 if not set. */
  59         bool               is_inline    : 1;
  60         bool               thread_local : 1;  /**< GCC __thread */
  61         attribute_t       *attributes;        /**< list of attributes */
  62         type_t            *type;
  63 };
  64
  65 /**
  66  * An environment for parsing initializers (and compound literals).
  67  */
  68 typedef struct parse_initializer_env_t {
  69         type_t     *type;   /**< the type of the initializer. In case of an
  70                                  array type with unspecified size this gets
  71                                  adjusted to the actual size. */
  72         entity_t   *entity; /**< the variable that is initialized if any */
  73         bool        must_be_constant;
  74 } parse_initializer_env_t;
  75
  76 typedef entity_t* (*parsed_declaration_func) (entity_t *declaration, bool is_definition);
  77
  78 /** The current token. */
  79 static token_t              token;
  80 /** The lookahead ring-buffer. */
  81 static token_t              lookahead_buffer[MAX_LOOKAHEAD];
  82 /** Position of the next token in the lookahead buffer. */
  83 static size_t               lookahead_bufpos;
  84 static stack_entry_t       *environment_stack = NULL;
  85 static stack_entry_t       *label_stack       = NULL;
  86 static scope_t             *file_scope        = NULL;
  87 static scope_t             *current_scope     = NULL;
  88 /** Point to the current function declaration if inside a function. */
  89 static function_t          *current_function  = NULL;
  90 static entity_t            *current_init_decl = NULL;
  91 static switch_statement_t  *current_switch    = NULL;
  92 static statement_t         *current_loop      = NULL;
  93 static statement_t         *current_parent    = NULL;
  94 static ms_try_statement_t  *current_try       = NULL;
  95 static linkage_kind_t       current_linkage   = LINKAGE_INVALID;
  96 static goto_statement_t    *goto_first        = NULL;
  97 static goto_statement_t   **goto_anchor       = NULL;
  98 static label_statement_t   *label_first       = NULL;
  99 static label_statement_t  **label_anchor      = NULL;
 100 /** current translation unit. */
 101 static translation_unit_t  *unit              = NULL;
 102 /** true if we are in a type property context (evaluation only for type. */
 103 static bool                 in_type_prop      = false;
 104 /** true in we are in a __extension__ context. */
 105 static bool                 in_gcc_extension  = false;
 106 static struct obstack       temp_obst;
 107 static entity_t            *anonymous_entity;
 108 static declaration_t      **incomplete_arrays;
 109
 110
 111 #define PUSH_PARENT(stmt)                          \
 112         statement_t *const prev_parent = current_parent; \
 113         ((void)(current_parent = (stmt)))
 114 #define POP_PARENT ((void)(current_parent = prev_parent))
 115
 116 /** special symbol used for anonymous entities. */
 117 static const symbol_t *sym_anonymous = NULL;
 118
 119 /** The token anchor set */
 120 static unsigned char token_anchor_set[T_LAST_TOKEN];
 121
 122 /** The current source position. */
 123 #define HERE (&token.source_position)
 124
 125 /** true if we are in GCC mode. */
 126 #define GNU_MODE ((c_mode & _GNUC) || in_gcc_extension)
 127
 128 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement);
 129 static statement_t *parse_statement(void);
 130
 131 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t);
 132 static expression_t *parse_expression(void);
 133 static type_t       *parse_typename(void);
 134 static void          parse_externals(void);
 135 static void          parse_external(void);
 136
 137 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound_declaration);
 138
 139 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
 140                                                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos);
 141
 142 typedef enum declarator_flags_t {
 143         DECL_FLAGS_NONE             = 0,
 144         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT        = 1U << 0,
 145         DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER = 1U << 1,
 146         DECL_IS_PARAMETER           = 1U << 2
 147 } declarator_flags_t;
 148
 149 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
 150                                   declarator_flags_t flags);
 151
 152 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition);
 153
 154 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression);
 155
 156 static void create_gnu_builtins(void);
 157 static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void);
 158
 159 #define STORAGE_CLASSES       \
 160         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 161         case T_extern:
 162
 163 #define STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN \
 164         case T_typedef:         \
 165         case T_static:          \
 166         case T_auto:            \
 167         case T_register:        \
 168         case T___thread:
 169
 170 #define TYPE_QUALIFIERS     \
 171         case T_const:           \
 172         case T_restrict:        \
 173         case T_volatile:        \
 174         case T_inline:          \
 175         case T__forceinline:    \
 176         case T___attribute__:
 177
 178 #define COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS  \
 179         case T__Complex:
 180 #define IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS \
 181         case T__Imaginary:
 182
 183 #define TYPE_SPECIFIERS       \
 184         case T__Bool:             \
 185         case T___builtin_va_list: \
 186         case T___typeof__:        \
 187         case T__declspec:         \
 188         case T_bool:              \
 189         case T_char:              \
 190         case T_double:            \
 191         case T_enum:              \
 192         case T_float:             \
 193         case T_int:               \
 194         case T_long:              \
 195         case T_short:             \
 196         case T_signed:            \
 197         case T_struct:            \
 198         case T_union:             \
 199         case T_unsigned:          \
 200         case T_void:              \
 201         case T_wchar_t:           \
 202         case T__int8:             \
 203         case T__int16:            \
 204         case T__int32:            \
 205         case T__int64:            \
 206         case T__int128:           \
 207         COMPLEX_SPECIFIERS        \
 208         IMAGINARY_SPECIFIERS
 209
 210 #define DECLARATION_START   \
 211         STORAGE_CLASSES         \
 212         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 213         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 214
 215 #define DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN \
 216         STORAGE_CLASSES_NO_EXTERN       \
 217         TYPE_QUALIFIERS                 \
 218         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 219
 220 #define TYPENAME_START      \
 221         TYPE_QUALIFIERS         \
 222         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
 223
 224 #define EXPRESSION_START           \
 225         case '!':                        \
 226         case '&':                        \
 227         case '(':                        \
 228         case '*':                        \
 229         case '+':                        \
 230         case '-':                        \
 231         case '~':                        \
 232         case T_ANDAND:                   \
 233         case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:       \
 234         case T_FLOATINGPOINT:            \
 235         case T_INTEGER:                  \
 236         case T_MINUSMINUS:               \
 237         case T_PLUSPLUS:                 \
 238         case T_STRING_LITERAL:           \
 239         case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:  \
 240         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:      \
 241         case T___FUNCDNAME__:            \
 242         case T___FUNCSIG__:              \
 243         case T___FUNCTION__:             \
 244         case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:      \
 245         case T___alignof__:              \
 246         case T___builtin_classify_type:  \
 247         case T___builtin_constant_p:     \
 248         case T___builtin_isgreater:      \
 249         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal: \
 250         case T___builtin_isless:         \
 251         case T___builtin_islessequal:    \
 252         case T___builtin_islessgreater:  \
 253         case T___builtin_isunordered:    \
 254         case T___builtin_offsetof:       \
 255         case T___builtin_va_arg:         \
 256         case T___builtin_va_start:       \
 257         case T___builtin_va_copy:        \
 258         case T___func__:                 \
 259         case T___noop:                   \
 260         case T__assume:                  \
 261         case T_delete:                   \
 262         case T_false:                    \
 263         case T_sizeof:                   \
 264         case T_throw:                    \
 265         case T_true:
 266
 267 /**
 268  * Allocate an AST node with given size and
 269  * initialize all fields with zero.
 270  */
 271 static void *allocate_ast_zero(size_t size)
 272 {
 273         void *res = allocate_ast(size);
 274         memset(res, 0, size);
 275         return res;
 276 }
 277
 278 /**
 279  * Returns the size of an entity node.
 280  *
 281  * @param kind  the entity kind
 282  */
 283 static size_t get_entity_struct_size(entity_kind_t kind)
 284 {
 285         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 286                 [ENTITY_VARIABLE]        = sizeof(variable_t),
 287                 [ENTITY_PARAMETER]       = sizeof(parameter_t),
 288                 [ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER] = sizeof(compound_member_t),
 289                 [ENTITY_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_t),
 290                 [ENTITY_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_t),
 291                 [ENTITY_STRUCT]          = sizeof(compound_t),
 292                 [ENTITY_UNION]           = sizeof(compound_t),
 293                 [ENTITY_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_t),
 294                 [ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE]      = sizeof(enum_value_t),
 295                 [ENTITY_LABEL]           = sizeof(label_t),
 296                 [ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL]     = sizeof(label_t),
 297                 [ENTITY_NAMESPACE]       = sizeof(namespace_t)
 298         };
 299         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 300         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 301         return sizes[kind];
 302 }
 303
 304 /**
 305  * Allocate an entity of given kind and initialize all
 306  * fields with zero.
 307  *
 308  * @param kind   the kind of the entity to allocate
 309  */
 310 static entity_t *allocate_entity_zero(entity_kind_t kind)
 311 {
 312         size_t    size   = get_entity_struct_size(kind);
 313         entity_t *entity = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 314         entity->kind     = kind;
 315         return entity;
 316 }
 317
 318 /**
 319  * Returns the size of a statement node.
 320  *
 321  * @param kind  the statement kind
 322  */
 323 static size_t get_statement_struct_size(statement_kind_t kind)
 324 {
 325         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 326                 [STATEMENT_INVALID]     = sizeof(invalid_statement_t),
 327                 [STATEMENT_EMPTY]       = sizeof(empty_statement_t),
 328                 [STATEMENT_COMPOUND]    = sizeof(compound_statement_t),
 329                 [STATEMENT_RETURN]      = sizeof(return_statement_t),
 330                 [STATEMENT_DECLARATION] = sizeof(declaration_statement_t),
 331                 [STATEMENT_IF]          = sizeof(if_statement_t),
 332                 [STATEMENT_SWITCH]      = sizeof(switch_statement_t),
 333                 [STATEMENT_EXPRESSION]  = sizeof(expression_statement_t),
 334                 [STATEMENT_CONTINUE]    = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 335                 [STATEMENT_BREAK]       = sizeof(statement_base_t),
 336                 [STATEMENT_GOTO]        = sizeof(goto_statement_t),
 337                 [STATEMENT_LABEL]       = sizeof(label_statement_t),
 338                 [STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL]  = sizeof(case_label_statement_t),
 339                 [STATEMENT_WHILE]       = sizeof(while_statement_t),
 340                 [STATEMENT_DO_WHILE]    = sizeof(do_while_statement_t),
 341                 [STATEMENT_FOR]         = sizeof(for_statement_t),
 342                 [STATEMENT_ASM]         = sizeof(asm_statement_t),
 343                 [STATEMENT_MS_TRY]      = sizeof(ms_try_statement_t),
 344                 [STATEMENT_LEAVE]       = sizeof(leave_statement_t)
 345         };
 346         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 347         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 348         return sizes[kind];
 349 }
 350
 351 /**
 352  * Returns the size of an expression node.
 353  *
 354  * @param kind  the expression kind
 355  */
 356 static size_t get_expression_struct_size(expression_kind_t kind)
 357 {
 358         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 359                 [EXPR_INVALID]                    = sizeof(expression_base_t),
 360                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                  = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 361                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]       = sizeof(reference_expression_t),
 362                 [EXPR_CONST]                      = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 363                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]         = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 364                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]    = sizeof(const_expression_t),
 365                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]             = sizeof(string_literal_expression_t),
 366                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]        = sizeof(wide_string_literal_expression_t),
 367                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]           = sizeof(compound_literal_expression_t),
 368                 [EXPR_CALL]                       = sizeof(call_expression_t),
 369                 [EXPR_UNARY_FIRST]                = sizeof(unary_expression_t),
 370                 [EXPR_BINARY_FIRST]               = sizeof(binary_expression_t),
 371                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                = sizeof(conditional_expression_t),
 372                 [EXPR_SELECT]                     = sizeof(select_expression_t),
 373                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]               = sizeof(array_access_expression_t),
 374                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                     = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 375                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                    = sizeof(typeprop_expression_t),
 376                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]              = sizeof(classify_type_expression_t),
 377                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                   = sizeof(funcname_expression_t),
 378                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]         = sizeof(builtin_constant_expression_t),
 379                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P] = sizeof(builtin_types_compatible_expression_t),
 380                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                   = sizeof(offsetof_expression_t),
 381                 [EXPR_VA_START]                   = sizeof(va_start_expression_t),
 382                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                     = sizeof(va_arg_expression_t),
 383                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                    = sizeof(va_copy_expression_t),
 384                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                  = sizeof(statement_expression_t),
 385                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]              = sizeof(label_address_expression_t),
 386         };
 387         if (kind >= EXPR_UNARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_UNARY_LAST) {
 388                 return sizes[EXPR_UNARY_FIRST];
 389         }
 390         if (kind >= EXPR_BINARY_FIRST && kind <= EXPR_BINARY_LAST) {
 391                 return sizes[EXPR_BINARY_FIRST];
 392         }
 393         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 394         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 395         return sizes[kind];
 396 }
 397
 398 /**
 399  * Allocate a statement node of given kind and initialize all
 400  * fields with zero. Sets its source position to the position
 401  * of the current token.
 402  */
 403 static statement_t *allocate_statement_zero(statement_kind_t kind)
 404 {
 405         size_t       size = get_statement_struct_size(kind);
 406         statement_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 407
 408         res->base.kind            = kind;
 409         res->base.parent          = current_parent;
 410         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 411         return res;
 412 }
 413
 414 /**
 415  * Allocate an expression node of given kind and initialize all
 416  * fields with zero.
 417  *
 418  * @param kind  the kind of the expression to allocate
 419  */
 420 static expression_t *allocate_expression_zero(expression_kind_t kind)
 421 {
 422         size_t        size = get_expression_struct_size(kind);
 423         expression_t *res  = allocate_ast_zero(size);
 424
 425         res->base.kind            = kind;
 426         res->base.type            = type_error_type;
 427         res->base.source_position = token.source_position;
 428         return res;
 429 }
 430
 431 /**
 432  * Creates a new invalid expression at the source position
 433  * of the current token.
 434  */
 435 static expression_t *create_invalid_expression(void)
 436 {
 437         return allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_INVALID);
 438 }
 439
 440 /**
 441  * Creates a new invalid statement.
 442  */
 443 static statement_t *create_invalid_statement(void)
 444 {
 445         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_INVALID);
 446 }
 447
 448 /**
 449  * Allocate a new empty statement.
 450  */
 451 static statement_t *create_empty_statement(void)
 452 {
 453         return allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EMPTY);
 454 }
 455
 456 /**
 457  * Returns the size of a type node.
 458  *
 459  * @param kind  the type kind
 460  */
 461 static size_t get_type_struct_size(type_kind_t kind)
 462 {
 463         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 464                 [TYPE_ATOMIC]          = sizeof(atomic_type_t),
 465                 [TYPE_COMPLEX]         = sizeof(complex_type_t),
 466                 [TYPE_IMAGINARY]       = sizeof(imaginary_type_t),
 467                 [TYPE_BITFIELD]        = sizeof(bitfield_type_t),
 468                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT] = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 469                 [TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION]  = sizeof(compound_type_t),
 470                 [TYPE_ENUM]            = sizeof(enum_type_t),
 471                 [TYPE_FUNCTION]        = sizeof(function_type_t),
 472                 [TYPE_POINTER]         = sizeof(pointer_type_t),
 473                 [TYPE_ARRAY]           = sizeof(array_type_t),
 474                 [TYPE_BUILTIN]         = sizeof(builtin_type_t),
 475                 [TYPE_TYPEDEF]         = sizeof(typedef_type_t),
 476                 [TYPE_TYPEOF]          = sizeof(typeof_type_t),
 477         };
 478         assert(lengthof(sizes) == (int)TYPE_TYPEOF + 1);
 479         assert(kind <= TYPE_TYPEOF);
 480         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 481         return sizes[kind];
 482 }
 483
 484 /**
 485  * Allocate a type node of given kind and initialize all
 486  * fields with zero.
 487  *
 488  * @param kind             type kind to allocate
 489  */
 490 static type_t *allocate_type_zero(type_kind_t kind)
 491 {
 492         size_t  size = get_type_struct_size(kind);
 493         type_t *res  = obstack_alloc(type_obst, size);
 494         memset(res, 0, size);
 495         res->base.kind = kind;
 496
 497         return res;
 498 }
 499
 500 static function_parameter_t *allocate_parameter(type_t *const type)
 501 {
 502         function_parameter_t *const param = obstack_alloc(type_obst, sizeof(*param));
 503         memset(param, 0, sizeof(*param));
 504         param->type = type;
 505         return param;
 506 }
 507
 508 /**
 509  * Returns the size of an initializer node.
 510  *
 511  * @param kind  the initializer kind
 512  */
 513 static size_t get_initializer_size(initializer_kind_t kind)
 514 {
 515         static const size_t sizes[] = {
 516                 [INITIALIZER_VALUE]       = sizeof(initializer_value_t),
 517                 [INITIALIZER_STRING]      = sizeof(initializer_string_t),
 518                 [INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING] = sizeof(initializer_wide_string_t),
 519                 [INITIALIZER_LIST]        = sizeof(initializer_list_t),
 520                 [INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR]  = sizeof(initializer_designator_t)
 521         };
 522         assert(kind < lengthof(sizes));
 523         assert(sizes[kind] != 0);
 524         return sizes[kind];
 525 }
 526
 527 /**
 528  * Allocate an initializer node of given kind and initialize all
 529  * fields with zero.
 530  */
 531 static initializer_t *allocate_initializer_zero(initializer_kind_t kind)
 532 {
 533         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(get_initializer_size(kind));
 534         result->kind          = kind;
 535
 536         return result;
 537 }
 538
 539 /**
 540  * Returns the index of the top element of the environment stack.
 541  */
 542 static size_t environment_top(void)
 543 {
 544         return ARR_LEN(environment_stack);
 545 }
 546
 547 /**
 548  * Returns the index of the top element of the global label stack.
 549  */
 550 static size_t label_top(void)
 551 {
 552         return ARR_LEN(label_stack);
 553 }
 554
 555 /**
 556  * Return the next token.
 557  */
 558 static inline void next_token(void)
 559 {
 560         token                              = lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos];
 561         lookahead_buffer[lookahead_bufpos] = lexer_token;
 562         lexer_next_token();
 563
 564         lookahead_bufpos = (lookahead_bufpos + 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 565
 566 #ifdef PRINT_TOKENS
 567         print_token(stderr, &token);
 568         fprintf(stderr, "\n");
 569 #endif
 570 }
 571
 572 /**
 573  * Return the next token with a given lookahead.
 574  */
 575 static inline const token_t *look_ahead(size_t num)
 576 {
 577         assert(0 < num && num <= MAX_LOOKAHEAD);
 578         size_t pos = (lookahead_bufpos + num - 1) % MAX_LOOKAHEAD;
 579         return &lookahead_buffer[pos];
 580 }
 581
 582 /**
 583  * Adds a token type to the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 584  */
 585 static void add_anchor_token(int token_type)
 586 {
 587         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 588         ++token_anchor_set[token_type];
 589 }
 590
 591 /**
 592  * Set the number of tokens types of the given type
 593  * to zero and return the old count.
 594  */
 595 static int save_and_reset_anchor_state(int token_type)
 596 {
 597         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 598         int count = token_anchor_set[token_type];
 599         token_anchor_set[token_type] = 0;
 600         return count;
 601 }
 602
 603 /**
 604  * Restore the number of token types to the given count.
 605  */
 606 static void restore_anchor_state(int token_type, int count)
 607 {
 608         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 609         token_anchor_set[token_type] = count;
 610 }
 611
 612 /**
 613  * Remove a token type from the token type anchor set (a multi-set).
 614  */
 615 static void rem_anchor_token(int token_type)
 616 {
 617         assert(0 <= token_type && token_type < T_LAST_TOKEN);
 618         assert(token_anchor_set[token_type] != 0);
 619         --token_anchor_set[token_type];
 620 }
 621
 622 /**
 623  * Return true if the token type of the current token is
 624  * in the anchor set.
 625  */
 626 static bool at_anchor(void)
 627 {
 628         if (token.type < 0)
 629                 return false;
 630         return token_anchor_set[token.type];
 631 }
 632
 633 /**
 634  * Eat tokens until a matching token type is found.
 635  */
 636 static void eat_until_matching_token(int type)
 637 {
 638         int end_token;
 639         switch (type) {
 640                 case '(': end_token = ')';  break;
 641                 case '{': end_token = '}';  break;
 642                 case '[': end_token = ']';  break;
 643                 default:  end_token = type; break;
 644         }
 645
 646         unsigned parenthesis_count = 0;
 647         unsigned brace_count       = 0;
 648         unsigned bracket_count     = 0;
 649         while (token.type        != end_token ||
 650                parenthesis_count != 0         ||
 651                brace_count       != 0         ||
 652                bracket_count     != 0) {
 653                 switch (token.type) {
 654                 case T_EOF: return;
 655                 case '(': ++parenthesis_count; break;
 656                 case '{': ++brace_count;       break;
 657                 case '[': ++bracket_count;     break;
 658
 659                 case ')':
 660                         if (parenthesis_count > 0)
 661                                 --parenthesis_count;
 662                         goto check_stop;
 663
 664                 case '}':
 665                         if (brace_count > 0)
 666                                 --brace_count;
 667                         goto check_stop;
 668
 669                 case ']':
 670                         if (bracket_count > 0)
 671                                 --bracket_count;
 672 check_stop:
 673                         if (token.type        == end_token &&
 674                             parenthesis_count == 0         &&
 675                             brace_count       == 0         &&
 676                             bracket_count     == 0)
 677                                 return;
 678                         break;
 679
 680                 default:
 681                         break;
 682                 }
 683                 next_token();
 684         }
 685 }
 686
 687 /**
 688  * Eat input tokens until an anchor is found.
 689  */
 690 static void eat_until_anchor(void)
 691 {
 692         while (token_anchor_set[token.type] == 0) {
 693                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
 694                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
 695                 next_token();
 696         }
 697 }
 698
 699 /**
 700  * Eat a whole block from input tokens.
 701  */
 702 static void eat_block(void)
 703 {
 704         eat_until_matching_token('{');
 705         if (token.type == '}')
 706                 next_token();
 707 }
 708
 709 #define eat(token_type) (assert(token.type == (token_type)), next_token())
 710
 711 /**
 712  * Report a parse error because an expected token was not found.
 713  */
 714 static
 715 #if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 4
 716 __attribute__((sentinel))
 717 #endif
 718 void parse_error_expected(const char *message, ...)
 719 {
 720         if (message != NULL) {
 721                 errorf(HERE, "%s", message);
 722         }
 723         va_list ap;
 724         va_start(ap, message);
 725         errorf(HERE, "got %K, expected %#k", &token, &ap, ", ");
 726         va_end(ap);
 727 }
 728
 729 /**
 730  * Report an incompatible type.
 731  */
 732 static void type_error_incompatible(const char *msg,
 733                 const source_position_t *source_position, type_t *type1, type_t *type2)
 734 {
 735         errorf(source_position, "%s, incompatible types: '%T' - '%T'",
 736                msg, type1, type2);
 737 }
 738
 739 /**
 740  * Expect the current token is the expected token.
 741  * If not, generate an error, eat the current statement,
 742  * and goto the end_error label.
 743  */
 744 #define expect(expected, error_label)                     \
 745         do {                                                  \
 746                 if (UNLIKELY(token.type != (expected))) {         \
 747                         parse_error_expected(NULL, (expected), NULL); \
 748                         add_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 749                         eat_until_anchor();                           \
 750                         if (token.type == expected)                   \
 751                                 next_token();                             \
 752                         rem_anchor_token(expected);                   \
 753                         goto error_label;                             \
 754                 }                                                 \
 755                 next_token();                                     \
 756         } while (0)
 757
 758 /**
 759  * Push a given scope on the scope stack and make it the
 760  * current scope
 761  */
 762 static scope_t *scope_push(scope_t *new_scope)
 763 {
 764         if (current_scope != NULL) {
 765                 new_scope->depth = current_scope->depth + 1;
 766         }
 767
 768         scope_t *old_scope = current_scope;
 769         current_scope      = new_scope;
 770         return old_scope;
 771 }
 772
 773 /**
 774  * Pop the current scope from the scope stack.
 775  */
 776 static void scope_pop(scope_t *old_scope)
 777 {
 778         current_scope = old_scope;
 779 }
 780
 781 /**
 782  * Search an entity by its symbol in a given namespace.
 783  */
 784 static entity_t *get_entity(const symbol_t *const symbol,
 785                             namespace_tag_t namespc)
 786 {
 787         entity_t *entity = symbol->entity;
 788         for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.symbol_next) {
 789                 if (entity->base.namespc == namespc)
 790                         return entity;
 791         }
 792
 793         return NULL;
 794 }
 795
 796 /* §6.2.3:1 24)  There is only one name space for tags even though three are
 797  * possible. */
 798 static entity_t *get_tag(symbol_t const *const symbol,
 799                 entity_kind_tag_t const kind)
 800 {
 801         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_TAG);
 802         if (entity != NULL && entity->kind != kind) {
 803                 errorf(HERE,
 804                                 "'%Y' defined as wrong kind of tag (previous definition %P)",
 805                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
 806                 entity = NULL;
 807         }
 808         return entity;
 809 }
 810
 811 /**
 812  * pushs an entity on the environment stack and links the corresponding symbol
 813  * it.
 814  */
 815 static void stack_push(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, entity_t *entity)
 816 {
 817         symbol_t           *symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
 818         entity_namespace_t  namespc = entity->base.namespc;
 819         assert(namespc != NAMESPACE_INVALID);
 820
 821         /* replace/add entity into entity list of the symbol */
 822         entity_t **anchor;
 823         entity_t  *iter;
 824         for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 825                 iter = *anchor;
 826                 if (iter == NULL)
 827                         break;
 828
 829                 /* replace an entry? */
 830                 if (iter->base.namespc == namespc) {
 831                         entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 832                         break;
 833                 }
 834         }
 835         *anchor = entity;
 836
 837         /* remember old declaration */
 838         stack_entry_t entry;
 839         entry.symbol     = symbol;
 840         entry.old_entity = iter;
 841         entry.namespc    = namespc;
 842         ARR_APP1(stack_entry_t, *stack_ptr, entry);
 843 }
 844
 845 /**
 846  * Push an entity on the environment stack.
 847  */
 848 static void environment_push(entity_t *entity)
 849 {
 850         assert(entity->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
 851         assert(entity->base.parent_scope != NULL);
 852         stack_push(&environment_stack, entity);
 853 }
 854
 855 /**
 856  * Push a declaration on the global label stack.
 857  *
 858  * @param declaration  the declaration
 859  */
 860 static void label_push(entity_t *label)
 861 {
 862         /* we abuse the parameters scope as parent for the labels */
 863         label->base.parent_scope = &current_function->parameters;
 864         stack_push(&label_stack, label);
 865 }
 866
 867 /**
 868  * pops symbols from the environment stack until @p new_top is the top element
 869  */
 870 static void stack_pop_to(stack_entry_t **stack_ptr, size_t new_top)
 871 {
 872         stack_entry_t *stack = *stack_ptr;
 873         size_t         top   = ARR_LEN(stack);
 874         size_t         i;
 875
 876         assert(new_top <= top);
 877         if (new_top == top)
 878                 return;
 879
 880         for (i = top; i > new_top; --i) {
 881                 stack_entry_t *entry = &stack[i - 1];
 882
 883                 entity_t           *old_entity = entry->old_entity;
 884                 symbol_t           *symbol     = entry->symbol;
 885                 entity_namespace_t  namespc    = entry->namespc;
 886
 887                 /* replace with old_entity/remove */
 888                 entity_t **anchor;
 889                 entity_t  *iter;
 890                 for (anchor = &symbol->entity; ; anchor = &iter->base.symbol_next) {
 891                         iter = *anchor;
 892                         assert(iter != NULL);
 893                         /* replace an entry? */
 894                         if (iter->base.namespc == namespc)
 895                                 break;
 896                 }
 897
 898                 /* restore definition from outer scopes (if there was one) */
 899                 if (old_entity != NULL) {
 900                         old_entity->base.symbol_next = iter->base.symbol_next;
 901                         *anchor                      = old_entity;
 902                 } else {
 903                         /* remove entry from list */
 904                         *anchor = iter->base.symbol_next;
 905                 }
 906         }
 907
 908         ARR_SHRINKLEN(*stack_ptr, (int) new_top);
 909 }
 910
 911 /**
 912  * Pop all entries from the environment stack until the new_top
 913  * is reached.
 914  *
 915  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 916  */
 917 static void environment_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 918 {
 919         stack_pop_to(&environment_stack, new_top);
 920 }
 921
 922 /**
 923  * Pop all entries from the global label stack until the new_top
 924  * is reached.
 925  *
 926  * @param new_top  the new stack top
 927  */
 928 static void label_pop_to(size_t new_top)
 929 {
 930         stack_pop_to(&label_stack, new_top);
 931 }
 932
 933 static int get_akind_rank(atomic_type_kind_t akind)
 934 {
 935         return (int) akind;
 936 }
 937
 938 /**
 939  * Return the type rank for an atomic type.
 940  */
 941 static int get_rank(const type_t *type)
 942 {
 943         assert(!is_typeref(type));
 944         if (type->kind == TYPE_ENUM)
 945                 return get_akind_rank(type->enumt.akind);
 946
 947         assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
 948         return get_akind_rank(type->atomic.akind);
 949 }
 950
 951 /**
 952  * §6.3.1.1:2  Do integer promotion for a given type.
 953  *
 954  * @param type  the type to promote
 955  * @return the promoted type
 956  */
 957 static type_t *promote_integer(type_t *type)
 958 {
 959         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD)
 960                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
 961
 962         if (get_rank(type) < get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_INT))
 963                 type = type_int;
 964
 965         return type;
 966 }
 967
 968 /**
 969  * Create a cast expression.
 970  *
 971  * @param expression  the expression to cast
 972  * @param dest_type   the destination type
 973  */
 974 static expression_t *create_cast_expression(expression_t *expression,
 975                                             type_t *dest_type)
 976 {
 977         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT);
 978
 979         cast->unary.value = expression;
 980         cast->base.type   = dest_type;
 981
 982         return cast;
 983 }
 984
 985 /**
 986  * Check if a given expression represents a null pointer constant.
 987  *
 988  * @param expression  the expression to check
 989  */
 990 static bool is_null_pointer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
 991 {
 992         /* skip void* cast */
 993         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST ||
 994                         expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT) {
 995                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
 996                 if (types_compatible(type, type_void_ptr))
 997                         expression = expression->unary.value;
 998         }
 999
1000         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1001         return
1002                 is_type_integer(type)              &&
1003                 is_constant_expression(expression) &&
1004                 !fold_constant_to_bool(expression);
1005 }
1006
1007 /**
1008  * Create an implicit cast expression.
1009  *
1010  * @param expression  the expression to cast
1011  * @param dest_type   the destination type
1012  */
1013 static expression_t *create_implicit_cast(expression_t *expression,
1014                                           type_t *dest_type)
1015 {
1016         type_t *const source_type = expression->base.type;
1017
1018         if (source_type == dest_type)
1019                 return expression;
1020
1021         return create_cast_expression(expression, dest_type);
1022 }
1023
1024 typedef enum assign_error_t {
1025         ASSIGN_SUCCESS,
1026         ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE,
1027         ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING,
1028         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE,
1029         ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT,
1030         ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER
1031 } assign_error_t;
1032
1033 static void report_assign_error(assign_error_t error, type_t *orig_type_left,
1034                                 const expression_t *const right,
1035                                 const char *context,
1036                                 const source_position_t *source_position)
1037 {
1038         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1039         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1040         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1041
1042         switch (error) {
1043         case ASSIGN_SUCCESS:
1044                 return;
1045         case ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE:
1046                 errorf(source_position,
1047                        "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with type '%T'",
1048                        orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right);
1049                 return;
1050
1051         case ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING: {
1052                 if (warning.other) {
1053                         type_t *points_to_left  = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1054                         type_t *points_to_right = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1055
1056                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1057                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1058                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1059                         warningf(source_position,
1060                                         "destination type '%T' in %s from type '%T' lacks qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type",
1061                                         orig_type_left, context, orig_type_right, missing_qualifiers);
1062                 }
1063                 return;
1064         }
1065
1066         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE:
1067                 if (warning.other) {
1068                         warningf(source_position,
1069                                         "destination type '%T' in %s is incompatible with '%E' of type '%T'",
1070                                         orig_type_left, context, right, orig_type_right);
1071                 }
1072                 return;
1073
1074         case ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT:
1075                 if (warning.other) {
1076                         warningf(source_position,
1077                                         "%s makes pointer '%T' from integer '%T' without a cast",
1078                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1079                 }
1080                 return;
1081
1082         case ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER:
1083                 if (warning.other) {
1084                         warningf(source_position,
1085                                         "%s makes integer '%T' from pointer '%T' without a cast",
1086                                         context, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
1087                 }
1088                 return;
1089
1090         default:
1091                 panic("invalid error value");
1092         }
1093 }
1094
1095 /** Implements the rules from §6.5.16.1 */
1096 static assign_error_t semantic_assign(type_t *orig_type_left,
1097                                       const expression_t *const right)
1098 {
1099         type_t *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
1100         type_t *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
1101         type_t *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
1102
1103         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
1104                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
1105                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1106                 } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1107                         type_t *points_to_left
1108                                 = skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to);
1109                         type_t *points_to_right
1110                                 = skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to);
1111                         assign_error_t res = ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1112
1113                         /* the left type has all qualifiers from the right type */
1114                         unsigned missing_qualifiers
1115                                 = points_to_right->base.qualifiers & ~points_to_left->base.qualifiers;
1116                         if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
1117                                 res = ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING;
1118                         }
1119
1120                         points_to_left  = get_unqualified_type(points_to_left);
1121                         points_to_right = get_unqualified_type(points_to_right);
1122
1123                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1124                                 return res;
1125
1126                         if (is_type_atomic(points_to_right, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
1127                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:6 */
1128                                 return c_mode & _CXX ? ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE : res;
1129                         }
1130
1131                         if (!types_compatible(points_to_left, points_to_right)) {
1132                                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_INCOMPATIBLE;
1133                         }
1134
1135                         return res;
1136                 } else if (is_type_integer(type_right)) {
1137                         return ASSIGN_WARNING_POINTER_FROM_INT;
1138                 }
1139         } else if ((is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) ||
1140             (is_type_atomic(type_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)
1141                 && is_type_pointer(type_right))) {
1142                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1143         } else if ((is_type_compound(type_left)  && is_type_compound(type_right))
1144                         || (is_type_builtin(type_left) && is_type_builtin(type_right))) {
1145                 type_t *const unqual_type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
1146                 type_t *const unqual_type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
1147                 if (types_compatible(unqual_type_left, unqual_type_right)) {
1148                         return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1149                 }
1150         } else if (is_type_integer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
1151                 return ASSIGN_WARNING_INT_FROM_POINTER;
1152         }
1153
1154         if (!is_type_valid(type_left) || !is_type_valid(type_right))
1155                 return ASSIGN_SUCCESS;
1156
1157         return ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
1158 }
1159
1160 static expression_t *parse_constant_expression(void)
1161 {
1162         expression_t *result = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CONDITIONAL);
1163
1164         if (!is_constant_expression(result)) {
1165                 errorf(&result->base.source_position,
1166                        "expression '%E' is not constant", result);
1167         }
1168
1169         return result;
1170 }
1171
1172 static expression_t *parse_assignment_expression(void)
1173 {
1174         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
1175 }
1176
1177 static string_t parse_string_literals(void)
1178 {
1179         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
1180         string_t result = token.v.string;
1181
1182         next_token();
1183
1184         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
1185                 result = concat_strings(&result, &token.v.string);
1186                 next_token();
1187         }
1188
1189         return result;
1190 }
1191
1192 /**
1193  * compare two string, ignoring double underscores on the second.
1194  */
1195 static int strcmp_underscore(const char *s1, const char *s2)
1196 {
1197         if (s2[0] == '_' && s2[1] == '_') {
1198                 size_t len2 = strlen(s2);
1199                 size_t len1 = strlen(s1);
1200                 if (len1 == len2-4 && s2[len2-2] == '_' && s2[len2-1] == '_') {
1201                         return strncmp(s1, s2+2, len2-4);
1202                 }
1203         }
1204
1205         return strcmp(s1, s2);
1206 }
1207
1208 static attribute_t *allocate_attribute_zero(attribute_kind_t kind)
1209 {
1210         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*attribute));
1211         attribute->kind        = kind;
1212         return attribute;
1213 }
1214
1215 /**
1216  * Parse (gcc) attribute argument. From gcc comments in gcc source:
1217  *
1218  *  attribute:
1219  *    __attribute__ ( ( attribute-list ) )
1220  *
1221  *  attribute-list:
1222  *    attrib
1223  *    attribute_list , attrib
1224  *
1225  *  attrib:
1226  *    empty
1227  *    any-word
1228  *    any-word ( identifier )
1229  *    any-word ( identifier , nonempty-expr-list )
1230  *    any-word ( expr-list )
1231  *
1232  *  where the "identifier" must not be declared as a type, and
1233  *  "any-word" may be any identifier (including one declared as a
1234  *  type), a reserved word storage class specifier, type specifier or
1235  *  type qualifier.  ??? This still leaves out most reserved keywords
1236  *  (following the old parser), shouldn't we include them, and why not
1237  *  allow identifiers declared as types to start the arguments?
1238  *
1239  *  Matze: this all looks confusing and little systematic, so we're even less
1240  *  strict and parse any list of things which are identifiers or
1241  *  (assignment-)expressions.
1242  */
1243 static attribute_argument_t *parse_attribute_arguments(void)
1244 {
1245         if (token.type == ')')
1246                 return NULL;
1247
1248         attribute_argument_t *first = NULL;
1249         attribute_argument_t *last  = NULL;
1250         while (true) {
1251                 attribute_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
1252
1253                 /* is it an identifier */
1254                 if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER
1255                                 && (look_ahead(1)->type == ',' || look_ahead(1)->type == ')')) {
1256                         symbol_t *symbol   = token.v.symbol;
1257                         argument->kind     = ATTRIBUTE_ARGUMENT_SYMBOL;
1258                         argument->v.symbol = symbol;
1259                         next_token();
1260                 } else {
1261                         /* must be an expression */
1262                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1263
1264                         argument->kind         = ATTRIBUTE_ARGUMENT_EXPRESSION;
1265                         argument->v.expression = expression;
1266                 }
1267
1268                 /* append argument */
1269                 if (last == NULL) {
1270                         first = argument;
1271                 } else {
1272                         last->next = argument;
1273                 }
1274                 last = argument;
1275
1276                 if (token.type == ',') {
1277                         next_token();
1278                         continue;
1279                 }
1280                 expect(')', end_error);
1281                 break;
1282         }
1283
1284         return first;
1285
1286 end_error:
1287         /* TODO... */
1288         return first;
1289 }
1290
1291 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_asm(void)
1292 {
1293         eat(T_asm);
1294
1295         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_GNU_ASM);
1296
1297         expect('(', end_error);
1298         attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
1299         return attribute;
1300
1301 end_error:
1302         return NULL;
1303 }
1304
1305 static symbol_t *get_symbol_from_token(void)
1306 {
1307         switch(token.type) {
1308         case T_IDENTIFIER:
1309                 return token.v.symbol;
1310         case T_auto:
1311         case T_char:
1312         case T_double:
1313         case T_enum:
1314         case T_extern:
1315         case T_float:
1316         case T_int:
1317         case T_long:
1318         case T_register:
1319         case T_short:
1320         case T_static:
1321         case T_struct:
1322         case T_union:
1323         case T_unsigned:
1324         case T_void:
1325         case T_bool:
1326         case T__Bool:
1327         case T_class:
1328         case T_explicit:
1329         case T_export:
1330         case T_wchar_t:
1331         case T_const:
1332         case T_signed:
1333         case T___real__:
1334         case T___imag__:
1335         case T_restrict:
1336         case T_volatile:
1337         case T_inline:
1338                 /* maybe we need more tokens ... add them on demand */
1339                 return get_token_symbol(&token);
1340         default:
1341                 return NULL;
1342         }
1343 }
1344
1345 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_gnu_single(void)
1346 {
1347         /* parse "any-word" */
1348         symbol_t *symbol = get_symbol_from_token();
1349         if (symbol == NULL) {
1350                 parse_error_expected("while parsing attribute((", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1351                 goto end_error;
1352         }
1353
1354         const char *name = symbol->string;
1355         next_token();
1356
1357         attribute_kind_t kind;
1358         for (kind = ATTRIBUTE_GNU_FIRST; kind <= ATTRIBUTE_GNU_LAST; ++kind) {
1359                 const char *attribute_name = get_attribute_name(kind);
1360                 if (attribute_name != NULL
1361                                 && strcmp_underscore(attribute_name, name) == 0)
1362                         break;
1363         }
1364
1365         if (kind >= ATTRIBUTE_GNU_LAST) {
1366                 if (warning.attribute) {
1367                         warningf(HERE, "unknown attribute '%s' ignored", name);
1368                 }
1369                 /* TODO: we should still save the attribute in the list... */
1370                 kind = ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN;
1371         }
1372
1373         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(kind);
1374
1375         /* parse arguments */
1376         if (token.type == '(') {
1377                 next_token();
1378                 attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
1379         }
1380
1381         return attribute;
1382
1383 end_error:
1384         return NULL;
1385 }
1386
1387 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_gnu(void)
1388 {
1389         attribute_t *first = NULL;
1390         attribute_t *last  = NULL;
1391
1392         eat(T___attribute__);
1393         expect('(', end_error);
1394         expect('(', end_error);
1395
1396         if (token.type == ')') {
1397                 next_token();
1398                 expect(')', end_error);
1399                 return first;
1400         }
1401
1402         while (true) {
1403                 attribute_t *attribute = parse_attribute_gnu_single();
1404                 if (attribute == NULL)
1405                         goto end_error;
1406
1407                 if (last == NULL) {
1408                         first = attribute;
1409                 } else {
1410                         last->next = attribute;
1411                 }
1412                 last = attribute;
1413
1414                 if (token.type == ')') {
1415                         next_token();
1416                         break;
1417                 }
1418                 expect(',', end_error);
1419         }
1420         expect(')', end_error);
1421
1422 end_error:
1423         return first;
1424 }
1425
1426 /** Parse attributes. */
1427 static attribute_t *parse_attributes(attribute_t *first)
1428 {
1429         attribute_t *last = first;
1430         while (true) {
1431                 if (last != NULL) {
1432                         while (last->next != NULL)
1433                                 last = last->next;
1434                 }
1435
1436                 attribute_t *attribute;
1437                 switch (token.type) {
1438                 case T___attribute__:
1439                         attribute = parse_attribute_gnu();
1440                         break;
1441
1442                 case T_asm:
1443                         attribute = parse_attribute_asm();
1444                         break;
1445
1446                 case T_cdecl:
1447                         next_token();
1448                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_CDECL);
1449                         break;
1450
1451                 case T__fastcall:
1452                         next_token();
1453                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_FASTCALL);
1454                         break;
1455
1456                 case T__forceinline:
1457                         next_token();
1458                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_FORCEINLINE);
1459                         break;
1460
1461                 case T__stdcall:
1462                         next_token();
1463                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_STDCALL);
1464                         break;
1465
1466                 case T___thiscall:
1467                         next_token();
1468                         /* TODO record modifier */
1469                         if (warning.other)
1470                                 warningf(HERE, "Ignoring declaration modifier %K", &token);
1471                         attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(ATTRIBUTE_MS_THISCALL);
1472                         break;
1473
1474                 default:
1475                         return first;
1476                 }
1477
1478                 if (last == NULL) {
1479                         first = attribute;
1480                 } else {
1481                         last->next = attribute;
1482                 }
1483                 last = attribute;
1484         }
1485 }
1486
1487 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *expr, entity_t *lhs_ent);
1488
1489 static entity_t *determine_lhs_ent(expression_t *const expr,
1490                                    entity_t *lhs_ent)
1491 {
1492         switch (expr->kind) {
1493                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1494                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1495                         /* we should only find variables as lvalues... */
1496                         if (entity->base.kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1497                                         && entity->base.kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1498                                 return NULL;
1499
1500                         return entity;
1501                 }
1502
1503                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1504                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1505                         entity_t     *      ent = NULL;
1506                         if (is_type_array(skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(ref)))) {
1507                                 ent     = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1508                                 lhs_ent = ent;
1509                         } else {
1510                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1511                         }
1512                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1513                         return ent;
1514                 }
1515
1516                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
1517                         if (is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type))) {
1518                                 return determine_lhs_ent(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1519                         } else {
1520                                 mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1521                                 return NULL;
1522                         }
1523                 }
1524
1525                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1526                         expression_t *const val = expr->unary.value;
1527                         if (val->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
1528                                 /* *&x is a NOP */
1529                                 return determine_lhs_ent(val->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1530                         } else {
1531                                 mark_vars_read(val, NULL);
1532                                 return NULL;
1533                         }
1534                 }
1535
1536                 default:
1537                         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
1538                         return NULL;
1539         }
1540 }
1541
1542 #define ENT_ANY ((entity_t*)-1)
1543
1544 /**
1545  * Mark declarations, which are read.  This is used to detect variables, which
1546  * are never read.
1547  * Example:
1548  * x = x + 1;
1549  *   x is not marked as "read", because it is only read to calculate its own new
1550  *   value.
1551  *
1552  * x += y; y += x;
1553  *   x and y are not detected as "not read", because multiple variables are
1554  *   involved.
1555  */
1556 static void mark_vars_read(expression_t *const expr, entity_t *lhs_ent)
1557 {
1558         switch (expr->kind) {
1559                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1560                         entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
1561                         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE
1562                                         && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
1563                                 return;
1564
1565                         if (lhs_ent != entity && lhs_ent != ENT_ANY) {
1566                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1567                                         entity->variable.read = true;
1568                                 } else {
1569                                         entity->parameter.read = true;
1570                                 }
1571                         }
1572                         return;
1573                 }
1574
1575                 case EXPR_CALL:
1576                         // TODO respect pure/const
1577                         mark_vars_read(expr->call.function, NULL);
1578                         for (call_argument_t *arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
1579                                 mark_vars_read(arg->expression, NULL);
1580                         }
1581                         return;
1582
1583                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
1584                         // TODO lhs_decl should depend on whether true/false have an effect
1585                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.condition, NULL);
1586                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL)
1587                                 mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.true_expression, lhs_ent);
1588                         mark_vars_read(expr->conditional.false_expression, lhs_ent);
1589                         return;
1590
1591                 case EXPR_SELECT:
1592                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY
1593                                         && !is_type_compound(skip_typeref(expr->base.type)))
1594                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1595                         mark_vars_read(expr->select.compound, lhs_ent);
1596                         return;
1597
1598                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1599                         expression_t *const ref = expr->array_access.array_ref;
1600                         mark_vars_read(ref, lhs_ent);
1601                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(ref, lhs_ent);
1602                         mark_vars_read(expr->array_access.index, lhs_ent);
1603                         return;
1604                 }
1605
1606                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1607                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_arge.ap, lhs_ent);
1608                         return;
1609
1610                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
1611                         mark_vars_read(expr->va_copye.src, lhs_ent);
1612                         return;
1613
1614                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1615                         /* Special case: Use void cast to mark a variable as "read" */
1616                         if (is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(expr->base.type), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID))
1617                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1618                         goto unary;
1619
1620
1621                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1622                         if (expr->unary.value == NULL)
1623                                 return;
1624                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
1625                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1626                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1627                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1628                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
1629                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1630                         goto unary;
1631
1632                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1633                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1634                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1635                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1636                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1637                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1638                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1639                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1640                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1641                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1642                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
1643 unary:
1644                         mark_vars_read(expr->unary.value, lhs_ent);
1645                         return;
1646
1647                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1648                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1649                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1650                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1651                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1652                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1653                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1654                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1655                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1656                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1657                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1658                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1659                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1660                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1661                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1662                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1663                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1664                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1665                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1666                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1667                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1668                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1669                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1670                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1671                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1672                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.left,  lhs_ent);
1673                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
1674                         return;
1675
1676                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1677                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1678                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1679                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1680                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1681                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1682                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1683                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1684                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1685                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1686                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN: {
1687                         if (lhs_ent == ENT_ANY)
1688                                 lhs_ent = NULL;
1689                         lhs_ent = determine_lhs_ent(expr->binary.left, lhs_ent);
1690                         mark_vars_read(expr->binary.right, lhs_ent);
1691                         return;
1692                 }
1693
1694                 case EXPR_VA_START:
1695                         determine_lhs_ent(expr->va_starte.ap, lhs_ent);
1696                         return;
1697
1698                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1699                 case EXPR_INVALID:
1700                 case EXPR_CONST:
1701                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1702                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1703                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1704                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1705                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO init?
1706                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:
1707                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1708                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1709                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1710                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1711                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
1712                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1713                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: // TODO
1714                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1715                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1716                         return;
1717         }
1718
1719         panic("unhandled expression");
1720 }
1721
1722 static designator_t *parse_designation(void)
1723 {
1724         designator_t *result = NULL;
1725         designator_t *last   = NULL;
1726
1727         while (true) {
1728                 designator_t *designator;
1729                 switch (token.type) {
1730                 case '[':
1731                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1732                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1733                         next_token();
1734                         add_anchor_token(']');
1735                         designator->array_index = parse_constant_expression();
1736                         rem_anchor_token(']');
1737                         expect(']', end_error);
1738                         break;
1739                 case '.':
1740                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
1741                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
1742                         next_token();
1743                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
1744                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing designator",
1745                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
1746                                 return NULL;
1747                         }
1748                         designator->symbol = token.v.symbol;
1749                         next_token();
1750                         break;
1751                 default:
1752                         expect('=', end_error);
1753                         return result;
1754                 }
1755
1756                 assert(designator != NULL);
1757                 if (last != NULL) {
1758                         last->next = designator;
1759                 } else {
1760                         result = designator;
1761                 }
1762                 last = designator;
1763         }
1764 end_error:
1765         return NULL;
1766 }
1767
1768 static initializer_t *initializer_from_string(array_type_t *type,
1769                                               const string_t *const string)
1770 {
1771         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1772         (void) type;
1773
1774         initializer_t *initializer = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_STRING);
1775         initializer->string.string = *string;
1776
1777         return initializer;
1778 }
1779
1780 static initializer_t *initializer_from_wide_string(array_type_t *const type,
1781                                                    wide_string_t *const string)
1782 {
1783         /* TODO: check len vs. size of array type */
1784         (void) type;
1785
1786         initializer_t *const initializer =
1787                 allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING);
1788         initializer->wide_string.string = *string;
1789
1790         return initializer;
1791 }
1792
1793 /**
1794  * Build an initializer from a given expression.
1795  */
1796 static initializer_t *initializer_from_expression(type_t *orig_type,
1797                                                   expression_t *expression)
1798 {
1799         /* TODO check that expression is a constant expression */
1800
1801         /* §6.7.8.14/15 char array may be initialized by string literals */
1802         type_t *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
1803         type_t *expr_type_orig = expression->base.type;
1804         type_t *expr_type      = skip_typeref(expr_type_orig);
1805         if (is_type_array(type) && expr_type->kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
1806                 array_type_t *const array_type   = &type->array;
1807                 type_t       *const element_type = skip_typeref(array_type->element_type);
1808
1809                 if (element_type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
1810                         atomic_type_kind_t akind = element_type->atomic.akind;
1811                         switch (expression->kind) {
1812                                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1813                                         if (akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR
1814                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR
1815                                                         || akind == ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR) {
1816                                                 return initializer_from_string(array_type,
1817                                                         &expression->string.value);
1818                                         }
1819                                         break;
1820
1821                                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
1822                                         type_t *bare_wchar_type = skip_typeref(type_wchar_t);
1823                                         if (get_unqualified_type(element_type) == bare_wchar_type) {
1824                                                 return initializer_from_wide_string(array_type,
1825                                                         &expression->wide_string.value);
1826                                         }
1827                                         break;
1828                                 }
1829
1830                                 default:
1831                                         break;
1832                         }
1833                 }
1834         }
1835
1836         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type, expression);
1837         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE)
1838                 return NULL;
1839         report_assign_error(error, type, expression, "initializer",
1840                             &expression->base.source_position);
1841
1842         initializer_t *const result = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_VALUE);
1843 #if 0
1844         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
1845                 type = type->bitfield.base_type;
1846         }
1847 #endif
1848         result->value.value = create_implicit_cast(expression, type);
1849
1850         return result;
1851 }
1852
1853 /**
1854  * Checks if a given expression can be used as an constant initializer.
1855  */
1856 static bool is_initializer_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1857 {
1858         return is_constant_expression(expression)
1859                 || is_address_constant(expression);
1860 }
1861
1862 /**
1863  * Parses an scalar initializer.
1864  *
1865  * §6.7.8.11; eat {} without warning
1866  */
1867 static initializer_t *parse_scalar_initializer(type_t *type,
1868                                                bool must_be_constant)
1869 {
1870         /* there might be extra {} hierarchies */
1871         int braces = 0;
1872         if (token.type == '{') {
1873                 if (warning.other)
1874                         warningf(HERE, "extra curly braces around scalar initializer");
1875                 do {
1876                         ++braces;
1877                         next_token();
1878                 } while (token.type == '{');
1879         }
1880
1881         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
1882         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
1883         if (must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
1884                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1885                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
1886                        expression);
1887         }
1888
1889         initializer_t *initializer = initializer_from_expression(type, expression);
1890
1891         if (initializer == NULL) {
1892                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
1893                        "expression '%E' (type '%T') doesn't match expected type '%T'",
1894                        expression, expression->base.type, type);
1895                 /* TODO */
1896                 return NULL;
1897         }
1898
1899         bool additional_warning_displayed = false;
1900         while (braces > 0) {
1901                 if (token.type == ',') {
1902                         next_token();
1903                 }
1904                 if (token.type != '}') {
1905                         if (!additional_warning_displayed && warning.other) {
1906                                 warningf(HERE, "additional elements in scalar initializer");
1907                                 additional_warning_displayed = true;
1908                         }
1909                 }
1910                 eat_block();
1911                 braces--;
1912         }
1913
1914         return initializer;
1915 }
1916
1917 /**
1918  * An entry in the type path.
1919  */
1920 typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
1921 struct type_path_entry_t {
1922         type_t *type;       /**< the upper top type. restored to path->top_tye if this entry is popped. */
1923         union {
1924                 size_t         index;          /**< For array types: the current index. */
1925                 declaration_t *compound_entry; /**< For compound types: the current declaration. */
1926         } v;
1927 };
1928
1929 /**
1930  * A type path expression a position inside compound or array types.
1931  */
1932 typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
1933 struct type_path_t {
1934         type_path_entry_t *path;         /**< An flexible array containing the current path. */
1935         type_t            *top_type;     /**< type of the element the path points */
1936         size_t             max_index;    /**< largest index in outermost array */
1937 };
1938
1939 /**
1940  * Prints a type path for debugging.
1941  */
1942 static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(
1943                 const type_path_t *path)
1944 {
1945         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1946
1947         for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
1948                 const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];
1949
1950                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
1951                 if (is_type_compound(type)) {
1952                         /* in gcc mode structs can have no members */
1953                         if (entry->v.compound_entry == NULL) {
1954                                 assert(i == len-1);
1955                                 continue;
1956                         }
1957                         fprintf(stderr, ".%s",
1958                                 entry->v.compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
1959                 } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
1960                         fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->v.index);
1961                 } else {
1962                         fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
1963                 }
1964         }
1965         if (path->top_type != NULL) {
1966                 fprintf(stderr, "  (");
1967                 print_type(path->top_type);
1968                 fprintf(stderr, ")");
1969         }
1970 }
1971
1972 /**
1973  * Return the top type path entry, ie. in a path
1974  * (type).a.b returns the b.
1975  */
1976 static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
1977 {
1978         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1979         assert(len > 0);
1980         return &path->path[len-1];
1981 }
1982
1983 /**
1984  * Enlarge the type path by an (empty) element.
1985  */
1986 static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
1987 {
1988         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
1989         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);
1990
1991         type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
1992         memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
1993         return result;
1994 }
1995
1996 /**
1997  * Descending into a sub-type. Enter the scope of the current top_type.
1998  */
1999 static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2000 {
2001         type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
2002         type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);
2003
2004         type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
2005         top->type              = top_type;
2006
2007         if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
2008                 compound_t *compound  = top_type->compound.compound;
2009                 entity_t   *entry     = compound->members.entities;
2010
2011                 if (entry != NULL) {
2012                         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2013                         top->v.compound_entry = &entry->declaration;
2014                         path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
2015                 } else {
2016                         path->top_type = NULL;
2017                 }
2018         } else if (is_type_array(top_type)) {
2019                 top->v.index   = 0;
2020                 path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
2021         } else {
2022                 assert(!is_type_valid(top_type));
2023         }
2024 }
2025
2026 /**
2027  * Pop an entry from the given type path, ie. returning from
2028  * (type).a.b to (type).a
2029  */
2030 static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
2031 {
2032         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2033
2034         path->top_type = top->type;
2035
2036         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2037         ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
2038 }
2039
2040 /**
2041  * Pop entries from the given type path until the given
2042  * path level is reached.
2043  */
2044 static void ascend_to(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2045 {
2046         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2047
2048         while (len > top_path_level) {
2049                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2050                 len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2051         }
2052 }
2053
2054 static bool walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator,
2055                             bool used_in_offsetof)
2056 {
2057         for (; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
2058                 type_path_entry_t *top       = get_type_path_top(path);
2059                 type_t            *orig_type = top->type;
2060
2061                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2062
2063                 if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
2064                         symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;
2065                         if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
2066                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2067                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2068                                                "'.%Y' designator used for non-compound type '%T'",
2069                                                symbol, orig_type);
2070                                 }
2071
2072                                 top->type             = type_error_type;
2073                                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2074                                 orig_type             = type_error_type;
2075                         } else {
2076                                 compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
2077                                 entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
2078                                 for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
2079                                         if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
2080                                                 break;
2081                                         }
2082                                 }
2083                                 if (iter == NULL) {
2084                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2085                                                "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
2086                                         goto failed;
2087                                 }
2088                                 assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
2089                                 if (used_in_offsetof) {
2090                                         type_t *real_type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
2091                                         if (real_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
2092                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2093                                                        "offsetof designator '%Y' may not specify bitfield",
2094                                                        symbol);
2095                                                 goto failed;
2096                                         }
2097                                 }
2098
2099                                 top->type             = orig_type;
2100                                 top->v.compound_entry = &iter->declaration;
2101                                 orig_type             = iter->declaration.type;
2102                         }
2103                 } else {
2104                         expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
2105                         assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
2106
2107                         if (!is_type_array(type)) {
2108                                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
2109                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2110                                                "[%E] designator used for non-array type '%T'",
2111                                                array_index, orig_type);
2112                                 }
2113                                 goto failed;
2114                         }
2115
2116                         long index = fold_constant_to_int(array_index);
2117                         if (!used_in_offsetof) {
2118                                 if (index < 0) {
2119                                         errorf(&designator->source_position,
2120                                                "array index [%E] must be positive", array_index);
2121                                 } else if (type->array.size_constant) {
2122                                         long array_size = type->array.size;
2123                                         if (index >= array_size) {
2124                                                 errorf(&designator->source_position,
2125                                                        "designator [%E] (%d) exceeds array size %d",
2126                                                        array_index, index, array_size);
2127                                         }
2128                                 }
2129                         }
2130
2131                         top->type    = orig_type;
2132                         top->v.index = (size_t) index;
2133                         orig_type    = type->array.element_type;
2134                 }
2135                 path->top_type = orig_type;
2136
2137                 if (designator->next != NULL) {
2138                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2139                 }
2140         }
2141         return true;
2142
2143 failed:
2144         return false;
2145 }
2146
2147 static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path, size_t top_path_level)
2148 {
2149         type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);
2150
2151         type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
2152         if (is_type_union(type)) {
2153                 /* in unions only the first element is initialized */
2154                 top->v.compound_entry = NULL;
2155         } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
2156                 declaration_t *entry = top->v.compound_entry;
2157
2158                 entity_t *next_entity = entry->base.next;
2159                 if (next_entity != NULL) {
2160                         assert(is_declaration(next_entity));
2161                         entry = &next_entity->declaration;
2162                 } else {
2163                         entry = NULL;
2164                 }
2165
2166                 top->v.compound_entry = entry;
2167                 if (entry != NULL) {
2168                         path->top_type = entry->type;
2169                         return;
2170                 }
2171         } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
2172                 assert(is_type_array(type));
2173
2174                 top->v.index++;
2175
2176                 if (!type->array.size_constant || top->v.index < type->array.size) {
2177                         return;
2178                 }
2179         } else {
2180                 assert(!is_type_valid(type));
2181                 return;
2182         }
2183
2184         /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
2185          * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
2186         size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
2187
2188         if (len > top_path_level) {
2189                 ascend_from_subtype(path);
2190                 advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2191         } else {
2192                 path->top_type = NULL;
2193         }
2194 }
2195
2196 /**
2197  * skip any {...} blocks until a closing bracket is reached.
2198  */
2199 static void skip_initializers(void)
2200 {
2201         if (token.type == '{')
2202                 next_token();
2203
2204         while (token.type != '}') {
2205                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
2206                         return;
2207                 if (token.type == '{') {
2208                         eat_block();
2209                         continue;
2210                 }
2211                 next_token();
2212         }
2213 }
2214
2215 static initializer_t *create_empty_initializer(void)
2216 {
2217         static initializer_t empty_initializer
2218                 = { .list = { { INITIALIZER_LIST }, 0 } };
2219         return &empty_initializer;
2220 }
2221
2222 /**
2223  * Parse a part of an initialiser for a struct or union,
2224  */
2225 static initializer_t *parse_sub_initializer(type_path_t *path,
2226                 type_t *outer_type, size_t top_path_level,
2227                 parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2228 {
2229         if (token.type == '}') {
2230                 /* empty initializer */
2231                 return create_empty_initializer();
2232         }
2233
2234         type_t *orig_type = path->top_type;
2235         type_t *type      = NULL;
2236
2237         if (orig_type == NULL) {
2238                 /* We are initializing an empty compound. */
2239         } else {
2240                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2241         }
2242
2243         initializer_t **initializers = NEW_ARR_F(initializer_t*, 0);
2244
2245         while (true) {
2246                 designator_t *designator = NULL;
2247                 if (token.type == '.' || token.type == '[') {
2248                         designator = parse_designation();
2249                         goto finish_designator;
2250                 } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER && look_ahead(1)->type == ':') {
2251                         /* GNU-style designator ("identifier: value") */
2252                         designator = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(designator[0]));
2253                         designator->source_position = token.source_position;
2254                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2255                         eat(T_IDENTIFIER);
2256                         eat(':');
2257
2258 finish_designator:
2259                         /* reset path to toplevel, evaluate designator from there */
2260                         ascend_to(path, top_path_level);
2261                         if (!walk_designator(path, designator, false)) {
2262                                 /* can't continue after designation error */
2263                                 goto end_error;
2264                         }
2265
2266                         initializer_t *designator_initializer
2267                                 = allocate_initializer_zero(INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR);
2268                         designator_initializer->designator.designator = designator;
2269                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, designator_initializer);
2270
2271                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2272                         type      = orig_type != NULL ? skip_typeref(orig_type) : NULL;
2273                 }
2274
2275                 initializer_t *sub;
2276
2277                 if (token.type == '{') {
2278                         if (type != NULL && is_type_scalar(type)) {
2279                                 sub = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2280                         } else {
2281                                 eat('{');
2282                                 if (type == NULL) {
2283                                         if (env->entity != NULL) {
2284                                                 errorf(HERE,
2285                                                      "extra brace group at end of initializer for '%Y'",
2286                                                      env->entity->base.symbol);
2287                                         } else {
2288                                                 errorf(HERE, "extra brace group at end of initializer");
2289                                         }
2290                                 } else
2291                                         descend_into_subtype(path);
2292
2293                                 add_anchor_token('}');
2294                                 sub = parse_sub_initializer(path, orig_type, top_path_level+1,
2295                                                             env);
2296                                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2297
2298                                 if (type != NULL) {
2299                                         ascend_from_subtype(path);
2300                                         expect('}', end_error);
2301                                 } else {
2302                                         expect('}', end_error);
2303                                         goto error_parse_next;
2304                                 }
2305                         }
2306                 } else {
2307                         /* must be an expression */
2308                         expression_t *expression = parse_assignment_expression();
2309                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
2310
2311                         if (env->must_be_constant && !is_initializer_constant(expression)) {
2312                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2313                                        "Initialisation expression '%E' is not constant",
2314                                        expression);
2315                         }
2316
2317                         if (type == NULL) {
2318                                 /* we are already outside, ... */
2319                                 type_t *const outer_type_skip = skip_typeref(outer_type);
2320                                 if (is_type_compound(outer_type_skip) &&
2321                                     !outer_type_skip->compound.compound->complete) {
2322                                         goto error_parse_next;
2323                                 }
2324                                 goto error_excess;
2325                         }
2326
2327                         /* handle { "string" } special case */
2328                         if ((expression->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL
2329                                         || expression->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL)
2330                                         && outer_type != NULL) {
2331                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(outer_type, expression);
2332                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2333                                         if (token.type == ',') {
2334                                                 next_token();
2335                                         }
2336                                         if (token.type != '}' && warning.other) {
2337                                                 warningf(HERE, "excessive elements in initializer for type '%T'",
2338                                                                  orig_type);
2339                                         }
2340                                         /* TODO: eat , ... */
2341                                         return sub;
2342                                 }
2343                         }
2344
2345                         /* descend into subtypes until expression matches type */
2346                         while (true) {
2347                                 orig_type = path->top_type;
2348                                 type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2349
2350                                 sub = initializer_from_expression(orig_type, expression);
2351                                 if (sub != NULL) {
2352                                         break;
2353                                 }
2354                                 if (!is_type_valid(type)) {
2355                                         goto end_error;
2356                                 }
2357                                 if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2358                                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
2359                                                         "expression '%E' doesn't match expected type '%T'",
2360                                                         expression, orig_type);
2361                                         goto end_error;
2362                                 }
2363
2364                                 descend_into_subtype(path);
2365                         }
2366                 }
2367
2368                 /* update largest index of top array */
2369                 const type_path_entry_t *first      = &path->path[0];
2370                 type_t                  *first_type = first->type;
2371                 first_type                          = skip_typeref(first_type);
2372                 if (is_type_array(first_type)) {
2373                         size_t index = first->v.index;
2374                         if (index > path->max_index)
2375                                 path->max_index = index;
2376                 }
2377
2378                 if (type != NULL) {
2379                         /* append to initializers list */
2380                         ARR_APP1(initializer_t*, initializers, sub);
2381                 } else {
2382 error_excess:
2383                         if (warning.other) {
2384                                 if (env->entity != NULL) {
2385                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer for '%Y'",
2386                                            env->entity->base.symbol);
2387                                 } else {
2388                                         warningf(HERE, "excess elements in struct initializer");
2389                                 }
2390                         }
2391                 }
2392
2393 error_parse_next:
2394                 if (token.type == '}') {
2395                         break;
2396                 }
2397                 expect(',', end_error);
2398                 if (token.type == '}') {
2399                         break;
2400                 }
2401
2402                 if (type != NULL) {
2403                         /* advance to the next declaration if we are not at the end */
2404                         advance_current_object(path, top_path_level);
2405                         orig_type = path->top_type;
2406                         if (orig_type != NULL)
2407                                 type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
2408                         else
2409                                 type = NULL;
2410                 }
2411         }
2412
2413         size_t len  = ARR_LEN(initializers);
2414         size_t size = sizeof(initializer_list_t) + len * sizeof(initializers[0]);
2415         initializer_t *result = allocate_ast_zero(size);
2416         result->kind          = INITIALIZER_LIST;
2417         result->list.len      = len;
2418         memcpy(&result->list.initializers, initializers,
2419                len * sizeof(initializers[0]));
2420
2421         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2422         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2423
2424         return result;
2425
2426 end_error:
2427         skip_initializers();
2428         DEL_ARR_F(initializers);
2429         ascend_to(path, top_path_level+1);
2430         return NULL;
2431 }
2432
2433 /**
2434  * Parses an initializer. Parsers either a compound literal
2435  * (env->declaration == NULL) or an initializer of a declaration.
2436  */
2437 static initializer_t *parse_initializer(parse_initializer_env_t *env)
2438 {
2439         type_t        *type      = skip_typeref(env->type);
2440         size_t         max_index = 0xdeadbeaf;   // TODO: Resolve this uninitialized variable problem
2441         initializer_t *result;
2442
2443         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
2444                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2445         } else if (token.type == '{') {
2446                 eat('{');
2447
2448                 type_path_t path;
2449                 memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
2450                 path.top_type = env->type;
2451                 path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
2452
2453                 descend_into_subtype(&path);
2454
2455                 add_anchor_token('}');
2456                 result = parse_sub_initializer(&path, env->type, 1, env);
2457                 rem_anchor_token('}');
2458
2459                 max_index = path.max_index;
2460                 DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
2461
2462                 expect('}', end_error);
2463         } else {
2464                 /* parse_scalar_initializer() also works in this case: we simply
2465                  * have an expression without {} around it */
2466                 result = parse_scalar_initializer(type, env->must_be_constant);
2467         }
2468
2469         /* §6.7.8:22 array initializers for arrays with unknown size determine
2470          * the array type size */
2471         if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.size_expression == NULL
2472                         && result != NULL) {
2473                 size_t size;
2474                 switch (result->kind) {
2475                 case INITIALIZER_LIST:
2476                         assert(max_index != 0xdeadbeaf);
2477                         size = max_index + 1;
2478                         break;
2479
2480                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
2481                         size = result->string.string.size;
2482                         break;
2483
2484                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
2485                         size = result->wide_string.string.size;
2486                         break;
2487
2488                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
2489                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
2490                         /* can happen for parse errors */
2491                         size = 0;
2492                         break;
2493
2494                 default:
2495                         internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid initializer type");
2496                 }
2497
2498                 expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
2499                 cnst->base.type          = type_size_t;
2500                 cnst->conste.v.int_value = size;
2501
2502                 type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
2503
2504                 new_type->array.size_expression   = cnst;
2505                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
2506                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
2507                 new_type->array.size              = size;
2508                 env->type = new_type;
2509         }
2510
2511         return result;
2512 end_error:
2513         return NULL;
2514 }
2515
2516 static void append_entity(scope_t *scope, entity_t *entity)
2517 {
2518         if (scope->last_entity != NULL) {
2519                 scope->last_entity->base.next = entity;
2520         } else {
2521                 scope->entities = entity;
2522         }
2523         scope->last_entity = entity;
2524 }
2525
2526
2527 static compound_t *parse_compound_type_specifier(bool is_struct)
2528 {
2529         if (is_struct) {
2530                 eat(T_struct);
2531         } else {
2532                 eat(T_union);
2533         }
2534
2535         symbol_t    *symbol   = NULL;
2536         compound_t  *compound = NULL;
2537         attribute_t *attributes = NULL;
2538
2539         if (token.type == T___attribute__) {
2540                 attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
2541         }
2542
2543         entity_kind_tag_t const kind = is_struct ? ENTITY_STRUCT : ENTITY_UNION;
2544         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2545                 /* the compound has a name, check if we have seen it already */
2546                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2547                 next_token();
2548
2549                 entity_t *entity = get_tag(symbol, kind);
2550                 if (entity != NULL) {
2551                         compound = &entity->compound;
2552                         if (compound->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
2553                             (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2554                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
2555                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
2556                                 compound = NULL;
2557                         } else if (compound->complete && token.type == '{') {
2558                                 assert(symbol != NULL);
2559                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '%s %Y' (previous definition %P)",
2560                                        is_struct ? "struct" : "union", symbol,
2561                                        &compound->base.source_position);
2562                                 /* clear members in the hope to avoid further errors */
2563                                 compound->members.entities = NULL;
2564                         }
2565                 }
2566         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2567                 if (is_struct) {
2568                         parse_error_expected("while parsing struct type specifier",
2569                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2570                 } else {
2571                         parse_error_expected("while parsing union type specifier",
2572                                              T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2573                 }
2574
2575                 return NULL;
2576         }
2577
2578         if (compound == NULL) {
2579                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
2580                 compound         = &entity->compound;
2581
2582                 compound->alignment            = 1;
2583                 compound->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
2584                 compound->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2585                 compound->base.symbol          = symbol;
2586                 compound->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
2587                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2588                         environment_push(entity);
2589                 }
2590                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
2591         }
2592
2593         if (token.type == '{') {
2594                 parse_compound_type_entries(compound);
2595
2596                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
2597                 if (symbol == NULL) {
2598                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
2599                         anonymous_entity = (entity_t*)compound;
2600                 }
2601         }
2602
2603         if (attributes != NULL) {
2604                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, (entity_t*) compound);
2605         }
2606
2607         return compound;
2608 }
2609
2610 static void parse_enum_entries(type_t *const enum_type)
2611 {
2612         eat('{');
2613
2614         if (token.type == '}') {
2615                 errorf(HERE, "empty enum not allowed");
2616                 next_token();
2617                 return;
2618         }
2619
2620         add_anchor_token('}');
2621         do {
2622                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2623                         parse_error_expected("while parsing enum entry", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2624                         eat_block();
2625                         rem_anchor_token('}');
2626                         return;
2627                 }
2628
2629                 entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE);
2630                 entity->enum_value.enum_type = enum_type;
2631                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
2632                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2633                 next_token();
2634
2635                 if (token.type == '=') {
2636                         next_token();
2637                         expression_t *value = parse_constant_expression();
2638
2639                         value = create_implicit_cast(value, enum_type);
2640                         entity->enum_value.value = value;
2641
2642                         /* TODO semantic */
2643                 }
2644
2645                 record_entity(entity, false);
2646
2647                 if (token.type != ',')
2648                         break;
2649                 next_token();
2650         } while (token.type != '}');
2651         rem_anchor_token('}');
2652
2653         expect('}', end_error);
2654
2655 end_error:
2656         ;
2657 }
2658
2659 static type_t *parse_enum_specifier(void)
2660 {
2661         entity_t        *entity;
2662         symbol_t        *symbol;
2663
2664         eat(T_enum);
2665         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2666                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
2667                 next_token();
2668
2669                 entity = get_tag(symbol, ENTITY_ENUM);
2670                 if (entity != NULL) {
2671                         if (entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope &&
2672                                         (token.type == '{' || token.type == ';')) {
2673                                 /* we're in an inner scope and have a definition. Shadow
2674                                  * existing definition in outer scope */
2675                                 entity = NULL;
2676                         } else if (entity->enume.complete && token.type == '{') {
2677                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of 'enum %Y' (previous definition %P)",
2678                                                 symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
2679                         }
2680                 }
2681         } else if (token.type != '{') {
2682                 parse_error_expected("while parsing enum type specifier",
2683                                      T_IDENTIFIER, '{', NULL);
2684                 return NULL;
2685         } else {
2686                 entity  = NULL;
2687                 symbol  = NULL;
2688         }
2689
2690         if (entity == NULL) {
2691                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_ENUM);
2692                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_TAG;
2693                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
2694                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
2695                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
2696         }
2697
2698         type_t *const type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ENUM);
2699         type->enumt.enume  = &entity->enume;
2700         type->enumt.akind  = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
2701
2702         if (token.type == '{') {
2703                 if (symbol != NULL) {
2704                         environment_push(entity);
2705                 }
2706                 append_entity(current_scope, entity);
2707                 entity->enume.complete = true;
2708
2709                 parse_enum_entries(type);
2710                 parse_attributes(NULL);
2711
2712                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §7.1.3:5 */
2713                 if (symbol == NULL) {
2714                         assert(anonymous_entity == NULL);
2715                         anonymous_entity = entity;
2716                 }
2717         } else if (!entity->enume.complete && !(c_mode & _GNUC)) {
2718                 errorf(HERE, "'enum %Y' used before definition (incomplete enums are a GNU extension)",
2719                        symbol);
2720         }
2721
2722         return type;
2723 }
2724
2725 /**
2726  * if a symbol is a typedef to another type, return true
2727  */
2728 static bool is_typedef_symbol(symbol_t *symbol)
2729 {
2730         const entity_t *const entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2731         return entity != NULL && entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF;
2732 }
2733
2734 static type_t *parse_typeof(void)
2735 {
2736         eat(T___typeof__);
2737
2738         type_t *type;
2739
2740         expect('(', end_error);
2741         add_anchor_token(')');
2742
2743         expression_t *expression  = NULL;
2744
2745         bool old_type_prop     = in_type_prop;
2746         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
2747         in_type_prop           = true;
2748
2749         while (token.type == T___extension__) {
2750                 /* This can be a prefix to a typename or an expression. */
2751                 next_token();
2752                 in_gcc_extension = true;
2753         }
2754         switch (token.type) {
2755         case T_IDENTIFIER:
2756                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
2757                         type = parse_typename();
2758                 } else {
2759                         expression = parse_expression();
2760                         type       = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
2761                 }
2762                 break;
2763
2764         TYPENAME_START
2765                 type = parse_typename();
2766                 break;
2767
2768         default:
2769                 expression = parse_expression();
2770                 type       = expression->base.type;
2771                 break;
2772         }
2773         in_type_prop     = old_type_prop;
2774         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
2775
2776         rem_anchor_token(')');
2777         expect(')', end_error);
2778
2779         type_t *typeof_type              = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEOF);
2780         typeof_type->typeoft.expression  = expression;
2781         typeof_type->typeoft.typeof_type = type;
2782
2783         return typeof_type;
2784 end_error:
2785         return NULL;
2786 }
2787
2788 typedef enum specifiers_t {
2789         SPECIFIER_SIGNED    = 1 << 0,
2790         SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED  = 1 << 1,
2791         SPECIFIER_LONG      = 1 << 2,
2792         SPECIFIER_INT       = 1 << 3,
2793         SPECIFIER_DOUBLE    = 1 << 4,
2794         SPECIFIER_CHAR      = 1 << 5,
2795         SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T   = 1 << 6,
2796         SPECIFIER_SHORT     = 1 << 7,
2797         SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG = 1 << 8,
2798         SPECIFIER_FLOAT     = 1 << 9,
2799         SPECIFIER_BOOL      = 1 << 10,
2800         SPECIFIER_VOID      = 1 << 11,
2801         SPECIFIER_INT8      = 1 << 12,
2802         SPECIFIER_INT16     = 1 << 13,
2803         SPECIFIER_INT32     = 1 << 14,
2804         SPECIFIER_INT64     = 1 << 15,
2805         SPECIFIER_INT128    = 1 << 16,
2806         SPECIFIER_COMPLEX   = 1 << 17,
2807         SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY = 1 << 18,
2808 } specifiers_t;
2809
2810 static type_t *create_builtin_type(symbol_t *const symbol,
2811                                    type_t *const real_type)
2812 {
2813         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BUILTIN);
2814         type->builtin.symbol    = symbol;
2815         type->builtin.real_type = real_type;
2816         return identify_new_type(type);
2817 }
2818
2819 static type_t *get_typedef_type(symbol_t *symbol)
2820 {
2821         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
2822         if (entity == NULL || entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
2823                 return NULL;
2824
2825         type_t *type            = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
2826         type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
2827
2828         return type;
2829 }
2830
2831 static attribute_t *parse_attribute_ms_property(attribute_t *attribute)
2832 {
2833         expect('(', end_error);
2834
2835         attribute_property_argument_t *property
2836                 = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*property));
2837
2838         while (true) {
2839                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2840                         parse_error_expected("while parsing property declspec",
2841                                              T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2842                         goto end_error;
2843                 }
2844
2845                 bool is_put;
2846                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
2847                 next_token();
2848                 if (strcmp(symbol->string, "put") == 0) {
2849                         is_put = true;
2850                 } else if (strcmp(symbol->string, "get") == 0) {
2851                         is_put = false;
2852                 } else {
2853                         errorf(HERE, "expected put or get in property declspec");
2854                         goto end_error;
2855                 }
2856                 expect('=', end_error);
2857                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
2858                         parse_error_expected("while parsing property declspec",
2859                                              T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2860                         goto end_error;
2861                 }
2862                 if (is_put) {
2863                         property->put_symbol = token.v.symbol;
2864                 } else {
2865                         property->get_symbol = token.v.symbol;
2866                 }
2867                 next_token();
2868                 if (token.type == ')')
2869                         break;
2870                 expect(',', end_error);
2871         }
2872
2873         attribute->a.property = property;
2874
2875         expect(')', end_error);
2876
2877 end_error:
2878         return attribute;
2879 }
2880
2881 static attribute_t *parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier_single(void)
2882 {
2883         attribute_kind_t kind = ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN;
2884         if (token.type == T_restrict) {
2885                 kind = ATTRIBUTE_MS_RESTRICT;
2886                 next_token();
2887         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
2888                 const char *name = token.v.symbol->string;
2889                 next_token();
2890                 for (attribute_kind_t k = ATTRIBUTE_MS_FIRST; k <= ATTRIBUTE_MS_LAST;
2891                      ++k) {
2892                         const char *attribute_name = get_attribute_name(k);
2893                         if (attribute_name != NULL && strcmp(attribute_name, name) == 0) {
2894                                 kind = k;
2895                                 break;
2896                         }
2897                 }
2898
2899                 if (kind == ATTRIBUTE_UNKNOWN && warning.attribute) {
2900                         warningf(HERE, "unknown __declspec '%s' ignored", name);
2901                 }
2902         } else {
2903                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __declspec", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
2904                 return NULL;
2905         }
2906
2907         attribute_t *attribute = allocate_attribute_zero(kind);
2908
2909         if (kind == ATTRIBUTE_MS_PROPERTY) {
2910                 return parse_attribute_ms_property(attribute);
2911         }
2912
2913         /* parse arguments */
2914         if (token.type == '(') {
2915                 next_token();
2916                 attribute->a.arguments = parse_attribute_arguments();
2917         }
2918
2919         return attribute;
2920 }
2921
2922 static attribute_t *parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(attribute_t *first)
2923 {
2924         eat(T__declspec);
2925
2926         expect('(', end_error);
2927
2928         if (token.type == ')') {
2929                 next_token();
2930                 return NULL;
2931         }
2932
2933         add_anchor_token(')');
2934
2935         attribute_t *last = first;
2936         while (true) {
2937                 if (last != NULL) {
2938                         while (last->next != NULL)
2939                                 last = last->next;
2940                 }
2941
2942                 attribute_t *attribute
2943                         = parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier_single();
2944                 if (attribute == NULL)
2945                         goto end_error;
2946
2947                 if (last == NULL) {
2948                         first = attribute;
2949                 } else {
2950                         last->next = attribute;
2951                 }
2952                 last = attribute;
2953
2954                 if (token.type == ')') {
2955                         break;
2956                 }
2957                 expect(',', end_error);
2958         }
2959
2960         rem_anchor_token(')');
2961         expect(')', end_error);
2962         return first;
2963
2964 end_error:
2965         rem_anchor_token(')');
2966         return first;
2967 }
2968
2969 static entity_t *create_error_entity(symbol_t *symbol, entity_kind_tag_t kind)
2970 {
2971         entity_t *entity             = allocate_entity_zero(kind);
2972         entity->base.source_position = *HERE;
2973         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
2974         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
2975                 entity->declaration.type     = type_error_type;
2976                 entity->declaration.implicit = true;
2977         } else if (kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
2978                 entity->typedefe.type    = type_error_type;
2979                 entity->typedefe.builtin = true;
2980         }
2981         if (kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
2982                 record_entity(entity, false);
2983         return entity;
2984 }
2985
2986 static void parse_declaration_specifiers(declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
2987 {
2988         type_t            *type              = NULL;
2989         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers        = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
2990         unsigned           type_specifiers   = 0;
2991         bool               newtype           = false;
2992         bool               saw_error         = false;
2993         bool               old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
2994
2995         specifiers->source_position = token.source_position;
2996
2997         while (true) {
2998                 specifiers->attributes = parse_attributes(specifiers->attributes);
2999
3000                 switch (token.type) {
3001                 /* storage class */
3002 #define MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(token, class)                                  \
3003                 case token:                                                        \
3004                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {         \
3005                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple storage classes in declaration specifiers"); \
3006                         }                                                              \
3007                         specifiers->storage_class = class;                             \
3008                         if (specifiers->thread_local)                                  \
3009                                 goto check_thread_storage_class;                           \
3010                         next_token();                                                  \
3011                         break;
3012
3013                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_typedef,  STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF)
3014                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_extern,   STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN)
3015                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_static,   STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
3016                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_auto,     STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO)
3017                 MATCH_STORAGE_CLASS(T_register, STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
3018
3019                 case T__declspec:
3020                         specifiers->attributes
3021                                 = parse_microsoft_extended_decl_modifier(specifiers->attributes);
3022                         break;
3023
3024                 case T___thread:
3025                         if (specifiers->thread_local) {
3026                                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate '__thread'");
3027                         } else {
3028                                 specifiers->thread_local = true;
3029 check_thread_storage_class:
3030                                 switch (specifiers->storage_class) {
3031                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
3032                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
3033                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
3034                                                 break;
3035
3036                                                 char const* wrong;
3037                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     wrong = "auto";     goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3038                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: wrong = "register"; goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3039                                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  wrong = "typedef";  goto wrong_thread_stoarge_class;
3040 wrong_thread_stoarge_class:
3041                                                 errorf(HERE, "'__thread' used with '%s'", wrong);
3042                                                 break;
3043                                 }
3044                         }
3045                         next_token();
3046                         break;
3047
3048                 /* type qualifiers */
3049 #define MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(token, qualifier)                          \
3050                 case token:                                                     \
3051                         qualifiers |= qualifier;                                    \
3052                         next_token();                                               \
3053                         break
3054
3055                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3056                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3057                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3058                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3059                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3060                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3061                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3062                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3063
3064                 case T___extension__:
3065                         next_token();
3066                         in_gcc_extension = true;
3067                         break;
3068
3069                 /* type specifiers */
3070 #define MATCH_SPECIFIER(token, specifier, name)                         \
3071                 case token:                                                     \
3072                         if (type_specifiers & specifier) {                           \
3073                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple " name " type specifiers given"); \
3074                         } else {                                                    \
3075                                 type_specifiers |= specifier;                           \
3076                         }                                                           \
3077                         next_token();                                               \
3078                         break
3079
3080                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Bool,      SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "_Bool");
3081                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Complex,   SPECIFIER_COMPLEX,   "_Complex");
3082                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__Imaginary, SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY, "_Imaginary");
3083                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int128,    SPECIFIER_INT128,    "_int128");
3084                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int16,     SPECIFIER_INT16,     "_int16");
3085                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int32,     SPECIFIER_INT32,     "_int32");
3086                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int64,     SPECIFIER_INT64,     "_int64");
3087                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T__int8,      SPECIFIER_INT8,      "_int8");
3088                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_bool,       SPECIFIER_BOOL,      "bool");
3089                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_char,       SPECIFIER_CHAR,      "char");
3090                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_double,     SPECIFIER_DOUBLE,    "double");
3091                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_float,      SPECIFIER_FLOAT,     "float");
3092                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_int,        SPECIFIER_INT,       "int");
3093                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_short,      SPECIFIER_SHORT,     "short");
3094                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_signed,     SPECIFIER_SIGNED,    "signed");
3095                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_unsigned,   SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED,  "unsigned");
3096                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_void,       SPECIFIER_VOID,      "void");
3097                 MATCH_SPECIFIER(T_wchar_t,    SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T,   "wchar_t");
3098
3099                 case T_inline:
3100                         next_token();
3101                         specifiers->is_inline = true;
3102                         break;
3103
3104 #if 0
3105                 case T__forceinline:
3106                         next_token();
3107                         specifiers->modifiers |= DM_FORCEINLINE;
3108                         break;
3109 #endif
3110
3111                 case T_long:
3112                         if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG) {
3113                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple type specifiers given");
3114                         } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_LONG) {
3115                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG;
3116                         } else {
3117                                 type_specifiers |= SPECIFIER_LONG;
3118                         }
3119                         next_token();
3120                         break;
3121
3122 #define CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE()        \
3123                         if ( type != NULL)     \
3124                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple data types in declaration specifiers");
3125
3126                 case T_struct:
3127                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3128                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT);
3129
3130                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(true);
3131                         break;
3132                 case T_union:
3133                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3134                         type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
3135                         type->compound.compound = parse_compound_type_specifier(false);
3136                         break;
3137                 case T_enum:
3138                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3139                         type = parse_enum_specifier();
3140                         break;
3141                 case T___typeof__:
3142                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3143                         type = parse_typeof();
3144                         break;
3145                 case T___builtin_va_list:
3146                         CHECK_DOUBLE_TYPE();
3147                         type = duplicate_type(type_valist);
3148                         next_token();
3149                         break;
3150
3151                 case T_IDENTIFIER: {
3152                         /* only parse identifier if we haven't found a type yet */
3153                         if (type != NULL || type_specifiers != 0) {
3154                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'unsigned lng* f()' in a
3155                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate errors about expecting '(' or
3156                                  * '{' later on. */
3157                                 switch (look_ahead(1)->type) {
3158                                         STORAGE_CLASSES
3159                                         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
3160                                         case T_const:
3161                                         case T_restrict:
3162                                         case T_volatile:
3163                                         case T_inline:
3164                                         case T__forceinline: /* ^ DECLARATION_START except for __attribute__ */
3165                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3166                                         case '&':
3167                                         case '*':
3168                                                 errorf(HERE, "discarding stray %K in declaration specifier", &token);
3169                                                 next_token();
3170                                                 continue;
3171
3172                                         default:
3173                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3174                                 }
3175                         }
3176
3177                         type_t *const typedef_type = get_typedef_type(token.v.symbol);
3178                         if (typedef_type == NULL) {
3179                                 /* Be somewhat resilient to typos like 'vodi f()' at the beginning of a
3180                                  * declaration, so it doesn't generate 'implicit int' followed by more
3181                                  * errors later on. */
3182                                 token_type_t const la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3183                                 switch (la1_type) {
3184                                         DECLARATION_START
3185                                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3186                                         case '&':
3187                                         case '*': {
3188                                                 errorf(HERE, "%K does not name a type", &token);
3189
3190                                                 entity_t *entity =
3191                                                         create_error_entity(token.v.symbol, ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
3192
3193                                                 type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_TYPEDEF);
3194                                                 type->typedeft.typedefe = &entity->typedefe;
3195
3196                                                 next_token();
3197                                                 saw_error = true;
3198                                                 if (la1_type == '&' || la1_type == '*')
3199                                                         goto finish_specifiers;
3200                                                 continue;
3201                                         }
3202
3203                                         default:
3204                                                 goto finish_specifiers;
3205                                 }
3206                         }
3207
3208                         next_token();
3209                         type = typedef_type;
3210                         break;
3211                 }
3212
3213                 /* function specifier */
3214                 default:
3215                         goto finish_specifiers;
3216                 }
3217         }
3218
3219 finish_specifiers:
3220         specifiers->attributes = parse_attributes(specifiers->attributes);
3221
3222         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
3223
3224         if (type == NULL || (saw_error && type_specifiers != 0)) {
3225                 atomic_type_kind_t atomic_type;
3226
3227                 /* match valid basic types */
3228                 switch (type_specifiers) {
3229                 case SPECIFIER_VOID:
3230                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID;
3231                         break;
3232                 case SPECIFIER_WCHAR_T:
3233                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T;
3234                         break;
3235                 case SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3236                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR;
3237                         break;
3238                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3239                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR;
3240                         break;
3241                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_CHAR:
3242                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR;
3243                         break;
3244                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3245                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3246                 case SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3247                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3248                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT;
3249                         break;
3250                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT:
3251                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_SHORT | SPECIFIER_INT:
3252                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT;
3253                         break;
3254                 case SPECIFIER_INT:
3255                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED:
3256                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3257                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3258                         break;
3259                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED:
3260                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT:
3261                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT;
3262                         break;
3263                 case SPECIFIER_LONG:
3264                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3265                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3266                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3267                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG;
3268                         break;
3269                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG:
3270                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3271                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG;
3272                         break;
3273
3274                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3275                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3276                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG | SPECIFIER_INT:
3277                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3278                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3279                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG;
3280                         goto warn_about_long_long;
3281
3282                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG:
3283                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_LONG_LONG
3284                         | SPECIFIER_INT:
3285                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG;
3286 warn_about_long_long:
3287                         if (warning.long_long) {
3288                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
3289                                          "ISO C90 does not support 'long long'");
3290                         }
3291                         break;
3292
3293                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3294                         atomic_type = unsigned_int8_type_kind;
3295                         break;
3296
3297                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3298                         atomic_type = unsigned_int16_type_kind;
3299                         break;
3300
3301                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3302                         atomic_type = unsigned_int32_type_kind;
3303                         break;
3304
3305                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3306                         atomic_type = unsigned_int64_type_kind;
3307                         break;
3308
3309                 case SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3310                         atomic_type = unsigned_int128_type_kind;
3311                         break;
3312
3313                 case SPECIFIER_INT8:
3314                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT8:
3315                         atomic_type = int8_type_kind;
3316                         break;
3317
3318                 case SPECIFIER_INT16:
3319                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT16:
3320                         atomic_type = int16_type_kind;
3321                         break;
3322
3323                 case SPECIFIER_INT32:
3324                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT32:
3325                         atomic_type = int32_type_kind;
3326                         break;
3327
3328                 case SPECIFIER_INT64:
3329                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT64:
3330                         atomic_type = int64_type_kind;
3331                         break;
3332
3333                 case SPECIFIER_INT128:
3334                 case SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_INT128:
3335                         atomic_type = int128_type_kind;
3336                         break;
3337
3338                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT:
3339                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3340                         break;
3341                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3342                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3343                         break;
3344                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE:
3345                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3346                         break;
3347                 case SPECIFIER_BOOL:
3348                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL;
3349                         break;
3350                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3351                 case SPECIFIER_FLOAT | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3352                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT;
3353                         break;
3354                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3355                 case SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3356                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE;
3357                         break;
3358                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_COMPLEX:
3359                 case SPECIFIER_LONG | SPECIFIER_DOUBLE | SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY:
3360                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE;
3361                         break;
3362                 default:
3363                         /* invalid specifier combination, give an error message */
3364                         if (type_specifiers == 0) {
3365                                 if (saw_error)
3366                                         goto end_error;
3367
3368                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.5:4 */
3369                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX) && !strict_mode) {
3370                                         if (warning.implicit_int) {
3371                                                 warningf(HERE, "no type specifiers in declaration, using 'int'");
3372                                         }
3373                                         atomic_type = ATOMIC_TYPE_INT;
3374                                         break;
3375                                 } else {
3376                                         errorf(HERE, "no type specifiers given in declaration");
3377                                 }
3378                         } else if ((type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_SIGNED) &&
3379                                   (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3380                                 errorf(HERE, "signed and unsigned specifiers given");
3381                         } else if (type_specifiers & (SPECIFIER_SIGNED | SPECIFIER_UNSIGNED)) {
3382                                 errorf(HERE, "only integer types can be signed or unsigned");
3383                         } else {
3384                                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3385                         }
3386                         goto end_error;
3387                 }
3388
3389                 if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_COMPLEX) {
3390                         type                = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_COMPLEX);
3391                         type->complex.akind = atomic_type;
3392                 } else if (type_specifiers & SPECIFIER_IMAGINARY) {
3393                         type                  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_IMAGINARY);
3394                         type->imaginary.akind = atomic_type;
3395                 } else {
3396                         type                 = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ATOMIC);
3397                         type->atomic.akind   = atomic_type;
3398                 }
3399                 newtype = true;
3400         } else if (type_specifiers != 0) {
3401                 errorf(HERE, "multiple datatypes in declaration");
3402         }
3403
3404         /* FIXME: check type qualifiers here */
3405         type->base.qualifiers = qualifiers;
3406
3407         if (newtype) {
3408                 type = identify_new_type(type);
3409         } else {
3410                 type = typehash_insert(type);
3411         }
3412
3413         if (specifiers->attributes != NULL)
3414                 type = handle_type_attributes(specifiers->attributes, type);
3415         specifiers->type = type;
3416         return;
3417
3418 end_error:
3419         specifiers->type = type_error_type;
3420         return;
3421 }
3422
3423 static type_qualifiers_t parse_type_qualifiers(void)
3424 {
3425         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers = TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE;
3426
3427         while (true) {
3428                 switch (token.type) {
3429                 /* type qualifiers */
3430                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_const,    TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST);
3431                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_restrict, TYPE_QUALIFIER_RESTRICT);
3432                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T_volatile, TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE);
3433                 /* microsoft extended type modifiers */
3434                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T__w64,     TYPE_QUALIFIER_W64);
3435                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr32,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR32);
3436                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___ptr64,  TYPE_QUALIFIER_PTR64);
3437                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___uptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_UPTR);
3438                 MATCH_TYPE_QUALIFIER(T___sptr,   TYPE_QUALIFIER_SPTR);
3439
3440                 default:
3441                         return qualifiers;
3442                 }
3443         }
3444 }
3445
3446 /**
3447  * Parses an K&R identifier list
3448  */
3449 static void parse_identifier_list(scope_t *scope)
3450 {
3451         do {
3452                 entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
3453                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
3454                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
3455                 entity->base.symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3456                 /* a K&R parameter has no type, yet */
3457                 next_token();
3458
3459                 if (scope != NULL)
3460                         append_entity(scope, entity);
3461
3462                 if (token.type != ',') {
3463                         break;
3464                 }
3465                 next_token();
3466         } while (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
3467 }
3468
3469 static entity_t *parse_parameter(void)
3470 {
3471         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
3472         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
3473
3474         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
3475
3476         entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers,
3477                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
3478         anonymous_entity = NULL;
3479         return entity;
3480 }
3481
3482 static void semantic_parameter_incomplete(const entity_t *entity)
3483 {
3484         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
3485
3486         /* §6.7.5.3:4  After adjustment, the parameters in a parameter type
3487          *             list in a function declarator that is part of a
3488          *             definition of that function shall not have
3489          *             incomplete type. */
3490         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
3491         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
3492                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
3493                                 "parameter '%#T' has incomplete type",
3494                                 entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
3495         }
3496 }
3497
3498 static bool has_parameters(void)
3499 {
3500         /* func(void) is not a parameter */
3501         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
3502                 entity_t const *const entity = get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
3503                 if (entity == NULL)
3504                         return true;
3505                 if (entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
3506                         return true;
3507                 if (skip_typeref(entity->typedefe.type) != type_void)
3508                         return true;
3509         } else if (token.type != T_void) {
3510                 return true;
3511         }
3512         if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')')
3513                 return true;
3514         next_token();
3515         return false;
3516 }
3517
3518 /**
3519  * Parses function type parameters (and optionally creates variable_t entities
3520  * for them in a scope)
3521  */
3522 static void parse_parameters(function_type_t *type, scope_t *scope)
3523 {
3524         eat('(');
3525         add_anchor_token(')');
3526         int saved_comma_state = save_and_reset_anchor_state(',');
3527
3528         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER &&
3529             !is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
3530                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
3531                 if (la1_type == ',' || la1_type == ')') {
3532                         type->kr_style_parameters    = true;
3533                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
3534                         parse_identifier_list(scope);
3535                         goto parameters_finished;
3536                 }
3537         }
3538
3539         if (token.type == ')') {
3540                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.6:1 */
3541                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
3542                         type->unspecified_parameters = true;
3543                 goto parameters_finished;
3544         }
3545
3546         if (has_parameters()) {
3547                 function_parameter_t **anchor = &type->parameters;
3548                 for (;;) {
3549                         switch (token.type) {
3550                         case T_DOTDOTDOT:
3551                                 next_token();
3552                                 type->variadic = true;
3553                                 goto parameters_finished;
3554
3555                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3556                         case T___extension__:
3557                         DECLARATION_START
3558                         {
3559                                 entity_t *entity = parse_parameter();
3560                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
3561                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
3562                                                         "typedef not allowed as function parameter");
3563                                         break;
3564                                 }
3565                                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
3566
3567                                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(entity);
3568
3569                                 function_parameter_t *const parameter =
3570                                         allocate_parameter(entity->declaration.type);
3571
3572                                 if (scope != NULL) {
3573                                         append_entity(scope, entity);
3574                                 }
3575
3576                                 *anchor = parameter;
3577                                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
3578                                 break;
3579                         }
3580
3581                         default:
3582                                 goto parameters_finished;
3583                         }
3584                         if (token.type != ',') {
3585                                 goto parameters_finished;
3586                         }
3587                         next_token();
3588                 }
3589         }
3590
3591
3592 parameters_finished:
3593         rem_anchor_token(')');
3594         expect(')', end_error);
3595
3596 end_error:
3597         restore_anchor_state(',', saved_comma_state);
3598 }
3599
3600 typedef enum construct_type_kind_t {
3601         CONSTRUCT_INVALID,
3602         CONSTRUCT_POINTER,
3603         CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE,
3604         CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION,
3605         CONSTRUCT_ARRAY
3606 } construct_type_kind_t;
3607
3608 typedef union construct_type_t construct_type_t;
3609
3610 typedef struct construct_type_base_t {
3611         construct_type_kind_t  kind;
3612         construct_type_t      *next;
3613 } construct_type_base_t;
3614
3615 typedef struct parsed_pointer_t {
3616         construct_type_base_t  base;
3617         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
3618         variable_t            *base_variable;  /**< MS __based extension. */
3619 } parsed_pointer_t;
3620
3621 typedef struct parsed_reference_t {
3622         construct_type_base_t base;
3623 } parsed_reference_t;
3624
3625 typedef struct construct_function_type_t {
3626         construct_type_base_t  base;
3627         type_t                *function_type;
3628 } construct_function_type_t;
3629
3630 typedef struct parsed_array_t {
3631         construct_type_base_t  base;
3632         type_qualifiers_t      type_qualifiers;
3633         bool                   is_static;
3634         bool                   is_variable;
3635         expression_t          *size;
3636 } parsed_array_t;
3637
3638 union construct_type_t {
3639         construct_type_kind_t     kind;
3640         construct_type_base_t     base;
3641         parsed_pointer_t          pointer;
3642         parsed_reference_t        reference;
3643         construct_function_type_t function;
3644         parsed_array_t            array;
3645 };
3646
3647 static construct_type_t *parse_pointer_declarator(void)
3648 {
3649         eat('*');
3650
3651         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3652         memset(pointer, 0, sizeof(pointer[0]));
3653         pointer->base.kind       = CONSTRUCT_POINTER;
3654         pointer->type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3655         //pointer->base_variable       = base_variable;
3656
3657         return (construct_type_t*) pointer;
3658 }
3659
3660 static construct_type_t *parse_reference_declarator(void)
3661 {
3662         eat('&');
3663
3664         construct_type_t   *cons      = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->reference));
3665         parsed_reference_t *reference = &cons->reference;
3666         memset(reference, 0, sizeof(*reference));
3667         cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE;
3668
3669         return cons;
3670 }
3671
3672 static construct_type_t *parse_array_declarator(void)
3673 {
3674         eat('[');
3675         add_anchor_token(']');
3676
3677         construct_type_t *cons  = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->array));
3678         parsed_array_t   *array = &cons->array;
3679         memset(array, 0, sizeof(*array));
3680         cons->kind = CONSTRUCT_ARRAY;
3681
3682         if (token.type == T_static) {
3683                 array->is_static = true;
3684                 next_token();
3685         }
3686
3687         type_qualifiers_t type_qualifiers = parse_type_qualifiers();
3688         if (type_qualifiers != 0) {
3689                 if (token.type == T_static) {
3690                         array->is_static = true;
3691                         next_token();
3692                 }
3693         }
3694         array->type_qualifiers = type_qualifiers;
3695
3696         if (token.type == '*' && look_ahead(1)->type == ']') {
3697                 array->is_variable = true;
3698                 next_token();
3699         } else if (token.type != ']') {
3700                 expression_t *const size = parse_assignment_expression();
3701
3702                 /* §6.7.5.2:1  Array size must have integer type */
3703                 type_t *const orig_type = size->base.type;
3704                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
3705                 if (!is_type_integer(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
3706                         errorf(&size->base.source_position,
3707                                "array size '%E' must have integer type but has type '%T'",
3708                                size, orig_type);
3709                 }
3710
3711                 array->size = size;
3712                 mark_vars_read(size, NULL);
3713         }
3714
3715         rem_anchor_token(']');
3716         expect(']', end_error);
3717
3718 end_error:
3719         return cons;
3720 }
3721
3722 static construct_type_t *parse_function_declarator(scope_t *scope)
3723 {
3724         type_t          *type  = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
3725         function_type_t *ftype = &type->function;
3726
3727         ftype->linkage            = current_linkage;
3728         ftype->calling_convention = CC_DEFAULT;
3729
3730         parse_parameters(ftype, scope);
3731
3732         construct_type_t          *cons     = obstack_alloc(&temp_obst, sizeof(cons->function));
3733         construct_function_type_t *function = &cons->function;
3734         memset(function, 0, sizeof(*function));
3735         cons->kind              = CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION;
3736         function->function_type = type;
3737
3738         return cons;
3739 }
3740
3741 typedef struct parse_declarator_env_t {
3742         bool               may_be_abstract : 1;
3743         bool               must_be_abstract : 1;
3744         decl_modifiers_t   modifiers;
3745         symbol_t          *symbol;
3746         source_position_t  source_position;
3747         scope_t            parameters;
3748         attribute_t       *attributes;
3749 } parse_declarator_env_t;
3750
3751 static construct_type_t *parse_inner_declarator(parse_declarator_env_t *env)
3752 {
3753         /* construct a single linked list of construct_type_t's which describe
3754          * how to construct the final declarator type */
3755         construct_type_t  *first      = NULL;
3756         construct_type_t **anchor     = &first;
3757
3758         env->attributes = parse_attributes(env->attributes);
3759
3760         for (;;) {
3761                 construct_type_t *type;
3762                 //variable_t       *based = NULL; /* MS __based extension */
3763                 switch (token.type) {
3764                         case '&':
3765                                 if (!(c_mode & _CXX))
3766                                         errorf(HERE, "references are only available for C++");
3767                                 type = parse_reference_declarator();
3768                                 break;
3769
3770                         case T__based: {
3771 #if 0
3772                                 source_position_t const pos = *HERE;
3773                                 next_token();
3774                                 expect('(', end_error);
3775                                 add_anchor_token(')');
3776                                 based = parse_microsoft_based();
3777                                 rem_anchor_token(')');
3778                                 expect(')', end_error);
3779                                 if (token.type != '*') {
3780                                         if (token.type == T__based) {
3781                                                 errorf(&pos, "__based type modifier specified more than once");
3782                                         } else if (warning.other) {
3783                                                 warningf(&pos,
3784                                                                 "__based does not precede a pointer declarator, ignored");
3785                                         }
3786                                         continue;
3787                                 }
3788 #else
3789                                 panic("based currently disabled");
3790 #endif
3791                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
3792                         }
3793
3794                         case '*':
3795                                 type = parse_pointer_declarator();
3796                                 break;
3797
3798                         default:
3799                                 goto ptr_operator_end;
3800                 }
3801
3802                 *anchor = type;
3803                 anchor  = &type->base.next;
3804
3805                 /* TODO: find out if this is correct */
3806                 env->attributes = parse_attributes(env->attributes);
3807         }
3808
3809 ptr_operator_end: ;
3810 #if 0
3811         modifiers      |= env->modifiers;
3812         env->modifiers  = modifiers;
3813 #endif
3814
3815         construct_type_t *inner_types = NULL;
3816
3817         switch (token.type) {
3818         case T_IDENTIFIER:
3819                 if (env->must_be_abstract) {
3820                         errorf(HERE, "no identifier expected in typename");
3821                 } else {
3822                         env->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
3823                         env->source_position = token.source_position;
3824                 }
3825                 next_token();
3826                 break;
3827         case '(':
3828                 /* §6.7.6:2 footnote 126:  Empty parentheses in a type name are
3829                  * interpreted as ``function with no parameter specification'', rather
3830                  * than redundant parentheses around the omitted identifier. */
3831                 if (look_ahead(1)->type != ')') {
3832                         next_token();
3833                         add_anchor_token(')');
3834                         inner_types = parse_inner_declarator(env);
3835                         if (inner_types != NULL) {
3836                                 /* All later declarators only modify the return type */
3837                                 env->must_be_abstract = true;
3838                         }
3839                         rem_anchor_token(')');
3840                         expect(')', end_error);
3841                 }
3842                 break;
3843         default:
3844                 if (env->may_be_abstract)
3845                         break;
3846                 parse_error_expected("while parsing declarator", T_IDENTIFIER, '(', NULL);
3847                 eat_until_anchor();
3848                 return NULL;
3849         }
3850
3851         construct_type_t **const p = anchor;
3852
3853         for (;;) {
3854                 construct_type_t *type;
3855                 switch (token.type) {
3856                 case '(': {
3857                         scope_t *scope = NULL;
3858                         if (!env->must_be_abstract) {
3859                                 scope = &env->parameters;
3860                         }
3861
3862                         type = parse_function_declarator(scope);
3863                         break;
3864                 }
3865                 case '[':
3866                         type = parse_array_declarator();
3867                         break;
3868                 default:
3869                         goto declarator_finished;
3870                 }
3871
3872                 /* insert in the middle of the list (at p) */
3873                 type->base.next = *p;
3874                 *p              = type;
3875                 if (anchor == p)
3876                         anchor = &type->base.next;
3877         }
3878
3879 declarator_finished:
3880         /* append inner_types at the end of the list, we don't to set anchor anymore
3881          * as it's not needed anymore */
3882         *anchor = inner_types;
3883
3884         return first;
3885 end_error:
3886         return NULL;
3887 }
3888
3889 static type_t *construct_declarator_type(construct_type_t *construct_list, type_t *type)
3890 {
3891         construct_type_t *iter = construct_list;
3892         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
3893                 switch (iter->kind) {
3894                 case CONSTRUCT_INVALID:
3895                         break;
3896                 case CONSTRUCT_FUNCTION: {
3897                         construct_function_type_t *function      = &iter->function;
3898                         type_t                    *function_type = function->function_type;
3899
3900                         function_type->function.return_type = type;
3901
3902                         type_t *skipped_return_type = skip_typeref(type);
3903                         /* §6.7.5.3:1 */
3904                         if (is_type_function(skipped_return_type)) {
3905                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning function is not allowed");
3906                         } else if (is_type_array(skipped_return_type)) {
3907                                 errorf(HERE, "function returning array is not allowed");
3908                         } else {
3909                                 if (skipped_return_type->base.qualifiers != 0 && warning.other) {
3910                                         warningf(HERE,
3911                                                 "type qualifiers in return type of function type are meaningless");
3912                                 }
3913                         }
3914
3915                         /* The function type was constructed earlier.  Freeing it here will
3916                          * destroy other types. */
3917                         type = typehash_insert(function_type);
3918                         continue;
3919                 }
3920
3921                 case CONSTRUCT_POINTER: {
3922                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3923                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a pointer to reference");
3924
3925                         parsed_pointer_t *pointer = &iter->pointer;
3926                         type = make_based_pointer_type(type, pointer->type_qualifiers, pointer->base_variable);
3927                         continue;
3928                 }
3929
3930                 case CONSTRUCT_REFERENCE:
3931                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3932                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare a reference to reference");
3933
3934                         type = make_reference_type(type);
3935                         continue;
3936
3937                 case CONSTRUCT_ARRAY: {
3938                         if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type)))
3939                                 errorf(HERE, "cannot declare an array of references");
3940
3941                         parsed_array_t *array      = &iter->array;
3942                         type_t         *array_type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_ARRAY);
3943
3944                         expression_t *size_expression = array->size;
3945                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
3946                                 size_expression
3947                                         = create_implicit_cast(size_expression, type_size_t);
3948                         }
3949
3950                         array_type->base.qualifiers       = array->type_qualifiers;
3951                         array_type->array.element_type    = type;
3952                         array_type->array.is_static       = array->is_static;
3953                         array_type->array.is_variable     = array->is_variable;
3954                         array_type->array.size_expression = size_expression;
3955
3956                         if (size_expression != NULL) {
3957                                 if (is_constant_expression(size_expression)) {
3958                                         long const size
3959                                                 = fold_constant_to_int(size_expression);
3960                                         array_type->array.size          = size;
3961                                         array_type->array.size_constant = true;
3962                                         /* §6.7.5.2:1  If the expression is a constant expression, it shall
3963                                          * have a value greater than zero. */
3964                                         if (size <= 0) {
3965                                                 if (size < 0 || !GNU_MODE) {
3966                                                         errorf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
3967                                                                         "size of array must be greater than zero");
3968                                                 } else if (warning.other) {
3969                                                         warningf(&size_expression->base.source_position,
3970                                                                         "zero length arrays are a GCC extension");
3971                                                 }
3972                                         }
3973                                 } else {
3974                                         array_type->array.is_vla = true;
3975                                 }
3976                         }
3977
3978                         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(type);
3979                         /* §6.7.5.2:1 */
3980                         if (is_type_incomplete(skipped_type)) {
3981                                 errorf(HERE, "array of incomplete type '%T' is not allowed", type);
3982                         } else if (is_type_function(skipped_type)) {
3983                                 errorf(HERE, "array of functions is not allowed");
3984                         }
3985                         type = identify_new_type(array_type);
3986                         continue;
3987                 }
3988                 }
3989                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid type construction found");
3990         }
3991
3992         return type;
3993 }
3994
3995 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type);
3996
3997 static type_t *semantic_parameter(const source_position_t *pos,
3998                                   type_t *type,
3999                                   const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4000                                   symbol_t *symbol)
4001 {
4002         /* §6.7.5.3:7  A declaration of a parameter as ``array of type''
4003          *             shall be adjusted to ``qualified pointer to type'',
4004          *             [...]
4005          * §6.7.5.3:8  A declaration of a parameter as ``function returning
4006          *             type'' shall be adjusted to ``pointer to function
4007          *             returning type'', as in 6.3.2.1. */
4008         type = automatic_type_conversion(type);
4009
4010         if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4011                 errorf(pos, "parameter '%#T' declared 'inline'", type, symbol);
4012         }
4013
4014         /* §6.9.1:6  The declarations in the declaration list shall contain
4015          *           no storage-class specifier other than register and no
4016          *           initializations. */
4017         if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4018                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4019                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER)
4020            ) {
4021                 errorf(pos, "invalid storage class for parameter '%#T'", type, symbol);
4022         }
4023
4024         /* delay test for incomplete type, because we might have (void)
4025          * which is legal but incomplete... */
4026
4027         return type;
4028 }
4029
4030 static entity_t *parse_declarator(const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4031                                   declarator_flags_t flags)
4032 {
4033         parse_declarator_env_t env;
4034         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
4035         env.may_be_abstract = (flags & DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT) != 0;
4036
4037         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(&env);
4038         type_t           *orig_type      =
4039                 construct_declarator_type(construct_type, specifiers->type);
4040         type_t           *type           = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4041
4042         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4043                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4044         }
4045
4046         attribute_t *attributes = parse_attributes(env.attributes);
4047         /* append (shared) specifier attribute behind attributes of this
4048            declarator */
4049         if (attributes != NULL) {
4050                 attribute_t *last = attributes;
4051                 while (last->next != NULL)
4052                         last = last->next;
4053                 last->next = specifiers->attributes;
4054         } else {
4055                 attributes = specifiers->attributes;
4056         }
4057
4058         entity_t *entity;
4059         if (specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF) {
4060                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_TYPEDEF);
4061                 entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4062                 entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4063                 entity->typedefe.type        = orig_type;
4064
4065                 if (anonymous_entity != NULL) {
4066                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
4067                                 assert(anonymous_entity->compound.alias == NULL);
4068                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_STRUCT ||
4069                                        anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_UNION);
4070                                 anonymous_entity->compound.alias = entity;
4071                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4072                         } else if (is_type_enum(type)) {
4073                                 assert(anonymous_entity->enume.alias == NULL);
4074                                 assert(anonymous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM);
4075                                 anonymous_entity->enume.alias = entity;
4076                                 anonymous_entity = NULL;
4077                         }
4078                 }
4079         } else {
4080                 /* create a declaration type entity */
4081                 if (flags & DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER) {
4082                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
4083
4084                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4085                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4086                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4087                                                         "compound member '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4088                                 }
4089
4090                                 if (specifiers->thread_local ||
4091                                                 specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4092                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4093                                                         "compound member '%Y' must have no storage class",
4094                                                         env.symbol);
4095                                 }
4096                         }
4097                 } else if (flags & DECL_IS_PARAMETER) {
4098                         orig_type = semantic_parameter(&env.source_position, orig_type,
4099                                                        specifiers, env.symbol);
4100
4101                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4102                 } else if (is_type_function(type)) {
4103                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
4104
4105                         entity->function.is_inline  = specifiers->is_inline;
4106                         entity->function.parameters = env.parameters;
4107
4108                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4109                                 /* this needs fixes for C++ */
4110                                 bool in_function_scope = current_function != NULL;
4111
4112                                 if (specifiers->thread_local || (
4113                                       specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4114                                           specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4115                                           (in_function_scope || specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
4116                                    )) {
4117                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4118                                                         "invalid storage class for function '%Y'", env.symbol);
4119                                 }
4120                         }
4121                 } else {
4122                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_VARIABLE);
4123
4124                         entity->variable.thread_local = specifiers->thread_local;
4125
4126                         if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4127                                 if (specifiers->is_inline && is_type_valid(type)) {
4128                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4129                                                         "variable '%Y' declared 'inline'", env.symbol);
4130                                 }
4131
4132                                 bool invalid_storage_class = false;
4133                                 if (current_scope == file_scope) {
4134                                         if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4135                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE   &&
4136                                                         specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4137                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4138                                         }
4139                                 } else {
4140                                         if (specifiers->thread_local &&
4141                                                         specifiers->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4142                                                 invalid_storage_class = true;
4143                                         }
4144                                 }
4145                                 if (invalid_storage_class) {
4146                                         errorf(&env.source_position,
4147                                                         "invalid storage class for variable '%Y'", env.symbol);
4148                                 }
4149                         }
4150                 }
4151
4152                 if (env.symbol != NULL) {
4153                         entity->base.symbol          = env.symbol;
4154                         entity->base.source_position = env.source_position;
4155                 } else {
4156                         entity->base.source_position = specifiers->source_position;
4157                 }
4158                 entity->base.namespc           = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4159                 entity->declaration.type       = orig_type;
4160                 entity->declaration.alignment  = get_type_alignment(orig_type);
4161                 entity->declaration.modifiers  = env.modifiers;
4162                 entity->declaration.attributes = attributes;
4163
4164                 storage_class_t storage_class = specifiers->storage_class;
4165                 entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = storage_class;
4166
4167                 if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && current_scope != file_scope)
4168                         storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO;
4169                 entity->declaration.storage_class = storage_class;
4170         }
4171
4172         if (attributes != NULL) {
4173                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
4174         }
4175
4176         return entity;
4177 }
4178
4179 static type_t *parse_abstract_declarator(type_t *base_type)
4180 {
4181         parse_declarator_env_t env;
4182         memset(&env, 0, sizeof(env));
4183         env.may_be_abstract = true;
4184         env.must_be_abstract = true;
4185
4186         construct_type_t *construct_type = parse_inner_declarator(&env);
4187
4188         type_t *result = construct_declarator_type(construct_type, base_type);
4189         if (construct_type != NULL) {
4190                 obstack_free(&temp_obst, construct_type);
4191         }
4192         result = handle_type_attributes(env.attributes, result);
4193
4194         return result;
4195 }
4196
4197 /**
4198  * Check if the declaration of main is suspicious.  main should be a
4199  * function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4200  * arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types, ie.
4201  *
4202  * int main([ int argc, char **argv [, char **env ] ]).
4203  *
4204  * @param decl    the declaration to check
4205  * @param type    the function type of the declaration
4206  */
4207 static void check_main(const entity_t *entity)
4208 {
4209         const source_position_t *pos = &entity->base.source_position;
4210         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4211                 warningf(pos, "'main' is not a function");
4212                 return;
4213         }
4214
4215         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4216                 warningf(pos, "'main' is normally a non-static function");
4217         }
4218
4219         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4220         assert(is_type_function(type));
4221
4222         function_type_t *func_type = &type->function;
4223         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(func_type->return_type), type_int)) {
4224                 warningf(pos, "return type of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4225                          func_type->return_type);
4226         }
4227         const function_parameter_t *parm = func_type->parameters;
4228         if (parm != NULL) {
4229                 type_t *const first_type = parm->type;
4230                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(first_type), type_int)) {
4231                         warningf(pos,
4232                                  "first argument of 'main' should be 'int', but is '%T'",
4233                                  first_type);
4234                 }
4235                 parm = parm->next;
4236                 if (parm != NULL) {
4237                         type_t *const second_type = parm->type;
4238                         if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(second_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4239                                 warningf(pos, "second argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", second_type);
4240                         }
4241                         parm = parm->next;
4242                         if (parm != NULL) {
4243                                 type_t *const third_type = parm->type;
4244                                 if (!types_compatible(skip_typeref(third_type), type_char_ptr_ptr)) {
4245                                         warningf(pos, "third argument of 'main' should be 'char**', but is '%T'", third_type);
4246                                 }
4247                                 parm = parm->next;
4248                                 if (parm != NULL)
4249                                         goto warn_arg_count;
4250                         }
4251                 } else {
4252 warn_arg_count:
4253                         warningf(pos, "'main' takes only zero, two or three arguments");
4254                 }
4255         }
4256 }
4257
4258 /**
4259  * Check if a symbol is the equal to "main".
4260  */
4261 static bool is_sym_main(const symbol_t *const sym)
4262 {
4263         return strcmp(sym->string, "main") == 0;
4264 }
4265
4266 static void error_redefined_as_different_kind(const source_position_t *pos,
4267                 const entity_t *old, entity_kind_t new_kind)
4268 {
4269         errorf(pos, "redeclaration of %s '%Y' as %s (declared %P)",
4270                get_entity_kind_name(old->kind), old->base.symbol,
4271                get_entity_kind_name(new_kind), &old->base.source_position);
4272 }
4273
4274 static bool is_error_entity(entity_t *const ent)
4275 {
4276         if (is_declaration(ent)) {
4277                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->declaration.type));
4278         } else if (ent->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4279                 return is_type_valid(skip_typeref(ent->typedefe.type));
4280         }
4281         return false;
4282 }
4283
4284 /**
4285  * record entities for the NAMESPACE_NORMAL, and produce error messages/warnings
4286  * for various problems that occur for multiple definitions
4287  */
4288 static entity_t *record_entity(entity_t *entity, const bool is_definition)
4289 {
4290         const symbol_t *const    symbol  = entity->base.symbol;
4291         const namespace_tag_t    namespc = (namespace_tag_t)entity->base.namespc;
4292         const source_position_t *pos     = &entity->base.source_position;
4293
4294         /* can happen in error cases */
4295         if (symbol == NULL)
4296                 return entity;
4297
4298         entity_t *const previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, namespc);
4299         /* pushing the same entity twice will break the stack structure */
4300         assert(previous_entity != entity);
4301
4302         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4303                 type_t *const orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
4304                 type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4305
4306                 assert(is_type_function(type));
4307                 if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4308                                 warning.strict_prototypes &&
4309                                 previous_entity == NULL) {
4310                         warningf(pos, "function declaration '%#T' is not a prototype",
4311                                          orig_type, symbol);
4312                 }
4313
4314                 if (warning.main && current_scope == file_scope
4315                                 && is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4316                         check_main(entity);
4317                 }
4318         }
4319
4320         if (is_declaration(entity) &&
4321                         warning.nested_externs &&
4322                         entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4323                         current_scope != file_scope) {
4324                 warningf(pos, "nested extern declaration of '%#T'",
4325                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4326         }
4327
4328         if (previous_entity != NULL) {
4329                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters &&
4330                                 previous_entity->base.parent_scope->depth + 1 == current_scope->depth) {
4331                         assert(previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
4332                         errorf(pos,
4333                                         "declaration '%#T' redeclares the parameter '%#T' (declared %P)",
4334                                         entity->declaration.type, symbol,
4335                                         previous_entity->declaration.type, symbol,
4336                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4337                         goto finish;
4338                 }
4339
4340                 if (previous_entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
4341                         if (previous_entity->kind != entity->kind) {
4342                                 if (!is_error_entity(previous_entity) && !is_error_entity(entity)) {
4343                                         error_redefined_as_different_kind(pos, previous_entity,
4344                                                         entity->kind);
4345                                 }
4346                                 goto finish;
4347                         }
4348                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
4349                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of enum entry '%Y' (declared %P)",
4350                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4351                                 goto finish;
4352                         }
4353                         if (previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
4354                                 /* TODO: C++ allows this for exactly the same type */
4355                                 errorf(pos, "redefinition of typedef '%Y' (declared %P)",
4356                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4357                                 goto finish;
4358                         }
4359
4360                         /* at this point we should have only VARIABLES or FUNCTIONS */
4361                         assert(is_declaration(previous_entity) && is_declaration(entity));
4362
4363                         declaration_t *const prev_decl = &previous_entity->declaration;
4364                         declaration_t *const decl      = &entity->declaration;
4365
4366                         /* can happen for K&R style declarations */
4367                         if (prev_decl->type       == NULL             &&
4368                                         previous_entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER &&
4369                                         entity->kind          == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
4370                                 prev_decl->type                   = decl->type;
4371                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = decl->storage_class;
4372                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = decl->declared_storage_class;
4373                                 prev_decl->modifiers              = decl->modifiers;
4374                                 return previous_entity;
4375                         }
4376
4377                         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
4378                         assert(orig_type != NULL);
4379                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4380                         type_t *const prev_type = skip_typeref(prev_decl->type);
4381
4382                         if (!types_compatible(type, prev_type)) {
4383                                 errorf(pos,
4384                                                 "declaration '%#T' is incompatible with '%#T' (declared %P)",
4385                                                 orig_type, symbol, prev_decl->type, symbol,
4386                                                 &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4387                         } else {
4388                                 unsigned old_storage_class = prev_decl->storage_class;
4389
4390                                 if (warning.redundant_decls               &&
4391                                                 is_definition                     &&
4392                                                 !prev_decl->used                  &&
4393                                                 !(prev_decl->modifiers & DM_USED) &&
4394                                                 prev_decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4395                                         warningf(&previous_entity->base.source_position,
4396                                                         "unnecessary static forward declaration for '%#T'",
4397                                                         prev_decl->type, symbol);
4398                                 }
4399
4400                                 storage_class_t new_storage_class = decl->storage_class;
4401
4402                                 /* pretend no storage class means extern for function
4403                                  * declarations (except if the previous declaration is neither
4404                                  * none nor extern) */
4405                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4406                                         /* the previous declaration could have unspecified parameters or
4407                                          * be a typedef, so use the new type */
4408                                         if (prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters || is_definition)
4409                                                 prev_decl->type = type;
4410
4411                                         switch (old_storage_class) {
4412                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
4413                                                         old_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4414                                                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
4415
4416                                                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
4417                                                         if (is_definition) {
4418                                                                 if (warning.missing_prototypes &&
4419                                                                                 prev_type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
4420                                                                                 !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4421                                                                         warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4422                                                                                         orig_type, symbol);
4423                                                                 }
4424                                                         } else if (new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4425                                                                 new_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
4426                                                         }
4427                                                         break;
4428
4429                                                 default:
4430                                                         break;
4431                                         }
4432                                 } else if (is_type_incomplete(prev_type)) {
4433                                         prev_decl->type = type;
4434                                 }
4435
4436                                 if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN &&
4437                                                 new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4438 warn_redundant_declaration:
4439                                         if (!is_definition           &&
4440                                                         warning.redundant_decls  &&
4441                                                         is_type_valid(prev_type) &&
4442                                                         strcmp(previous_entity->base.source_position.input_name,
4443                                                                 "<builtin>") != 0) {
4444                                                 warningf(pos,
4445                                                                 "redundant declaration for '%Y' (declared %P)",
4446                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4447                                         }
4448                                 } else if (current_function == NULL) {
4449                                         if (old_storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC &&
4450                                                         new_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4451                                                 errorf(pos,
4452                                                                 "static declaration of '%Y' follows non-static declaration (declared %P)",
4453                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4454                                         } else if (old_storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4455                                                 prev_decl->storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4456                                                 prev_decl->declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
4457                                         } else {
4458                                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §C.1.2:1 */
4459                                                 if (c_mode & _CXX)
4460                                                         goto error_redeclaration;
4461                                                 goto warn_redundant_declaration;
4462                                         }
4463                                 } else if (is_type_valid(prev_type)) {
4464                                         if (old_storage_class == new_storage_class) {
4465 error_redeclaration:
4466                                                 errorf(pos, "redeclaration of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4467                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4468                                         } else {
4469                                                 errorf(pos,
4470                                                                 "redeclaration of '%Y' with different linkage (declared %P)",
4471                                                                 symbol, &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4472                                         }
4473                                 }
4474                         }
4475
4476                         prev_decl->modifiers |= decl->modifiers;
4477                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4478                                 previous_entity->function.is_inline |= entity->function.is_inline;
4479                         }
4480                         return previous_entity;
4481                 }
4482
4483                 if (warning.shadow) {
4484                         warningf(pos, "%s '%Y' shadows %s (declared %P)",
4485                                         get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind), symbol,
4486                                         get_entity_kind_name(previous_entity->kind),
4487                                         &previous_entity->base.source_position);
4488                 }
4489         }
4490
4491         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
4492                 if (is_definition &&
4493                                 entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC) {
4494                         if (warning.missing_prototypes && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4495                                 warningf(pos, "no previous prototype for '%#T'",
4496                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4497                         } else if (warning.missing_declarations && !is_sym_main(symbol)) {
4498                                 warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
4499                                          entity->declaration.type, symbol);
4500                         }
4501                 }
4502         } else if (warning.missing_declarations &&
4503                         entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
4504                         current_scope == file_scope) {
4505                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
4506                 if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE) {
4507                         warningf(pos, "no previous declaration for '%#T'",
4508                                  declaration->type, symbol);
4509                 }
4510         }
4511
4512 finish:
4513         assert(entity->base.parent_scope == NULL);
4514         assert(current_scope != NULL);
4515
4516         entity->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
4517         entity->base.namespc      = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
4518         environment_push(entity);
4519         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
4520
4521         return entity;
4522 }
4523
4524 static void parser_error_multiple_definition(entity_t *entity,
4525                 const source_position_t *source_position)
4526 {
4527         errorf(source_position, "multiple definition of '%Y' (declared %P)",
4528                entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
4529 }
4530
4531 static bool is_declaration_specifier(const token_t *token,
4532                                      bool only_specifiers_qualifiers)
4533 {
4534         switch (token->type) {
4535                 TYPE_SPECIFIERS
4536                 TYPE_QUALIFIERS
4537                         return true;
4538                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
4539                         return is_typedef_symbol(token->v.symbol);
4540
4541                 case T___extension__:
4542                 STORAGE_CLASSES
4543                         return !only_specifiers_qualifiers;
4544
4545                 default:
4546                         return false;
4547         }
4548 }
4549
4550 static void parse_init_declarator_rest(entity_t *entity)
4551 {
4552         assert(is_declaration(entity));
4553         declaration_t *const declaration = &entity->declaration;
4554
4555         eat('=');
4556
4557         type_t *orig_type = declaration->type;
4558         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4559
4560         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
4561                         && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
4562                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
4563         }
4564
4565         bool must_be_constant = false;
4566         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
4567             entity->base.parent_scope  == file_scope) {
4568                 must_be_constant = true;
4569         }
4570
4571         if (is_type_function(type)) {
4572                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4573                        "function '%#T' is initialized like a variable",
4574                        orig_type, entity->base.symbol);
4575                 orig_type = type_error_type;
4576         }
4577
4578         parse_initializer_env_t env;
4579         env.type             = orig_type;
4580         env.must_be_constant = must_be_constant;
4581         env.entity           = entity;
4582         current_init_decl    = entity;
4583
4584         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
4585         current_init_decl = NULL;
4586
4587         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4588                 /* §6.7.5:22  array initializers for arrays with unknown size
4589                  * determine the array type size */
4590                 declaration->type            = env.type;
4591                 entity->variable.initializer = initializer;
4592         }
4593 }
4594
4595 /* parse rest of a declaration without any declarator */
4596 static void parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(
4597                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
4598 {
4599         eat(';');
4600         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4601
4602         if (warning.other) {
4603                 if (specifiers->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
4604                                 specifiers->thread_local) {
4605                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4606                                  "useless storage class in empty declaration");
4607                 }
4608
4609                 type_t *type = specifiers->type;
4610                 switch (type->kind) {
4611                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
4612                         case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION: {
4613                                 if (type->compound.compound->base.symbol == NULL) {
4614                                         warningf(&specifiers->source_position,
4615                                                  "unnamed struct/union that defines no instances");
4616                                 }
4617                                 break;
4618                         }
4619
4620                         case TYPE_ENUM:
4621                                 break;
4622
4623                         default:
4624                                 warningf(&specifiers->source_position, "empty declaration");
4625                                 break;
4626                 }
4627         }
4628 }
4629
4630 static void check_variable_type_complete(entity_t *ent)
4631 {
4632         if (ent->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
4633                 return;
4634
4635         /* §6.7:7  If an identifier for an object is declared with no linkage, the
4636          *         type for the object shall be complete [...] */
4637         declaration_t *decl = &ent->declaration;
4638         if (decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN ||
4639                         decl->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
4640                 return;
4641
4642         type_t *const orig_type = decl->type;
4643         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4644         if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
4645                 return;
4646
4647         /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
4648          * are given length one. */
4649         if (is_type_array(type) && ent->base.parent_scope == file_scope) {
4650                 ARR_APP1(declaration_t*, incomplete_arrays, decl);
4651                 return;
4652         }
4653
4654         errorf(&ent->base.source_position, "variable '%#T' has incomplete type",
4655                         orig_type, ent->base.symbol);
4656 }
4657
4658
4659 static void parse_declaration_rest(entity_t *ndeclaration,
4660                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers,
4661                 parsed_declaration_func         finished_declaration,
4662                 declarator_flags_t              flags)
4663 {
4664         add_anchor_token(';');
4665         add_anchor_token(',');
4666         while (true) {
4667                 entity_t *entity = finished_declaration(ndeclaration, token.type == '=');
4668
4669                 if (token.type == '=') {
4670                         parse_init_declarator_rest(entity);
4671                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
4672                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §8.5.3:3  The initializer can be omitted
4673                          * [...] where the extern specifier is explicitly used. */
4674                         declaration_t *decl = &entity->declaration;
4675                         if (decl->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN) {
4676                                 type_t *type = decl->type;
4677                                 if (is_type_reference(skip_typeref(type))) {
4678                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
4679                                                         "reference '%#T' must be initialized",
4680                                                         type, entity->base.symbol);
4681                                 }
4682                         }
4683                 }
4684
4685                 check_variable_type_complete(entity);
4686
4687                 if (token.type != ',')
4688                         break;
4689                 eat(',');
4690
4691                 add_anchor_token('=');
4692                 ndeclaration = parse_declarator(specifiers, flags);
4693                 rem_anchor_token('=');
4694         }
4695         expect(';', end_error);
4696
4697 end_error:
4698         anonymous_entity = NULL;
4699         rem_anchor_token(';');
4700         rem_anchor_token(',');
4701 }
4702
4703 static entity_t *finished_kr_declaration(entity_t *entity, bool is_definition)
4704 {
4705         symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
4706         if (symbol == NULL) {
4707                 errorf(HERE, "anonymous declaration not valid as function parameter");
4708                 return entity;
4709         }
4710
4711         assert(entity->base.namespc == NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4712         entity_t *previous_entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4713         if (previous_entity == NULL
4714                         || previous_entity->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
4715                 errorf(HERE, "expected declaration of a function parameter, found '%Y'",
4716                        symbol);
4717                 return entity;
4718         }
4719
4720         if (is_definition) {
4721                 errorf(HERE, "parameter '%Y' is initialised", entity->base.symbol);
4722         }
4723
4724         return record_entity(entity, false);
4725 }
4726
4727 static void parse_declaration(parsed_declaration_func finished_declaration,
4728                               declarator_flags_t      flags)
4729 {
4730         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
4731         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
4732
4733         add_anchor_token(';');
4734         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
4735         rem_anchor_token(';');
4736
4737         if (token.type == ';') {
4738                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
4739         } else {
4740                 entity_t *entity = parse_declarator(&specifiers, flags);
4741                 parse_declaration_rest(entity, &specifiers, finished_declaration, flags);
4742         }
4743 }
4744
4745 /* §6.5.2.2:6 */
4746 static type_t *get_default_promoted_type(type_t *orig_type)
4747 {
4748         type_t *result = orig_type;
4749
4750         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
4751         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
4752                 result = promote_integer(type);
4753         } else if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT)) {
4754                 result = type_double;
4755         }
4756
4757         return result;
4758 }
4759
4760 static void parse_kr_declaration_list(entity_t *entity)
4761 {
4762         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
4763                 return;
4764
4765         type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
4766         assert(is_type_function(type));
4767         if (!type->function.kr_style_parameters)
4768                 return;
4769
4770         entity_t *proto_type = get_entity(entity->base.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
4771         if (proto_type != NULL && proto_type->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
4772                 proto_type = NULL;
4773
4774         add_anchor_token('{');
4775
4776         /* push function parameters */
4777         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
4778         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->function.parameters);
4779
4780         entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
4781         for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
4782                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL);
4783                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
4784                 environment_push(parameter);
4785         }
4786
4787         /* parse declaration list */
4788         for (;;) {
4789                 switch (token.type) {
4790                         DECLARATION_START
4791                         case T___extension__:
4792                         /* This covers symbols, which are no type, too, and results in
4793                          * better error messages.  The typical cases are misspelled type
4794                          * names and missing includes. */
4795                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
4796                                 parse_declaration(finished_kr_declaration, DECL_IS_PARAMETER);
4797                                 break;
4798                         default:
4799                                 goto decl_list_end;
4800                 }
4801         }
4802 decl_list_end:
4803
4804         /* pop function parameters */
4805         assert(current_scope == &entity->function.parameters);
4806         scope_pop(old_scope);
4807         environment_pop_to(top);
4808
4809         /* update function type */
4810         type_t *new_type = duplicate_type(type);
4811
4812         function_parameter_t  *parameters = NULL;
4813         function_parameter_t **anchor     = &parameters;
4814
4815         parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
4816         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
4817                 if (parameter->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
4818                         continue;
4819
4820                 type_t *parameter_type = parameter->declaration.type;
4821                 if (parameter_type == NULL) {
4822                         if (strict_mode) {
4823                                 errorf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y'",
4824                                        parameter->base.symbol);
4825                                 parameter_type = type_error_type;
4826                         } else {
4827                                 if (warning.implicit_int) {
4828                                         warningf(HERE, "no type specified for function parameter '%Y', using 'int'",
4829                                                  parameter->base.symbol);
4830                                 }
4831                                 parameter_type = type_int;
4832                         }
4833                         parameter->declaration.type = parameter_type;
4834                 }
4835
4836                 semantic_parameter_incomplete(parameter);
4837
4838                 /*
4839                  * we need the default promoted types for the function type
4840                  */
4841                 if (proto_type == NULL)
4842                         parameter_type = get_default_promoted_type(parameter_type);
4843
4844                 function_parameter_t *const parameter =
4845                         allocate_parameter(parameter_type);
4846
4847                 *anchor = parameter;
4848                 anchor  = &parameter->next;
4849         }
4850
4851         new_type->function.parameters = parameters;
4852         if (proto_type != NULL) {
4853                 /* compatibility with the prototype will be checked later ... */
4854                 new_type->function.prototyped = true;
4855         } else {
4856                 /* §6.9.1.7: A K&R style parameter list does NOT act as a function
4857                  * prototype */
4858                 new_type->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
4859         }
4860
4861         new_type = identify_new_type(new_type);
4862
4863         entity->declaration.type = new_type;
4864
4865         rem_anchor_token('{');
4866 }
4867
4868 static bool first_err = true;
4869
4870 /**
4871  * When called with first_err set, prints the name of the current function,
4872  * else does noting.
4873  */
4874 static void print_in_function(void)
4875 {
4876         if (first_err) {
4877                 first_err = false;
4878                 diagnosticf("%s: In function '%Y':\n",
4879                             current_function->base.base.source_position.input_name,
4880                             current_function->base.base.symbol);
4881         }
4882 }
4883
4884 /**
4885  * Check if all labels are defined in the current function.
4886  * Check if all labels are used in the current function.
4887  */
4888 static void check_labels(void)
4889 {
4890         for (const goto_statement_t *goto_statement = goto_first;
4891             goto_statement != NULL;
4892             goto_statement = goto_statement->next) {
4893                 /* skip computed gotos */
4894                 if (goto_statement->expression != NULL)
4895                         continue;
4896
4897                 label_t *label = goto_statement->label;
4898
4899                 label->used = true;
4900                 if (label->base.source_position.input_name == NULL) {
4901                         print_in_function();
4902                         errorf(&goto_statement->base.source_position,
4903                                "label '%Y' used but not defined", label->base.symbol);
4904                  }
4905         }
4906
4907         if (warning.unused_label) {
4908                 for (const label_statement_t *label_statement = label_first;
4909                          label_statement != NULL;
4910                          label_statement = label_statement->next) {
4911                         label_t *label = label_statement->label;
4912
4913                         if (! label->used) {
4914                                 print_in_function();
4915                                 warningf(&label_statement->base.source_position,
4916                                          "label '%Y' defined but not used", label->base.symbol);
4917                         }
4918                 }
4919         }
4920 }
4921
4922 static void warn_unused_entity(entity_t *entity, entity_t *last)
4923 {
4924         entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
4925         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
4926                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
4927                         continue;
4928
4929                 declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
4930                 if (declaration->implicit)
4931                         continue;
4932
4933                 if (!declaration->used) {
4934                         print_in_function();
4935                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
4936                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is unused",
4937                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
4938                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE && !entity->variable.read) {
4939                         print_in_function();
4940                         const char *what = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
4941                         warningf(&entity->base.source_position, "%s '%Y' is never read",
4942                                  what, entity->base.symbol);
4943                 }
4944         }
4945 }
4946
4947 static void check_unused_variables(statement_t *const stmt, void *const env)
4948 {
4949         (void)env;
4950
4951         switch (stmt->kind) {
4952                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
4953                         declaration_statement_t const *const decls = &stmt->declaration;
4954                         warn_unused_entity(decls->declarations_begin,
4955                                            decls->declarations_end);
4956                         return;
4957                 }
4958
4959                 case STATEMENT_FOR:
4960                         warn_unused_entity(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
4961                         return;
4962
4963                 default:
4964                         return;
4965         }
4966 }
4967
4968 /**
4969  * Check declarations of current_function for unused entities.
4970  */
4971 static void check_declarations(void)
4972 {
4973         if (warning.unused_parameter) {
4974                 const scope_t *scope = &current_function->parameters;
4975
4976                 /* do not issue unused warnings for main */
4977                 if (!is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
4978                         warn_unused_entity(scope->entities, NULL);
4979                 }
4980         }
4981         if (warning.unused_variable) {
4982                 walk_statements(current_function->statement, check_unused_variables,
4983                                 NULL);
4984         }
4985 }
4986
4987 static int determine_truth(expression_t const* const cond)
4988 {
4989         return
4990                 !is_constant_expression(cond) ? 0 :
4991                 fold_constant_to_bool(cond)   ? 1 :
4992                 -1;
4993 }
4994
4995 static void check_reachable(statement_t *);
4996 static bool reaches_end;
4997
4998 static bool expression_returns(expression_t const *const expr)
4999 {
5000         switch (expr->kind) {
5001                 case EXPR_CALL: {
5002                         expression_t const *const func = expr->call.function;
5003                         if (func->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
5004                                 entity_t *entity = func->reference.entity;
5005                                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
5006                                                 && entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
5007                                         return false;
5008                         }
5009
5010                         if (!expression_returns(func))
5011                                 return false;
5012
5013                         for (call_argument_t const* arg = expr->call.arguments; arg != NULL; arg = arg->next) {
5014                                 if (!expression_returns(arg->expression))
5015                                         return false;
5016                         }
5017
5018                         return true;
5019                 }
5020
5021                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:
5022                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
5023                 case EXPR_CONST:
5024                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5025                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
5026                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
5027                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
5028                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL: // TODO descend into initialisers
5029                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
5030                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
5031                 case EXPR_SIZEOF: // TODO handle obscure VLA case
5032                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
5033                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
5034                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
5035                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
5036                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
5037                 case EXPR_INVALID:
5038                         return true;
5039
5040                 case EXPR_STATEMENT: {
5041                         bool old_reaches_end = reaches_end;
5042                         reaches_end = false;
5043                         check_reachable(expr->statement.statement);
5044                         bool returns = reaches_end;
5045                         reaches_end = old_reaches_end;
5046                         return returns;
5047                 }
5048
5049                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
5050                         // TODO handle constant expression
5051
5052                         if (!expression_returns(expr->conditional.condition))
5053                                 return false;
5054
5055                         if (expr->conditional.true_expression != NULL
5056                                         && expression_returns(expr->conditional.true_expression))
5057                                 return true;
5058
5059                         return expression_returns(expr->conditional.false_expression);
5060
5061                 case EXPR_SELECT:
5062                         return expression_returns(expr->select.compound);
5063
5064                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
5065                         return
5066                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.array_ref) &&
5067                                 expression_returns(expr->array_access.index);
5068
5069                 case EXPR_VA_START:
5070                         return expression_returns(expr->va_starte.ap);
5071
5072                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:
5073                         return expression_returns(expr->va_arge.ap);
5074
5075                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:
5076                         return expression_returns(expr->va_copye.src);
5077
5078                 EXPR_UNARY_CASES_MANDATORY
5079                         return expression_returns(expr->unary.value);
5080
5081                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
5082                         return false;
5083
5084                 EXPR_BINARY_CASES
5085                         // TODO handle constant lhs of && and ||
5086                         return
5087                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.left) &&
5088                                 expression_returns(expr->binary.right);
5089
5090                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
5091                         break;
5092         }
5093
5094         panic("unhandled expression");
5095 }
5096
5097 static bool initializer_returns(initializer_t const *const init)
5098 {
5099         switch (init->kind) {
5100                 case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
5101                         return expression_returns(init->value.value);
5102
5103                 case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
5104                         initializer_t * const*       i       = init->list.initializers;
5105                         initializer_t * const* const end     = i + init->list.len;
5106                         bool                         returns = true;
5107                         for (; i != end; ++i) {
5108                                 if (!initializer_returns(*i))
5109                                         returns = false;
5110                         }
5111                         return returns;
5112                 }
5113
5114                 case INITIALIZER_STRING:
5115                 case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
5116                 case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR: // designators have no payload
5117                         return true;
5118         }
5119         panic("unhandled initializer");
5120 }
5121
5122 static bool noreturn_candidate;
5123
5124 static void check_reachable(statement_t *const stmt)
5125 {
5126         if (stmt->base.reachable)
5127                 return;
5128         if (stmt->kind != STATEMENT_DO_WHILE)
5129                 stmt->base.reachable = true;
5130
5131         statement_t *last = stmt;
5132         statement_t *next;
5133         switch (stmt->kind) {
5134                 case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5135                 case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5136                 case STATEMENT_ASM:
5137                         next = stmt->base.next;
5138                         break;
5139
5140                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5141                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5142                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5143                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5144                         if (ent != NULL) {
5145                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5146                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5147                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL            &&
5148                                                         !initializer_returns(ent->variable.initializer)) {
5149                                                 return;
5150                                         }
5151                                         if (ent == last)
5152                                                 break;
5153                                 }
5154                         }
5155                         next = stmt->base.next;
5156                         break;
5157                 }
5158
5159                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5160                         next = stmt->compound.statements;
5161                         if (next == NULL)
5162                                 next = stmt->base.next;
5163                         break;
5164
5165                 case STATEMENT_RETURN: {
5166                         expression_t const *const val = stmt->returns.value;
5167                         if (val == NULL || expression_returns(val))
5168                                 noreturn_candidate = false;
5169                         return;
5170                 }
5171
5172                 case STATEMENT_IF: {
5173                         if_statement_t const *const ifs  = &stmt->ifs;
5174                         expression_t   const *const cond = ifs->condition;
5175
5176                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5177                                 return;
5178
5179                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5180
5181                         if (val >= 0)
5182                                 check_reachable(ifs->true_statement);
5183
5184                         if (val > 0)
5185                                 return;
5186
5187                         if (ifs->false_statement != NULL) {
5188                                 check_reachable(ifs->false_statement);
5189                                 return;
5190                         }
5191
5192                         next = stmt->base.next;
5193                         break;
5194                 }
5195
5196                 case STATEMENT_SWITCH: {
5197                         switch_statement_t const *const switchs = &stmt->switchs;
5198                         expression_t       const *const expr    = switchs->expression;
5199
5200                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5201                                 return;
5202
5203                         if (is_constant_expression(expr)) {
5204                                 long                    const val      = fold_constant_to_int(expr);
5205                                 case_label_statement_t *      defaults = NULL;
5206                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5207                                         if (i->expression == NULL) {
5208                                                 defaults = i;
5209                                                 continue;
5210                                         }
5211
5212                                         if (i->first_case <= val && val <= i->last_case) {
5213                                                 check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5214                                                 return;
5215                                         }
5216                                 }
5217
5218                                 if (defaults != NULL) {
5219                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)defaults);
5220                                         return;
5221                                 }
5222                         } else {
5223                                 bool has_default = false;
5224                                 for (case_label_statement_t *i = switchs->first_case; i != NULL; i = i->next) {
5225                                         if (i->expression == NULL)
5226                                                 has_default = true;
5227
5228                                         check_reachable((statement_t*)i);
5229                                 }
5230
5231                                 if (has_default)
5232                                         return;
5233                         }
5234
5235                         next = stmt->base.next;
5236                         break;
5237                 }
5238
5239                 case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION: {
5240                         /* Check for noreturn function call */
5241                         expression_t const *const expr = stmt->expression.expression;
5242                         if (!expression_returns(expr))
5243                                 return;
5244
5245                         next = stmt->base.next;
5246                         break;
5247                 }
5248
5249                 case STATEMENT_CONTINUE: {
5250                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5251                         for (;;) {
5252                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5253                                 if (parent == NULL) /* continue not within loop */
5254                                         return;
5255
5256                                 next = parent;
5257                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5258                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:    goto continue_while;
5259                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: goto continue_do_while;
5260                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:      goto continue_for;
5261
5262                                         default: break;
5263                                 }
5264                         }
5265                 }
5266
5267                 case STATEMENT_BREAK: {
5268                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5269                         for (;;) {
5270                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5271                                 if (parent == NULL) /* break not within loop/switch */
5272                                         return;
5273
5274                                 switch (parent->kind) {
5275                                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5276                                         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
5277                                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5278                                         case STATEMENT_FOR:
5279                                                 last = parent;
5280                                                 next = parent->base.next;
5281                                                 goto found_break_parent;
5282
5283                                         default: break;
5284                                 }
5285                         }
5286 found_break_parent:
5287                         break;
5288                 }
5289
5290                 case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5291                         if (stmt->gotos.expression) {
5292                                 if (!expression_returns(stmt->gotos.expression))
5293                                         return;
5294
5295                                 statement_t *parent = stmt->base.parent;
5296                                 if (parent == NULL) /* top level goto */
5297                                         return;
5298                                 next = parent;
5299                         } else {
5300                                 next = stmt->gotos.label->statement;
5301                                 if (next == NULL) /* missing label */
5302                                         return;
5303                         }
5304                         break;
5305
5306                 case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5307                         next = stmt->label.statement;
5308                         break;
5309
5310                 case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5311                         next = stmt->case_label.statement;
5312                         break;
5313
5314                 case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5315                         while_statement_t const *const whiles = &stmt->whiles;
5316                         expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
5317
5318                         if (!expression_returns(cond))
5319                                 return;
5320
5321                         int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5322
5323                         if (val >= 0)
5324                                 check_reachable(whiles->body);
5325
5326                         if (val > 0)
5327                                 return;
5328
5329                         next = stmt->base.next;
5330                         break;
5331                 }
5332
5333                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5334                         next = stmt->do_while.body;
5335                         break;
5336
5337                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5338                         for_statement_t *const fors = &stmt->fors;
5339
5340                         if (fors->condition_reachable)
5341                                 return;
5342                         fors->condition_reachable = true;
5343
5344                         expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5345
5346                         int val;
5347                         if (cond == NULL) {
5348                                 val = 1;
5349                         } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
5350                                 val = determine_truth(cond);
5351                         } else {
5352                                 return;
5353                         }
5354
5355                         if (val >= 0)
5356                                 check_reachable(fors->body);
5357
5358                         if (val > 0)
5359                                 return;
5360
5361                         next = stmt->base.next;
5362                         break;
5363                 }
5364
5365                 case STATEMENT_MS_TRY: {
5366                         ms_try_statement_t const *const ms_try = &stmt->ms_try;
5367                         check_reachable(ms_try->try_statement);
5368                         next = ms_try->final_statement;
5369                         break;
5370                 }
5371
5372                 case STATEMENT_LEAVE: {
5373                         statement_t *parent = stmt;
5374                         for (;;) {
5375                                 parent = parent->base.parent;
5376                                 if (parent == NULL) /* __leave not within __try */
5377                                         return;
5378
5379                                 if (parent->kind == STATEMENT_MS_TRY) {
5380                                         last = parent;
5381                                         next = parent->ms_try.final_statement;
5382                                         break;
5383                                 }
5384                         }
5385                         break;
5386                 }
5387
5388                 default:
5389                         panic("invalid statement kind");
5390         }
5391
5392         while (next == NULL) {
5393                 next = last->base.parent;
5394                 if (next == NULL) {
5395                         noreturn_candidate = false;
5396
5397                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
5398                         assert(is_type_function(type));
5399                         type_t *const ret  = skip_typeref(type->function.return_type);
5400                         if (warning.return_type                    &&
5401                             !is_type_atomic(ret, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) &&
5402                             is_type_valid(ret)                     &&
5403                             !is_sym_main(current_function->base.base.symbol)) {
5404                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position,
5405                                          "control reaches end of non-void function");
5406                         }
5407                         return;
5408                 }
5409
5410                 switch (next->kind) {
5411                         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
5412                         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
5413                         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
5414                         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
5415                         case STATEMENT_ASM:
5416                         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
5417                         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
5418                         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
5419                         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
5420                         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
5421                                 panic("invalid control flow in function");
5422
5423                         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5424                                 if (next->compound.stmt_expr) {
5425                                         reaches_end = true;
5426                                         return;
5427                                 }
5428                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
5429                         case STATEMENT_IF:
5430                         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
5431                         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
5432                         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
5433                                 last = next;
5434                                 next = next->base.next;
5435                                 break;
5436
5437                         case STATEMENT_WHILE: {
5438 continue_while:
5439                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5440                                         return;
5441                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5442
5443                                 while_statement_t const *const whiles = &next->whiles;
5444                                 expression_t      const *const cond   = whiles->condition;
5445
5446                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
5447                                         return;
5448
5449                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5450
5451                                 if (val >= 0)
5452                                         check_reachable(whiles->body);
5453
5454                                 if (val > 0)
5455                                         return;
5456
5457                                 last = next;
5458                                 next = next->base.next;
5459                                 break;
5460                         }
5461
5462                         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE: {
5463 continue_do_while:
5464                                 if (next->base.reachable)
5465                                         return;
5466                                 next->base.reachable = true;
5467
5468                                 do_while_statement_t const *const dw   = &next->do_while;
5469                                 expression_t         const *const cond = dw->condition;
5470
5471                                 if (!expression_returns(cond))
5472                                         return;
5473
5474                                 int const val = determine_truth(cond);
5475
5476                                 if (val >= 0)
5477                                         check_reachable(dw->body);
5478
5479                                 if (val > 0)
5480                                         return;
5481
5482                                 last = next;
5483                                 next = next->base.next;
5484                                 break;
5485                         }
5486
5487                         case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5488 continue_for:;
5489                                 for_statement_t *const fors = &next->fors;
5490
5491                                 fors->step_reachable = true;
5492
5493                                 if (fors->condition_reachable)
5494                                         return;
5495                                 fors->condition_reachable = true;
5496
5497                                 expression_t const *const cond = fors->condition;
5498
5499                                 int val;
5500                                 if (cond == NULL) {
5501                                         val = 1;
5502                                 } else if (expression_returns(cond)) {
5503                                         val = determine_truth(cond);
5504                                 } else {
5505                                         return;
5506                                 }
5507
5508                                 if (val >= 0)
5509                                         check_reachable(fors->body);
5510
5511                                 if (val > 0)
5512                                         return;
5513
5514                                 last = next;
5515                                 next = next->base.next;
5516                                 break;
5517                         }
5518
5519                         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
5520                                 last = next;
5521                                 next = next->ms_try.final_statement;
5522                                 break;
5523                 }
5524         }
5525
5526         check_reachable(next);
5527 }
5528
5529 static void check_unreachable(statement_t* const stmt, void *const env)
5530 {
5531         (void)env;
5532
5533         switch (stmt->kind) {
5534                 case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
5535                         if (!stmt->base.reachable) {
5536                                 expression_t const *const cond = stmt->do_while.condition;
5537                                 if (determine_truth(cond) >= 0) {
5538                                         warningf(&cond->base.source_position,
5539                                                  "condition of do-while-loop is unreachable");
5540                                 }
5541                         }
5542                         return;
5543
5544                 case STATEMENT_FOR: {
5545                         for_statement_t const* const fors = &stmt->fors;
5546
5547                         // if init and step are unreachable, cond is unreachable, too
5548                         if (!stmt->base.reachable && !fors->step_reachable) {
5549                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5550                         } else {
5551                                 if (!stmt->base.reachable && fors->initialisation != NULL) {
5552                                         warningf(&fors->initialisation->base.source_position,
5553                                                  "initialisation of for-statement is unreachable");
5554                                 }
5555
5556                                 if (!fors->condition_reachable && fors->condition != NULL) {
5557                                         warningf(&fors->condition->base.source_position,
5558                                                  "condition of for-statement is unreachable");
5559                                 }
5560
5561                                 if (!fors->step_reachable && fors->step != NULL) {
5562                                         warningf(&fors->step->base.source_position,
5563                                                  "step of for-statement is unreachable");
5564                                 }
5565                         }
5566                         return;
5567                 }
5568
5569                 case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
5570                         if (stmt->compound.statements != NULL)
5571                                 return;
5572                         goto warn_unreachable;
5573
5574                 case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
5575                         /* Only warn if there is at least one declarator with an initializer.
5576                          * This typically occurs in switch statements. */
5577                         declaration_statement_t const *const decl = &stmt->declaration;
5578                         entity_t                const *      ent  = decl->declarations_begin;
5579                         entity_t                const *const last = decl->declarations_end;
5580                         if (ent != NULL) {
5581                                 for (;; ent = ent->base.next) {
5582                                         if (ent->kind                 == ENTITY_VARIABLE &&
5583                                                         ent->variable.initializer != NULL) {
5584                                                 goto warn_unreachable;
5585                                         }
5586                                         if (ent == last)
5587                                                 return;
5588                                 }
5589                         }
5590                 }
5591
5592                 default:
5593 warn_unreachable:
5594                         if (!stmt->base.reachable)
5595                                 warningf(&stmt->base.source_position, "statement is unreachable");
5596                         return;
5597         }
5598 }
5599
5600 static void parse_external_declaration(void)
5601 {
5602         /* function-definitions and declarations both start with declaration
5603          * specifiers */
5604         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
5605         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
5606
5607         add_anchor_token(';');
5608         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
5609         rem_anchor_token(';');
5610
5611         /* must be a declaration */
5612         if (token.type == ';') {
5613                 parse_anonymous_declaration_rest(&specifiers);
5614                 return;
5615         }
5616
5617         add_anchor_token(',');
5618         add_anchor_token('=');
5619         add_anchor_token(';');
5620         add_anchor_token('{');
5621
5622         /* declarator is common to both function-definitions and declarations */
5623         entity_t *ndeclaration = parse_declarator(&specifiers, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
5624
5625         rem_anchor_token('{');
5626         rem_anchor_token(';');
5627         rem_anchor_token('=');
5628         rem_anchor_token(',');
5629
5630         /* must be a declaration */
5631         switch (token.type) {
5632                 case ',':
5633                 case ';':
5634                 case '=':
5635                         parse_declaration_rest(ndeclaration, &specifiers, record_entity,
5636                                         DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
5637                         return;
5638         }
5639
5640         /* must be a function definition */
5641         parse_kr_declaration_list(ndeclaration);
5642
5643         if (token.type != '{') {
5644                 parse_error_expected("while parsing function definition", '{', NULL);
5645                 eat_until_matching_token(';');
5646                 return;
5647         }
5648
5649         assert(is_declaration(ndeclaration));
5650         type_t *const orig_type = ndeclaration->declaration.type;
5651         type_t *      type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
5652
5653         if (!is_type_function(type)) {
5654                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
5655                         errorf(HERE, "declarator '%#T' has a body but is not a function type",
5656                                type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5657                 }
5658                 eat_block();
5659                 return;
5660         } else if (is_typeref(orig_type)) {
5661                 /* §6.9.1:2 */
5662                 errorf(&ndeclaration->base.source_position,
5663                                 "type of function definition '%#T' is a typedef",
5664                                 orig_type, ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5665         }
5666
5667         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
5668             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(type->function.return_type))) {
5669                 warningf(HERE, "function '%Y' returns an aggregate",
5670                          ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5671         }
5672         if (warning.traditional && !type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5673                 warningf(HERE, "traditional C rejects ISO C style function definition of function '%Y'",
5674                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5675         }
5676         if (warning.old_style_definition && type->function.unspecified_parameters) {
5677                 warningf(HERE, "old-style function definition '%Y'",
5678                         ndeclaration->base.symbol);
5679         }
5680
5681         /* §6.7.5.3:14 a function definition with () means no
5682          * parameters (and not unspecified parameters) */
5683         if (type->function.unspecified_parameters &&
5684                         type->function.parameters == NULL     &&
5685                         !type->function.kr_style_parameters) {
5686                 type_t *copy                          = duplicate_type(type);
5687                 copy->function.unspecified_parameters = false;
5688                 type                                  = identify_new_type(copy);
5689
5690                 ndeclaration->declaration.type = type;
5691         }
5692
5693         entity_t *const entity = record_entity(ndeclaration, true);
5694         assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
5695         assert(ndeclaration->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
5696
5697         function_t *function = &entity->function;
5698         if (ndeclaration != entity) {
5699                 function->parameters = ndeclaration->function.parameters;
5700         }
5701         assert(is_declaration(entity));
5702         type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
5703
5704         /* push function parameters and switch scope */
5705         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
5706         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&function->parameters);
5707
5708         entity_t *parameter = function->parameters.entities;
5709         for (; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next) {
5710                 if (parameter->base.parent_scope == &ndeclaration->function.parameters) {
5711                         parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5712                 }
5713                 assert(parameter->base.parent_scope == NULL
5714                                 || parameter->base.parent_scope == current_scope);
5715                 parameter->base.parent_scope = current_scope;
5716                 if (parameter->base.symbol == NULL) {
5717                         errorf(&parameter->base.source_position, "parameter name omitted");
5718                         continue;
5719                 }
5720                 environment_push(parameter);
5721         }
5722
5723         if (function->statement != NULL) {
5724                 parser_error_multiple_definition(entity, HERE);
5725                 eat_block();
5726         } else {
5727                 /* parse function body */
5728                 int         label_stack_top      = label_top();
5729                 function_t *old_current_function = current_function;
5730                 current_function                 = function;
5731                 current_parent                   = NULL;
5732
5733                 goto_first   = NULL;
5734                 goto_anchor  = &goto_first;
5735                 label_first  = NULL;
5736                 label_anchor = &label_first;
5737
5738                 statement_t *const body = parse_compound_statement(false);
5739                 function->statement = body;
5740                 first_err = true;
5741                 check_labels();
5742                 check_declarations();
5743                 if (warning.return_type      ||
5744                     warning.unreachable_code ||
5745                     (warning.missing_noreturn
5746                      && !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN))) {
5747                         noreturn_candidate = true;
5748                         check_reachable(body);
5749                         if (warning.unreachable_code)
5750                                 walk_statements(body, check_unreachable, NULL);
5751                         if (warning.missing_noreturn &&
5752                             noreturn_candidate       &&
5753                             !(function->base.modifiers & DM_NORETURN)) {
5754                                 warningf(&body->base.source_position,
5755                                          "function '%#T' is candidate for attribute 'noreturn'",
5756                                          type, entity->base.symbol);
5757                         }
5758                 }
5759
5760                 assert(current_parent   == NULL);
5761                 assert(current_function == function);
5762                 current_function = old_current_function;
5763                 label_pop_to(label_stack_top);
5764         }
5765
5766         assert(current_scope == &function->parameters);
5767         scope_pop(old_scope);
5768         environment_pop_to(top);
5769 }
5770
5771 static type_t *make_bitfield_type(type_t *base_type, expression_t *size,
5772                                   source_position_t *source_position,
5773                                   const symbol_t *symbol)
5774 {
5775         type_t *type = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_BITFIELD);
5776
5777         type->bitfield.base_type       = base_type;
5778         type->bitfield.size_expression = size;
5779
5780         il_size_t bit_size;
5781         type_t *skipped_type = skip_typeref(base_type);
5782         if (!is_type_integer(skipped_type)) {
5783                 errorf(HERE, "bitfield base type '%T' is not an integer type",
5784                         base_type);
5785                 bit_size = 0;
5786         } else {
5787                 bit_size = get_type_size(base_type) * 8;
5788         }
5789
5790         if (is_constant_expression(size)) {
5791                 long v = fold_constant_to_int(size);
5792                 const symbol_t *user_symbol = symbol == NULL ? sym_anonymous : symbol;
5793
5794                 if (v < 0) {
5795                         errorf(source_position, "negative width in bit-field '%Y'",
5796                                user_symbol);
5797                 } else if (v == 0 && symbol != NULL) {
5798                         errorf(source_position, "zero width for bit-field '%Y'",
5799                                user_symbol);
5800                 } else if (bit_size > 0 && (il_size_t)v > bit_size) {
5801                         errorf(source_position, "width of '%Y' exceeds its type",
5802                                user_symbol);
5803                 } else {
5804                         type->bitfield.bit_size = v;
5805                 }
5806         }
5807
5808         return type;
5809 }
5810
5811 static entity_t *find_compound_entry(compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
5812 {
5813         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
5814         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
5815                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
5816                         continue;
5817
5818                 if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
5819                         return iter;
5820                 } else if (iter->base.symbol == NULL) {
5821                         /* search in anonymous structs and unions */
5822                         type_t *type = skip_typeref(iter->declaration.type);
5823                         if (is_type_compound(type)) {
5824                                 if (find_compound_entry(type->compound.compound, symbol)
5825                                                 != NULL)
5826                                         return iter;
5827                         }
5828                         continue;
5829                 }
5830         }
5831
5832         return NULL;
5833 }
5834
5835 static void check_deprecated(const source_position_t *source_position,
5836                              const entity_t *entity)
5837 {
5838         if (!warning.deprecated_declarations)
5839                 return;
5840         if (!is_declaration(entity))
5841                 return;
5842         if ((entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) == 0)
5843                 return;
5844
5845         char const *const prefix = get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind);
5846         const char *deprecated_string
5847                         = get_deprecated_string(entity->declaration.attributes);
5848         if (deprecated_string != NULL) {
5849                 warningf(source_position, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P): \"%s\"",
5850                                  prefix, entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position,
5851                                  deprecated_string);
5852         } else {
5853                 warningf(source_position, "%s '%Y' is deprecated (declared %P)", prefix,
5854                                  entity->base.symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
5855         }
5856 }
5857
5858
5859 static expression_t *create_select(const source_position_t *pos,
5860                                    expression_t *addr,
5861                                    type_qualifiers_t qualifiers,
5862                                                                    entity_t *entry)
5863 {
5864         assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5865
5866         check_deprecated(pos, entry);
5867
5868         expression_t *select          = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_SELECT);
5869         select->select.compound       = addr;
5870         select->select.compound_entry = entry;
5871
5872         type_t *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
5873         type_t *res_type   = get_qualified_type(entry_type, qualifiers);
5874
5875         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
5876          * code to revert this! */
5877         select->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(res_type);
5878         if (res_type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
5879                 select->base.type = res_type->bitfield.base_type;
5880         }
5881
5882         return select;
5883 }
5884
5885 /**
5886  * Find entry with symbol in compound. Search anonymous structs and unions and
5887  * creates implicit select expressions for them.
5888  * Returns the adress for the innermost compound.
5889  */
5890 static expression_t *find_create_select(const source_position_t *pos,
5891                                         expression_t *addr,
5892                                         type_qualifiers_t qualifiers,
5893                                         compound_t *compound, symbol_t *symbol)
5894 {
5895         entity_t *iter = compound->members.entities;
5896         for (; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
5897                 if (iter->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
5898                         continue;
5899
5900                 symbol_t *iter_symbol = iter->base.symbol;
5901                 if (iter_symbol == NULL) {
5902                         type_t *type = iter->declaration.type;
5903                         if (type->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT
5904                                         && type->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION)
5905                                 continue;
5906
5907                         compound_t *sub_compound = type->compound.compound;
5908
5909                         if (find_compound_entry(sub_compound, symbol) == NULL)
5910                                 continue;
5911
5912                         expression_t *sub_addr = create_select(pos, addr, qualifiers, iter);
5913                         sub_addr->base.source_position = *pos;
5914                         sub_addr->select.implicit      = true;
5915                         return find_create_select(pos, sub_addr, qualifiers, sub_compound,
5916                                                   symbol);
5917                 }
5918
5919                 if (iter_symbol == symbol) {
5920                         return create_select(pos, addr, qualifiers, iter);
5921                 }
5922         }
5923
5924         return NULL;
5925 }
5926
5927 static void parse_compound_declarators(compound_t *compound,
5928                 const declaration_specifiers_t *specifiers)
5929 {
5930         while (true) {
5931                 entity_t *entity;
5932
5933                 if (token.type == ':') {
5934                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5935                         next_token();
5936
5937                         type_t *base_type = specifiers->type;
5938                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5939
5940                         type_t *type = make_bitfield_type(base_type, size,
5941                                         &source_position, NULL);
5942
5943                         attribute_t *attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
5944                         if (attributes != NULL) {
5945                                 attribute_t *last = attributes;
5946                                 while (last->next != NULL)
5947                                         last = last->next;
5948                                 last->next = specifiers->attributes;
5949                         } else {
5950                                 attributes = specifiers->attributes;
5951                         }
5952
5953                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5954                         entity->base.namespc                       = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
5955                         entity->base.source_position               = source_position;
5956                         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5957                         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_NONE;
5958                         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
5959                         entity->declaration.attributes             = attributes;
5960
5961                         if (attributes != NULL) {
5962                                 handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
5963                         }
5964                         append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
5965                 } else {
5966                         entity = parse_declarator(specifiers,
5967                                         DECL_MAY_BE_ABSTRACT | DECL_CREATE_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5968                         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
5969                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5970                                                 "typedef not allowed as compound member");
5971                         } else {
5972                                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
5973
5974                                 /* make sure we don't define a symbol multiple times */
5975                                 symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
5976                                 if (symbol != NULL) {
5977                                         entity_t *prev = find_compound_entry(compound, symbol);
5978                                         if (prev != NULL) {
5979                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
5980                                                                 "multiple declarations of symbol '%Y' (declared %P)",
5981                                                                 symbol, &prev->base.source_position);
5982                                         }
5983                                 }
5984
5985                                 if (token.type == ':') {
5986                                         source_position_t source_position = *HERE;
5987                                         next_token();
5988                                         expression_t *size = parse_constant_expression();
5989
5990                                         type_t *type          = entity->declaration.type;
5991                                         type_t *bitfield_type = make_bitfield_type(type, size,
5992                                                         &source_position, entity->base.symbol);
5993
5994                                         attribute_t *attributes = parse_attributes(NULL);
5995                                         entity->declaration.type = bitfield_type;
5996                                         handle_entity_attributes(attributes, entity);
5997                                 } else {
5998                                         type_t *orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
5999                                         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6000                                         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6001                                                 errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6002                                                                 "compound member '%Y' must not have function type '%T'",
6003                                                                 entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6004                                         } else if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
6005                                                 /* §6.7.2.1:16 flexible array member */
6006                                                 if (!is_type_array(type)       ||
6007                                                                 token.type          != ';' ||
6008                                                                 look_ahead(1)->type != '}') {
6009                                                         errorf(&entity->base.source_position,
6010                                                                         "compound member '%Y' has incomplete type '%T'",
6011                                                                         entity->base.symbol, orig_type);
6012                                                 }
6013                                         }
6014                                 }
6015
6016                                 append_entity(&compound->members, entity);
6017                         }
6018                 }
6019
6020                 if (token.type != ',')
6021                         break;
6022                 next_token();
6023         }
6024         expect(';', end_error);
6025
6026 end_error:
6027         anonymous_entity = NULL;
6028 }
6029
6030 static void parse_compound_type_entries(compound_t *compound)
6031 {
6032         eat('{');
6033         add_anchor_token('}');
6034
6035         while (token.type != '}') {
6036                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
6037                         errorf(HERE, "EOF while parsing struct");
6038                         break;
6039                 }
6040                 declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6041                 memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6042                 parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6043
6044                 parse_compound_declarators(compound, &specifiers);
6045         }
6046         rem_anchor_token('}');
6047         next_token();
6048
6049         /* §6.7.2.1:7 */
6050         compound->complete = true;
6051 }
6052
6053 static type_t *parse_typename(void)
6054 {
6055         declaration_specifiers_t specifiers;
6056         memset(&specifiers, 0, sizeof(specifiers));
6057         parse_declaration_specifiers(&specifiers);
6058         if (specifiers.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_NONE ||
6059                         specifiers.thread_local) {
6060                 /* TODO: improve error message, user does probably not know what a
6061                  * storage class is...
6062                  */
6063                 errorf(HERE, "typename may not have a storage class");
6064         }
6065
6066         type_t *result = parse_abstract_declarator(specifiers.type);
6067
6068         return result;
6069 }
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_function)(void);
6075 typedef expression_t* (*parse_expression_infix_function)(expression_t *left);
6076
6077 typedef struct expression_parser_function_t expression_parser_function_t;
6078 struct expression_parser_function_t {
6079         parse_expression_function        parser;
6080         precedence_t                     infix_precedence;
6081         parse_expression_infix_function  infix_parser;
6082 };
6083
6084 expression_parser_function_t expression_parsers[T_LAST_TOKEN];
6085
6086 /**
6087  * Prints an error message if an expression was expected but not read
6088  */
6089 static expression_t *expected_expression_error(void)
6090 {
6091         /* skip the error message if the error token was read */
6092         if (token.type != T_ERROR) {
6093                 errorf(HERE, "expected expression, got token %K", &token);
6094         }
6095         next_token();
6096
6097         return create_invalid_expression();
6098 }
6099
6100 /**
6101  * Parse a string constant.
6102  */
6103 static expression_t *parse_string_const(void)
6104 {
6105         wide_string_t wres;
6106         if (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6107                 string_t res = token.v.string;
6108                 next_token();
6109                 while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
6110                         res = concat_strings(&res, &token.v.string);
6111                         next_token();
6112                 }
6113                 if (token.type != T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
6114                         expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STRING_LITERAL);
6115                         /* note: that we use type_char_ptr here, which is already the
6116                          * automatic converted type. revert_automatic_type_conversion
6117                          * will construct the array type */
6118                         cnst->base.type    = warning.write_strings ? type_const_char_ptr : type_char_ptr;
6119                         cnst->string.value = res;
6120                         return cnst;
6121                 }
6122
6123                 wres = concat_string_wide_string(&res, &token.v.wide_string);
6124         } else {
6125                 wres = token.v.wide_string;
6126         }
6127         next_token();
6128
6129         for (;;) {
6130                 switch (token.type) {
6131                         case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
6132                                 wres = concat_wide_strings(&wres, &token.v.wide_string);
6133                                 break;
6134
6135                         case T_STRING_LITERAL:
6136                                 wres = concat_wide_string_string(&wres, &token.v.string);
6137                                 break;
6138
6139                         default: {
6140                                 expression_t *const cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
6141                                 cnst->base.type         = warning.write_strings ? type_const_wchar_t_ptr : type_wchar_t_ptr;
6142                                 cnst->wide_string.value = wres;
6143                                 return cnst;
6144                         }
6145                 }
6146                 next_token();
6147         }
6148 }
6149
6150 /**
6151  * Parse a boolean constant.
6152  */
6153 static expression_t *parse_bool_const(bool value)
6154 {
6155         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6156         cnst->base.type          = type_bool;
6157         cnst->conste.v.int_value = value;
6158
6159         next_token();
6160
6161         return cnst;
6162 }
6163
6164 /**
6165  * Parse an integer constant.
6166  */
6167 static expression_t *parse_int_const(void)
6168 {
6169         expression_t *cnst       = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6170         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6171         cnst->conste.v.int_value = token.v.intvalue;
6172
6173         next_token();
6174
6175         return cnst;
6176 }
6177
6178 /**
6179  * Parse a character constant.
6180  */
6181 static expression_t *parse_character_constant(void)
6182 {
6183         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6184         cnst->base.type          = token.datatype;
6185         cnst->conste.v.character = token.v.string;
6186
6187         if (cnst->conste.v.character.size != 1) {
6188                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6189                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6190                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6191                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6192                 }
6193         }
6194         next_token();
6195
6196         return cnst;
6197 }
6198
6199 /**
6200  * Parse a wide character constant.
6201  */
6202 static expression_t *parse_wide_character_constant(void)
6203 {
6204         expression_t *cnst = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
6205         cnst->base.type               = token.datatype;
6206         cnst->conste.v.wide_character = token.v.wide_string;
6207
6208         if (cnst->conste.v.wide_character.size != 1) {
6209                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
6210                         errorf(HERE, "more than 1 character in character constant");
6211                 } else if (warning.multichar) {
6212                         warningf(HERE, "multi-character character constant");
6213                 }
6214         }
6215         next_token();
6216
6217         return cnst;
6218 }
6219
6220 /**
6221  * Parse a float constant.
6222  */
6223 static expression_t *parse_float_const(void)
6224 {
6225         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
6226         cnst->base.type            = token.datatype;
6227         cnst->conste.v.float_value = token.v.floatvalue;
6228
6229         next_token();
6230
6231         return cnst;
6232 }
6233
6234 static entity_t *create_implicit_function(symbol_t *symbol,
6235                 const source_position_t *source_position)
6236 {
6237         type_t *ntype                          = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6238         ntype->function.return_type            = type_int;
6239         ntype->function.unspecified_parameters = true;
6240         ntype->function.linkage                = LINKAGE_C;
6241         type_t *type                           = identify_new_type(ntype);
6242
6243         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
6244         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6245         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
6246         entity->declaration.type                   = type;
6247         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
6248         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
6249         entity->base.source_position               = *source_position;
6250
6251         if (current_scope != NULL) {
6252                 bool strict_prototypes_old = warning.strict_prototypes;
6253                 warning.strict_prototypes  = false;
6254                 record_entity(entity, false);
6255                 warning.strict_prototypes = strict_prototypes_old;
6256         }
6257
6258         return entity;
6259 }
6260
6261 /**
6262  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6263  * already exists.
6264  */
6265 static type_t *make_function_2_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type1,
6266                                     type_t *argument_type2)
6267 {
6268         function_parameter_t *const parameter2 = allocate_parameter(argument_type2);
6269         function_parameter_t *const parameter1 = allocate_parameter(argument_type1);
6270         parameter1->next = parameter2;
6271
6272         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6273         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6274         type->function.parameters  = parameter1;
6275
6276         return identify_new_type(type);
6277 }
6278
6279 /**
6280  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type) function type if not
6281  * already exists.
6282  *
6283  * @param return_type    the return type
6284  * @param argument_type  the argument type
6285  */
6286 static type_t *make_function_1_type(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6287 {
6288         function_parameter_t *const parameter = allocate_parameter(argument_type);
6289
6290         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6291         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6292         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
6293
6294         return identify_new_type(type);
6295 }
6296
6297 /**
6298  * Creates a return_type (func)(argument_type, ...) function type if not
6299  * already exists.
6300  *
6301  * @param return_type    the return type
6302  * @param argument_type  the argument type
6303  */
6304 static type_t *make_function_1_type_variadic(type_t *return_type, type_t *argument_type)
6305 {
6306         function_parameter_t *const parameter = allocate_parameter(argument_type);
6307
6308         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6309         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6310         type->function.parameters  = parameter;
6311         type->function.variadic    = true;
6312
6313         return identify_new_type(type);
6314 }
6315
6316 /**
6317  * Creates a return_type (func)(void) function type if not
6318  * already exists.
6319  *
6320  * @param return_type    the return type
6321  */
6322 static type_t *make_function_0_type(type_t *return_type)
6323 {
6324         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6325         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6326         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6327
6328         return identify_new_type(type);
6329 }
6330
6331 /**
6332  * Creates a NO_RETURN return_type (func)(void) function type if not
6333  * already exists.
6334  *
6335  * @param return_type    the return type
6336  */
6337 static type_t *make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_t *return_type)
6338 {
6339         type_t *type               = allocate_type_zero(TYPE_FUNCTION);
6340         type->function.return_type = return_type;
6341         type->function.parameters  = NULL;
6342         type->function.modifiers  |= DM_NORETURN;
6343         return identify_new_type(type);
6344 }
6345
6346 /**
6347  * Performs automatic type cast as described in §6.3.2.1.
6348  *
6349  * @param orig_type  the original type
6350  */
6351 static type_t *automatic_type_conversion(type_t *orig_type)
6352 {
6353         type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
6354         if (is_type_array(type)) {
6355                 array_type_t *array_type   = &type->array;
6356                 type_t       *element_type = array_type->element_type;
6357                 unsigned      qualifiers   = array_type->base.qualifiers;
6358
6359                 return make_pointer_type(element_type, qualifiers);
6360         }
6361
6362         if (is_type_function(type)) {
6363                 return make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6364         }
6365
6366         return orig_type;
6367 }
6368
6369 /**
6370  * reverts the automatic casts of array to pointer types and function
6371  * to function-pointer types as defined §6.3.2.1
6372  */
6373 type_t *revert_automatic_type_conversion(const expression_t *expression)
6374 {
6375         switch (expression->kind) {
6376                 case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
6377                         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
6378                         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6379                                 return entity->declaration.type;
6380                         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6381                                 return entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6382                         } else {
6383                                 panic("no declaration or enum in reference");
6384                         }
6385                 }
6386
6387                 case EXPR_SELECT: {
6388                         entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
6389                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
6390                         type_t   *type   = entity->declaration.type;
6391                         return get_qualified_type(type,
6392                                         expression->base.type->base.qualifiers);
6393                 }
6394
6395                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
6396                         const expression_t *const value = expression->unary.value;
6397                         type_t             *const type  = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
6398                         if (!is_type_pointer(type))
6399                                 return type_error_type;
6400                         return type->pointer.points_to;
6401                 }
6402
6403                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
6404                         const expression_t *array_ref = expression->array_access.array_ref;
6405                         type_t             *type_left = skip_typeref(array_ref->base.type);
6406                         if (!is_type_pointer(type_left))
6407                                 return type_error_type;
6408                         return type_left->pointer.points_to;
6409                 }
6410
6411                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL: {
6412                         size_t size = expression->string.value.size;
6413                         return make_array_type(type_char, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6414                 }
6415
6416                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL: {
6417                         size_t size = expression->wide_string.value.size;
6418                         return make_array_type(type_wchar_t, size, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
6419                 }
6420
6421                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
6422                         return expression->compound_literal.type;
6423
6424                 default:
6425                         return expression->base.type;
6426         }
6427 }
6428
6429 static expression_t *parse_reference(void)
6430 {
6431         symbol_t *const symbol = token.v.symbol;
6432
6433         entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
6434
6435         if (entity == NULL) {
6436                 if (!strict_mode && look_ahead(1)->type == '(') {
6437                         /* an implicitly declared function */
6438                         if (warning.error_implicit_function_declaration) {
6439                                 errorf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
6440                         } else if (warning.implicit_function_declaration) {
6441                                 warningf(HERE, "implicit declaration of function '%Y'", symbol);
6442                         }
6443
6444                         entity = create_implicit_function(symbol, HERE);
6445                 } else {
6446                         errorf(HERE, "unknown identifier '%Y' found.", symbol);
6447                         entity = create_error_entity(symbol, ENTITY_VARIABLE);
6448                 }
6449         }
6450
6451         type_t *orig_type;
6452
6453         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6454                 orig_type = entity->declaration.type;
6455         } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE) {
6456                 orig_type = entity->enum_value.enum_type;
6457         } else {
6458                 panic("expected declaration or enum value in reference");
6459         }
6460
6461         /* we always do the auto-type conversions; the & and sizeof parser contains
6462          * code to revert this! */
6463         type_t *type = automatic_type_conversion(orig_type);
6464
6465         expression_kind_t kind = EXPR_REFERENCE;
6466         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
6467                 kind = EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE;
6468
6469         expression_t *expression     = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
6470         expression->reference.entity = entity;
6471         expression->base.type        = type;
6472
6473         /* this declaration is used */
6474         if (is_declaration(entity)) {
6475                 entity->declaration.used = true;
6476         }
6477
6478         if (entity->base.parent_scope != file_scope
6479                 && (current_function != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope->depth < current_function->parameters.depth)
6480                 && is_type_valid(orig_type) && !is_type_function(orig_type)) {
6481                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
6482                         /* access of a variable from an outer function */
6483                         entity->variable.address_taken = true;
6484                 } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
6485                         entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
6486                 }
6487                 current_function->need_closure = true;
6488         }
6489
6490         check_deprecated(HERE, entity);
6491
6492         if (warning.init_self && entity == current_init_decl && !in_type_prop
6493             && entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
6494                 current_init_decl = NULL;
6495                 warningf(HERE, "variable '%#T' is initialized by itself",
6496                          entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol);
6497         }
6498
6499         next_token();
6500         return expression;
6501 }
6502
6503 static bool semantic_cast(expression_t *cast)
6504 {
6505         expression_t            *expression      = cast->unary.value;
6506         type_t                  *orig_dest_type  = cast->base.type;
6507         type_t                  *orig_type_right = expression->base.type;
6508         type_t            const *dst_type        = skip_typeref(orig_dest_type);
6509         type_t            const *src_type        = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
6510         source_position_t const *pos             = &cast->base.source_position;
6511
6512         /* §6.5.4 A (void) cast is explicitly permitted, more for documentation than for utility. */
6513         if (dst_type == type_void)
6514                 return true;
6515
6516         /* only integer and pointer can be casted to pointer */
6517         if (is_type_pointer(dst_type)  &&
6518             !is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6519             !is_type_integer(src_type) &&
6520             is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6521                 errorf(pos, "cannot convert type '%T' to a pointer type", orig_type_right);
6522                 return false;
6523         }
6524
6525         if (!is_type_scalar(dst_type) && is_type_valid(dst_type)) {
6526                 errorf(pos, "conversion to non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_dest_type);
6527                 return false;
6528         }
6529
6530         if (!is_type_scalar(src_type) && is_type_valid(src_type)) {
6531                 errorf(pos, "conversion from non-scalar type '%T' requested", orig_type_right);
6532                 return false;
6533         }
6534
6535         if (warning.cast_qual &&
6536             is_type_pointer(src_type) &&
6537             is_type_pointer(dst_type)) {
6538                 type_t *src = skip_typeref(src_type->pointer.points_to);
6539                 type_t *dst = skip_typeref(dst_type->pointer.points_to);
6540                 unsigned missing_qualifiers =
6541                         src->base.qualifiers & ~dst->base.qualifiers;
6542                 if (missing_qualifiers != 0) {
6543                         warningf(pos,
6544                                  "cast discards qualifiers '%Q' in pointer target type of '%T'",
6545                                  missing_qualifiers, orig_type_right);
6546                 }
6547         }
6548         return true;
6549 }
6550
6551 static expression_t *parse_compound_literal(type_t *type)
6552 {
6553         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL);
6554
6555         parse_initializer_env_t env;
6556         env.type             = type;
6557         env.entity           = NULL;
6558         env.must_be_constant = false;
6559         initializer_t *initializer = parse_initializer(&env);
6560         type = env.type;
6561
6562         expression->compound_literal.initializer = initializer;
6563         expression->compound_literal.type        = type;
6564         expression->base.type                    = automatic_type_conversion(type);
6565
6566         return expression;
6567 }
6568
6569 /**
6570  * Parse a cast expression.
6571  */
6572 static expression_t *parse_cast(void)
6573 {
6574         add_anchor_token(')');
6575
6576         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
6577
6578         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6579
6580         rem_anchor_token(')');
6581         expect(')', end_error);
6582
6583         if (token.type == '{') {
6584                 return parse_compound_literal(type);
6585         }
6586
6587         expression_t *cast = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
6588         cast->base.source_position = source_position;
6589
6590         expression_t *value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
6591         cast->base.type   = type;
6592         cast->unary.value = value;
6593
6594         if (! semantic_cast(cast)) {
6595                 /* TODO: record the error in the AST. else it is impossible to detect it */
6596         }
6597
6598         return cast;
6599 end_error:
6600         return create_invalid_expression();
6601 }
6602
6603 /**
6604  * Parse a statement expression.
6605  */
6606 static expression_t *parse_statement_expression(void)
6607 {
6608         add_anchor_token(')');
6609
6610         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_STATEMENT);
6611
6612         statement_t *statement          = parse_compound_statement(true);
6613         statement->compound.stmt_expr   = true;
6614         expression->statement.statement = statement;
6615
6616         /* find last statement and use its type */
6617         type_t *type = type_void;
6618         const statement_t *stmt = statement->compound.statements;
6619         if (stmt != NULL) {
6620                 while (stmt->base.next != NULL)
6621                         stmt = stmt->base.next;
6622
6623                 if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
6624                         type = stmt->expression.expression->base.type;
6625                 }
6626         } else if (warning.other) {
6627                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "empty statement expression ({})");
6628         }
6629         expression->base.type = type;
6630
6631         rem_anchor_token(')');
6632         expect(')', end_error);
6633
6634 end_error:
6635         return expression;
6636 }
6637
6638 /**
6639  * Parse a parenthesized expression.
6640  */
6641 static expression_t *parse_parenthesized_expression(void)
6642 {
6643         eat('(');
6644
6645         switch (token.type) {
6646         case '{':
6647                 /* gcc extension: a statement expression */
6648                 return parse_statement_expression();
6649
6650         TYPE_QUALIFIERS
6651         TYPE_SPECIFIERS
6652                 return parse_cast();
6653         case T_IDENTIFIER:
6654                 if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
6655                         return parse_cast();
6656                 }
6657         }
6658
6659         add_anchor_token(')');
6660         expression_t *result = parse_expression();
6661         result->base.parenthesized = true;
6662         rem_anchor_token(')');
6663         expect(')', end_error);
6664
6665 end_error:
6666         return result;
6667 }
6668
6669 static expression_t *parse_function_keyword(void)
6670 {
6671         /* TODO */
6672
6673         if (current_function == NULL) {
6674                 errorf(HERE, "'__func__' used outside of a function");
6675         }
6676
6677         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6678         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6679         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCTION;
6680
6681         next_token();
6682
6683         return expression;
6684 }
6685
6686 static expression_t *parse_pretty_function_keyword(void)
6687 {
6688         if (current_function == NULL) {
6689                 errorf(HERE, "'__PRETTY_FUNCTION__' used outside of a function");
6690         }
6691
6692         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6693         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6694         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION;
6695
6696         eat(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
6697
6698         return expression;
6699 }
6700
6701 static expression_t *parse_funcsig_keyword(void)
6702 {
6703         if (current_function == NULL) {
6704                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCSIG__' used outside of a function");
6705         }
6706
6707         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6708         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6709         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG;
6710
6711         eat(T___FUNCSIG__);
6712
6713         return expression;
6714 }
6715
6716 static expression_t *parse_funcdname_keyword(void)
6717 {
6718         if (current_function == NULL) {
6719                 errorf(HERE, "'__FUNCDNAME__' used outside of a function");
6720         }
6721
6722         expression_t *expression  = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_FUNCNAME);
6723         expression->base.type     = type_char_ptr;
6724         expression->funcname.kind = FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME;
6725
6726         eat(T___FUNCDNAME__);
6727
6728         return expression;
6729 }
6730
6731 static designator_t *parse_designator(void)
6732 {
6733         designator_t *result    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6734         result->source_position = *HERE;
6735
6736         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6737                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6738                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6739                 return NULL;
6740         }
6741         result->symbol = token.v.symbol;
6742         next_token();
6743
6744         designator_t *last_designator = result;
6745         while (true) {
6746                 if (token.type == '.') {
6747                         next_token();
6748                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
6749                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing member designator",
6750                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
6751                                 return NULL;
6752                         }
6753                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6754                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6755                         designator->symbol          = token.v.symbol;
6756                         next_token();
6757
6758                         last_designator->next = designator;
6759                         last_designator       = designator;
6760                         continue;
6761                 }
6762                 if (token.type == '[') {
6763                         next_token();
6764                         add_anchor_token(']');
6765                         designator_t *designator    = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(result[0]));
6766                         designator->source_position = *HERE;
6767                         designator->array_index     = parse_expression();
6768                         rem_anchor_token(']');
6769                         expect(']', end_error);
6770                         if (designator->array_index == NULL) {
6771                                 return NULL;
6772                         }
6773
6774                         last_designator->next = designator;
6775                         last_designator       = designator;
6776                         continue;
6777                 }
6778                 break;
6779         }
6780
6781         return result;
6782 end_error:
6783         return NULL;
6784 }
6785
6786 /**
6787  * Parse the __builtin_offsetof() expression.
6788  */
6789 static expression_t *parse_offsetof(void)
6790 {
6791         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_OFFSETOF);
6792         expression->base.type    = type_size_t;
6793
6794         eat(T___builtin_offsetof);
6795
6796         expect('(', end_error);
6797         add_anchor_token(',');
6798         type_t *type = parse_typename();
6799         rem_anchor_token(',');
6800         expect(',', end_error);
6801         add_anchor_token(')');
6802         designator_t *designator = parse_designator();
6803         rem_anchor_token(')');
6804         expect(')', end_error);
6805
6806         expression->offsetofe.type       = type;
6807         expression->offsetofe.designator = designator;
6808
6809         type_path_t path;
6810         memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
6811         path.top_type = type;
6812         path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);
6813
6814         descend_into_subtype(&path);
6815
6816         if (!walk_designator(&path, designator, true)) {
6817                 return create_invalid_expression();
6818         }
6819
6820         DEL_ARR_F(path.path);
6821
6822         return expression;
6823 end_error:
6824         return create_invalid_expression();
6825 }
6826
6827 /**
6828  * Parses a _builtin_va_start() expression.
6829  */
6830 static expression_t *parse_va_start(void)
6831 {
6832         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_START);
6833
6834         eat(T___builtin_va_start);
6835
6836         expect('(', end_error);
6837         add_anchor_token(',');
6838         expression->va_starte.ap = parse_assignment_expression();
6839         rem_anchor_token(',');
6840         expect(',', end_error);
6841         expression_t *const expr = parse_assignment_expression();
6842         if (expr->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
6843                 entity_t *const entity = expr->reference.entity;
6844                 if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_function->parameters
6845                                 || entity->base.next != NULL
6846                                 || entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
6847                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
6848                                "second argument of 'va_start' must be last parameter of the current function");
6849                 } else {
6850                         expression->va_starte.parameter = &entity->variable;
6851                 }
6852                 expect(')', end_error);
6853                 return expression;
6854         }
6855         expect(')', end_error);
6856 end_error:
6857         return create_invalid_expression();
6858 }
6859
6860 /**
6861  * Parses a __builtin_va_arg() expression.
6862  */
6863 static expression_t *parse_va_arg(void)
6864 {
6865         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_ARG);
6866
6867         eat(T___builtin_va_arg);
6868
6869         expect('(', end_error);
6870         call_argument_t ap;
6871         ap.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6872         expression->va_arge.ap = ap.expression;
6873         check_call_argument(type_valist, &ap, 1);
6874
6875         expect(',', end_error);
6876         expression->base.type = parse_typename();
6877         expect(')', end_error);
6878
6879         return expression;
6880 end_error:
6881         return create_invalid_expression();
6882 }
6883
6884 /**
6885  * Parses a __builtin_va_copy() expression.
6886  */
6887 static expression_t *parse_va_copy(void)
6888 {
6889         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_VA_COPY);
6890
6891         eat(T___builtin_va_copy);
6892
6893         expect('(', end_error);
6894         expression_t *dst = parse_assignment_expression();
6895         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(type_valist, dst);
6896         report_assign_error(error, type_valist, dst, "call argument 1",
6897                             &dst->base.source_position);
6898         expression->va_copye.dst = dst;
6899
6900         expect(',', end_error);
6901
6902         call_argument_t src;
6903         src.expression = parse_assignment_expression();
6904         check_call_argument(type_valist, &src, 2);
6905         expression->va_copye.src = src.expression;
6906         expect(')', end_error);
6907
6908         return expression;
6909 end_error:
6910         return create_invalid_expression();
6911 }
6912
6913 /**
6914  * Parses a __builtin_constant_p() expression.
6915  */
6916 static expression_t *parse_builtin_constant(void)
6917 {
6918         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P);
6919
6920         eat(T___builtin_constant_p);
6921
6922         expect('(', end_error);
6923         add_anchor_token(')');
6924         expression->builtin_constant.value = parse_assignment_expression();
6925         rem_anchor_token(')');
6926         expect(')', end_error);
6927         expression->base.type = type_int;
6928
6929         return expression;
6930 end_error:
6931         return create_invalid_expression();
6932 }
6933
6934 /**
6935  * Parses a __builtin_types_compatible_p() expression.
6936  */
6937 static expression_t *parse_builtin_types_compatible(void)
6938 {
6939         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P);
6940
6941         eat(T___builtin_types_compatible_p);
6942
6943         expect('(', end_error);
6944         add_anchor_token(')');
6945         add_anchor_token(',');
6946         expression->builtin_types_compatible.left = parse_typename();
6947         rem_anchor_token(',');
6948         expect(',', end_error);
6949         expression->builtin_types_compatible.right = parse_typename();
6950         rem_anchor_token(')');
6951         expect(')', end_error);
6952         expression->base.type = type_int;
6953
6954         return expression;
6955 end_error:
6956         return create_invalid_expression();
6957 }
6958
6959 /**
6960  * Parses a __builtin_is_*() compare expression.
6961  */
6962 static expression_t *parse_compare_builtin(void)
6963 {
6964         expression_t *expression;
6965
6966         switch (token.type) {
6967         case T___builtin_isgreater:
6968                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER);
6969                 break;
6970         case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
6971                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL);
6972                 break;
6973         case T___builtin_isless:
6974                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS);
6975                 break;
6976         case T___builtin_islessequal:
6977                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL);
6978                 break;
6979         case T___builtin_islessgreater:
6980                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER);
6981                 break;
6982         case T___builtin_isunordered:
6983                 expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED);
6984                 break;
6985         default:
6986                 internal_errorf(HERE, "invalid compare builtin found");
6987         }
6988         expression->base.source_position = *HERE;
6989         next_token();
6990
6991         expect('(', end_error);
6992         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
6993         expect(',', end_error);
6994         expression->binary.right = parse_assignment_expression();
6995         expect(')', end_error);
6996
6997         type_t *const orig_type_left  = expression->binary.left->base.type;
6998         type_t *const orig_type_right = expression->binary.right->base.type;
6999
7000         type_t *const type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7001         type_t *const type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
7002         if (!is_type_float(type_left) && !is_type_float(type_right)) {
7003                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
7004                         type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
7005                                 &expression->base.source_position, orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
7006                 }
7007         } else {
7008                 semantic_comparison(&expression->binary);
7009         }
7010
7011         return expression;
7012 end_error:
7013         return create_invalid_expression();
7014 }
7015
7016 #if 0
7017 /**
7018  * Parses a __builtin_expect(, end_error) expression.
7019  */
7020 static expression_t *parse_builtin_expect(void, end_error)
7021 {
7022         expression_t *expression
7023                 = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT);
7024
7025         eat(T___builtin_expect);
7026
7027         expect('(', end_error);
7028         expression->binary.left = parse_assignment_expression();
7029         expect(',', end_error);
7030         expression->binary.right = parse_constant_expression();
7031         expect(')', end_error);
7032
7033         expression->base.type = expression->binary.left->base.type;
7034
7035         return expression;
7036 end_error:
7037         return create_invalid_expression();
7038 }
7039 #endif
7040
7041 /**
7042  * Parses a MS assume() expression.
7043  */
7044 static expression_t *parse_assume(void)
7045 {
7046         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME);
7047
7048         eat(T__assume);
7049
7050         expect('(', end_error);
7051         add_anchor_token(')');
7052         expression->unary.value = parse_assignment_expression();
7053         rem_anchor_token(')');
7054         expect(')', end_error);
7055
7056         expression->base.type = type_void;
7057         return expression;
7058 end_error:
7059         return create_invalid_expression();
7060 }
7061
7062 /**
7063  * Return the declaration for a given label symbol or create a new one.
7064  *
7065  * @param symbol  the symbol of the label
7066  */
7067 static label_t *get_label(symbol_t *symbol)
7068 {
7069         entity_t *label;
7070         assert(current_function != NULL);
7071
7072         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7073         /* if we found a local label, we already created the declaration */
7074         if (label != NULL && label->kind == ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL) {
7075                 if (label->base.parent_scope != current_scope) {
7076                         assert(label->base.parent_scope->depth < current_scope->depth);
7077                         current_function->goto_to_outer = true;
7078                 }
7079                 return &label->label;
7080         }
7081
7082         label = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
7083         /* if we found a label in the same function, then we already created the
7084          * declaration */
7085         if (label != NULL
7086                         && label->base.parent_scope == &current_function->parameters) {
7087                 return &label->label;
7088         }
7089
7090         /* otherwise we need to create a new one */
7091         label               = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LABEL);
7092         label->base.namespc = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
7093         label->base.symbol  = symbol;
7094
7095         label_push(label);
7096
7097         return &label->label;
7098 }
7099
7100 /**
7101  * Parses a GNU && label address expression.
7102  */
7103 static expression_t *parse_label_address(void)
7104 {
7105         source_position_t source_position = token.source_position;
7106         eat(T_ANDAND);
7107         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7108                 parse_error_expected("while parsing label address", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7109                 goto end_error;
7110         }
7111         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7112         next_token();
7113
7114         label_t *label       = get_label(symbol);
7115         label->used          = true;
7116         label->address_taken = true;
7117
7118         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS);
7119         expression->base.source_position = source_position;
7120
7121         /* label address is threaten as a void pointer */
7122         expression->base.type           = type_void_ptr;
7123         expression->label_address.label = label;
7124         return expression;
7125 end_error:
7126         return create_invalid_expression();
7127 }
7128
7129 /**
7130  * Parse a microsoft __noop expression.
7131  */
7132 static expression_t *parse_noop_expression(void)
7133 {
7134         /* the result is a (int)0 */
7135         expression_t *cnst         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONST);
7136         cnst->base.type            = type_int;
7137         cnst->conste.v.int_value   = 0;
7138         cnst->conste.is_ms_noop    = true;
7139
7140         eat(T___noop);
7141
7142         if (token.type == '(') {
7143                 /* parse arguments */
7144                 eat('(');
7145                 add_anchor_token(')');
7146                 add_anchor_token(',');
7147
7148                 if (token.type != ')') {
7149                         while (true) {
7150                                 (void)parse_assignment_expression();
7151                                 if (token.type != ',')
7152                                         break;
7153                                 next_token();
7154                         }
7155                 }
7156         }
7157         rem_anchor_token(',');
7158         rem_anchor_token(')');
7159         expect(')', end_error);
7160
7161 end_error:
7162         return cnst;
7163 }
7164
7165 /**
7166  * Parses a primary expression.
7167  */
7168 static expression_t *parse_primary_expression(void)
7169 {
7170         switch (token.type) {
7171                 case T_false:                        return parse_bool_const(false);
7172                 case T_true:                         return parse_bool_const(true);
7173                 case T_INTEGER:                      return parse_int_const();
7174                 case T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:           return parse_character_constant();
7175                 case T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:      return parse_wide_character_constant();
7176                 case T_FLOATINGPOINT:                return parse_float_const();
7177                 case T_STRING_LITERAL:
7178                 case T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:          return parse_string_const();
7179                 case T___FUNCTION__:
7180                 case T___func__:                     return parse_function_keyword();
7181                 case T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__:          return parse_pretty_function_keyword();
7182                 case T___FUNCSIG__:                  return parse_funcsig_keyword();
7183                 case T___FUNCDNAME__:                return parse_funcdname_keyword();
7184                 case T___builtin_offsetof:           return parse_offsetof();
7185                 case T___builtin_va_start:           return parse_va_start();
7186                 case T___builtin_va_arg:             return parse_va_arg();
7187                 case T___builtin_va_copy:            return parse_va_copy();
7188                 case T___builtin_isgreater:
7189                 case T___builtin_isgreaterequal:
7190                 case T___builtin_isless:
7191                 case T___builtin_islessequal:
7192                 case T___builtin_islessgreater:
7193                 case T___builtin_isunordered:        return parse_compare_builtin();
7194                 case T___builtin_constant_p:         return parse_builtin_constant();
7195                 case T___builtin_types_compatible_p: return parse_builtin_types_compatible();
7196                 case T__assume:                      return parse_assume();
7197                 case T_ANDAND:
7198                         if (GNU_MODE)
7199                                 return parse_label_address();
7200                         break;
7201
7202                 case '(':                            return parse_parenthesized_expression();
7203                 case T___noop:                       return parse_noop_expression();
7204
7205                 /* Gracefully handle type names while parsing expressions. */
7206                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
7207                         if (!is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
7208                                 return parse_reference();
7209                         }
7210                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
7211                 TYPENAME_START {
7212                         source_position_t  const pos  = *HERE;
7213                         type_t const      *const type = parse_typename();
7214                         errorf(&pos, "encountered type '%T' while parsing expression", type);
7215                         return create_invalid_expression();
7216                 }
7217         }
7218
7219         errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K, expected an expression", &token);
7220         return create_invalid_expression();
7221 }
7222
7223 /**
7224  * Check if the expression has the character type and issue a warning then.
7225  */
7226 static void check_for_char_index_type(const expression_t *expression)
7227 {
7228         type_t       *const type      = expression->base.type;
7229         const type_t *const base_type = skip_typeref(type);
7230
7231         if (is_type_atomic(base_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) &&
7232                         warning.char_subscripts) {
7233                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
7234                          "array subscript has type '%T'", type);
7235         }
7236 }
7237
7238 static expression_t *parse_array_expression(expression_t *left)
7239 {
7240         expression_t *expression = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS);
7241
7242         eat('[');
7243         add_anchor_token(']');
7244
7245         expression_t *inside = parse_expression();
7246
7247         type_t *const orig_type_left   = left->base.type;
7248         type_t *const orig_type_inside = inside->base.type;
7249
7250         type_t *const type_left   = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
7251         type_t *const type_inside = skip_typeref(orig_type_inside);
7252
7253         type_t                    *return_type;
7254         array_access_expression_t *array_access = &expression->array_access;
7255         if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
7256                 return_type             = type_left->pointer.points_to;
7257                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7258                 array_access->index     = inside;
7259                 check_for_char_index_type(inside);
7260         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_inside)) {
7261                 return_type             = type_inside->pointer.points_to;
7262                 array_access->array_ref = inside;
7263                 array_access->index     = left;
7264                 array_access->flipped   = true;
7265                 check_for_char_index_type(left);
7266         } else {
7267                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_inside)) {
7268                         errorf(HERE,
7269                                 "array access on object with non-pointer types '%T', '%T'",
7270                                 orig_type_left, orig_type_inside);
7271                 }
7272                 return_type             = type_error_type;
7273                 array_access->array_ref = left;
7274                 array_access->index     = inside;
7275         }
7276
7277         expression->base.type = automatic_type_conversion(return_type);
7278
7279         rem_anchor_token(']');
7280         expect(']', end_error);
7281 end_error:
7282         return expression;
7283 }
7284
7285 static expression_t *parse_typeprop(expression_kind_t const kind)
7286 {
7287         expression_t  *tp_expression = allocate_expression_zero(kind);
7288         tp_expression->base.type     = type_size_t;
7289
7290         eat(kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? T_sizeof : T___alignof__);
7291
7292         /* we only refer to a type property, mark this case */
7293         bool old     = in_type_prop;
7294         in_type_prop = true;
7295
7296         type_t       *orig_type;
7297         expression_t *expression;
7298         if (token.type == '(' && is_declaration_specifier(look_ahead(1), true)) {
7299                 next_token();
7300                 add_anchor_token(')');
7301                 orig_type = parse_typename();
7302                 rem_anchor_token(')');
7303                 expect(')', end_error);
7304
7305                 if (token.type == '{') {
7306                         /* It was not sizeof(type) after all.  It is sizeof of an expression
7307                          * starting with a compound literal */
7308                         expression = parse_compound_literal(orig_type);
7309                         goto typeprop_expression;
7310                 }
7311         } else {
7312                 expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7313
7314 typeprop_expression:
7315                 tp_expression->typeprop.tp_expression = expression;
7316
7317                 orig_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression);
7318                 expression->base.type = orig_type;
7319         }
7320
7321         tp_expression->typeprop.type   = orig_type;
7322         type_t const* const type       = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7323         char   const* const wrong_type =
7324                 GNU_MODE && is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ? NULL                  :
7325                 is_type_incomplete(type)                           ? "incomplete"          :
7326                 type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION                        ? "function designator" :
7327                 type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD                        ? "bitfield"            :
7328                 NULL;
7329         if (wrong_type != NULL) {
7330                 char const* const what = kind == EXPR_SIZEOF ? "sizeof" : "alignof";
7331                 errorf(&tp_expression->base.source_position,
7332                                 "operand of %s expression must not be of %s type '%T'",
7333                                 what, wrong_type, orig_type);
7334         }
7335
7336 end_error:
7337         in_type_prop = old;
7338         return tp_expression;
7339 }
7340
7341 static expression_t *parse_sizeof(void)
7342 {
7343         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_SIZEOF);
7344 }
7345
7346 static expression_t *parse_alignof(void)
7347 {
7348         return parse_typeprop(EXPR_ALIGNOF);
7349 }
7350
7351 static expression_t *parse_select_expression(expression_t *addr)
7352 {
7353         assert(token.type == '.' || token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7354         bool select_left_arrow = (token.type == T_MINUSGREATER);
7355         next_token();
7356
7357         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
7358                 parse_error_expected("while parsing select", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
7359                 return create_invalid_expression();
7360         }
7361         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
7362         next_token();
7363
7364         type_t *const orig_type = addr->base.type;
7365         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7366
7367         type_t *type_left;
7368         bool    saw_error = false;
7369         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7370                 if (!select_left_arrow) {
7371                         errorf(HERE,
7372                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7373                                symbol, orig_type);
7374                         saw_error = true;
7375                 }
7376                 type_left = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7377         } else {
7378                 if (select_left_arrow && is_type_valid(type)) {
7379                         errorf(HERE, "left hand side of '->' is not a pointer, but '%T'", orig_type);
7380                         saw_error = true;
7381                 }
7382                 type_left = type;
7383         }
7384
7385         if (type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT &&
7386             type_left->kind != TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
7387
7388                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && !saw_error) {
7389                         errorf(HERE,
7390                                "request for member '%Y' in something not a struct or union, but '%T'",
7391                                symbol, type_left);
7392                 }
7393                 return create_invalid_expression();
7394         }
7395
7396         compound_t *compound = type_left->compound.compound;
7397         if (!compound->complete) {
7398                 errorf(HERE, "request for member '%Y' in incomplete type '%T'",
7399                        symbol, type_left);
7400                 return create_invalid_expression();
7401         }
7402
7403         type_qualifiers_t  qualifiers = type_left->base.qualifiers;
7404         expression_t      *result
7405                 = find_create_select(HERE, addr, qualifiers, compound, symbol);
7406
7407         if (result == NULL) {
7408                 errorf(HERE, "'%T' has no member named '%Y'", orig_type, symbol);
7409                 return create_invalid_expression();
7410         }
7411
7412         return result;
7413 }
7414
7415 static void check_call_argument(type_t          *expected_type,
7416                                 call_argument_t *argument, unsigned pos)
7417 {
7418         type_t         *expected_type_skip = skip_typeref(expected_type);
7419         assign_error_t  error              = ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE;
7420         expression_t   *arg_expr           = argument->expression;
7421         type_t         *arg_type           = skip_typeref(arg_expr->base.type);
7422
7423         /* handle transparent union gnu extension */
7424         if (is_type_union(expected_type_skip)
7425                         && (get_type_modifiers(expected_type) & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION)) {
7426                 compound_t *union_decl  = expected_type_skip->compound.compound;
7427                 type_t     *best_type   = NULL;
7428                 entity_t   *entry       = union_decl->members.entities;
7429                 for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
7430                         assert(is_declaration(entry));
7431                         type_t *decl_type = entry->declaration.type;
7432                         error = semantic_assign(decl_type, arg_expr);
7433                         if (error == ASSIGN_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE
7434                                 || error == ASSIGN_ERROR_POINTER_QUALIFIER_MISSING)
7435                                 continue;
7436
7437                         if (error == ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7438                                 best_type = decl_type;
7439                         } else if (best_type == NULL) {
7440                                 best_type = decl_type;
7441                         }
7442                 }
7443
7444                 if (best_type != NULL) {
7445                         expected_type = best_type;
7446                 }
7447         }
7448
7449         error                = semantic_assign(expected_type, arg_expr);
7450         argument->expression = create_implicit_cast(arg_expr, expected_type);
7451
7452         if (error != ASSIGN_SUCCESS) {
7453                 /* report exact scope in error messages (like "in argument 3") */
7454                 char buf[64];
7455                 snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "call argument %u", pos);
7456                 report_assign_error(error, expected_type, arg_expr,     buf,
7457                                                         &arg_expr->base.source_position);
7458         } else if (warning.traditional || warning.conversion) {
7459                 type_t *const promoted_type = get_default_promoted_type(arg_type);
7460                 if (!types_compatible(expected_type_skip, promoted_type) &&
7461                     !types_compatible(expected_type_skip, type_void_ptr) &&
7462                     !types_compatible(type_void_ptr,      promoted_type)) {
7463                         /* Deliberately show the skipped types in this warning */
7464                         warningf(&arg_expr->base.source_position,
7465                                 "passing call argument %u as '%T' rather than '%T' due to prototype",
7466                                 pos, expected_type_skip, promoted_type);
7467                 }
7468         }
7469 }
7470
7471 /**
7472  * Handle the semantic restrictions of builtin calls
7473  */
7474 static void handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call_expression_t *call) {
7475         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
7476                 case bk_gnu_builtin_return_address:
7477                 case bk_gnu_builtin_frame_address: {
7478                         /* argument must be constant */
7479                         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
7480
7481                         if (! is_constant_expression(argument->expression)) {
7482                                 errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7483                                        "argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7484                                        call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7485                         }
7486                         break;
7487                 }
7488                 case bk_gnu_builtin_prefetch: {
7489                         /* second and third argument must be constant if existent */
7490                         call_argument_t *rw = call->arguments->next;
7491                         call_argument_t *locality = NULL;
7492
7493                         if (rw != NULL) {
7494                                 if (! is_constant_expression(rw->expression)) {
7495                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7496                                                "second argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7497                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7498                                 }
7499                                 locality = rw->next;
7500                         }
7501                         if (locality != NULL) {
7502                                 if (! is_constant_expression(locality->expression)) {
7503                                         errorf(&call->base.source_position,
7504                                                "third argument of '%Y' must be a constant expression",
7505                                                call->function->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7506                                 }
7507                                 locality = rw->next;
7508                         }
7509                         break;
7510                 }
7511                 default:
7512                         break;
7513         }
7514 }
7515
7516 /**
7517  * Parse a call expression, ie. expression '( ... )'.
7518  *
7519  * @param expression  the function address
7520  */
7521 static expression_t *parse_call_expression(expression_t *expression)
7522 {
7523         expression_t      *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
7524         call_expression_t *call   = &result->call;
7525         call->function            = expression;
7526
7527         type_t *const orig_type = expression->base.type;
7528         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7529
7530         function_type_t *function_type = NULL;
7531         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7532                 type_t *const to_type = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7533
7534                 if (is_type_function(to_type)) {
7535                         function_type   = &to_type->function;
7536                         call->base.type = function_type->return_type;
7537                 }
7538         }
7539
7540         if (function_type == NULL && is_type_valid(type)) {
7541                 errorf(HERE,
7542                        "called object '%E' (type '%T') is not a pointer to a function",
7543                        expression, orig_type);
7544         }
7545
7546         /* parse arguments */
7547         eat('(');
7548         add_anchor_token(')');
7549         add_anchor_token(',');
7550
7551         if (token.type != ')') {
7552                 call_argument_t **anchor = &call->arguments;
7553                 for (;;) {
7554                         call_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(*argument));
7555                         argument->expression = parse_assignment_expression();
7556
7557                         *anchor = argument;
7558                         anchor  = &argument->next;
7559
7560                         if (token.type != ',')
7561                                 break;
7562                         next_token();
7563                 }
7564         }
7565         rem_anchor_token(',');
7566         rem_anchor_token(')');
7567         expect(')', end_error);
7568
7569         if (function_type == NULL)
7570                 return result;
7571
7572         /* check type and count of call arguments */
7573         function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
7574         call_argument_t      *argument  = call->arguments;
7575         if (!function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
7576                 for (unsigned pos = 0; parameter != NULL && argument != NULL;
7577                                 parameter = parameter->next, argument = argument->next) {
7578                         check_call_argument(parameter->type, argument, ++pos);
7579                 }
7580
7581                 if (parameter != NULL) {
7582                         errorf(HERE, "too few arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7583                 } else if (argument != NULL && !function_type->variadic) {
7584                         errorf(HERE, "too many arguments to function '%E'", expression);
7585                 }
7586         }
7587
7588         /* do default promotion for other arguments */
7589         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
7590                 type_t *type = argument->expression->base.type;
7591
7592                 type = get_default_promoted_type(type);
7593
7594                 argument->expression
7595                         = create_implicit_cast(argument->expression, type);
7596         }
7597
7598         check_format(&result->call);
7599
7600         if (warning.aggregate_return &&
7601             is_type_compound(skip_typeref(function_type->return_type))) {
7602                 warningf(&result->base.source_position,
7603                          "function call has aggregate value");
7604         }
7605
7606         if (call->function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
7607                 reference_expression_t *reference = &call->function->reference;
7608                 if (reference->entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION &&
7609                     reference->entity->function.btk != bk_none)
7610                         handle_builtin_argument_restrictions(call);
7611         }
7612
7613 end_error:
7614         return result;
7615 }
7616
7617 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right);
7618
7619 static bool same_compound_type(const type_t *type1, const type_t *type2)
7620 {
7621         return
7622                 is_type_compound(type1) &&
7623                 type1->kind == type2->kind &&
7624                 type1->compound.compound == type2->compound.compound;
7625 }
7626
7627 static expression_t const *get_reference_address(expression_t const *expr)
7628 {
7629         bool regular_take_address = true;
7630         for (;;) {
7631                 if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
7632                         expr = expr->unary.value;
7633                 } else {
7634                         regular_take_address = false;
7635                 }
7636
7637                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
7638                         break;
7639
7640                 expr = expr->unary.value;
7641         }
7642
7643         if (expr->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
7644                 return NULL;
7645
7646         /* special case for functions which are automatically converted to a
7647          * pointer to function without an extra TAKE_ADDRESS operation */
7648         if (!regular_take_address &&
7649                         expr->reference.entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
7650                 return NULL;
7651         }
7652
7653         return expr;
7654 }
7655
7656 static void warn_reference_address_as_bool(expression_t const* expr)
7657 {
7658         if (!warning.address)
7659                 return;
7660
7661         expr = get_reference_address(expr);
7662         if (expr != NULL) {
7663                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
7664                          "the address of '%Y' will always evaluate as 'true'",
7665                          expr->reference.entity->base.symbol);
7666         }
7667 }
7668
7669 static void warn_assignment_in_condition(const expression_t *const expr)
7670 {
7671         if (!warning.parentheses)
7672                 return;
7673         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN)
7674                 return;
7675         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
7676                 return;
7677         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
7678                         "suggest parentheses around assignment used as truth value");
7679 }
7680
7681 static void semantic_condition(expression_t const *const expr,
7682                                char const *const context)
7683 {
7684         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
7685         if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
7686                 warn_reference_address_as_bool(expr);
7687                 warn_assignment_in_condition(expr);
7688         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7689                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
7690                                 "%s must have scalar type", context);
7691         }
7692 }
7693
7694 /**
7695  * Parse a conditional expression, ie. 'expression ? ... : ...'.
7696  *
7697  * @param expression  the conditional expression
7698  */
7699 static expression_t *parse_conditional_expression(expression_t *expression)
7700 {
7701         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CONDITIONAL);
7702
7703         conditional_expression_t *conditional = &result->conditional;
7704         conditional->condition                = expression;
7705
7706         eat('?');
7707         add_anchor_token(':');
7708
7709         /* §6.5.15:2  The first operand shall have scalar type. */
7710         semantic_condition(expression, "condition of conditional operator");
7711
7712         expression_t *true_expression = expression;
7713         bool          gnu_cond = false;
7714         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == ':') {
7715                 gnu_cond = true;
7716         } else {
7717                 true_expression = parse_expression();
7718         }
7719         rem_anchor_token(':');
7720         expect(':', end_error);
7721 end_error:;
7722         expression_t *false_expression =
7723                 parse_sub_expression(c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL);
7724
7725         type_t *const orig_true_type  = true_expression->base.type;
7726         type_t *const orig_false_type = false_expression->base.type;
7727         type_t *const true_type       = skip_typeref(orig_true_type);
7728         type_t *const false_type      = skip_typeref(orig_false_type);
7729
7730         /* 6.5.15.3 */
7731         type_t *result_type;
7732         if (is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7733                         is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7734                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.16:2 */
7735                 if (true_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7736                         result_type = false_type;
7737                 } else if (false_expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_THROW) {
7738                         result_type = true_type;
7739                 } else {
7740                         if (warning.other && (
7741                                                 !is_type_atomic(true_type,  ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7742                                                 !is_type_atomic(false_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)
7743                                         )) {
7744                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7745                                                 "ISO C forbids conditional expression with only one void side");
7746                         }
7747                         result_type = type_void;
7748                 }
7749         } else if (is_type_arithmetic(true_type)
7750                    && is_type_arithmetic(false_type)) {
7751                 result_type = semantic_arithmetic(true_type, false_type);
7752
7753                 true_expression  = create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7754                 false_expression = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7755
7756                 conditional->true_expression  = true_expression;
7757                 conditional->false_expression = false_expression;
7758                 conditional->base.type        = result_type;
7759         } else if (same_compound_type(true_type, false_type)) {
7760                 /* just take 1 of the 2 types */
7761                 result_type = true_type;
7762         } else if (is_type_pointer(true_type) || is_type_pointer(false_type)) {
7763                 type_t *pointer_type;
7764                 type_t *other_type;
7765                 expression_t *other_expression;
7766                 if (is_type_pointer(true_type) &&
7767                                 (!is_type_pointer(false_type) || is_null_pointer_constant(false_expression))) {
7768                         pointer_type     = true_type;
7769                         other_type       = false_type;
7770                         other_expression = false_expression;
7771                 } else {
7772                         pointer_type     = false_type;
7773                         other_type       = true_type;
7774                         other_expression = true_expression;
7775                 }
7776
7777                 if (is_null_pointer_constant(other_expression)) {
7778                         result_type = pointer_type;
7779                 } else if (is_type_pointer(other_type)) {
7780                         type_t *to1 = skip_typeref(pointer_type->pointer.points_to);
7781                         type_t *to2 = skip_typeref(other_type->pointer.points_to);
7782
7783                         type_t *to;
7784                         if (is_type_atomic(to1, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID) ||
7785                             is_type_atomic(to2, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7786                                 to = type_void;
7787                         } else if (types_compatible(get_unqualified_type(to1),
7788                                                     get_unqualified_type(to2))) {
7789                                 to = to1;
7790                         } else {
7791                                 if (warning.other) {
7792                                         warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7793                                                         "pointer types '%T' and '%T' in conditional expression are incompatible",
7794                                                         true_type, false_type);
7795                                 }
7796                                 to = type_void;
7797                         }
7798
7799                         type_t *const type =
7800                                 get_qualified_type(to, to1->base.qualifiers | to2->base.qualifiers);
7801                         result_type = make_pointer_type(type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
7802                 } else if (is_type_integer(other_type)) {
7803                         if (warning.other) {
7804                                 warningf(&conditional->base.source_position,
7805                                                 "pointer/integer type mismatch in conditional expression ('%T' and '%T')", true_type, false_type);
7806                         }
7807                         result_type = pointer_type;
7808                 } else {
7809                         if (is_type_valid(other_type)) {
7810                                 type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7811                                                 &expression->base.source_position, true_type, false_type);
7812                         }
7813                         result_type = type_error_type;
7814                 }
7815         } else {
7816                 if (is_type_valid(true_type) && is_type_valid(false_type)) {
7817                         type_error_incompatible("while parsing conditional",
7818                                                 &conditional->base.source_position, true_type,
7819                                                 false_type);
7820                 }
7821                 result_type = type_error_type;
7822         }
7823
7824         conditional->true_expression
7825                 = gnu_cond ? NULL : create_implicit_cast(true_expression, result_type);
7826         conditional->false_expression
7827                 = create_implicit_cast(false_expression, result_type);
7828         conditional->base.type = result_type;
7829         return result;
7830 }
7831
7832 /**
7833  * Parse an extension expression.
7834  */
7835 static expression_t *parse_extension(void)
7836 {
7837         eat(T___extension__);
7838
7839         bool old_gcc_extension   = in_gcc_extension;
7840         in_gcc_extension         = true;
7841         expression_t *expression = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);
7842         in_gcc_extension         = old_gcc_extension;
7843         return expression;
7844 }
7845
7846 /**
7847  * Parse a __builtin_classify_type() expression.
7848  */
7849 static expression_t *parse_builtin_classify_type(void)
7850 {
7851         expression_t *result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE);
7852         result->base.type    = type_int;
7853
7854         eat(T___builtin_classify_type);
7855
7856         expect('(', end_error);
7857         add_anchor_token(')');
7858         expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
7859         rem_anchor_token(')');
7860         expect(')', end_error);
7861         result->classify_type.type_expression = expression;
7862
7863         return result;
7864 end_error:
7865         return create_invalid_expression();
7866 }
7867
7868 /**
7869  * Parse a delete expression
7870  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §5.3.5
7871  */
7872 static expression_t *parse_delete(void)
7873 {
7874         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_DELETE);
7875         result->base.type          = type_void;
7876
7877         eat(T_delete);
7878
7879         if (token.type == '[') {
7880                 next_token();
7881                 result->kind = EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY;
7882                 expect(']', end_error);
7883 end_error:;
7884         }
7885
7886         expression_t *const value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_CAST);
7887         result->unary.value = value;
7888
7889         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
7890         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
7891                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
7892                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7893                                         "operand of delete must have pointer type");
7894                 }
7895         } else if (warning.other &&
7896                         is_type_atomic(skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to), ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7897                 warningf(&value->base.source_position,
7898                                 "deleting 'void*' is undefined");
7899         }
7900
7901         return result;
7902 }
7903
7904 /**
7905  * Parse a throw expression
7906  * ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15:1
7907  */
7908 static expression_t *parse_throw(void)
7909 {
7910         expression_t *const result = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_UNARY_THROW);
7911         result->base.type          = type_void;
7912
7913         eat(T_throw);
7914
7915         expression_t *value = NULL;
7916         switch (token.type) {
7917                 EXPRESSION_START {
7918                         value = parse_assignment_expression();
7919                         /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §15.1:3 */
7920                         type_t *const orig_type = value->base.type;
7921                         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
7922                         if (is_type_incomplete(type)) {
7923                                 errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7924                                                 "cannot throw object of incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7925                         } else if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
7926                                 type_t *const points_to = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
7927                                 if (is_type_incomplete(points_to) &&
7928                                                 !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7929                                         errorf(&value->base.source_position,
7930                                                         "cannot throw pointer to incomplete type '%T'", orig_type);
7931                                 }
7932                         }
7933                 }
7934
7935                 default:
7936                         break;
7937         }
7938         result->unary.value = value;
7939
7940         return result;
7941 }
7942
7943 static bool check_pointer_arithmetic(const source_position_t *source_position,
7944                                      type_t *pointer_type,
7945                                      type_t *orig_pointer_type)
7946 {
7947         type_t *points_to = pointer_type->pointer.points_to;
7948         points_to = skip_typeref(points_to);
7949
7950         if (is_type_incomplete(points_to)) {
7951                 if (!GNU_MODE || !is_type_atomic(points_to, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
7952                         errorf(source_position,
7953                                "arithmetic with pointer to incomplete type '%T' not allowed",
7954                                orig_pointer_type);
7955                         return false;
7956                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7957                         warningf(source_position,
7958                                  "pointer of type '%T' used in arithmetic",
7959                                  orig_pointer_type);
7960                 }
7961         } else if (is_type_function(points_to)) {
7962                 if (!GNU_MODE) {
7963                         errorf(source_position,
7964                                "arithmetic with pointer to function type '%T' not allowed",
7965                                orig_pointer_type);
7966                         return false;
7967                 } else if (warning.pointer_arith) {
7968                         warningf(source_position,
7969                                  "pointer to a function '%T' used in arithmetic",
7970                                  orig_pointer_type);
7971                 }
7972         }
7973         return true;
7974 }
7975
7976 static bool is_lvalue(const expression_t *expression)
7977 {
7978         /* TODO: doesn't seem to be consistent with §6.3.2.1:1 */
7979         switch (expression->kind) {
7980         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
7981         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
7982         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
7983         case EXPR_SELECT:
7984         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
7985                 return true;
7986
7987         default: {
7988           type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
7989           return
7990                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §3.10:3 */
7991                 is_type_reference(type) ||
7992                 /* Claim it is an lvalue, if the type is invalid.  There was a parse
7993                  * error before, which maybe prevented properly recognizing it as
7994                  * lvalue. */
7995                 !is_type_valid(type);
7996         }
7997         }
7998 }
7999
8000 static void semantic_incdec(unary_expression_t *expression)
8001 {
8002         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8003         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8004         if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
8005                 if (!check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8006                                               type, orig_type)) {
8007                         return;
8008                 }
8009         } else if (!is_type_real(type) && is_type_valid(type)) {
8010                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8011                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8012                        "operation needs an arithmetic or pointer type");
8013                 return;
8014         }
8015         if (!is_lvalue(expression->value)) {
8016                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8017                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "lvalue required as operand");
8018         }
8019         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8020 }
8021
8022 static void semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(unary_expression_t *expression)
8023 {
8024         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8025         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8026         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type)) {
8027                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8028                         /* TODO: improve error message */
8029                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8030                                 "operation needs an arithmetic type");
8031                 }
8032                 return;
8033         }
8034
8035         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8036 }
8037
8038 static void semantic_unexpr_plus(unary_expression_t *expression)
8039 {
8040         semantic_unexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8041         if (warning.traditional)
8042                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8043                         "traditional C rejects the unary plus operator");
8044 }
8045
8046 static void semantic_not(unary_expression_t *expression)
8047 {
8048         /* §6.5.3.3:1  The operand [...] of the ! operator, scalar type. */
8049         semantic_condition(expression->value, "operand of !");
8050         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8051 }
8052
8053 static void semantic_unexpr_integer(unary_expression_t *expression)
8054 {
8055         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8056         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8057         if (!is_type_integer(type)) {
8058                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8059                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8060                                "operand of ~ must be of integer type");
8061                 }
8062                 return;
8063         }
8064
8065         expression->base.type = orig_type;
8066 }
8067
8068 static void semantic_dereference(unary_expression_t *expression)
8069 {
8070         type_t *const orig_type = expression->value->base.type;
8071         type_t *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8072         if (!is_type_pointer(type)) {
8073                 if (is_type_valid(type)) {
8074                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8075                                "Unary '*' needs pointer or array type, but type '%T' given", orig_type);
8076                 }
8077                 return;
8078         }
8079
8080         type_t *result_type   = type->pointer.points_to;
8081         result_type           = automatic_type_conversion(result_type);
8082         expression->base.type = result_type;
8083 }
8084
8085 /**
8086  * Record that an address is taken (expression represents an lvalue).
8087  *
8088  * @param expression       the expression
8089  * @param may_be_register  if true, the expression might be an register
8090  */
8091 static void set_address_taken(expression_t *expression, bool may_be_register)
8092 {
8093         if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8094                 return;
8095
8096         entity_t *const entity = expression->reference.entity;
8097
8098         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE && entity->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
8099                 return;
8100
8101         if (entity->declaration.storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER
8102                         && !may_be_register) {
8103                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8104                                 "address of register %s '%Y' requested",
8105                                 get_entity_kind_name(entity->kind),     entity->base.symbol);
8106         }
8107
8108         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
8109                 entity->variable.address_taken = true;
8110         } else {
8111                 assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
8112                 entity->parameter.address_taken = true;
8113         }
8114 }
8115
8116 /**
8117  * Check the semantic of the address taken expression.
8118  */
8119 static void semantic_take_addr(unary_expression_t *expression)
8120 {
8121         expression_t *value = expression->value;
8122         value->base.type    = revert_automatic_type_conversion(value);
8123
8124         type_t *orig_type = value->base.type;
8125         type_t *type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
8126         if (!is_type_valid(type))
8127                 return;
8128
8129         /* §6.5.3.2 */
8130         if (!is_lvalue(value)) {
8131                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position, "'&' requires an lvalue");
8132         }
8133         if (type->kind == TYPE_BITFIELD) {
8134                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8135                        "'&' not allowed on object with bitfield type '%T'",
8136                        type);
8137         }
8138
8139         set_address_taken(value, false);
8140
8141         expression->base.type = make_pointer_type(orig_type, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
8142 }
8143
8144 #define CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, sfunc) \
8145 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(void)                         \
8146 {                                                                            \
8147         expression_t *unary_expression                                           \
8148                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                       \
8149         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8150         unary_expression->unary.value = parse_sub_expression(PREC_UNARY);        \
8151                                                                                  \
8152         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                         \
8153                                                                                  \
8154         return unary_expression;                                                 \
8155 }
8156
8157 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('-', EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,
8158                                semantic_unexpr_arithmetic)
8159 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('+', EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,
8160                                semantic_unexpr_plus)
8161 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('!', EXPR_UNARY_NOT,
8162                                semantic_not)
8163 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('*', EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,
8164                                semantic_dereference)
8165 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('&', EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,
8166                                semantic_take_addr)
8167 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER('~', EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,
8168                                semantic_unexpr_integer)
8169 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,   EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT,
8170                                semantic_incdec)
8171 CREATE_UNARY_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS, EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT,
8172                                semantic_incdec)
8173
8174 #define CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(token_type, unexpression_type, \
8175                                                sfunc)                         \
8176 static expression_t *parse_##unexpression_type(expression_t *left)            \
8177 {                                                                             \
8178         expression_t *unary_expression                                            \
8179                 = allocate_expression_zero(unexpression_type);                        \
8180         eat(token_type);                                                          \
8181         unary_expression->unary.value = left;                                     \
8182                                                                                   \
8183         sfunc(&unary_expression->unary);                                          \
8184                                                                               \
8185         return unary_expression;                                                  \
8186 }
8187
8188 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_PLUSPLUS,
8189                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,
8190                                        semantic_incdec)
8191 CREATE_UNARY_POSTFIX_EXPRESSION_PARSER(T_MINUSMINUS,
8192                                        EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,
8193                                        semantic_incdec)
8194
8195 static type_t *semantic_arithmetic(type_t *type_left, type_t *type_right)
8196 {
8197         /* TODO: handle complex + imaginary types */
8198
8199         type_left  = get_unqualified_type(type_left);
8200         type_right = get_unqualified_type(type_right);
8201
8202         /* §6.3.1.8 Usual arithmetic conversions */
8203         if (type_left == type_long_double || type_right == type_long_double) {
8204                 return type_long_double;
8205         } else if (type_left == type_double || type_right == type_double) {
8206                 return type_double;
8207         } else if (type_left == type_float || type_right == type_float) {
8208                 return type_float;
8209         }
8210
8211         type_left  = promote_integer(type_left);
8212         type_right = promote_integer(type_right);
8213
8214         if (type_left == type_right)
8215                 return type_left;
8216
8217         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8218         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8219         int const  rank_left    = get_rank(type_left);
8220         int const  rank_right   = get_rank(type_right);
8221
8222         if (signed_left == signed_right)
8223                 return rank_left >= rank_right ? type_left : type_right;
8224
8225         int     s_rank;
8226         int     u_rank;
8227         type_t *s_type;
8228         type_t *u_type;
8229         if (signed_left) {
8230                 s_rank = rank_left;
8231                 s_type = type_left;
8232                 u_rank = rank_right;
8233                 u_type = type_right;
8234         } else {
8235                 s_rank = rank_right;
8236                 s_type = type_right;
8237                 u_rank = rank_left;
8238                 u_type = type_left;
8239         }
8240
8241         if (u_rank >= s_rank)
8242                 return u_type;
8243
8244         /* casting rank to atomic_type_kind is a bit hacky, but makes things
8245          * easier here... */
8246         if (get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) s_rank)
8247                         > get_atomic_type_size((atomic_type_kind_t) u_rank))
8248                 return s_type;
8249
8250         switch (s_rank) {
8251                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:      return type_unsigned_int;
8252                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:     return type_unsigned_long;
8253                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG: return type_unsigned_long_long;
8254
8255                 default: panic("invalid atomic type");
8256         }
8257 }
8258
8259 /**
8260  * Check the semantic restrictions for a binary expression.
8261  */
8262 static void semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8263 {
8264         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8265         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8266         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8267         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8268         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8269         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8270
8271         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8272                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8273                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8274                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8275                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8276                 }
8277                 return;
8278         }
8279
8280         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8281         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8282         expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8283         expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8284 }
8285
8286 static void warn_div_by_zero(binary_expression_t const *const expression)
8287 {
8288         if (!warning.div_by_zero ||
8289             !is_type_integer(expression->base.type))
8290                 return;
8291
8292         expression_t const *const right = expression->right;
8293         /* The type of the right operand can be different for /= */
8294         if (is_type_integer(right->base.type) &&
8295             is_constant_expression(right)     &&
8296             !fold_constant_to_bool(right)) {
8297                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position, "division by zero");
8298         }
8299 }
8300
8301 /**
8302  * Check the semantic restrictions for a div/mod expression.
8303  */
8304 static void semantic_divmod_arithmetic(binary_expression_t *expression)
8305 {
8306         semantic_binexpr_arithmetic(expression);
8307         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8308 }
8309
8310 static void warn_addsub_in_shift(const expression_t *const expr)
8311 {
8312         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8313                 return;
8314
8315         char op;
8316         switch (expr->kind) {
8317                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD: op = '+'; break;
8318                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: op = '-'; break;
8319                 default:              return;
8320         }
8321
8322         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8323                         "suggest parentheses around '%c' inside shift", op);
8324 }
8325
8326 static bool semantic_shift(binary_expression_t *expression)
8327 {
8328         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8329         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8330         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8331         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8332         type_t       *      type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8333         type_t       *      type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8334
8335         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8336                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8337                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8338                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8339                                "operands of shift operation must have integer types");
8340                 }
8341                 return false;
8342         }
8343
8344         type_left = promote_integer(type_left);
8345
8346         if (is_constant_expression(right)) {
8347                 long count = fold_constant_to_int(right);
8348                 if (count < 0) {
8349                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
8350                                         "shift count must be non-negative");
8351                 } else if ((unsigned long)count >=
8352                                 get_atomic_type_size(type_left->atomic.akind) * 8) {
8353                         warningf(&right->base.source_position,
8354                                         "shift count must be less than type width");
8355                 }
8356         }
8357
8358         type_right        = promote_integer(type_right);
8359         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_right);
8360
8361         return true;
8362 }
8363
8364 static void semantic_shift_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8365 {
8366         expression_t *const left  = expression->left;
8367         expression_t *const right = expression->right;
8368
8369         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
8370                 return;
8371
8372         if (warning.parentheses) {
8373                 warn_addsub_in_shift(left);
8374                 warn_addsub_in_shift(right);
8375         }
8376
8377         type_t *const orig_type_left = left->base.type;
8378         type_t *      type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8379
8380         type_left             = promote_integer(type_left);
8381         expression->left      = create_implicit_cast(left, type_left);
8382         expression->base.type = type_left;
8383 }
8384
8385 static void semantic_add(binary_expression_t *expression)
8386 {
8387         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8388         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8389         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8390         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8391         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8392         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8393
8394         /* §6.5.6 */
8395         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8396                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8397                 expression->left  = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8398                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8399                 expression->base.type = arithmetic_type;
8400         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8401                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8402                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8403                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8404         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right) && is_type_integer(type_left)) {
8405                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8406                                          type_right, orig_type_right);
8407                 expression->base.type = type_right;
8408         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8409                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8410                        "invalid operands to binary + ('%T', '%T')",
8411                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8412         }
8413 }
8414
8415 static void semantic_sub(binary_expression_t *expression)
8416 {
8417         expression_t            *const left            = expression->left;
8418         expression_t            *const right           = expression->right;
8419         type_t                  *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8420         type_t                  *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8421         type_t                  *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8422         type_t                  *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8423         source_position_t const *const pos             = &expression->base.source_position;
8424
8425         /* §5.6.5 */
8426         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8427                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8428                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8429                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8430                 expression->base.type =  arithmetic_type;
8431         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8432                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8433                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8434                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8435         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8436                 type_t *const unqual_left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_left->pointer.points_to));
8437                 type_t *const unqual_right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(type_right->pointer.points_to));
8438                 if (!types_compatible(unqual_left, unqual_right)) {
8439                         errorf(pos,
8440                                "subtracting pointers to incompatible types '%T' and '%T'",
8441                                orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8442                 } else if (!is_type_object(unqual_left)) {
8443                         if (!is_type_atomic(unqual_left, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
8444                                 errorf(pos, "subtracting pointers to non-object types '%T'",
8445                                        orig_type_left);
8446                         } else if (warning.other) {
8447                                 warningf(pos, "subtracting pointers to void");
8448                         }
8449                 }
8450                 expression->base.type = type_ptrdiff_t;
8451         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8452                 errorf(pos, "invalid operands of types '%T' and '%T' to binary '-'",
8453                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8454         }
8455 }
8456
8457 static void warn_string_literal_address(expression_t const* expr)
8458 {
8459         while (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
8460                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8461                 if (expr->kind != EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE)
8462                         return;
8463                 expr = expr->unary.value;
8464         }
8465
8466         if (expr->kind == EXPR_STRING_LITERAL ||
8467             expr->kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
8468                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8469                         "comparison with string literal results in unspecified behaviour");
8470         }
8471 }
8472
8473 static void warn_comparison_in_comparison(const expression_t *const expr)
8474 {
8475         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8476                 return;
8477         switch (expr->base.kind) {
8478                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
8479                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
8480                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
8481                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
8482                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
8483                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
8484                         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8485                                         "comparisons like 'x <= y < z' do not have their mathematical meaning");
8486                         break;
8487                 default:
8488                         break;
8489         }
8490 }
8491
8492 static bool maybe_negative(expression_t const *const expr)
8493 {
8494         return
8495                 !is_constant_expression(expr) ||
8496                 fold_constant_to_int(expr) < 0;
8497 }
8498
8499 /**
8500  * Check the semantics of comparison expressions.
8501  *
8502  * @param expression   The expression to check.
8503  */
8504 static void semantic_comparison(binary_expression_t *expression)
8505 {
8506         expression_t *left  = expression->left;
8507         expression_t *right = expression->right;
8508
8509         if (warning.address) {
8510                 warn_string_literal_address(left);
8511                 warn_string_literal_address(right);
8512
8513                 expression_t const* const func_left = get_reference_address(left);
8514                 if (func_left != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8515                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8516                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8517                                  func_left->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8518                 }
8519
8520                 expression_t const* const func_right = get_reference_address(right);
8521                 if (func_right != NULL && is_null_pointer_constant(right)) {
8522                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8523                                  "the address of '%Y' will never be NULL",
8524                                  func_right->reference.entity->base.symbol);
8525                 }
8526         }
8527
8528         if (warning.parentheses) {
8529                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(left);
8530                 warn_comparison_in_comparison(right);
8531         }
8532
8533         type_t *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8534         type_t *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8535         type_t *type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8536         type_t *type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8537
8538         /* TODO non-arithmetic types */
8539         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8540                 type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8541
8542                 /* test for signed vs unsigned compares */
8543                 if (warning.sign_compare && is_type_integer(arithmetic_type)) {
8544                         bool const signed_left  = is_type_signed(type_left);
8545                         bool const signed_right = is_type_signed(type_right);
8546                         if (signed_left != signed_right) {
8547                                 /* FIXME long long needs better const folding magic */
8548                                 /* TODO check whether constant value can be represented by other type */
8549                                 if ((signed_left  && maybe_negative(left)) ||
8550                                                 (signed_right && maybe_negative(right))) {
8551                                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8552                                                         "comparison between signed and unsigned");
8553                                 }
8554                         }
8555                 }
8556
8557                 expression->left        = create_implicit_cast(left, arithmetic_type);
8558                 expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8559                 expression->base.type   = arithmetic_type;
8560                 if (warning.float_equal &&
8561                     (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL ||
8562                      expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL) &&
8563                     is_type_float(arithmetic_type)) {
8564                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
8565                                  "comparing floating point with == or != is unsafe");
8566                 }
8567         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8568                 /* TODO check compatibility */
8569         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
8570                 expression->right = create_implicit_cast(right, type_left);
8571         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
8572                 expression->left = create_implicit_cast(left, type_right);
8573         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8574                 type_error_incompatible("invalid operands in comparison",
8575                                         &expression->base.source_position,
8576                                         type_left, type_right);
8577         }
8578         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8579 }
8580
8581 /**
8582  * Checks if a compound type has constant fields.
8583  */
8584 static bool has_const_fields(const compound_type_t *type)
8585 {
8586         compound_t *compound = type->compound;
8587         entity_t   *entry    = compound->members.entities;
8588
8589         for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
8590                 if (!is_declaration(entry))
8591                         continue;
8592
8593                 const type_t *decl_type = skip_typeref(entry->declaration.type);
8594                 if (decl_type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST)
8595                         return true;
8596         }
8597
8598         return false;
8599 }
8600
8601 static bool is_valid_assignment_lhs(expression_t const* const left)
8602 {
8603         type_t *const orig_type_left = revert_automatic_type_conversion(left);
8604         type_t *const type_left      = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8605
8606         if (!is_lvalue(left)) {
8607                 errorf(HERE, "left hand side '%E' of assignment is not an lvalue",
8608                        left);
8609                 return false;
8610         }
8611
8612         if (left->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE
8613                         && left->reference.entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
8614                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to function '%E'", left);
8615                 return false;
8616         }
8617
8618         if (is_type_array(type_left)) {
8619                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to array '%E'", left);
8620                 return false;
8621         }
8622         if (type_left->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
8623                 errorf(HERE, "assignment to readonly location '%E' (type '%T')", left,
8624                        orig_type_left);
8625                 return false;
8626         }
8627         if (is_type_incomplete(type_left)) {
8628                 errorf(HERE, "left-hand side '%E' of assignment has incomplete type '%T'",
8629                        left, orig_type_left);
8630                 return false;
8631         }
8632         if (is_type_compound(type_left) && has_const_fields(&type_left->compound)) {
8633                 errorf(HERE, "cannot assign to '%E' because compound type '%T' has readonly fields",
8634                        left, orig_type_left);
8635                 return false;
8636         }
8637
8638         return true;
8639 }
8640
8641 static void semantic_arithmetic_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8642 {
8643         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
8644         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
8645         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8646         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8647
8648         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8649                 return;
8650
8651         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8652         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8653
8654         if (!is_type_arithmetic(type_left) || !is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8655                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8656                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8657                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8658                                "operation needs arithmetic types");
8659                 }
8660                 return;
8661         }
8662
8663         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8664          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8665          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8666          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8667         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8668         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8669         expression->base.type   = type_left;
8670 }
8671
8672 static void semantic_divmod_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8673 {
8674         semantic_arithmetic_assign(expression);
8675         warn_div_by_zero(expression);
8676 }
8677
8678 static void semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8679 {
8680         expression_t *const left            = expression->left;
8681         expression_t *const right           = expression->right;
8682         type_t       *const orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8683         type_t       *const orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8684         type_t       *const type_left       = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8685         type_t       *const type_right      = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8686
8687         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8688                 return;
8689
8690         if (is_type_arithmetic(type_left) && is_type_arithmetic(type_right)) {
8691                 /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8692                  * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8693                  * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8694                  * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8695                 type_t *const arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8696                 expression->right     = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8697                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8698         } else if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8699                 check_pointer_arithmetic(&expression->base.source_position,
8700                                          type_left, orig_type_left);
8701                 expression->base.type = type_left;
8702         } else if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8703                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8704                        "incompatible types '%T' and '%T' in assignment",
8705                        orig_type_left, orig_type_right);
8706         }
8707 }
8708
8709 static void semantic_integer_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8710 {
8711         expression_t *left            = expression->left;
8712         expression_t *right           = expression->right;
8713         type_t       *orig_type_left  = left->base.type;
8714         type_t       *orig_type_right = right->base.type;
8715
8716         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8717                 return;
8718
8719         type_t *type_left  = skip_typeref(orig_type_left);
8720         type_t *type_right = skip_typeref(orig_type_right);
8721
8722         if (!is_type_integer(type_left) || !is_type_integer(type_right)) {
8723                 /* TODO: improve error message */
8724                 if (is_type_valid(type_left) && is_type_valid(type_right)) {
8725                         errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
8726                                "operation needs integer types");
8727                 }
8728                 return;
8729         }
8730
8731         /* combined instructions are tricky. We can't create an implicit cast on
8732          * the left side, because we need the uncasted form for the store.
8733          * The ast2firm pass has to know that left_type must be right_type
8734          * for the arithmetic operation and create a cast by itself */
8735         type_t *arithmetic_type = semantic_arithmetic(type_left, type_right);
8736         expression->right       = create_implicit_cast(right, arithmetic_type);
8737         expression->base.type   = type_left;
8738 }
8739
8740 static void semantic_shift_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8741 {
8742         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
8743
8744         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8745                 return;
8746
8747         if (!semantic_shift(expression))
8748                 return;
8749
8750         expression->base.type = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
8751 }
8752
8753 static void warn_logical_and_within_or(const expression_t *const expr)
8754 {
8755         if (expr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND)
8756                 return;
8757         if (expr->base.parenthesized)
8758                 return;
8759         warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
8760                         "suggest parentheses around && within ||");
8761 }
8762
8763 /**
8764  * Check the semantic restrictions of a logical expression.
8765  */
8766 static void semantic_logical_op(binary_expression_t *expression)
8767 {
8768         /* §6.5.13:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type.
8769          * §6.5.14:2  Each of the operands shall have scalar type. */
8770         semantic_condition(expression->left,   "left operand of logical operator");
8771         semantic_condition(expression->right, "right operand of logical operator");
8772         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR &&
8773                         warning.parentheses) {
8774                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->left);
8775                 warn_logical_and_within_or(expression->right);
8776         }
8777         expression->base.type = c_mode & _CXX ? type_bool : type_int;
8778 }
8779
8780 /**
8781  * Check the semantic restrictions of a binary assign expression.
8782  */
8783 static void semantic_binexpr_assign(binary_expression_t *expression)
8784 {
8785         expression_t *left           = expression->left;
8786         type_t       *orig_type_left = left->base.type;
8787
8788         if (!is_valid_assignment_lhs(left))
8789                 return;
8790
8791         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(orig_type_left, expression->right);
8792         report_assign_error(error, orig_type_left, expression->right,
8793                         "assignment", &left->base.source_position);
8794         expression->right = create_implicit_cast(expression->right, orig_type_left);
8795         expression->base.type = orig_type_left;
8796 }
8797
8798 /**
8799  * Determine if the outermost operation (or parts thereof) of the given
8800  * expression has no effect in order to generate a warning about this fact.
8801  * Therefore in some cases this only examines some of the operands of the
8802  * expression (see comments in the function and examples below).
8803  * Examples:
8804  *   f() + 23;    // warning, because + has no effect
8805  *   x || f();    // no warning, because x controls execution of f()
8806  *   x ? y : f(); // warning, because y has no effect
8807  *   (void)x;     // no warning to be able to suppress the warning
8808  * This function can NOT be used for an "expression has definitely no effect"-
8809  * analysis. */
8810 static bool expression_has_effect(const expression_t *const expr)
8811 {
8812         switch (expr->kind) {
8813                 case EXPR_UNKNOWN:                    break;
8814                 case EXPR_INVALID:                    return true; /* do NOT warn */
8815                 case EXPR_REFERENCE:                  return false;
8816                 case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:       return false;
8817                 /* suppress the warning for microsoft __noop operations */
8818                 case EXPR_CONST:                      return expr->conste.is_ms_noop;
8819                 case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:         return false;
8820                 case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:    return false;
8821                 case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:             return false;
8822                 case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:        return false;
8823                 case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              return false;
8824
8825                 case EXPR_CALL: {
8826                         const call_expression_t *const call = &expr->call;
8827                         if (call->function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
8828                                 return true;
8829
8830                         switch (call->function->reference.entity->function.btk) {
8831                                 /* FIXME: which builtins have no effect? */
8832                                 default:                      return true;
8833                         }
8834                 }
8835
8836                 /* Generate the warning if either the left or right hand side of a
8837                  * conditional expression has no effect */
8838                 case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
8839                         conditional_expression_t const *const cond = &expr->conditional;
8840                         expression_t             const *const t    = cond->true_expression;
8841                         return
8842                                 (t == NULL || expression_has_effect(t)) &&
8843                                 expression_has_effect(cond->false_expression);
8844                 }
8845
8846                 case EXPR_SELECT:                     return false;
8847                 case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               return false;
8848                 case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     return false;
8849                 case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              return false;
8850                 case EXPR_ALIGNOF:                    return false;
8851
8852                 case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   return false;
8853                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         return false;
8854                 case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: return false;
8855                 case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   return false;
8856                 case EXPR_VA_START:                   return true;
8857                 case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     return true;
8858                 case EXPR_VA_COPY:                    return true;
8859                 case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  return true; // TODO
8860                 case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           return false;
8861
8862                 case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:               return false;
8863                 case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:                 return false;
8864                 case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:       return false;
8865                 case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:                  return false;
8866                 case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:          return false;
8867                 case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:         return false;
8868                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:    return true;
8869                 case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:    return true;
8870                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:     return true;
8871                 case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:     return true;
8872
8873                 /* Treat void casts as if they have an effect in order to being able to
8874                  * suppress the warning */
8875                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
8876                         type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
8877                         return is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID);
8878                 }
8879
8880                 case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:        return true;
8881                 case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:               return true;
8882                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:               return true;
8883                 case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:         return true;
8884                 case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:                return true;
8885
8886                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                 return false;
8887                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                 return false;
8888                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                 return false;
8889                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                 return false;
8890                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                 return false;
8891                 case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:               return false;
8892                 case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:            return false;
8893                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:                return false;
8894                 case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:           return false;
8895                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:             return false;
8896                 case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:        return false;
8897                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:         return false;
8898                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:          return false;
8899                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:         return false;
8900                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:           return false;
8901                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:          return false;
8902                 case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:              return true;
8903                 case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:          return true;
8904                 case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:          return true;
8905                 case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:          return true;
8906                 case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:          return true;
8907                 case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:          return true;
8908                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:    return true;
8909                 case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:   return true;
8910                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:  return true;
8911                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:  return true;
8912                 case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:   return true;
8913
8914                 /* Only examine the right hand side of && and ||, because the left hand
8915                  * side already has the effect of controlling the execution of the right
8916                  * hand side */
8917                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
8918                 case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
8919                 /* Only examine the right hand side of a comma expression, because the left
8920                  * hand side has a separate warning */
8921                 case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
8922                         return expression_has_effect(expr->binary.right);
8923
8924                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:           return false;
8925                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:      return false;
8926                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:              return false;
8927                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:         return false;
8928                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:       return false;
8929                 case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:         return false;
8930         }
8931
8932         internal_errorf(HERE, "unexpected expression");
8933 }
8934
8935 static void semantic_comma(binary_expression_t *expression)
8936 {
8937         if (warning.unused_value) {
8938                 const expression_t *const left = expression->left;
8939                 if (!expression_has_effect(left)) {
8940                         warningf(&left->base.source_position,
8941                                  "left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect");
8942                 }
8943         }
8944         expression->base.type = expression->right->base.type;
8945 }
8946
8947 /**
8948  * @param prec_r precedence of the right operand
8949  */
8950 #define CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(token_type, binexpression_type, prec_r, sfunc) \
8951 static expression_t *parse_##binexpression_type(expression_t *left)          \
8952 {                                                                            \
8953         expression_t *binexpr = allocate_expression_zero(binexpression_type);    \
8954         binexpr->binary.left  = left;                                            \
8955         eat(token_type);                                                         \
8956                                                                              \
8957         expression_t *right = parse_sub_expression(prec_r);                      \
8958                                                                              \
8959         binexpr->binary.right = right;                                           \
8960         sfunc(&binexpr->binary);                                                 \
8961                                                                              \
8962         return binexpr;                                                          \
8963 }
8964
8965 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('*',                    EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8966 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('/',                    EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8967 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('%',                    EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                PREC_CAST,           semantic_divmod_arithmetic)
8968 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('+',                    EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_add)
8969 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('-',                    EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE, semantic_sub)
8970 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESS,             EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8971 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATER,       EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         PREC_ADDITIVE,       semantic_shift_op)
8972 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('<',                    EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8973 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('>',                    EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8974 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8975 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATEREQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       PREC_SHIFT,          semantic_comparison)
8976 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8977 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_EQUALEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              PREC_RELATIONAL,     semantic_comparison)
8978 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('&',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        PREC_EQUALITY,       semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8979 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('^',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        PREC_AND,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8980 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('|',                    EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         PREC_XOR,            semantic_binexpr_arithmetic)
8981 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDAND,               EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        PREC_OR,             semantic_logical_op)
8982 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEPIPE,             EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         PREC_LOGICAL_AND,    semantic_logical_op)
8983 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER('=',                    EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_binexpr_assign)
8984 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PLUSEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8985 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_MINUSEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_addsubb_assign)
8986 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_arithmetic_assign)
8987 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_SLASHEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8988 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PERCENTEQUAL,         EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_divmod_assign)
8989 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
8990 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_shift_assign)
8991 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_ANDEQUAL,             EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8992 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_PIPEEQUAL,            EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8993 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(T_CARETEQUAL,           EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_integer_assign)
8994 CREATE_BINEXPR_PARSER(',',                    EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              PREC_ASSIGNMENT,     semantic_comma)
8995
8996
8997 static expression_t *parse_sub_expression(precedence_t precedence)
8998 {
8999         if (token.type < 0) {
9000                 return expected_expression_error();
9001         }
9002
9003         expression_parser_function_t *parser
9004                 = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9005         source_position_t             source_position = token.source_position;
9006         expression_t                 *left;
9007
9008         if (parser->parser != NULL) {
9009                 left = parser->parser();
9010         } else {
9011                 left = parse_primary_expression();
9012         }
9013         assert(left != NULL);
9014         left->base.source_position = source_position;
9015
9016         while (true) {
9017                 if (token.type < 0) {
9018                         return expected_expression_error();
9019                 }
9020
9021                 parser = &expression_parsers[token.type];
9022                 if (parser->infix_parser == NULL)
9023                         break;
9024                 if (parser->infix_precedence < precedence)
9025                         break;
9026
9027                 left = parser->infix_parser(left);
9028
9029                 assert(left != NULL);
9030                 assert(left->kind != EXPR_UNKNOWN);
9031                 left->base.source_position = source_position;
9032         }
9033
9034         return left;
9035 }
9036
9037 /**
9038  * Parse an expression.
9039  */
9040 static expression_t *parse_expression(void)
9041 {
9042         return parse_sub_expression(PREC_EXPRESSION);
9043 }
9044
9045 /**
9046  * Register a parser for a prefix-like operator.
9047  *
9048  * @param parser      the parser function
9049  * @param token_type  the token type of the prefix token
9050  */
9051 static void register_expression_parser(parse_expression_function parser,
9052                                        int token_type)
9053 {
9054         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9055
9056         if (entry->parser != NULL) {
9057                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9058                 panic("trying to register multiple expression parsers for a token");
9059         }
9060         entry->parser = parser;
9061 }
9062
9063 /**
9064  * Register a parser for an infix operator with given precedence.
9065  *
9066  * @param parser      the parser function
9067  * @param token_type  the token type of the infix operator
9068  * @param precedence  the precedence of the operator
9069  */
9070 static void register_infix_parser(parse_expression_infix_function parser,
9071                 int token_type, precedence_t precedence)
9072 {
9073         expression_parser_function_t *entry = &expression_parsers[token_type];
9074
9075         if (entry->infix_parser != NULL) {
9076                 diagnosticf("for token '%k'\n", (token_type_t)token_type);
9077                 panic("trying to register multiple infix expression parsers for a "
9078                       "token");
9079         }
9080         entry->infix_parser     = parser;
9081         entry->infix_precedence = precedence;
9082 }
9083
9084 /**
9085  * Initialize the expression parsers.
9086  */
9087 static void init_expression_parsers(void)
9088 {
9089         memset(&expression_parsers, 0, sizeof(expression_parsers));
9090
9091         register_infix_parser(parse_array_expression,               '[',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9092         register_infix_parser(parse_call_expression,                '(',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9093         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              '.',                    PREC_POSTFIX);
9094         register_infix_parser(parse_select_expression,              T_MINUSGREATER,         PREC_POSTFIX);
9095         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT,   T_PLUSPLUS,             PREC_POSTFIX);
9096         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT,   T_MINUSMINUS,           PREC_POSTFIX);
9097         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL,                '*',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9098         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV,                '/',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9099         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD,                '%',                    PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE);
9100         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD,                '+',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9101         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB,                '-',                    PREC_ADDITIVE);
9102         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT,          T_LESSLESS,             PREC_SHIFT);
9103         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT,         T_GREATERGREATER,       PREC_SHIFT);
9104         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESS,               '<',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9105         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATER,            '>',                    PREC_RELATIONAL);
9106         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL,          T_LESSEQUAL,            PREC_RELATIONAL);
9107         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL,       T_GREATEREQUAL,         PREC_RELATIONAL);
9108         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL,              T_EQUALEQUAL,           PREC_EQUALITY);
9109         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL,           T_EXCLAMATIONMARKEQUAL, PREC_EQUALITY);
9110         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND,        '&',                    PREC_AND);
9111         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR,        '^',                    PREC_XOR);
9112         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR,         '|',                    PREC_OR);
9113         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND,        T_ANDAND,               PREC_LOGICAL_AND);
9114         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR,         T_PIPEPIPE,             PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
9115         register_infix_parser(parse_conditional_expression,         '?',                    PREC_CONDITIONAL);
9116         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN,             '=',                    PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9117         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN,         T_PLUSEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9118         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN,         T_MINUSEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9119         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN,         T_ASTERISKEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9120         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN,         T_SLASHEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9121         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN,         T_PERCENTEQUAL,         PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9122         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN,   T_LESSLESSEQUAL,        PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9123         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN,  T_GREATERGREATEREQUAL,  PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9124         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN, T_ANDEQUAL,             PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9125         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN,  T_PIPEEQUAL,            PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9126         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN, T_CARETEQUAL,           PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
9127         register_infix_parser(parse_EXPR_BINARY_COMMA,              ',',                    PREC_EXPRESSION);
9128
9129         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE,           '-');
9130         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PLUS,             '+');
9131         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_NOT,              '!');
9132         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE,   '~');
9133         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE,      '*');
9134         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS,     '&');
9135         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT, T_PLUSPLUS);
9136         register_expression_parser(parse_EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT, T_MINUSMINUS);
9137         register_expression_parser(parse_sizeof,                      T_sizeof);
9138         register_expression_parser(parse_alignof,                     T___alignof__);
9139         register_expression_parser(parse_extension,                   T___extension__);
9140         register_expression_parser(parse_builtin_classify_type,       T___builtin_classify_type);
9141         register_expression_parser(parse_delete,                      T_delete);
9142         register_expression_parser(parse_throw,                       T_throw);
9143 }
9144
9145 /**
9146  * Parse a asm statement arguments specification.
9147  */
9148 static asm_argument_t *parse_asm_arguments(bool is_out)
9149 {
9150         asm_argument_t  *result = NULL;
9151         asm_argument_t **anchor = &result;
9152
9153         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL || token.type == '[') {
9154                 asm_argument_t *argument = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(argument[0]));
9155                 memset(argument, 0, sizeof(argument[0]));
9156
9157                 if (token.type == '[') {
9158                         eat('[');
9159                         if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
9160                                 parse_error_expected("while parsing asm argument",
9161                                                      T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9162                                 return NULL;
9163                         }
9164                         argument->symbol = token.v.symbol;
9165
9166                         expect(']', end_error);
9167                 }
9168
9169                 argument->constraints = parse_string_literals();
9170                 expect('(', end_error);
9171                 add_anchor_token(')');
9172                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9173                 rem_anchor_token(')');
9174                 if (is_out) {
9175                         /* Ugly GCC stuff: Allow lvalue casts.  Skip casts, when they do not
9176                          * change size or type representation (e.g. int -> long is ok, but
9177                          * int -> float is not) */
9178                         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST) {
9179                                 type_t      *const type = expression->base.type;
9180                                 type_kind_t  const kind = type->kind;
9181                                 if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9182                                         unsigned flags;
9183                                         unsigned size;
9184                                         if (kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9185                                                 atomic_type_kind_t const akind = type->atomic.akind;
9186                                                 flags = get_atomic_type_flags(akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9187                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(akind);
9188                                         } else {
9189                                                 flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9190                                                 size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9191                                         }
9192
9193                                         do {
9194                                                 expression_t *const value      = expression->unary.value;
9195                                                 type_t       *const value_type = value->base.type;
9196                                                 type_kind_t   const value_kind = value_type->kind;
9197
9198                                                 unsigned value_flags;
9199                                                 unsigned value_size;
9200                                                 if (value_kind == TYPE_ATOMIC) {
9201                                                         atomic_type_kind_t const value_akind = value_type->atomic.akind;
9202                                                         value_flags = get_atomic_type_flags(value_akind) & ~ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
9203                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(value_akind);
9204                                                 } else if (value_kind == TYPE_POINTER) {
9205                                                         value_flags = ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER | ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_ARITHMETIC;
9206                                                         value_size  = get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind());
9207                                                 } else {
9208                                                         break;
9209                                                 }
9210
9211                                                 if (value_flags != flags || value_size != size)
9212                                                         break;
9213
9214                                                 expression = value;
9215                                         } while (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST);
9216                                 }
9217                         }
9218
9219                         if (!is_lvalue(expression)) {
9220                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9221                                        "asm output argument is not an lvalue");
9222                         }
9223
9224                         if (argument->constraints.begin[0] == '+')
9225                                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9226                 } else {
9227                         mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9228                 }
9229                 argument->expression = expression;
9230                 expect(')', end_error);
9231
9232                 set_address_taken(expression, true);
9233
9234                 *anchor = argument;
9235                 anchor  = &argument->next;
9236
9237                 if (token.type != ',')
9238                         break;
9239                 eat(',');
9240         }
9241
9242         return result;
9243 end_error:
9244         return NULL;
9245 }
9246
9247 /**
9248  * Parse a asm statement clobber specification.
9249  */
9250 static asm_clobber_t *parse_asm_clobbers(void)
9251 {
9252         asm_clobber_t *result = NULL;
9253         asm_clobber_t *last   = NULL;
9254
9255         while (token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
9256                 asm_clobber_t *clobber = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(clobber[0]));
9257                 clobber->clobber       = parse_string_literals();
9258
9259                 if (last != NULL) {
9260                         last->next = clobber;
9261                 } else {
9262                         result = clobber;
9263                 }
9264                 last = clobber;
9265
9266                 if (token.type != ',')
9267                         break;
9268                 eat(',');
9269         }
9270
9271         return result;
9272 }
9273
9274 /**
9275  * Parse an asm statement.
9276  */
9277 static statement_t *parse_asm_statement(void)
9278 {
9279         statement_t     *statement     = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
9280         asm_statement_t *asm_statement = &statement->asms;
9281
9282         eat(T_asm);
9283
9284         if (token.type == T_volatile) {
9285                 next_token();
9286                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9287         }
9288
9289         expect('(', end_error);
9290         add_anchor_token(')');
9291         add_anchor_token(':');
9292         asm_statement->asm_text = parse_string_literals();
9293
9294         if (token.type != ':') {
9295                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9296                 goto end_of_asm;
9297         }
9298         eat(':');
9299
9300         asm_statement->outputs = parse_asm_arguments(true);
9301         if (token.type != ':') {
9302                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9303                 goto end_of_asm;
9304         }
9305         eat(':');
9306
9307         asm_statement->inputs = parse_asm_arguments(false);
9308         if (token.type != ':') {
9309                 rem_anchor_token(':');
9310                 goto end_of_asm;
9311         }
9312         rem_anchor_token(':');
9313         eat(':');
9314
9315         asm_statement->clobbers = parse_asm_clobbers();
9316
9317 end_of_asm:
9318         rem_anchor_token(')');
9319         expect(')', end_error);
9320         expect(';', end_error);
9321
9322         if (asm_statement->outputs == NULL) {
9323                 /* GCC: An 'asm' instruction without any output operands will be treated
9324                  * identically to a volatile 'asm' instruction. */
9325                 asm_statement->is_volatile = true;
9326         }
9327
9328         return statement;
9329 end_error:
9330         return create_invalid_statement();
9331 }
9332
9333 /**
9334  * Parse a case statement.
9335  */
9336 static statement_t *parse_case_statement(void)
9337 {
9338         statement_t       *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9339         source_position_t *const pos       = &statement->base.source_position;
9340
9341         eat(T_case);
9342
9343         expression_t *const expression   = parse_expression();
9344         statement->case_label.expression = expression;
9345         if (!is_constant_expression(expression)) {
9346                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9347                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9348                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9349                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))) {
9350                         errorf(pos, "case label does not reduce to an integer constant");
9351                 }
9352                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9353         } else {
9354                 long const val = fold_constant_to_int(expression);
9355                 statement->case_label.first_case = val;
9356                 statement->case_label.last_case  = val;
9357         }
9358
9359         if (GNU_MODE) {
9360                 if (token.type == T_DOTDOTDOT) {
9361                         next_token();
9362                         expression_t *const end_range   = parse_expression();
9363                         statement->case_label.end_range = end_range;
9364                         if (!is_constant_expression(end_range)) {
9365                                 /* This check does not prevent the error message in all cases of an
9366                                  * prior error while parsing the expression.  At least it catches the
9367                                  * common case of a mistyped enum entry. */
9368                                 if (is_type_valid(skip_typeref(end_range->base.type))) {
9369                                         errorf(pos, "case range does not reduce to an integer constant");
9370                                 }
9371                                 statement->case_label.is_bad = true;
9372                         } else {
9373                                 long const val = fold_constant_to_int(end_range);
9374                                 statement->case_label.last_case = val;
9375
9376                                 if (warning.other && val < statement->case_label.first_case) {
9377                                         statement->case_label.is_empty_range = true;
9378                                         warningf(pos, "empty range specified");
9379                                 }
9380                         }
9381                 }
9382         }
9383
9384         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9385
9386         expect(':', end_error);
9387 end_error:
9388
9389         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9390                 if (! statement->case_label.is_bad) {
9391                         /* Check for duplicate case values */
9392                         case_label_statement_t *c = &statement->case_label;
9393                         for (case_label_statement_t *l = current_switch->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9394                                 if (l->is_bad || l->is_empty_range || l->expression == NULL)
9395                                         continue;
9396
9397                                 if (c->last_case < l->first_case || c->first_case > l->last_case)
9398                                         continue;
9399
9400                                 errorf(pos, "duplicate case value (previously used %P)",
9401                                        &l->base.source_position);
9402                                 break;
9403                         }
9404                 }
9405                 /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9406                 if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9407                         current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9408                 } else {
9409                         current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9410                 }
9411                 current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9412         } else {
9413                 errorf(pos, "case label not within a switch statement");
9414         }
9415
9416         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9417         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9418         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9419                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after case label");
9420         }
9421
9422         POP_PARENT;
9423         return statement;
9424 }
9425
9426 /**
9427  * Parse a default statement.
9428  */
9429 static statement_t *parse_default_statement(void)
9430 {
9431         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL);
9432
9433         eat(T_default);
9434
9435         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9436
9437         expect(':', end_error);
9438         if (current_switch != NULL) {
9439                 const case_label_statement_t *def_label = current_switch->default_label;
9440                 if (def_label != NULL) {
9441                         errorf(HERE, "multiple default labels in one switch (previous declared %P)",
9442                                &def_label->base.source_position);
9443                 } else {
9444                         current_switch->default_label = &statement->case_label;
9445
9446                         /* link all cases into the switch statement */
9447                         if (current_switch->last_case == NULL) {
9448                                 current_switch->first_case      = &statement->case_label;
9449                         } else {
9450                                 current_switch->last_case->next = &statement->case_label;
9451                         }
9452                         current_switch->last_case = &statement->case_label;
9453                 }
9454         } else {
9455                 errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
9456                         "'default' label not within a switch statement");
9457         }
9458
9459         statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9460         statement->case_label.statement = inner_stmt;
9461         if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9462                 errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after default label");
9463         }
9464
9465         POP_PARENT;
9466         return statement;
9467 end_error:
9468         POP_PARENT;
9469         return create_invalid_statement();
9470 }
9471
9472 /**
9473  * Parse a label statement.
9474  */
9475 static statement_t *parse_label_statement(void)
9476 {
9477         assert(token.type == T_IDENTIFIER);
9478         symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
9479         label_t  *label  = get_label(symbol);
9480
9481         statement_t *const statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LABEL);
9482         statement->label.label       = label;
9483
9484         next_token();
9485
9486         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9487
9488         /* if statement is already set then the label is defined twice,
9489          * otherwise it was just mentioned in a goto/local label declaration so far
9490          */
9491         if (label->statement != NULL) {
9492                 errorf(HERE, "duplicate label '%Y' (declared %P)",
9493                        symbol, &label->base.source_position);
9494         } else {
9495                 label->base.source_position = token.source_position;
9496                 label->statement            = statement;
9497         }
9498
9499         eat(':');
9500
9501         if (token.type == '}') {
9502                 /* TODO only warn? */
9503                 if (warning.other && false) {
9504                         warningf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
9505                         statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
9506                 } else {
9507                         errorf(HERE, "label at end of compound statement");
9508                         statement->label.statement = create_invalid_statement();
9509                 }
9510         } else if (token.type == ';') {
9511                 /* Eat an empty statement here, to avoid the warning about an empty
9512                  * statement after a label.  label:; is commonly used to have a label
9513                  * before a closing brace. */
9514                 statement->label.statement = create_empty_statement();
9515                 next_token();
9516         } else {
9517                 statement_t *const inner_stmt = parse_statement();
9518                 statement->label.statement = inner_stmt;
9519                 if (inner_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
9520                         errorf(&inner_stmt->base.source_position, "declaration after label");
9521                 }
9522         }
9523
9524         /* remember the labels in a list for later checking */
9525         *label_anchor = &statement->label;
9526         label_anchor  = &statement->label.next;
9527
9528         POP_PARENT;
9529         return statement;
9530 }
9531
9532 /**
9533  * Parse an if statement.
9534  */
9535 static statement_t *parse_if(void)
9536 {
9537         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_IF);
9538
9539         eat(T_if);
9540
9541         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9542
9543         add_anchor_token('{');
9544
9545         expect('(', end_error);
9546         add_anchor_token(')');
9547         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9548         statement->ifs.condition = expr;
9549         /* §6.8.4.1:1  The controlling expression of an if statement shall have
9550          *             scalar type. */
9551         semantic_condition(expr, "condition of 'if'-statment");
9552         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
9553         rem_anchor_token(')');
9554         expect(')', end_error);
9555
9556 end_error:
9557         rem_anchor_token('{');
9558
9559         add_anchor_token(T_else);
9560         statement_t *const true_stmt = parse_statement();
9561         statement->ifs.true_statement = true_stmt;
9562         rem_anchor_token(T_else);
9563
9564         if (token.type == T_else) {
9565                 next_token();
9566                 statement->ifs.false_statement = parse_statement();
9567         } else if (warning.parentheses &&
9568                         true_stmt->kind == STATEMENT_IF &&
9569                         true_stmt->ifs.false_statement != NULL) {
9570                 warningf(&true_stmt->base.source_position,
9571                                 "suggest explicit braces to avoid ambiguous 'else'");
9572         }
9573
9574         POP_PARENT;
9575         return statement;
9576 }
9577
9578 /**
9579  * Check that all enums are handled in a switch.
9580  *
9581  * @param statement  the switch statement to check
9582  */
9583 static void check_enum_cases(const switch_statement_t *statement)
9584 {
9585         const type_t *type = skip_typeref(statement->expression->base.type);
9586         if (! is_type_enum(type))
9587                 return;
9588         const enum_type_t *enumt = &type->enumt;
9589
9590         /* if we have a default, no warnings */
9591         if (statement->default_label != NULL)
9592                 return;
9593
9594         /* FIXME: calculation of value should be done while parsing */
9595         /* TODO: quadratic algorithm here. Change to an n log n one */
9596         long            last_value = -1;
9597         const entity_t *entry      = enumt->enume->base.next;
9598         for (; entry != NULL && entry->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE;
9599              entry = entry->base.next) {
9600                 const expression_t *expression = entry->enum_value.value;
9601                 long                value      = expression != NULL ? fold_constant_to_int(expression) : last_value + 1;
9602                 bool                found      = false;
9603                 for (const case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL; l = l->next) {
9604                         if (l->expression == NULL)
9605                                 continue;
9606                         if (l->first_case <= value && value <= l->last_case) {
9607                                 found = true;
9608                                 break;
9609                         }
9610                 }
9611                 if (! found) {
9612                         warningf(&statement->base.source_position,
9613                                  "enumeration value '%Y' not handled in switch",
9614                                  entry->base.symbol);
9615                 }
9616                 last_value = value;
9617         }
9618 }
9619
9620 /**
9621  * Parse a switch statement.
9622  */
9623 static statement_t *parse_switch(void)
9624 {
9625         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_SWITCH);
9626
9627         eat(T_switch);
9628
9629         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9630
9631         expect('(', end_error);
9632         add_anchor_token(')');
9633         expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
9634         mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
9635         type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
9636         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
9637                 type = promote_integer(type);
9638                 if (warning.traditional) {
9639                         if (get_rank(type) >= get_akind_rank(ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG)) {
9640                                 warningf(&expr->base.source_position,
9641                                         "'%T' switch expression not converted to '%T' in ISO C",
9642                                         type, type_int);
9643                         }
9644                 }
9645         } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
9646                 errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
9647                        "switch quantity is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
9648                 type = type_error_type;
9649         }
9650         statement->switchs.expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
9651         expect(')', end_error);
9652         rem_anchor_token(')');
9653
9654         switch_statement_t *rem = current_switch;
9655         current_switch          = &statement->switchs;
9656         statement->switchs.body = parse_statement();
9657         current_switch          = rem;
9658
9659         if (warning.switch_default &&
9660             statement->switchs.default_label == NULL) {
9661                 warningf(&statement->base.source_position, "switch has no default case");
9662         }
9663         if (warning.switch_enum)
9664                 check_enum_cases(&statement->switchs);
9665
9666         POP_PARENT;
9667         return statement;
9668 end_error:
9669         POP_PARENT;
9670         return create_invalid_statement();
9671 }
9672
9673 static statement_t *parse_loop_body(statement_t *const loop)
9674 {
9675         statement_t *const rem = current_loop;
9676         current_loop = loop;
9677
9678         statement_t *const body = parse_statement();
9679
9680         current_loop = rem;
9681         return body;
9682 }
9683
9684 /**
9685  * Parse a while statement.
9686  */
9687 static statement_t *parse_while(void)
9688 {
9689         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_WHILE);
9690
9691         eat(T_while);
9692
9693         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9694
9695         expect('(', end_error);
9696         add_anchor_token(')');
9697         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9698         statement->whiles.condition = cond;
9699         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
9700          *             have scalar type. */
9701         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'while'-statement");
9702         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9703         rem_anchor_token(')');
9704         expect(')', end_error);
9705
9706         statement->whiles.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9707
9708         POP_PARENT;
9709         return statement;
9710 end_error:
9711         POP_PARENT;
9712         return create_invalid_statement();
9713 }
9714
9715 /**
9716  * Parse a do statement.
9717  */
9718 static statement_t *parse_do(void)
9719 {
9720         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DO_WHILE);
9721
9722         eat(T_do);
9723
9724         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9725
9726         add_anchor_token(T_while);
9727         statement->do_while.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9728         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
9729
9730         expect(T_while, end_error);
9731         expect('(', end_error);
9732         add_anchor_token(')');
9733         expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9734         statement->do_while.condition = cond;
9735         /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement shall
9736          *             have scalar type. */
9737         semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'do-while'-statement");
9738         mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9739         rem_anchor_token(')');
9740         expect(')', end_error);
9741         expect(';', end_error);
9742
9743         POP_PARENT;
9744         return statement;
9745 end_error:
9746         POP_PARENT;
9747         return create_invalid_statement();
9748 }
9749
9750 /**
9751  * Parse a for statement.
9752  */
9753 static statement_t *parse_for(void)
9754 {
9755         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_FOR);
9756
9757         eat(T_for);
9758
9759         expect('(', end_error1);
9760         add_anchor_token(')');
9761
9762         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
9763
9764         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
9765         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->fors.scope);
9766
9767         bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
9768         while (token.type == T___extension__) {
9769                 next_token();
9770                 in_gcc_extension = true;
9771         }
9772
9773         if (token.type == ';') {
9774                 next_token();
9775         } else if (is_declaration_specifier(&token, false)) {
9776                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
9777         } else {
9778                 add_anchor_token(';');
9779                 expression_t *const init = parse_expression();
9780                 statement->fors.initialisation = init;
9781                 mark_vars_read(init, ENT_ANY);
9782                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(init)) {
9783                         warningf(&init->base.source_position,
9784                                         "initialisation of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9785                 }
9786                 rem_anchor_token(';');
9787                 expect(';', end_error2);
9788         }
9789         in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
9790
9791         if (token.type != ';') {
9792                 add_anchor_token(';');
9793                 expression_t *const cond = parse_expression();
9794                 statement->fors.condition = cond;
9795                 /* §6.8.5:2    The controlling expression of an iteration statement
9796                  *             shall have scalar type. */
9797                 semantic_condition(cond, "condition of 'for'-statement");
9798                 mark_vars_read(cond, NULL);
9799                 rem_anchor_token(';');
9800         }
9801         expect(';', end_error2);
9802         if (token.type != ')') {
9803                 expression_t *const step = parse_expression();
9804                 statement->fors.step = step;
9805                 mark_vars_read(step, ENT_ANY);
9806                 if (warning.unused_value && !expression_has_effect(step)) {
9807                         warningf(&step->base.source_position,
9808                                  "step of 'for'-statement has no effect");
9809                 }
9810         }
9811         expect(')', end_error2);
9812         rem_anchor_token(')');
9813         statement->fors.body = parse_loop_body(statement);
9814
9815         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9816         scope_pop(old_scope);
9817         environment_pop_to(top);
9818
9819         POP_PARENT;
9820         return statement;
9821
9822 end_error2:
9823         POP_PARENT;
9824         rem_anchor_token(')');
9825         assert(current_scope == &statement->fors.scope);
9826         scope_pop(old_scope);
9827         environment_pop_to(top);
9828         /* fallthrough */
9829
9830 end_error1:
9831         return create_invalid_statement();
9832 }
9833
9834 /**
9835  * Parse a goto statement.
9836  */
9837 static statement_t *parse_goto(void)
9838 {
9839         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_GOTO);
9840         eat(T_goto);
9841
9842         if (GNU_MODE && token.type == '*') {
9843                 next_token();
9844                 expression_t *expression = parse_expression();
9845                 mark_vars_read(expression, NULL);
9846
9847                 /* Argh: although documentation says the expression must be of type void*,
9848                  * gcc accepts anything that can be casted into void* without error */
9849                 type_t *type = expression->base.type;
9850
9851                 if (type != type_error_type) {
9852                         if (!is_type_pointer(type) && !is_type_integer(type)) {
9853                                 errorf(&expression->base.source_position,
9854                                         "cannot convert to a pointer type");
9855                         } else if (warning.other && type != type_void_ptr) {
9856                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
9857                                         "type of computed goto expression should be 'void*' not '%T'", type);
9858                         }
9859                         expression = create_implicit_cast(expression, type_void_ptr);
9860                 }
9861
9862                 statement->gotos.expression = expression;
9863         } else if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
9864                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
9865                 next_token();
9866                 statement->gotos.label = get_label(symbol);
9867         } else {
9868                 if (GNU_MODE)
9869                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, '*', NULL);
9870                 else
9871                         parse_error_expected("while parsing goto", T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
9872                 eat_until_anchor();
9873                 goto end_error;
9874         }
9875
9876         /* remember the goto's in a list for later checking */
9877         *goto_anchor = &statement->gotos;
9878         goto_anchor  = &statement->gotos.next;
9879
9880         expect(';', end_error);
9881
9882         return statement;
9883 end_error:
9884         return create_invalid_statement();
9885 }
9886
9887 /**
9888  * Parse a continue statement.
9889  */
9890 static statement_t *parse_continue(void)
9891 {
9892         if (current_loop == NULL) {
9893                 errorf(HERE, "continue statement not within loop");
9894         }
9895
9896         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_CONTINUE);
9897
9898         eat(T_continue);
9899         expect(';', end_error);
9900
9901 end_error:
9902         return statement;
9903 }
9904
9905 /**
9906  * Parse a break statement.
9907  */
9908 static statement_t *parse_break(void)
9909 {
9910         if (current_switch == NULL && current_loop == NULL) {
9911                 errorf(HERE, "break statement not within loop or switch");
9912         }
9913
9914         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_BREAK);
9915
9916         eat(T_break);
9917         expect(';', end_error);
9918
9919 end_error:
9920         return statement;
9921 }
9922
9923 /**
9924  * Parse a __leave statement.
9925  */
9926 static statement_t *parse_leave_statement(void)
9927 {
9928         if (current_try == NULL) {
9929                 errorf(HERE, "__leave statement not within __try");
9930         }
9931
9932         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_LEAVE);
9933
9934         eat(T___leave);
9935         expect(';', end_error);
9936
9937 end_error:
9938         return statement;
9939 }
9940
9941 /**
9942  * Check if a given entity represents a local variable.
9943  */
9944 static bool is_local_variable(const entity_t *entity)
9945 {
9946         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
9947                 return false;
9948
9949         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
9950         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
9951         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: {
9952                 const type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
9953                 if (is_type_function(type)) {
9954                         return false;
9955                 } else {
9956                         return true;
9957                 }
9958         }
9959         default:
9960                 return false;
9961         }
9962 }
9963
9964 /**
9965  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable.
9966  */
9967 static bool expression_is_local_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9968 {
9969         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9970                 return false;
9971         }
9972         const entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
9973         return is_local_variable(entity);
9974 }
9975
9976 /**
9977  * Check if a given expression represents a local variable and
9978  * return its declaration then, else return NULL.
9979  */
9980 entity_t *expression_is_variable(const expression_t *expression)
9981 {
9982         if (expression->base.kind != EXPR_REFERENCE) {
9983                 return NULL;
9984         }
9985         entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
9986         if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
9987                 return NULL;
9988
9989         return entity;
9990 }
9991
9992 /**
9993  * Parse a return statement.
9994  */
9995 static statement_t *parse_return(void)
9996 {
9997         eat(T_return);
9998
9999         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_RETURN);
10000
10001         expression_t *return_value = NULL;
10002         if (token.type != ';') {
10003                 return_value = parse_expression();
10004                 mark_vars_read(return_value, NULL);
10005         }
10006
10007         const type_t *const func_type = skip_typeref(current_function->base.type);
10008         assert(is_type_function(func_type));
10009         type_t *const return_type = skip_typeref(func_type->function.return_type);
10010
10011         source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
10012         if (return_value != NULL) {
10013                 type_t *return_value_type = skip_typeref(return_value->base.type);
10014
10015                 if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10016                         if (is_type_atomic(return_value_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10017                                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:2 */
10018                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10019                                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10020                                         errorf(pos,
10021                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10022                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10023                                         warningf(pos,
10024                                                         "'return' with a value, in function returning 'void'");
10025                                 }
10026                         } else if (!(c_mode & _CXX)) { /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10027                                 /* Only warn in C mode, because GCC does the same */
10028                                 if (strict_mode) {
10029                                         errorf(pos,
10030                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
10031                                 } else if (warning.other) {
10032                                         warningf(pos,
10033                                                         "'return' with expression in function returning 'void'");
10034                                 }
10035                         }
10036                 } else {
10037                         assign_error_t error = semantic_assign(return_type, return_value);
10038                         report_assign_error(error, return_type, return_value, "'return'",
10039                                         pos);
10040                 }
10041                 return_value = create_implicit_cast(return_value, return_type);
10042                 /* check for returning address of a local var */
10043                 if (warning.other && return_value != NULL
10044                                 && return_value->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS) {
10045                         const expression_t *expression = return_value->unary.value;
10046                         if (expression_is_local_variable(expression)) {
10047                                 warningf(pos, "function returns address of local variable");
10048                         }
10049                 }
10050         } else if (warning.other && !is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
10051                 /* ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) §6.6.3:3 */
10052                 if (c_mode & _CXX || strict_mode) {
10053                         errorf(pos,
10054                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10055                 } else {
10056                         warningf(pos,
10057                                         "'return' without value, in function returning non-void");
10058                 }
10059         }
10060         statement->returns.value = return_value;
10061
10062         expect(';', end_error);
10063
10064 end_error:
10065         return statement;
10066 }
10067
10068 /**
10069  * Parse a declaration statement.
10070  */
10071 static statement_t *parse_declaration_statement(void)
10072 {
10073         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10074
10075         entity_t *before = current_scope->last_entity;
10076         if (GNU_MODE) {
10077                 parse_external_declaration();
10078         } else {
10079                 parse_declaration(record_entity, DECL_FLAGS_NONE);
10080         }
10081
10082         declaration_statement_t *const decl  = &statement->declaration;
10083         entity_t                *const begin =
10084                 before != NULL ? before->base.next : current_scope->entities;
10085         decl->declarations_begin = begin;
10086         decl->declarations_end   = begin != NULL ? current_scope->last_entity : NULL;
10087
10088         return statement;
10089 }
10090
10091 /**
10092  * Parse an expression statement, ie. expr ';'.
10093  */
10094 static statement_t *parse_expression_statement(void)
10095 {
10096         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10097
10098         expression_t *const expr         = parse_expression();
10099         statement->expression.expression = expr;
10100         mark_vars_read(expr, ENT_ANY);
10101
10102         expect(';', end_error);
10103
10104 end_error:
10105         return statement;
10106 }
10107
10108 /**
10109  * Parse a microsoft __try { } __finally { } or
10110  * __try{ } __except() { }
10111  */
10112 static statement_t *parse_ms_try_statment(void)
10113 {
10114         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_MS_TRY);
10115         eat(T___try);
10116
10117         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10118
10119         ms_try_statement_t *rem = current_try;
10120         current_try = &statement->ms_try;
10121         statement->ms_try.try_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10122         current_try = rem;
10123
10124         POP_PARENT;
10125
10126         if (token.type == T___except) {
10127                 eat(T___except);
10128                 expect('(', end_error);
10129                 add_anchor_token(')');
10130                 expression_t *const expr = parse_expression();
10131                 mark_vars_read(expr, NULL);
10132                 type_t       *      type = skip_typeref(expr->base.type);
10133                 if (is_type_integer(type)) {
10134                         type = promote_integer(type);
10135                 } else if (is_type_valid(type)) {
10136                         errorf(&expr->base.source_position,
10137                                "__expect expression is not an integer, but '%T'", type);
10138                         type = type_error_type;
10139                 }
10140                 statement->ms_try.except_expression = create_implicit_cast(expr, type);
10141                 rem_anchor_token(')');
10142                 expect(')', end_error);
10143                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10144         } else if (token.type == T__finally) {
10145                 eat(T___finally);
10146                 statement->ms_try.final_statement = parse_compound_statement(false);
10147         } else {
10148                 parse_error_expected("while parsing __try statement", T___except, T___finally, NULL);
10149                 return create_invalid_statement();
10150         }
10151         return statement;
10152 end_error:
10153         return create_invalid_statement();
10154 }
10155
10156 static statement_t *parse_empty_statement(void)
10157 {
10158         if (warning.empty_statement) {
10159                 warningf(HERE, "statement is empty");
10160         }
10161         statement_t *const statement = create_empty_statement();
10162         eat(';');
10163         return statement;
10164 }
10165
10166 static statement_t *parse_local_label_declaration(void)
10167 {
10168         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_DECLARATION);
10169
10170         eat(T___label__);
10171
10172         entity_t *begin = NULL, *end = NULL;
10173
10174         while (true) {
10175                 if (token.type != T_IDENTIFIER) {
10176                         parse_error_expected("while parsing local label declaration",
10177                                 T_IDENTIFIER, NULL);
10178                         goto end_error;
10179                 }
10180                 symbol_t *symbol = token.v.symbol;
10181                 entity_t *entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_LABEL);
10182                 if (entity != NULL && entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10183                         errorf(HERE, "multiple definitions of '__label__ %Y' (previous definition %P)",
10184                                symbol, &entity->base.source_position);
10185                 } else {
10186                         entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL);
10187
10188                         entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10189                         entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_LABEL;
10190                         entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10191                         entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10192
10193                         if (end != NULL)
10194                                 end->base.next = entity;
10195                         end = entity;
10196                         if (begin == NULL)
10197                                 begin = entity;
10198
10199                         environment_push(entity);
10200                 }
10201                 next_token();
10202
10203                 if (token.type != ',')
10204                         break;
10205                 next_token();
10206         }
10207         eat(';');
10208 end_error:
10209         statement->declaration.declarations_begin = begin;
10210         statement->declaration.declarations_end   = end;
10211         return statement;
10212 }
10213
10214 static void parse_namespace_definition(void)
10215 {
10216         eat(T_namespace);
10217
10218         entity_t *entity = NULL;
10219         symbol_t *symbol = NULL;
10220
10221         if (token.type == T_IDENTIFIER) {
10222                 symbol = token.v.symbol;
10223                 next_token();
10224
10225                 entity = get_entity(symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL);
10226                 if (entity       != NULL             &&
10227                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_NAMESPACE &&
10228                                 entity->base.parent_scope == current_scope) {
10229                         if (!is_error_entity(entity)) {
10230                                 error_redefined_as_different_kind(&token.source_position,
10231                                                 entity, ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10232                         }
10233                         entity = NULL;
10234                 }
10235         }
10236
10237         if (entity == NULL) {
10238                 entity                       = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_NAMESPACE);
10239                 entity->base.symbol          = symbol;
10240                 entity->base.source_position = token.source_position;
10241                 entity->base.namespc         = NAMESPACE_NORMAL;
10242                 entity->base.parent_scope    = current_scope;
10243         }
10244
10245         if (token.type == '=') {
10246                 /* TODO: parse namespace alias */
10247                 panic("namespace alias definition not supported yet");
10248         }
10249
10250         environment_push(entity);
10251         append_entity(current_scope, entity);
10252
10253         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10254         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&entity->namespacee.members);
10255
10256         expect('{', end_error);
10257         parse_externals();
10258         expect('}', end_error);
10259
10260 end_error:
10261         assert(current_scope == &entity->namespacee.members);
10262         scope_pop(old_scope);
10263         environment_pop_to(top);
10264 }
10265
10266 /**
10267  * Parse a statement.
10268  * There's also parse_statement() which additionally checks for
10269  * "statement has no effect" warnings
10270  */
10271 static statement_t *intern_parse_statement(void)
10272 {
10273         statement_t *statement = NULL;
10274
10275         /* declaration or statement */
10276         add_anchor_token(';');
10277         switch (token.type) {
10278         case T_IDENTIFIER: {
10279                 token_type_t la1_type = (token_type_t)look_ahead(1)->type;
10280                 if (la1_type == ':') {
10281                         statement = parse_label_statement();
10282                 } else if (is_typedef_symbol(token.v.symbol)) {
10283                         statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10284                 } else {
10285                         /* it's an identifier, the grammar says this must be an
10286                          * expression statement. However it is common that users mistype
10287                          * declaration types, so we guess a bit here to improve robustness
10288                          * for incorrect programs */
10289                         switch (la1_type) {
10290                         case '&':
10291                         case '*':
10292                                 if (get_entity(token.v.symbol, NAMESPACE_NORMAL) != NULL)
10293                                         goto expression_statment;
10294                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
10295
10296                         DECLARATION_START
10297                         case T_IDENTIFIER:
10298                                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10299                                 break;
10300
10301                         default:
10302 expression_statment:
10303                                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10304                                 break;
10305                         }
10306                 }
10307                 break;
10308         }
10309
10310         case T___extension__:
10311                 /* This can be a prefix to a declaration or an expression statement.
10312                  * We simply eat it now and parse the rest with tail recursion. */
10313                 do {
10314                         next_token();
10315                 } while (token.type == T___extension__);
10316                 bool old_gcc_extension = in_gcc_extension;
10317                 in_gcc_extension       = true;
10318                 statement = intern_parse_statement();
10319                 in_gcc_extension = old_gcc_extension;
10320                 break;
10321
10322         DECLARATION_START
10323                 statement = parse_declaration_statement();
10324                 break;
10325
10326         case T___label__:
10327                 statement = parse_local_label_declaration();
10328                 break;
10329
10330         case ';':         statement = parse_empty_statement();         break;
10331         case '{':         statement = parse_compound_statement(false); break;
10332         case T___leave:   statement = parse_leave_statement();         break;
10333         case T___try:     statement = parse_ms_try_statment();         break;
10334         case T_asm:       statement = parse_asm_statement();           break;
10335         case T_break:     statement = parse_break();                   break;
10336         case T_case:      statement = parse_case_statement();          break;
10337         case T_continue:  statement = parse_continue();                break;
10338         case T_default:   statement = parse_default_statement();       break;
10339         case T_do:        statement = parse_do();                      break;
10340         case T_for:       statement = parse_for();                     break;
10341         case T_goto:      statement = parse_goto();                    break;
10342         case T_if:        statement = parse_if();                      break;
10343         case T_return:    statement = parse_return();                  break;
10344         case T_switch:    statement = parse_switch();                  break;
10345         case T_while:     statement = parse_while();                   break;
10346
10347         EXPRESSION_START
10348                 statement = parse_expression_statement();
10349                 break;
10350
10351         default:
10352                 errorf(HERE, "unexpected token %K while parsing statement", &token);
10353                 statement = create_invalid_statement();
10354                 if (!at_anchor())
10355                         next_token();
10356                 break;
10357         }
10358         rem_anchor_token(';');
10359
10360         assert(statement != NULL
10361                         && statement->base.source_position.input_name != NULL);
10362
10363         return statement;
10364 }
10365
10366 /**
10367  * parse a statement and emits "statement has no effect" warning if needed
10368  * (This is really a wrapper around intern_parse_statement with check for 1
10369  *  single warning. It is needed, because for statement expressions we have
10370  *  to avoid the warning on the last statement)
10371  */
10372 static statement_t *parse_statement(void)
10373 {
10374         statement_t *statement = intern_parse_statement();
10375
10376         if (statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION && warning.unused_value) {
10377                 expression_t *expression = statement->expression.expression;
10378                 if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10379                         warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10380                                         "statement has no effect");
10381                 }
10382         }
10383
10384         return statement;
10385 }
10386
10387 /**
10388  * Parse a compound statement.
10389  */
10390 static statement_t *parse_compound_statement(bool inside_expression_statement)
10391 {
10392         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10393
10394         PUSH_PARENT(statement);
10395
10396         eat('{');
10397         add_anchor_token('}');
10398         /* tokens, which can start a statement */
10399         /* TODO MS, __builtin_FOO */
10400         add_anchor_token('!');
10401         add_anchor_token('&');
10402         add_anchor_token('(');
10403         add_anchor_token('*');
10404         add_anchor_token('+');
10405         add_anchor_token('-');
10406         add_anchor_token('{');
10407         add_anchor_token('~');
10408         add_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10409         add_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
10410         add_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
10411         add_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
10412         add_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
10413         add_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
10414         add_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
10415         add_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
10416         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10417         add_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
10418         add_anchor_token(T__Bool);
10419         add_anchor_token(T__Complex);
10420         add_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
10421         add_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
10422         add_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
10423         add_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
10424         add_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
10425         add_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
10426         add_anchor_token(T___extension__);
10427         add_anchor_token(T___func__);
10428         add_anchor_token(T___imag__);
10429         add_anchor_token(T___label__);
10430         add_anchor_token(T___real__);
10431         add_anchor_token(T___thread);
10432         add_anchor_token(T_asm);
10433         add_anchor_token(T_auto);
10434         add_anchor_token(T_bool);
10435         add_anchor_token(T_break);
10436         add_anchor_token(T_case);
10437         add_anchor_token(T_char);
10438         add_anchor_token(T_class);
10439         add_anchor_token(T_const);
10440         add_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
10441         add_anchor_token(T_continue);
10442         add_anchor_token(T_default);
10443         add_anchor_token(T_delete);
10444         add_anchor_token(T_double);
10445         add_anchor_token(T_do);
10446         add_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
10447         add_anchor_token(T_enum);
10448         add_anchor_token(T_extern);
10449         add_anchor_token(T_false);
10450         add_anchor_token(T_float);
10451         add_anchor_token(T_for);
10452         add_anchor_token(T_goto);
10453         add_anchor_token(T_if);
10454         add_anchor_token(T_inline);
10455         add_anchor_token(T_int);
10456         add_anchor_token(T_long);
10457         add_anchor_token(T_new);
10458         add_anchor_token(T_operator);
10459         add_anchor_token(T_register);
10460         add_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
10461         add_anchor_token(T_restrict);
10462         add_anchor_token(T_return);
10463         add_anchor_token(T_short);
10464         add_anchor_token(T_signed);
10465         add_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
10466         add_anchor_token(T_static);
10467         add_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
10468         add_anchor_token(T_struct);
10469         add_anchor_token(T_switch);
10470         add_anchor_token(T_template);
10471         add_anchor_token(T_this);
10472         add_anchor_token(T_throw);
10473         add_anchor_token(T_true);
10474         add_anchor_token(T_try);
10475         add_anchor_token(T_typedef);
10476         add_anchor_token(T_typeid);
10477         add_anchor_token(T_typename);
10478         add_anchor_token(T_typeof);
10479         add_anchor_token(T_union);
10480         add_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
10481         add_anchor_token(T_using);
10482         add_anchor_token(T_void);
10483         add_anchor_token(T_volatile);
10484         add_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
10485         add_anchor_token(T_while);
10486
10487         size_t const  top       = environment_top();
10488         scope_t      *old_scope = scope_push(&statement->compound.scope);
10489
10490         statement_t **anchor            = &statement->compound.statements;
10491         bool          only_decls_so_far = true;
10492         while (token.type != '}') {
10493                 if (token.type == T_EOF) {
10494                         errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
10495                                "EOF while parsing compound statement");
10496                         break;
10497                 }
10498                 statement_t *sub_statement = intern_parse_statement();
10499                 if (is_invalid_statement(sub_statement)) {
10500                         /* an error occurred. if we are at an anchor, return */
10501                         if (at_anchor())
10502                                 goto end_error;
10503                         continue;
10504                 }
10505
10506                 if (warning.declaration_after_statement) {
10507                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_DECLARATION) {
10508                                 only_decls_so_far = false;
10509                         } else if (!only_decls_so_far) {
10510                                 warningf(&sub_statement->base.source_position,
10511                                          "ISO C90 forbids mixed declarations and code");
10512                         }
10513                 }
10514
10515                 *anchor = sub_statement;
10516
10517                 while (sub_statement->base.next != NULL)
10518                         sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next;
10519
10520                 anchor = &sub_statement->base.next;
10521         }
10522         next_token();
10523
10524         /* look over all statements again to produce no effect warnings */
10525         if (warning.unused_value) {
10526                 statement_t *sub_statement = statement->compound.statements;
10527                 for (; sub_statement != NULL; sub_statement = sub_statement->base.next) {
10528                         if (sub_statement->kind != STATEMENT_EXPRESSION)
10529                                 continue;
10530                         /* don't emit a warning for the last expression in an expression
10531                          * statement as it has always an effect */
10532                         if (inside_expression_statement && sub_statement->base.next == NULL)
10533                                 continue;
10534
10535                         expression_t *expression = sub_statement->expression.expression;
10536                         if (!expression_has_effect(expression)) {
10537                                 warningf(&expression->base.source_position,
10538                                          "statement has no effect");
10539                         }
10540                 }
10541         }
10542
10543 end_error:
10544         rem_anchor_token(T_while);
10545         rem_anchor_token(T_wchar_t);
10546         rem_anchor_token(T_volatile);
10547         rem_anchor_token(T_void);
10548         rem_anchor_token(T_using);
10549         rem_anchor_token(T_unsigned);
10550         rem_anchor_token(T_union);
10551         rem_anchor_token(T_typeof);
10552         rem_anchor_token(T_typename);
10553         rem_anchor_token(T_typeid);
10554         rem_anchor_token(T_typedef);
10555         rem_anchor_token(T_try);
10556         rem_anchor_token(T_true);
10557         rem_anchor_token(T_throw);
10558         rem_anchor_token(T_this);
10559         rem_anchor_token(T_template);
10560         rem_anchor_token(T_switch);
10561         rem_anchor_token(T_struct);
10562         rem_anchor_token(T_static_cast);
10563         rem_anchor_token(T_static);
10564         rem_anchor_token(T_sizeof);
10565         rem_anchor_token(T_signed);
10566         rem_anchor_token(T_short);
10567         rem_anchor_token(T_return);
10568         rem_anchor_token(T_restrict);
10569         rem_anchor_token(T_reinterpret_cast);
10570         rem_anchor_token(T_register);
10571         rem_anchor_token(T_operator);
10572         rem_anchor_token(T_new);
10573         rem_anchor_token(T_long);
10574         rem_anchor_token(T_int);
10575         rem_anchor_token(T_inline);
10576         rem_anchor_token(T_if);
10577         rem_anchor_token(T_goto);
10578         rem_anchor_token(T_for);
10579         rem_anchor_token(T_float);
10580         rem_anchor_token(T_false);
10581         rem_anchor_token(T_extern);
10582         rem_anchor_token(T_enum);
10583         rem_anchor_token(T_dynamic_cast);
10584         rem_anchor_token(T_do);
10585         rem_anchor_token(T_double);
10586         rem_anchor_token(T_delete);
10587         rem_anchor_token(T_default);
10588         rem_anchor_token(T_continue);
10589         rem_anchor_token(T_const_cast);
10590         rem_anchor_token(T_const);
10591         rem_anchor_token(T_class);
10592         rem_anchor_token(T_char);
10593         rem_anchor_token(T_case);
10594         rem_anchor_token(T_break);
10595         rem_anchor_token(T_bool);
10596         rem_anchor_token(T_auto);
10597         rem_anchor_token(T_asm);
10598         rem_anchor_token(T___thread);
10599         rem_anchor_token(T___real__);
10600         rem_anchor_token(T___label__);
10601         rem_anchor_token(T___imag__);
10602         rem_anchor_token(T___func__);
10603         rem_anchor_token(T___extension__);
10604         rem_anchor_token(T___builtin_va_start);
10605         rem_anchor_token(T___attribute__);
10606         rem_anchor_token(T___alignof__);
10607         rem_anchor_token(T___PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
10608         rem_anchor_token(T___FUNCTION__);
10609         rem_anchor_token(T__Imaginary);
10610         rem_anchor_token(T__Complex);
10611         rem_anchor_token(T__Bool);
10612         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL);
10613         rem_anchor_token(T_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10614         rem_anchor_token(T_STRING_LITERAL);
10615         rem_anchor_token(T_PLUSPLUS);
10616         rem_anchor_token(T_MINUSMINUS);
10617         rem_anchor_token(T_INTEGER);
10618         rem_anchor_token(T_IDENTIFIER);
10619         rem_anchor_token(T_FLOATINGPOINT);
10620         rem_anchor_token(T_COLONCOLON);
10621         rem_anchor_token(T_CHARACTER_CONSTANT);
10622         rem_anchor_token('~');
10623         rem_anchor_token('{');
10624         rem_anchor_token('-');
10625         rem_anchor_token('+');
10626         rem_anchor_token('*');
10627         rem_anchor_token('(');
10628         rem_anchor_token('&');
10629         rem_anchor_token('!');
10630         rem_anchor_token('}');
10631         assert(current_scope == &statement->compound.scope);
10632         scope_pop(old_scope);
10633         environment_pop_to(top);
10634
10635         POP_PARENT;
10636         return statement;
10637 }
10638
10639 /**
10640  * Check for unused global static functions and variables
10641  */
10642 static void check_unused_globals(void)
10643 {
10644         if (!warning.unused_function && !warning.unused_variable)
10645                 return;
10646
10647         for (const entity_t *entity = file_scope->entities; entity != NULL;
10648              entity = entity->base.next) {
10649                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
10650                         continue;
10651
10652                 const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
10653                 if (declaration->used                  ||
10654                     declaration->modifiers & DM_UNUSED ||
10655                     declaration->modifiers & DM_USED   ||
10656                     declaration->storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC)
10657                         continue;
10658
10659                 type_t *const type = declaration->type;
10660                 const char *s;
10661                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
10662                         /* inhibit warning for static inline functions */
10663                         if (entity->function.is_inline)
10664                                 continue;
10665
10666                         s = entity->function.statement != NULL ? "defined" : "declared";
10667                 } else {
10668                         s = "defined";
10669                 }
10670
10671                 warningf(&declaration->base.source_position, "'%#T' %s but not used",
10672                         type, declaration->base.symbol, s);
10673         }
10674 }
10675
10676 static void parse_global_asm(void)
10677 {
10678         statement_t *statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_ASM);
10679
10680         eat(T_asm);
10681         expect('(', end_error);
10682
10683         statement->asms.asm_text = parse_string_literals();
10684         statement->base.next     = unit->global_asm;
10685         unit->global_asm         = statement;
10686
10687         expect(')', end_error);
10688         expect(';', end_error);
10689
10690 end_error:;
10691 }
10692
10693 static void parse_linkage_specification(void)
10694 {
10695         eat(T_extern);
10696         assert(token.type == T_STRING_LITERAL);
10697
10698         const char *linkage = parse_string_literals().begin;
10699
10700         linkage_kind_t old_linkage = current_linkage;
10701         linkage_kind_t new_linkage;
10702         if (strcmp(linkage, "C") == 0) {
10703                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_C;
10704         } else if (strcmp(linkage, "C++") == 0) {
10705                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_CXX;
10706         } else {
10707                 errorf(HERE, "linkage string \"%s\" not recognized", linkage);
10708                 new_linkage = LINKAGE_INVALID;
10709         }
10710         current_linkage = new_linkage;
10711
10712         if (token.type == '{') {
10713                 next_token();
10714                 parse_externals();
10715                 expect('}', end_error);
10716         } else {
10717                 parse_external();
10718         }
10719
10720 end_error:
10721         assert(current_linkage == new_linkage);
10722         current_linkage = old_linkage;
10723 }
10724
10725 static void parse_external(void)
10726 {
10727         switch (token.type) {
10728                 DECLARATION_START_NO_EXTERN
10729                 case T_IDENTIFIER:
10730                 case T___extension__:
10731                 /* tokens below are for implicit int */
10732                 case '&': /* & x; -> int& x; (and error later, because C++ has no
10733                              implicit int) */
10734                 case '*': /* * x; -> int* x; */
10735                 case '(': /* (x); -> int (x); */
10736                         parse_external_declaration();
10737                         return;
10738
10739                 case T_extern:
10740                         if (look_ahead(1)->type == T_STRING_LITERAL) {
10741                                 parse_linkage_specification();
10742                         } else {
10743                                 parse_external_declaration();
10744                         }
10745                         return;
10746
10747                 case T_asm:
10748                         parse_global_asm();
10749                         return;
10750
10751                 case T_namespace:
10752                         parse_namespace_definition();
10753                         return;
10754
10755                 case ';':
10756                         if (!strict_mode) {
10757                                 if (warning.other)
10758                                         warningf(HERE, "stray ';' outside of function");
10759                                 next_token();
10760                                 return;
10761                         }
10762                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
10763
10764                 default:
10765                         errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
10766                         if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
10767                                 eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
10768                         next_token();
10769                         return;
10770         }
10771 }
10772
10773 static void parse_externals(void)
10774 {
10775         add_anchor_token('}');
10776         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10777
10778 #ifndef NDEBUG
10779         unsigned char token_anchor_copy[T_LAST_TOKEN];
10780         memcpy(token_anchor_copy, token_anchor_set, sizeof(token_anchor_copy));
10781 #endif
10782
10783         while (token.type != T_EOF && token.type != '}') {
10784 #ifndef NDEBUG
10785                 bool anchor_leak = false;
10786                 for (int i = 0; i != T_LAST_TOKEN; ++i) {
10787                         unsigned char count = token_anchor_set[i] - token_anchor_copy[i];
10788                         if (count != 0) {
10789                                 errorf(HERE, "Leaked anchor token %k %d times", i, count);
10790                                 anchor_leak = true;
10791                         }
10792                 }
10793                 if (in_gcc_extension) {
10794                         errorf(HERE, "Leaked __extension__");
10795                         anchor_leak = true;
10796                 }
10797
10798                 if (anchor_leak)
10799                         abort();
10800 #endif
10801
10802                 parse_external();
10803         }
10804
10805         rem_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10806         rem_anchor_token('}');
10807 }
10808
10809 /**
10810  * Parse a translation unit.
10811  */
10812 static void parse_translation_unit(void)
10813 {
10814         add_anchor_token(T_EOF);
10815
10816         while (true) {
10817                 parse_externals();
10818
10819                 if (token.type == T_EOF)
10820                         break;
10821
10822                 errorf(HERE, "stray %K outside of function", &token);
10823                 if (token.type == '(' || token.type == '{' || token.type == '[')
10824                         eat_until_matching_token(token.type);
10825                 next_token();
10826         }
10827 }
10828
10829 /**
10830  * Parse the input.
10831  *
10832  * @return  the translation unit or NULL if errors occurred.
10833  */
10834 void start_parsing(void)
10835 {
10836         environment_stack = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10837         label_stack       = NEW_ARR_F(stack_entry_t, 0);
10838         diagnostic_count  = 0;
10839         error_count       = 0;
10840         warning_count     = 0;
10841
10842         type_set_output(stderr);
10843         ast_set_output(stderr);
10844
10845         assert(unit == NULL);
10846         unit = allocate_ast_zero(sizeof(unit[0]));
10847
10848         assert(file_scope == NULL);
10849         file_scope = &unit->scope;
10850
10851         assert(current_scope == NULL);
10852         scope_push(&unit->scope);
10853
10854         create_gnu_builtins();
10855         if (c_mode & _MS)
10856                 create_microsoft_intrinsics();
10857 }
10858
10859 translation_unit_t *finish_parsing(void)
10860 {
10861         assert(current_scope == &unit->scope);
10862         scope_pop(NULL);
10863
10864         assert(file_scope == &unit->scope);
10865         check_unused_globals();
10866         file_scope = NULL;
10867
10868         DEL_ARR_F(environment_stack);
10869         DEL_ARR_F(label_stack);
10870
10871         translation_unit_t *result = unit;
10872         unit = NULL;
10873         return result;
10874 }
10875
10876 /* §6.9.2:2 and §6.9.2:5: At the end of the translation incomplete arrays
10877  * are given length one. */
10878 static void complete_incomplete_arrays(void)
10879 {
10880         size_t n = ARR_LEN(incomplete_arrays);
10881         for (size_t i = 0; i != n; ++i) {
10882                 declaration_t *const decl      = incomplete_arrays[i];
10883                 type_t        *const orig_type = decl->type;
10884                 type_t        *const type      = skip_typeref(orig_type);
10885
10886                 if (!is_type_incomplete(type))
10887                         continue;
10888
10889                 if (warning.other) {
10890                         warningf(&decl->base.source_position,
10891                                         "array '%#T' assumed to have one element",
10892                                         orig_type, decl->base.symbol);
10893                 }
10894
10895                 type_t *const new_type = duplicate_type(type);
10896                 new_type->array.size_constant     = true;
10897                 new_type->array.has_implicit_size = true;
10898                 new_type->array.size              = 1;
10899
10900                 type_t *const result = identify_new_type(new_type);
10901
10902                 decl->type = result;
10903         }
10904 }
10905
10906 void prepare_main_collect2(entity_t *entity)
10907 {
10908         // create call to __main
10909         symbol_t *symbol         = symbol_table_insert("__main");
10910         entity_t *subsubmain_ent
10911                 = create_implicit_function(symbol, &builtin_source_position);
10912
10913         expression_t *ref         = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_REFERENCE);
10914         type_t       *ftype       = subsubmain_ent->declaration.type;
10915         ref->base.source_position = builtin_source_position;
10916         ref->base.type            = make_pointer_type(ftype, TYPE_QUALIFIER_NONE);
10917         ref->reference.entity     = subsubmain_ent;
10918
10919         expression_t *call = allocate_expression_zero(EXPR_CALL);
10920         call->base.source_position = builtin_source_position;
10921         call->base.type            = type_void;
10922         call->call.function        = ref;
10923
10924         statement_t *expr_statement = allocate_statement_zero(STATEMENT_EXPRESSION);
10925         expr_statement->base.source_position  = builtin_source_position;
10926         expr_statement->expression.expression = call;
10927
10928         statement_t *statement = entity->function.statement;
10929         assert(statement->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
10930         compound_statement_t *compounds = &statement->compound;
10931
10932         expr_statement->base.next = compounds->statements;
10933         compounds->statements     = expr_statement;
10934 }
10935
10936 void parse(void)
10937 {
10938         lookahead_bufpos = 0;
10939         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_LOOKAHEAD + 2; ++i) {
10940                 next_token();
10941         }
10942         current_linkage   = c_mode & _CXX ? LINKAGE_CXX : LINKAGE_C;
10943         incomplete_arrays = NEW_ARR_F(declaration_t*, 0);
10944         parse_translation_unit();
10945         complete_incomplete_arrays();
10946         DEL_ARR_F(incomplete_arrays);
10947         incomplete_arrays = NULL;
10948 }
10949
10950 /**
10951  * create a builtin function.
10952  */
10953 static entity_t *create_builtin_function(builtin_kind_t kind, const char *name, type_t *function_type)
10954 {
10955         symbol_t *symbol = symbol_table_insert(name);
10956         entity_t *entity = allocate_entity_zero(ENTITY_FUNCTION);
10957         entity->declaration.storage_class          = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
10958         entity->declaration.declared_storage_class = STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN;
10959         entity->declaration.type                   = function_type;
10960         entity->declaration.implicit               = true;
10961         entity->base.symbol                        = symbol;
10962         entity->base.source_position               = builtin_source_position;
10963
10964         entity->function.btk                       = kind;
10965
10966         record_entity(entity, /*is_definition=*/false);
10967         return entity;
10968 }
10969
10970
10971 /**
10972  * Create predefined gnu builtins.
10973  */
10974 static void create_gnu_builtins(void)
10975 {
10976 #define GNU_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_gnu_builtin_##a, "__builtin_" #a, b)
10977
10978         GNU_BUILTIN(alloca,         make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_size_t));
10979         GNU_BUILTIN(huge_val,       make_function_0_type(type_double));
10980         GNU_BUILTIN(inf,            make_function_0_type(type_double));
10981         GNU_BUILTIN(inff,           make_function_0_type(type_float));
10982         GNU_BUILTIN(infl,           make_function_0_type(type_long_double));
10983         GNU_BUILTIN(nan,            make_function_1_type(type_double, type_char_ptr));
10984         GNU_BUILTIN(nanf,           make_function_1_type(type_float, type_char_ptr));
10985         GNU_BUILTIN(nanl,           make_function_1_type(type_long_double, type_char_ptr));
10986         GNU_BUILTIN(va_end,         make_function_1_type(type_void, type_valist));
10987         GNU_BUILTIN(expect,         make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long, type_long));
10988         GNU_BUILTIN(return_address, make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
10989         GNU_BUILTIN(frame_address,  make_function_1_type(type_void_ptr, type_unsigned_int));
10990         GNU_BUILTIN(ffs,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
10991         GNU_BUILTIN(clz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
10992         GNU_BUILTIN(ctz,            make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
10993         GNU_BUILTIN(popcount,       make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
10994         GNU_BUILTIN(parity,         make_function_1_type(type_int, type_unsigned_int));
10995         GNU_BUILTIN(prefetch,       make_function_1_type_variadic(type_float, type_void_ptr));
10996         GNU_BUILTIN(trap,           make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
10997
10998 #undef GNU_BUILTIN
10999 }
11000
11001 /**
11002  * Create predefined MS intrinsics.
11003  */
11004 static void create_microsoft_intrinsics(void)
11005 {
11006 #define MS_BUILTIN(a, b) create_builtin_function(bk_ms##a, #a, b)
11007
11008         /* intrinsics for all architectures */
11009         MS_BUILTIN(_rotl,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
11010         MS_BUILTIN(_rotr,                  make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int,   type_unsigned_int, type_int));
11011         MS_BUILTIN(_rotl64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
11012         MS_BUILTIN(_rotr64,                make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64, type_int));
11013         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ushort,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11014         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_ulong,        make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long,  type_unsigned_long));
11015         MS_BUILTIN(_byteswap_uint64,       make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int64, type_unsigned_int64));
11016
11017         MS_BUILTIN(__debugbreak,            make_function_0_type(type_void));
11018         MS_BUILTIN(_ReturnAddress,          make_function_0_type(type_void_ptr));
11019         MS_BUILTIN(_AddressOfReturnAddress, make_function_0_type(type_void_ptr));
11020         MS_BUILTIN(__popcount,              make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_int, type_unsigned_int));
11021
11022         /* x86/x64 only */
11023         MS_BUILTIN(_enable,                make_function_0_type(type_void));
11024         MS_BUILTIN(_disable,               make_function_0_type(type_void));
11025         MS_BUILTIN(__inbyte,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_short));
11026         MS_BUILTIN(__inword,               make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11027         MS_BUILTIN(__indword,              make_function_1_type(type_unsigned_long, type_unsigned_short));
11028         MS_BUILTIN(__outbyte,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_char));
11029         MS_BUILTIN(__outword,              make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_short));
11030         MS_BUILTIN(__outdword,             make_function_2_type(type_void, type_unsigned_short, type_unsigned_long));
11031         MS_BUILTIN(__ud2,                  make_function_0_type_noreturn(type_void));
11032         MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanForward,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
11033         MS_BUILTIN(_BitScanReverse,        make_function_2_type(type_unsigned_char, type_unsigned_long_ptr, type_unsigned_long));
11034         MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange,   make_function_2_type(type_long, type_long_ptr, type_long));
11035         MS_BUILTIN(_InterlockedExchange64, make_function_2_type(type_int64, type_int64_ptr, type_int64));
11036
11037         if (machine_size <= 32) {
11038                 MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int));
11039                 MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int));
11040         } else {
11041                 MS_BUILTIN(__readeflags,           make_function_0_type(type_unsigned_int64));
11042                 MS_BUILTIN(__writeeflags,          make_function_1_type(type_void, type_unsigned_int64));
11043         }
11044
11045 #undef MS_BUILTIN
11046 }
11047
11048 /**
11049  * Initialize the parser.
11050  */
11051 void init_parser(void)
11052 {
11053         sym_anonymous = symbol_table_insert("<anonymous>");
11054
11055         memset(token_anchor_set, 0, sizeof(token_anchor_set));
11056
11057         init_expression_parsers();
11058         obstack_init(&temp_obst);
11059
11060         symbol_t *const va_list_sym = symbol_table_insert("__builtin_va_list");
11061         type_valist = create_builtin_type(va_list_sym, type_void_ptr);
11062 }
11063
11064 /**
11065  * Terminate the parser.
11066  */
11067 void exit_parser(void)
11068 {
11069         obstack_free(&temp_obst, NULL);
11070 }