Remove unnecessary assertion.

[cparser] / ast2firm.c

/*
 * This file is part of cparser.
 * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
 * 02111-1307, USA.
 */
#include <config.h>

#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <limits.h>

#include <libfirm/firm.h>
#include <libfirm/adt/obst.h>
#include <libfirm/be.h>

#include "ast2firm.h"

#include "adt/error.h"
#include "adt/array.h"
#include "adt/strutil.h"
#include "adt/util.h"
#include "symbol_t.h"
#include "token_t.h"
#include "type_t.h"
#include "ast_t.h"
#include "entity_t.h"
#include "parser.h"
#include "diagnostic.h"
#include "lang_features.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "type_hash.h"
#include "mangle.h"
#include "walk.h"
#include "warning.h"
#include "printer.h"
#include "entitymap_t.h"
#include "driver/firm_opt.h"

typedef struct trampoline_region trampoline_region;
struct trampoline_region {
        ir_entity        *function;    /**< The function that is called by this trampoline */
        ir_entity        *region;      /**< created region for the trampoline */
};

fp_model_t firm_fp_model = fp_model_precise;

static const backend_params *be_params;

static ir_type *ir_type_char;
static ir_type *ir_type_const_char;
static ir_type *ir_type_wchar_t;
static ir_type *ir_type_void;
static ir_type *ir_type_int;

/* architecture specific floating point arithmetic mode (if any) */
static ir_mode *mode_float_arithmetic;

/* alignment of stack parameters */
static unsigned stack_param_align;

static int        next_value_number_function;
static ir_node   *continue_label;
static ir_node   *break_label;
static ir_node   *current_switch;
static bool       saw_default_label;
static label_t  **all_labels;
static entity_t **inner_functions;
static ir_node   *ijmp_list;
static bool       constant_folding;

static const entity_t     *current_function_entity;
static ir_node            *current_function_name;
static ir_node            *current_funcsig;
static ir_graph           *current_function;
static translation_unit_t *current_translation_unit;
static trampoline_region  *current_trampolines;
static ir_type            *current_outer_frame;
static ir_node            *current_static_link;
static ir_entity          *current_vararg_entity;

static entitymap_t  entitymap;

static struct obstack asm_obst;

typedef enum declaration_kind_t {
        DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN,
        DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY,
        DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE,
        DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE,
        DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY,
        DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER,
        DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER_ENTITY,
        DECLARATION_KIND_FUNCTION,
        DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER,
        DECLARATION_KIND_INNER_FUNCTION
} declaration_kind_t;

static ir_type *get_ir_type_incomplete(type_t *type);

static void enqueue_inner_function(entity_t *entity)
{
        if (inner_functions == NULL)
                inner_functions = NEW_ARR_F(entity_t *, 0);
        ARR_APP1(entity_t*, inner_functions, entity);
}

static ir_node *uninitialized_local_var(ir_graph *irg, ir_mode *mode, int pos)
{
        const entity_t *entity = get_irg_loc_description(irg, pos);

        if (entity != NULL) {
                source_position_t const *const pos = &entity->base.source_position;
                warningf(WARN_UNINITIALIZED, pos, "'%N' might be used uninitialized", entity);
        }
        return new_r_Unknown(irg, mode);
}

static const char *dbg_retrieve(const dbg_info *dbg, unsigned *line)
{
        const source_position_t *pos = (const source_position_t*) dbg;
        if (pos == NULL)
                return NULL;
        if (line != NULL)
                *line = pos->lineno;
        return pos->input_name;
}

static dbg_info *get_dbg_info(const source_position_t *pos)
{
        return (dbg_info*) pos;
}

static void dbg_print_type_dbg_info(char *buffer, size_t buffer_size,
                                    const type_dbg_info *dbg)
{
        assert(dbg != NULL);
        print_to_buffer(buffer, buffer_size);
        const type_t *type = (const type_t*) dbg;
        print_type(type);
        finish_print_to_buffer();
}

static type_dbg_info *get_type_dbg_info_(const type_t *type)
{
        return (type_dbg_info*) type;
}

/* is the current block a reachable one? */
static bool currently_reachable(void)
{
        ir_node *const block = get_cur_block();
        return block != NULL && !is_Bad(block);
}

static void set_unreachable_now(void)
{
        set_cur_block(NULL);
}

ir_mode *atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_LAST+1];

static ir_node *_expression_to_firm(const expression_t *expression);
static ir_node *expression_to_firm(const expression_t *expression);
static void create_local_declaration(entity_t *entity);

static unsigned decide_modulo_shift(unsigned type_size)
{
        if (architecture_modulo_shift == 0)
                return 0;
        if (type_size < architecture_modulo_shift)
                return architecture_modulo_shift;
        return type_size;
}

static ir_mode *init_atomic_ir_mode(atomic_type_kind_t kind)
{
        unsigned flags = get_atomic_type_flags(kind);
        unsigned size  = get_atomic_type_size(kind);
        if ((flags & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_FLOAT)
            && !(flags & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_COMPLEX)) {
                if (size == 4) {
                        return get_modeF();
                } else if (size == 8) {
                        return get_modeD();
                } else {
                        panic("unexpected kind");
                }
        } else if (flags & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) {
                char            name[64];
                unsigned        bit_size     = size * 8;
                bool            is_signed    = (flags & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED) != 0;
                unsigned        modulo_shift = decide_modulo_shift(bit_size);

                snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%u", is_signed ? "I" : "U", bit_size);
                return new_int_mode(name, irma_twos_complement, bit_size, is_signed,
                                    modulo_shift);
        }

        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Initialises the atomic modes depending on the machine size.
 */
static void init_atomic_modes(void)
{
        atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID] = mode_ANY;
        for (int i = 0; i <= ATOMIC_TYPE_LAST; ++i) {
                if (atomic_modes[i] != NULL)
                        continue;
                atomic_modes[i] = init_atomic_ir_mode((atomic_type_kind_t) i);
        }
}

ir_mode *get_atomic_mode(atomic_type_kind_t kind)
{
        assert(kind <= ATOMIC_TYPE_LAST);
        return atomic_modes[kind];
}

static ir_node *get_vla_size(array_type_t *const type)
{
        ir_node *size_node = type->size_node;
        if (size_node == NULL) {
                size_node = expression_to_firm(type->size_expression);
                type->size_node = size_node;
        }
        return size_node;
}

static unsigned count_parameters(const function_type_t *function_type)
{
        unsigned count = 0;

        function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
        for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
                ++count;
        }

        return count;
}

/**
 * Creates a Firm type for an atomic type
 */
static ir_type *create_atomic_type(atomic_type_kind_t akind, const type_t *type)
{
        ir_mode        *mode      = atomic_modes[akind];
        type_dbg_info  *dbgi      = get_type_dbg_info_(type);
        ir_type        *irtype    = new_d_type_primitive(mode, dbgi);
        il_alignment_t  alignment = get_atomic_type_alignment(akind);

        set_type_size_bytes(irtype, get_atomic_type_size(akind));
        set_type_alignment_bytes(irtype, alignment);

        return irtype;
}

/**
 * Creates a Firm type for a complex type
 */
static ir_type *create_complex_type(const atomic_type_t *type)
{
        atomic_type_kind_t  kind = type->akind;
        ir_mode            *mode = atomic_modes[kind];
        ident              *id   = get_mode_ident(mode);

        (void) id;

        /* FIXME: finish the array */
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Creates a Firm type for an imaginary type
 */
static ir_type *create_imaginary_type(const atomic_type_t *type)
{
        return create_atomic_type(type->akind, (const type_t*)type);
}

/**
 * return type of a parameter (and take transparent union gnu extension into
 * account)
 */
static type_t *get_parameter_type(type_t *orig_type)
{
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
        if (is_type_union(type)
                        && get_type_modifiers(orig_type) & DM_TRANSPARENT_UNION) {
                compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
                type                 = compound->members.entities->declaration.type;
        }

        return type;
}

static ir_type *create_method_type(const function_type_t *function_type, bool for_closure)
{
        type_t        *return_type  = skip_typeref(function_type->return_type);

        int            n_parameters = count_parameters(function_type)
                                       + (for_closure ? 1 : 0);
        int            n_results    = return_type == type_void ? 0 : 1;
        type_dbg_info *dbgi         = get_type_dbg_info_((const type_t*) function_type);
        ir_type       *irtype       = new_d_type_method(n_parameters, n_results, dbgi);

        if (return_type != type_void) {
                ir_type *restype = get_ir_type(return_type);
                set_method_res_type(irtype, 0, restype);
        }

        function_parameter_t *parameter = function_type->parameters;
        int                   n         = 0;
        if (for_closure) {
                ir_type *p_irtype = get_ir_type(type_void_ptr);
                set_method_param_type(irtype, n, p_irtype);
                ++n;
        }
        for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->next) {
                type_t  *type     = get_parameter_type(parameter->type);
                ir_type *p_irtype = get_ir_type(type);
                set_method_param_type(irtype, n, p_irtype);
                ++n;
        }

        bool is_variadic = function_type->variadic;

        if (is_variadic)
                set_method_variadicity(irtype, variadicity_variadic);

        unsigned cc = get_method_calling_convention(irtype);
        switch (function_type->calling_convention) {
        case CC_DEFAULT: /* unspecified calling convention, equal to one of the other, typically cdecl */
        case CC_CDECL:
is_cdecl:
                set_method_calling_convention(irtype, SET_CDECL(cc));
                break;

        case CC_STDCALL:
                if (is_variadic)
                        goto is_cdecl;

                /* only non-variadic function can use stdcall, else use cdecl */
                set_method_calling_convention(irtype, SET_STDCALL(cc));
                break;

        case CC_FASTCALL:
                if (is_variadic)
                        goto is_cdecl;
                /* only non-variadic function can use fastcall, else use cdecl */
                set_method_calling_convention(irtype, SET_FASTCALL(cc));
                break;

        case CC_THISCALL:
                /* Hmm, leave default, not accepted by the parser yet. */
                break;
        }

        if (for_closure)
                set_method_calling_convention(irtype, get_method_calling_convention(irtype) | cc_this_call);

        const decl_modifiers_t modifiers = function_type->modifiers;
        if (modifiers & DM_CONST)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_const);
        if (modifiers & DM_PURE)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_pure);
        if (modifiers & DM_RETURNS_TWICE)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_returns_twice);
        if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_noreturn);
        if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_nothrow);
        if (modifiers & DM_MALLOC)
                add_method_additional_properties(irtype, mtp_property_malloc);

        return irtype;
}

static ir_type *create_pointer_type(pointer_type_t *type)
{
        type_dbg_info *dbgi         = get_type_dbg_info_((const type_t*) type);
        type_t        *points_to    = type->points_to;
        ir_type       *ir_points_to = get_ir_type_incomplete(points_to);
        ir_type       *irtype       = new_d_type_pointer(ir_points_to, dbgi);

        return irtype;
}

static ir_type *create_reference_type(reference_type_t *type)
{
        type_dbg_info *dbgi         = get_type_dbg_info_((const type_t*) type);
        type_t        *refers_to    = type->refers_to;
        ir_type       *ir_refers_to = get_ir_type_incomplete(refers_to);
        ir_type       *irtype       = new_d_type_pointer(ir_refers_to, dbgi);

        return irtype;
}

static ir_type *create_array_type(array_type_t *type)
{
        type_dbg_info *dbgi            = get_type_dbg_info_((const type_t*) type);
        type_t        *element_type    = type->element_type;
        ir_type       *ir_element_type = get_ir_type(element_type);
        ir_type       *irtype          = new_d_type_array(1, ir_element_type, dbgi);

        const int align = get_type_alignment_bytes(ir_element_type);
        set_type_alignment_bytes(irtype, align);

        if (type->size_constant) {
                int n_elements = type->size;

                set_array_bounds_int(irtype, 0, 0, n_elements);

                size_t elemsize = get_type_size_bytes(ir_element_type);
                if (elemsize % align > 0) {
                        elemsize += align - (elemsize % align);
                }
                set_type_size_bytes(irtype, n_elements * elemsize);
        } else {
                set_array_lower_bound_int(irtype, 0, 0);
        }
        set_type_state(irtype, layout_fixed);

        return irtype;
}

/**
 * Return the signed integer type of size bits.
 *
 * @param size   the size
 */
static ir_type *get_signed_int_type_for_bit_size(ir_type *base_tp,
                                                 unsigned size,
                                                                                                 const type_t *type)
{
        static ir_mode *s_modes[64 + 1] = {NULL, };
        ir_type *res;
        ir_mode *mode;

        if (size <= 0 || size > 64)
                return NULL;

        mode = s_modes[size];
        if (mode == NULL) {
                char name[32];

                snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "bf_I%u", size);
                mode = new_int_mode(name, irma_twos_complement, size, 1, 0);
                s_modes[size] = mode;
        }

        type_dbg_info *dbgi = get_type_dbg_info_(type);
        res                 = new_d_type_primitive(mode, dbgi);
        set_primitive_base_type(res, base_tp);

        return res;
}

/**
 * Return the unsigned integer type of size bits.
 *
 * @param size   the size
 */
static ir_type *get_unsigned_int_type_for_bit_size(ir_type *base_tp,
                                                   unsigned size,
                                                                                                   const type_t *type)
{
        static ir_mode *u_modes[64 + 1] = {NULL, };
        ir_type *res;
        ir_mode *mode;

        if (size <= 0 || size > 64)
                return NULL;

        mode = u_modes[size];
        if (mode == NULL) {
                char name[32];

                snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "bf_U%u", size);
                mode = new_int_mode(name, irma_twos_complement, size, 0, 0);
                u_modes[size] = mode;
        }

        type_dbg_info *dbgi = get_type_dbg_info_(type);
        res = new_d_type_primitive(mode, dbgi);
        set_primitive_base_type(res, base_tp);

        return res;
}

static ir_type *create_bitfield_type(const entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
        type_t *base = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
        assert(base->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC || base->kind == TYPE_ENUM);
        ir_type *irbase = get_ir_type(base);

        unsigned bit_size = entity->compound_member.bit_size;

        assert(!is_type_float(base));
        if (is_type_signed(base)) {
                return get_signed_int_type_for_bit_size(irbase, bit_size, base);
        } else {
                return get_unsigned_int_type_for_bit_size(irbase, bit_size, base);
        }
}

#define INVALID_TYPE ((ir_type*)-1)

enum {
        COMPOUND_IS_STRUCT = false,
        COMPOUND_IS_UNION  = true
};

/**
 * Construct firm type from ast struct type.
 */
static ir_type *create_compound_type(compound_type_t *type,
                                     bool incomplete, bool is_union)
{
        compound_t *compound = type->compound;

        if (compound->irtype != NULL && (compound->irtype_complete || incomplete)) {
                return compound->irtype;
        }

        symbol_t *type_symbol = compound->base.symbol;
        ident    *id;
        if (type_symbol != NULL) {
                id = new_id_from_str(type_symbol->string);
        } else {
                if (is_union) {
                        id = id_unique("__anonymous_union.%u");
                } else {
                        id = id_unique("__anonymous_struct.%u");
                }
        }

        ir_type *irtype;
        if (is_union) {
                irtype = new_type_union(id);
        } else {
                irtype = new_type_struct(id);
        }

        compound->irtype_complete = false;
        compound->irtype          = irtype;

        if (incomplete)
                return irtype;

        if (is_union) {
                layout_union_type(type);
        } else {
                layout_struct_type(type);
        }

        compound->irtype_complete = true;

        entity_t *entry = compound->members.entities;
        for ( ; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
                if (entry->kind != ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER)
                        continue;

                symbol_t *symbol     = entry->base.symbol;
                type_t   *entry_type = entry->declaration.type;
                ident    *ident;
                if (symbol == NULL) {
                        /* anonymous bitfield member, skip */
                        if (entry->compound_member.bitfield)
                                continue;
                        assert(entry_type->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT
                                        || entry_type->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION);
                        ident = id_unique("anon.%u");
                } else {
                        ident = new_id_from_str(symbol->string);
                }

                dbg_info *dbgi       = get_dbg_info(&entry->base.source_position);

                ir_type *entry_irtype;
                if (entry->compound_member.bitfield) {
                        entry_irtype = create_bitfield_type(entry);
                } else {
                        entry_irtype = get_ir_type(entry_type);
                }
                ir_entity *entity = new_d_entity(irtype, ident, entry_irtype, dbgi);

                set_entity_offset(entity, entry->compound_member.offset);
                set_entity_offset_bits_remainder(entity,
                                                 entry->compound_member.bit_offset);

                assert(entry->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);
                entry->declaration.kind       = DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER;
                entry->compound_member.entity = entity;
        }

        set_type_alignment_bytes(irtype, compound->alignment);
        set_type_size_bytes(irtype, compound->size);
        set_type_state(irtype, layout_fixed);

        return irtype;
}

static ir_tarval *fold_constant_to_tarval(expression_t const *);

static void determine_enum_values(enum_type_t *const type)
{
        ir_mode   *const mode    = atomic_modes[type->base.akind];
        ir_tarval *const one     = get_mode_one(mode);
        ir_tarval *      tv_next = get_mode_null(mode);

        enum_t   *enume = type->enume;
        entity_t *entry = enume->base.next;
        for (; entry != NULL; entry = entry->base.next) {
                if (entry->kind != ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
                        break;

                expression_t *const init = entry->enum_value.value;
                if (init != NULL) {
                        tv_next = fold_constant_to_tarval(init);
                }
                assert(entry->enum_value.tv == NULL || entry->enum_value.tv == tv_next);
                entry->enum_value.tv = tv_next;
                tv_next = tarval_add(tv_next, one);
        }
}

static ir_type *create_enum_type(enum_type_t *const type)
{
        return create_atomic_type(type->base.akind, (const type_t*) type);
}

static ir_type *get_ir_type_incomplete(type_t *type)
{
        assert(type != NULL);
        type = skip_typeref(type);

        if (type->base.firm_type != NULL) {
                assert(type->base.firm_type != INVALID_TYPE);
                return type->base.firm_type;
        }

        switch (type->kind) {
        case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
                return create_compound_type(&type->compound, true, COMPOUND_IS_STRUCT);
        case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION:
                return create_compound_type(&type->compound, true, COMPOUND_IS_UNION);
        default:
                return get_ir_type(type);
        }
}

ir_type *get_ir_type(type_t *type)
{
        assert(type != NULL);

        type = skip_typeref(type);

        if (type->base.firm_type != NULL) {
                assert(type->base.firm_type != INVALID_TYPE);
                return type->base.firm_type;
        }

        ir_type *firm_type = NULL;
        switch (type->kind) {
        case TYPE_ERROR:
                /* Happens while constant folding, when there was an error */
                return create_atomic_type(ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID, NULL);

        case TYPE_ATOMIC:
                firm_type = create_atomic_type(type->atomic.akind, type);
                break;
        case TYPE_COMPLEX:
                firm_type = create_complex_type(&type->atomic);
                break;
        case TYPE_IMAGINARY:
                firm_type = create_imaginary_type(&type->atomic);
                break;
        case TYPE_FUNCTION:
                firm_type = create_method_type(&type->function, false);
                break;
        case TYPE_POINTER:
                firm_type = create_pointer_type(&type->pointer);
                break;
        case TYPE_REFERENCE:
                firm_type = create_reference_type(&type->reference);
                break;
        case TYPE_ARRAY:
                firm_type = create_array_type(&type->array);
                break;
        case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT:
                firm_type = create_compound_type(&type->compound, false, COMPOUND_IS_STRUCT);
                break;
        case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION:
                firm_type = create_compound_type(&type->compound, false, COMPOUND_IS_UNION);
                break;
        case TYPE_ENUM:
                firm_type = create_enum_type(&type->enumt);
                break;

        case TYPE_TYPEOF:
        case TYPE_TYPEDEF:
                break;
        }
        if (firm_type == NULL)
                panic("unknown type found");

        type->base.firm_type = firm_type;
        return firm_type;
}

static ir_mode *get_ir_mode_storage(type_t *type)
{
        ir_type *irtype = get_ir_type(type);

        /* firm doesn't report a mode for arrays somehow... */
        if (is_Array_type(irtype)) {
                return mode_P_data;
        }

        ir_mode *mode = get_type_mode(irtype);
        assert(mode != NULL);
        return mode;
}

/*
 * get arithmetic mode for a type. This is different from get_ir_mode_storage,
 * int that it returns bigger modes for floating point on some platforms
 * (x87 internally does arithemtic with 80bits)
 */
static ir_mode *get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_t *type)
{
        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
        if (mode_is_float(mode) && mode_float_arithmetic != NULL) {
                return mode_float_arithmetic;
        }

        return mode;
}

/**
 * Return a node representing the size of a type.
 */
static ir_node *get_type_size_node(type_t *type)
{
        unsigned size;
        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_size_t);
        type = skip_typeref(type);

        if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla) {
                ir_node *size_node = get_vla_size(&type->array);
                ir_node *elem_size = get_type_size_node(type->array.element_type);
                ir_node *real_size = new_d_Mul(NULL, size_node, elem_size, mode);
                return real_size;
        }

        size = get_type_size(type);
        return new_Const_long(mode, size);
}

/** Names of the runtime functions. */
static const struct {
        int        id;           /**< the rts id */
        int        n_res;        /**< number of return values */
        const char *name;        /**< the name of the rts function */
        int        n_params;     /**< number of parameters */
        unsigned   flags;        /**< language flags */
} rts_data[] = {
        { rts_debugbreak, 0, "__debugbreak", 0, _MS },
        { rts_abort,      0, "abort",        0, _C89 },
        { rts_alloca,     1, "alloca",       1, _ALL },
        { rts_abs,        1, "abs",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_labs,       1, "labs",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_llabs,      1, "llabs",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_imaxabs,    1, "imaxabs",      1, _C99 },

        { rts_fabs,       1, "fabs",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_sqrt,       1, "sqrt",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_cbrt,       1, "cbrt",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_exp,        1, "exp",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_exp2,       1, "exp2",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_exp10,      1, "exp10",        1, _GNUC },
        { rts_log,        1, "log",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_log2,       1, "log2",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_log10,      1, "log10",        1, _C89 },
        { rts_pow,        1, "pow",          2, _C89 },
        { rts_sin,        1, "sin",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_cos,        1, "cos",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_tan,        1, "tan",          1, _C89 },
        { rts_asin,       1, "asin",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_acos,       1, "acos",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_atan,       1, "atan",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_sinh,       1, "sinh",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_cosh,       1, "cosh",         1, _C89 },
        { rts_tanh,       1, "tanh",         1, _C89 },

        { rts_fabsf,      1, "fabsf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_sqrtf,      1, "sqrtf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_cbrtf,      1, "cbrtf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_expf,       1, "expf",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_exp2f,      1, "exp2f",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_exp10f,     1, "exp10f",       1, _GNUC },
        { rts_logf,       1, "logf",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_log2f,      1, "log2f",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_log10f,     1, "log10f",       1, _C99 },
        { rts_powf,       1, "powf",         2, _C99 },
        { rts_sinf,       1, "sinf",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_cosf,       1, "cosf",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_tanf,       1, "tanf",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_asinf,      1, "asinf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_acosf,      1, "acosf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_atanf,      1, "atanf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_sinhf,      1, "sinhf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_coshf,      1, "coshf",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_tanhf,      1, "tanhf",        1, _C99 },

        { rts_fabsl,      1, "fabsl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_sqrtl,      1, "sqrtl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_cbrtl,      1, "cbrtl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_expl,       1, "expl",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_exp2l,      1, "exp2l",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_exp10l,     1, "exp10l",       1, _GNUC },
        { rts_logl,       1, "logl",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_log2l,      1, "log2l",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_log10l,     1, "log10l",       1, _C99 },
        { rts_powl,       1, "powl",         2, _C99 },
        { rts_sinl,       1, "sinl",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_cosl,       1, "cosl",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_tanl,       1, "tanl",         1, _C99 },
        { rts_asinl,      1, "asinl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_acosl,      1, "acosl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_atanl,      1, "atanl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_sinhl,      1, "sinhl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_coshl,      1, "coshl",        1, _C99 },
        { rts_tanhl,      1, "tanhl",        1, _C99 },

        { rts_strcmp,     1, "strcmp",       2, _C89 },
        { rts_strncmp,    1, "strncmp",      3, _C89 },
        { rts_strcpy,     1, "strcpy",       2, _C89 },
        { rts_strlen,     1, "strlen",       1, _C89 },
        { rts_memcpy,     1, "memcpy",       3, _C89 },
        { rts_mempcpy,    1, "mempcpy",      3, _GNUC },
        { rts_memmove,    1, "memmove",      3, _C89 },
        { rts_memset,     1, "memset",       3, _C89 },
        { rts_memcmp,     1, "memcmp",       3, _C89 },
};

static ident *rts_idents[lengthof(rts_data)];

static create_ld_ident_func create_ld_ident = create_name_linux_elf;

void set_create_ld_ident(ident *(*func)(entity_t*))
{
        create_ld_ident = func;
}

/**
 * Handle GNU attributes for entities
 *
 * @param ent   the entity
 * @param decl  the routine declaration
 */
static void handle_decl_modifiers(ir_entity *irentity, entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(is_declaration(entity));
        decl_modifiers_t modifiers = entity->declaration.modifiers;

        if (is_method_entity(irentity)) {
                if (modifiers & DM_PURE) {
                        set_entity_additional_properties(irentity, mtp_property_pure);
                }
                if (modifiers & DM_CONST) {
                        add_entity_additional_properties(irentity, mtp_property_const);
                }
        }
        if (modifiers & DM_USED) {
                add_entity_linkage(irentity, IR_LINKAGE_HIDDEN_USER);
        }
        if (modifiers & DM_WEAK) {
                add_entity_linkage(irentity, IR_LINKAGE_WEAK);
        }
}

static bool is_main(entity_t *entity)
{
        static symbol_t *sym_main = NULL;
        if (sym_main == NULL) {
                sym_main = symbol_table_insert("main");
        }

        if (entity->base.symbol != sym_main)
                return false;
        /* must be in outermost scope */
        if (entity->base.parent_scope != &current_translation_unit->scope)
                return false;

        return true;
}

/**
 * Creates an entity representing a function.
 *
 * @param entity       the function declaration/definition
 * @param owner_type   the owner type of this function, NULL
 *                     for global functions
 */
static ir_entity *get_function_entity(entity_t *entity, ir_type *owner_type)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
        if (entity->function.irentity != NULL)
                return entity->function.irentity;

        switch (entity->function.btk) {
        case BUILTIN_NONE:
        case BUILTIN_LIBC:
        case BUILTIN_LIBC_CHECK:
                break;
        default:
                return NULL;
        }

        if (is_main(entity)) {
                /* force main to C linkage */
                type_t *type = entity->declaration.type;
                assert(is_type_function(type));
                if (type->function.linkage != LINKAGE_C) {
                        type_t *new_type           = duplicate_type(type);
                        new_type->function.linkage = LINKAGE_C;
                        type                       = identify_new_type(new_type);
                        entity->declaration.type   = type;
                }
        }

        symbol_t *symbol = entity->base.symbol;
        ident    *id     = new_id_from_str(symbol->string);

        /* already an entity defined? */
        ir_entity *irentity = entitymap_get(&entitymap, symbol);
        bool const has_body = entity->function.statement != NULL;
        if (irentity != NULL) {
                if (get_entity_visibility(irentity) == ir_visibility_external
                                && has_body) {
                        set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_default);
                }
                goto entity_created;
        }

        ir_type *ir_type_method;
        if (entity->function.need_closure)
                ir_type_method = create_method_type(&entity->declaration.type->function, true);
        else
                ir_type_method = get_ir_type(entity->declaration.type);

        bool nested_function = false;
        if (owner_type == NULL)
                owner_type = get_glob_type();
        else
                nested_function = true;

        dbg_info *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&entity->base.source_position);
        irentity = new_d_entity(owner_type, id, ir_type_method, dbgi);

        ident *ld_id;
        if (nested_function)
                ld_id = id_unique("inner.%u");
        else
                ld_id = create_ld_ident(entity);
        set_entity_ld_ident(irentity, ld_id);

        handle_decl_modifiers(irentity, entity);

        if (! nested_function) {
                /* static inline             => local
                 * extern inline             => local
                 * inline without definition => local
                 * inline with definition    => external_visible */
                storage_class_tag_t const storage_class
                        = (storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class;
                bool                const is_inline     = entity->function.is_inline;

                if (is_inline && storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_NONE && has_body) {
                    set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_default);
                } else if (storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC ||
                           (is_inline && has_body)) {
                    set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_local);
                } else if (has_body) {
                    set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_default);
                } else {
                    set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_external);
                }
        } else {
                /* nested functions are always local */
                set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_local);
        }

        /* We should check for file scope here, but as long as we compile C only
           this is not needed. */
        if (!freestanding && !has_body) {
                /* check for a known runtime function */
                for (size_t i = 0; i < lengthof(rts_data); ++i) {
                        if (id != rts_idents[i])
                                continue;

                        function_type_t *function_type
                                = &entity->declaration.type->function;
                        /* rts_entities code can't handle a "wrong" number of parameters */
                        if (function_type->unspecified_parameters)
                                continue;

                        /* check number of parameters */
                        int n_params = count_parameters(function_type);
                        if (n_params != rts_data[i].n_params)
                                continue;

                        type_t *return_type = skip_typeref(function_type->return_type);
                        int     n_res       = return_type != type_void ? 1 : 0;
                        if (n_res != rts_data[i].n_res)
                                continue;

                        /* ignore those rts functions not necessary needed for current mode */
                        if ((c_mode & rts_data[i].flags) == 0)
                                continue;
                        assert(rts_entities[rts_data[i].id] == NULL);
                        rts_entities[rts_data[i].id] = irentity;
                }
        }

        entitymap_insert(&entitymap, symbol, irentity);

entity_created:
        entity->declaration.kind  = DECLARATION_KIND_FUNCTION;
        entity->function.irentity = irentity;

        return irentity;
}

/**
 * Creates a SymConst for a given entity.
 *
 * @param dbgi    debug info
 * @param entity  the entity
 */
static ir_node *create_symconst(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_entity *entity)
{
        assert(entity != NULL);
        union symconst_symbol sym;
        sym.entity_p = entity;
        return new_d_SymConst(dbgi, mode_P, sym, symconst_addr_ent);
}

static ir_node *create_Const_from_bool(ir_mode *const mode, bool const v)
{
        return new_Const((v ? get_mode_one : get_mode_null)(mode));
}

static ir_node *create_conv_from_b(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *value,
                                   ir_mode *dest_mode)
{
        if (is_Const(value)) {
                return create_Const_from_bool(dest_mode, !is_Const_null(value));
        }

        ir_node *cond       = new_d_Cond(dbgi, value);
        ir_node *proj_true  = new_Proj(cond, mode_X, pn_Cond_true);
        ir_node *proj_false = new_Proj(cond, mode_X, pn_Cond_false);
        ir_node *tblock     = new_Block(1, &proj_true);
        ir_node *fblock     = new_Block(1, &proj_false);
        set_cur_block(tblock);
        ir_node *const1 = new_Const(get_mode_one(dest_mode));
        ir_node *tjump  = new_Jmp();
        set_cur_block(fblock);
        ir_node *const0 = new_Const(get_mode_null(dest_mode));
        ir_node *fjump  = new_Jmp();

        ir_node *in[2]      = { tjump, fjump };
        ir_node *mergeblock = new_Block(2, in);
        set_cur_block(mergeblock);
        ir_node *phi_in[2]  = { const1, const0 };
        ir_node *phi        = new_Phi(2, phi_in, dest_mode);
        return phi;
}

static ir_node *create_conv(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *value, ir_mode *dest_mode)
{
        ir_mode *value_mode = get_irn_mode(value);

        if (value_mode == dest_mode)
                return value;

        if (dest_mode == mode_b) {
                ir_node *zero = new_Const(get_mode_null(value_mode));
                ir_node *cmp  = new_d_Cmp(dbgi, value, zero, ir_relation_unordered_less_greater);
                return cmp;
        } else if (value_mode == mode_b) {
                return create_conv_from_b(dbgi, value, dest_mode);
        }

        return new_d_Conv(dbgi, value, dest_mode);
}

/**
 * Creates a SymConst node representing a wide string literal.
 *
 * @param literal   the wide string literal
 */
static ir_node *wide_string_literal_to_firm(
                const string_literal_expression_t *literal)
{
        ir_type  *const global_type = get_glob_type();
        ir_type  *const elem_type   = ir_type_wchar_t;
        dbg_info *const dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&literal->base.source_position);
        ir_type  *const type        = new_type_array(1, elem_type);

        ident     *const id     = id_unique("str.%u");
        ir_entity *const entity = new_d_entity(global_type, id, type, dbgi);
        set_entity_ld_ident(entity, id);
        set_entity_visibility(entity, ir_visibility_private);
        add_entity_linkage(entity, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT);

        ir_mode      *const mode = get_type_mode(elem_type);
        const size_t        slen = wstrlen(&literal->value);

        set_array_lower_bound_int(type, 0, 0);
        set_array_upper_bound_int(type, 0, slen);
        set_type_size_bytes(type, slen * get_mode_size_bytes(mode));
        set_type_state(type, layout_fixed);

        ir_initializer_t *initializer = create_initializer_compound(slen);
        const char              *p    = literal->value.begin;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; ++i) {
                assert(p < literal->value.begin + literal->value.size);
                utf32             v   = read_utf8_char(&p);
                ir_tarval        *tv  = new_tarval_from_long(v, mode);
                ir_initializer_t *val = create_initializer_tarval(tv);
                set_initializer_compound_value(initializer, i, val);
        }
        set_entity_initializer(entity, initializer);

        return create_symconst(dbgi, entity);
}

/**
 * Creates a SymConst node representing a string constant.
 *
 * @param src_pos    the source position of the string constant
 * @param id_prefix  a prefix for the name of the generated string constant
 * @param value      the value of the string constant
 */
static ir_node *string_to_firm(const source_position_t *const src_pos,
                               const char *const id_prefix,
                               const string_t *const value)
{
        ir_type  *const global_type = get_glob_type();
        dbg_info *const dbgi        = get_dbg_info(src_pos);
        ir_type  *const type        = new_type_array(1, ir_type_const_char);

        ident     *const id     = id_unique(id_prefix);
        ir_entity *const entity = new_d_entity(global_type, id, type, dbgi);
        set_entity_ld_ident(entity, id);
        set_entity_visibility(entity, ir_visibility_private);
        add_entity_linkage(entity, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT);

        ir_type *const elem_type = ir_type_const_char;
        ir_mode *const mode      = get_type_mode(elem_type);

        const char* const string = value->begin;
        const size_t      slen   = value->size;

        set_array_lower_bound_int(type, 0, 0);
        set_array_upper_bound_int(type, 0, slen);
        set_type_size_bytes(type, slen);
        set_type_state(type, layout_fixed);

        ir_initializer_t *initializer = create_initializer_compound(slen);
        for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; ++i) {
                ir_tarval        *tv  = new_tarval_from_long(string[i], mode);
                ir_initializer_t *val = create_initializer_tarval(tv);
                set_initializer_compound_value(initializer, i, val);
        }
        set_entity_initializer(entity, initializer);

        return create_symconst(dbgi, entity);
}

static bool try_create_integer(literal_expression_t *literal,
                               type_t *type, unsigned char base)
{
        const char *string = literal->value.begin;
        size_t      size   = literal->value.size;

        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC);
        atomic_type_kind_t akind = type->atomic.akind;

        ir_mode   *mode = atomic_modes[akind];
        ir_tarval *tv   = new_integer_tarval_from_str(string, size, 1, base, mode);
        if (tv == tarval_bad)
                return false;

        literal->base.type    = type;
        literal->target_value = tv;
        return true;
}

static void create_integer_tarval(literal_expression_t *literal)
{
        unsigned        us     = 0;
        unsigned        ls     = 0;
        const string_t *suffix = &literal->suffix;
        /* parse suffix */
        if (suffix->size > 0) {
                for (const char *c = suffix->begin; *c != '\0'; ++c) {
                        if (*c == 'u' || *c == 'U') { ++us; }
                        if (*c == 'l' || *c == 'L') { ++ls; }
                }
        }

        unsigned base;
        switch (literal->base.kind) {
                case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:       base =  8; break;
                case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:             base = 10; break;
                case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL: base = 16; break;
                default: panic("invalid literal kind");
        }

        tarval_int_overflow_mode_t old_mode = tarval_get_integer_overflow_mode();

        /* now try if the constant is small enough for some types */
        tarval_set_integer_overflow_mode(TV_OVERFLOW_BAD);
        if (ls < 1) {
                if (us == 0 && try_create_integer(literal, type_int, base))
                        goto finished;
                if ((us == 1 || base != 10)
                                && try_create_integer(literal, type_unsigned_int, base))
                        goto finished;
        }
        if (ls < 2) {
                if (us == 0 && try_create_integer(literal, type_long, base))
                        goto finished;
                if ((us == 1 || base != 10)
                                && try_create_integer(literal, type_unsigned_long, base))
                        goto finished;
        }
        /* last try? then we should not report tarval_bad */
        if (us != 1 && base == 10)
                tarval_set_integer_overflow_mode(TV_OVERFLOW_WRAP);
        if (us == 0 && try_create_integer(literal, type_long_long, base))
                goto finished;

        /* last try */
        assert(us == 1 || base != 10);
        tarval_set_integer_overflow_mode(TV_OVERFLOW_WRAP);
        bool res = try_create_integer(literal, type_unsigned_long_long, base);
        if (!res)
                panic("internal error when parsing number literal");

finished:
        tarval_set_integer_overflow_mode(old_mode);
}

void determine_literal_type(literal_expression_t *literal)
{
        switch (literal->base.kind) {
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
                create_integer_tarval(literal);
                return;
        default:
                break;
        }
}

/**
 * Creates a Const node representing a constant.
 */
static ir_node *literal_to_firm(const literal_expression_t *literal)
{
        type_t     *type   = skip_typeref(literal->base.type);
        ir_mode    *mode   = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
        const char *string = literal->value.begin;
        size_t      size   = literal->value.size;
        ir_tarval  *tv;

        switch (literal->base.kind) {
        case EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER: {
                utf32  v = read_utf8_char(&string);
                char   buf[128];
                size_t len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), UTF32_PRINTF_FORMAT, v);

                tv = new_tarval_from_str(buf, len, mode);
                goto make_const;
        }
        case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER: {
                long long int v;
                bool char_is_signed
                        = get_atomic_type_flags(ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_SIGNED;
                if (size == 1 && char_is_signed) {
                        v = (signed char)string[0];
                } else {
                        v = 0;
                        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
                                v = (v << 8) | ((unsigned char)string[i]);
                        }
                }
                char   buf[128];
                size_t len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lld", v);

                tv = new_tarval_from_str(buf, len, mode);
                goto make_const;
        }
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
        case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
                assert(literal->target_value != NULL);
                tv = literal->target_value;
                goto make_const;
        case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
                tv = new_tarval_from_str(string, size, mode);
                goto make_const;
        case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL: {
                char buffer[size + 2];
                memcpy(buffer, "0x", 2);
                memcpy(buffer+2, string, size);
                tv = new_tarval_from_str(buffer, size+2, mode);
                goto make_const;
        }
        case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
                if (string[0] == 't') {
                        tv = get_mode_one(mode);
                } else {
                        assert(string[0] == 'f');
                        tv = get_mode_null(mode);
                }
                goto make_const;
        case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
                tv = get_mode_null(mode);
                goto make_const;
        default:
                break;
        }
        panic("Invalid literal kind found");

make_const: ;
        dbg_info *dbgi       = get_dbg_info(&literal->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *res        = new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
        ir_mode  *mode_arith = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
        return create_conv(dbgi, res, mode_arith);
}

/*
 * Allocate an area of size bytes aligned at alignment
 * at a frame type.
 */
static ir_entity *alloc_trampoline(ir_type *frame_type, int size, unsigned alignment)
{
        static unsigned area_cnt = 0;
        char buf[32];

        ir_type *tp = new_type_array(1, ir_type_char);
        set_array_bounds_int(tp, 0, 0, size);
        set_type_alignment_bytes(tp, alignment);

        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "trampolin%u", area_cnt++);
        ident *name = new_id_from_str(buf);
        ir_entity *area = new_entity(frame_type, name, tp);

        /* mark this entity as compiler generated */
        set_entity_compiler_generated(area, 1);
        return area;
}

/**
 * Return a node representing a trampoline region
 * for a given function entity.
 *
 * @param dbgi    debug info
 * @param entity  the function entity
 */
static ir_node *get_trampoline_region(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_entity *entity)
{
        ir_entity *region = NULL;
        int        i;

        if (current_trampolines != NULL) {
                for (i = ARR_LEN(current_trampolines) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                        if (current_trampolines[i].function == entity) {
                                region = current_trampolines[i].region;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        } else {
                current_trampolines = NEW_ARR_F(trampoline_region, 0);
        }
        ir_graph *irg = current_ir_graph;
        if (region == NULL) {
                /* create a new region */
                ir_type           *frame_tp = get_irg_frame_type(irg);
                trampoline_region  reg;
                reg.function = entity;

                reg.region   = alloc_trampoline(frame_tp,
                                                be_params->trampoline_size,
                                                be_params->trampoline_align);
                ARR_APP1(trampoline_region, current_trampolines, reg);
                region = reg.region;
        }
        return new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, get_irg_no_mem(irg), get_irg_frame(irg),
                               region);
}

/**
 * Creates a trampoline for a function represented by an entity.
 *
 * @param dbgi    debug info
 * @param mode    the (reference) mode for the function address
 * @param entity  the function entity
 */
static ir_node *create_trampoline(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_mode *mode,
                                  ir_entity *entity)
{
        assert(entity != NULL);
        ir_node *in[3];
        in[0] = get_trampoline_region(dbgi, entity);
        in[1] = create_symconst(dbgi, entity);
        in[2] = get_irg_frame(current_ir_graph);

        ir_node *irn = new_d_Builtin(dbgi, get_store(), 3, in, ir_bk_inner_trampoline, get_unknown_type());
        set_store(new_Proj(irn, mode_M, pn_Builtin_M));
        return new_Proj(irn, mode, pn_Builtin_max+1);
}

/**
 * Dereference an address.
 *
 * @param dbgi  debug info
 * @param type  the type of the dereferenced result (the points_to type)
 * @param addr  the address to dereference
 */
static ir_node *deref_address(dbg_info *const dbgi, type_t *const type,
                                      ir_node *const addr)
{
        type_t *skipped = skip_typeref(type);
        if (is_type_incomplete(skipped))
                return addr;

        ir_type *irtype = get_ir_type(skipped);
        if (is_compound_type(irtype)
            || is_Method_type(irtype)
            || is_Array_type(irtype)) {
                return addr;
        }

        ir_cons_flags  flags    = skipped->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE
                                  ? cons_volatile : cons_none;
        ir_mode *const mode     = get_type_mode(irtype);
        ir_node *const memory   = get_store();
        ir_node *const load     = new_d_Load(dbgi, memory, addr, mode, flags);
        ir_node *const load_mem = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode_M, pn_Load_M);
        ir_node *const load_res = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode,   pn_Load_res);

        set_store(load_mem);

        ir_mode *const mode_arithmetic = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(skipped);
        return create_conv(dbgi, load_res, mode_arithmetic);
}

/**
 * Creates a strict Conv (to the node's mode) if necessary.
 *
 * @param dbgi  debug info
 * @param node  the node to strict conv
 */
static ir_node *do_strict_conv(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *node)
{
        ir_mode *mode = get_irn_mode(node);

        if (!(get_irg_fp_model(current_ir_graph) & fp_explicit_rounding))
                return node;
        if (!mode_is_float(mode))
                return node;

        /* check if there is already a Conv */
        if (is_Conv(node)) {
                /* convert it into a strict Conv */
                set_Conv_strict(node, 1);
                return node;
        }

        /* otherwise create a new one */
        return new_d_strictConv(dbgi, node, mode);
}

/**
 * Returns the correct base address depending on whether it is a parameter or a
 * normal local variable.
 */
static ir_node *get_local_frame(ir_entity *const ent)
{
        ir_graph      *const irg   = current_ir_graph;
        const ir_type *const owner = get_entity_owner(ent);
        if (owner == current_outer_frame) {
                assert(current_static_link != NULL);
                return current_static_link;
        } else {
                return get_irg_frame(irg);
        }
}

/**
 * Keep all memory edges of the given block.
 */
static void keep_all_memory(ir_node *block)
{
        ir_node *old = get_cur_block();

        set_cur_block(block);
        keep_alive(get_store());
        /* TODO: keep all memory edges from restricted pointers */
        set_cur_block(old);
}

static ir_node *reference_expression_enum_value_to_firm(
                const reference_expression_t *ref)
{
        entity_t *entity = ref->entity;
        if (entity->enum_value.tv == NULL) {
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->enum_value.enum_type);
                assert(type->kind == TYPE_ENUM);
                determine_enum_values(&type->enumt);
        }

        return new_Const(entity->enum_value.tv);
}

static ir_node *reference_expression_to_firm(const reference_expression_t *ref)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi   = get_dbg_info(&ref->base.source_position);
        entity_t *entity = ref->entity;
        assert(is_declaration(entity));
        type_t   *type   = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);

        /* make sure the type is constructed */
        (void) get_ir_type(type);

        if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION
            && entity->function.btk != BUILTIN_NONE) {
                ir_entity *irentity = get_function_entity(entity, NULL);
                /* for gcc compatibility we have to produce (dummy) addresses for some
                 * builtins which don't have entities */
                if (irentity == NULL) {
                        source_position_t const *const pos = &ref->base.source_position;
                        symbol_t          const *const sym = ref->entity->base.symbol;
                        warningf(WARN_OTHER, pos, "taking address of builtin '%Y'", sym);

                        /* simply create a NULL pointer */
                        ir_mode  *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_void_ptr);
                        ir_node  *res  = new_Const(get_mode_null(mode));

                        return res;
                }
        }

        switch ((declaration_kind_t) entity->declaration.kind) {
        case DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN:
                break;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE: {
                ir_mode *const mode  = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                ir_node *const value = get_value(entity->variable.v.value_number, mode);
                return create_conv(NULL, value, get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type));
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER: {
                ir_mode *const mode  = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                ir_node *const value = get_value(entity->parameter.v.value_number,mode);
                return create_conv(NULL, value, get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type));
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_FUNCTION: {
                return create_symconst(dbgi, entity->function.irentity);
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_INNER_FUNCTION: {
                ir_mode *const mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                if (!entity->function.goto_to_outer && !entity->function.need_closure) {
                        /* inner function not using the closure */
                        return create_symconst(dbgi, entity->function.irentity);
                } else {
                        /* need trampoline here */
                        return create_trampoline(dbgi, mode, entity->function.irentity);
                }
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE: {
                const variable_t *variable = &entity->variable;
                ir_node *const addr = create_symconst(dbgi, variable->v.entity);
                return deref_address(dbgi, variable->base.type, addr);
        }

        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY: {
                ir_entity *irentity = entity->variable.v.entity;
                ir_node   *frame    = get_local_frame(irentity);
                ir_node   *sel = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, irentity);
                return deref_address(dbgi, entity->declaration.type, sel);
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER_ENTITY: {
                ir_entity *irentity = entity->parameter.v.entity;
                ir_node   *frame    = get_local_frame(irentity);
                ir_node   *sel = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, irentity);
                return deref_address(dbgi, entity->declaration.type, sel);
        }

        case DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY:
                return entity->variable.v.vla_base;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
                panic("not implemented reference type");
        }

        panic("reference to declaration with unknown type found");
}

static ir_node *reference_addr(const reference_expression_t *ref)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi   = get_dbg_info(&ref->base.source_position);
        entity_t *entity = ref->entity;
        assert(is_declaration(entity));

        switch((declaration_kind_t) entity->declaration.kind) {
        case DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN:
                break;
        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE:
                /* you can store to a local variable (so we don't panic but return NULL
                 * as an indicator for no real address) */
                return NULL;
        case DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE: {
                ir_node *const addr = create_symconst(dbgi, entity->variable.v.entity);
                return addr;
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY: {
                ir_entity *irentity = entity->variable.v.entity;
                ir_node   *frame    = get_local_frame(irentity);
                ir_node   *sel = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, irentity);

                return sel;
        }
        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER_ENTITY: {
                ir_entity *irentity = entity->parameter.v.entity;
                ir_node   *frame    = get_local_frame(irentity);
                ir_node   *sel = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, irentity);

                return sel;
        }

        case DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY:
                return entity->variable.v.vla_base;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_FUNCTION: {
                return create_symconst(dbgi, entity->function.irentity);
        }

        case DECLARATION_KIND_INNER_FUNCTION: {
                type_t  *const type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
                ir_mode *const mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                if (!entity->function.goto_to_outer && !entity->function.need_closure) {
                        /* inner function not using the closure */
                        return create_symconst(dbgi, entity->function.irentity);
                } else {
                        /* need trampoline here */
                        return create_trampoline(dbgi, mode, entity->function.irentity);
                }
        }

        case DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
                panic("not implemented reference type");
        }

        panic("reference to declaration with unknown type found");
}

/**
 * Transform calls to builtin functions.
 */
static ir_node *process_builtin_call(const call_expression_t *call)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&call->base.source_position);

        assert(call->function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE);
        reference_expression_t *builtin = &call->function->reference;

        type_t *expr_type = skip_typeref(builtin->base.type);
        assert(is_type_pointer(expr_type));

        type_t *function_type = skip_typeref(expr_type->pointer.points_to);

        switch (builtin->entity->function.btk) {
        case BUILTIN_NONE:
                break;
        case BUILTIN_ALLOCA: {
                expression_t *argument = call->arguments->expression;
                ir_node      *size     = expression_to_firm(argument);

                ir_node *store  = get_store();
                ir_node *alloca = new_d_Alloc(dbgi, store, size, get_unknown_type(),
                                              stack_alloc);
                ir_node *proj_m = new_Proj(alloca, mode_M, pn_Alloc_M);
                set_store(proj_m);
                ir_node *res    = new_Proj(alloca, mode_P_data, pn_Alloc_res);

                return res;
        }
        case BUILTIN_INF: {
                type_t    *type = function_type->function.return_type;
                ir_mode   *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                ir_tarval *tv   = get_mode_infinite(mode);
                ir_node   *res  = new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
                return res;
        }
        case BUILTIN_NAN: {
                /* Ignore string for now... */
                assert(is_type_function(function_type));
                type_t    *type = function_type->function.return_type;
                ir_mode   *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                ir_tarval *tv   = get_mode_NAN(mode);
                ir_node   *res  = new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
                return res;
        }
        case BUILTIN_EXPECT: {
                expression_t *argument = call->arguments->expression;
                return _expression_to_firm(argument);
        }
        case BUILTIN_VA_END:
                /* evaluate the argument of va_end for its side effects */
                _expression_to_firm(call->arguments->expression);
                return NULL;
        case BUILTIN_OBJECT_SIZE: {
                /* determine value of "type" */
                expression_t *type_expression = call->arguments->next->expression;
                long          type_val        = fold_constant_to_int(type_expression);
                type_t       *type            = function_type->function.return_type;
                ir_mode      *mode            = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                /* just produce a "I don't know" result */
                ir_tarval    *result          = type_val & 2 ? get_mode_null(mode) :
                                                get_mode_minus_one(mode);

                return new_d_Const(dbgi, result);
        }
        case BUILTIN_ROTL: {
                ir_node *val  = expression_to_firm(call->arguments->expression);
                ir_node *shf  = expression_to_firm(call->arguments->next->expression);
                ir_mode *mode = get_irn_mode(val);
                ir_mode *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];
                return new_d_Rotl(dbgi, val, create_conv(dbgi, shf, mode_uint), mode);
        }
        case BUILTIN_ROTR: {
                ir_node *val  = expression_to_firm(call->arguments->expression);
                ir_node *shf  = expression_to_firm(call->arguments->next->expression);
                ir_mode *mode = get_irn_mode(val);
                ir_mode *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];
                ir_node *c    = new_Const_long(mode_uint, get_mode_size_bits(mode));
                ir_node *sub  = new_d_Sub(dbgi, c, create_conv(dbgi, shf, mode_uint), mode_uint);
                return new_d_Rotl(dbgi, val, sub, mode);
        }
        case BUILTIN_FIRM:
                break;
        case BUILTIN_LIBC:
        case BUILTIN_LIBC_CHECK:
                panic("builtin did not produce an entity");
        }
        panic("invalid builtin found");
}

/**
 * Transform a call expression.
 * Handles some special cases, like alloca() calls, which must be resolved
 * BEFORE the inlines runs. Inlining routines calling alloca() is dangerous,
 * 176.gcc for instance might allocate 2GB instead of 256 MB if alloca is not
 * handled right...
 */
static ir_node *call_expression_to_firm(const call_expression_t *const call)
{
        dbg_info *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&call->base.source_position);
        assert(currently_reachable());

        expression_t   *function = call->function;
        ir_node        *callee   = NULL;
        bool            firm_builtin = false;
        ir_builtin_kind firm_builtin_kind = ir_bk_trap;
        if (function->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                const reference_expression_t *ref    = &function->reference;
                entity_t                     *entity = ref->entity;

                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        builtin_kind_t builtin = entity->function.btk;
                        if (builtin == BUILTIN_FIRM) {
                                firm_builtin = true;
                                firm_builtin_kind = entity->function.b.firm_builtin_kind;
                        } else if (builtin != BUILTIN_NONE && builtin != BUILTIN_LIBC
                                   && builtin != BUILTIN_LIBC_CHECK) {
                                return process_builtin_call(call);
                        }
                }
        }
        if (!firm_builtin)
                callee = expression_to_firm(function);

        type_t *type = skip_typeref(function->base.type);
        assert(is_type_pointer(type));
        pointer_type_t *pointer_type = &type->pointer;
        type_t         *points_to    = skip_typeref(pointer_type->points_to);
        assert(is_type_function(points_to));
        function_type_t *function_type = &points_to->function;

        int      n_parameters    = 0;
        ir_type *ir_method_type  = get_ir_type((type_t*) function_type);
        ir_type *new_method_type = NULL;
        if (function_type->variadic || function_type->unspecified_parameters) {
                const call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
                for ( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
                        ++n_parameters;
                }

                /* we need to construct a new method type matching the call
                 * arguments... */
                type_dbg_info *tdbgi = get_type_dbg_info_((const type_t*) function_type);
                int n_res       = get_method_n_ress(ir_method_type);
                new_method_type = new_d_type_method(n_parameters, n_res, tdbgi);
                set_method_calling_convention(new_method_type,
                               get_method_calling_convention(ir_method_type));
                set_method_additional_properties(new_method_type,
                               get_method_additional_properties(ir_method_type));
                set_method_variadicity(new_method_type,
                                       get_method_variadicity(ir_method_type));

                for (int i = 0; i < n_res; ++i) {
                        set_method_res_type(new_method_type, i,
                                            get_method_res_type(ir_method_type, i));
                }
                argument = call->arguments;
                for (int i = 0; i < n_parameters; ++i, argument = argument->next) {
                        expression_t *expression = argument->expression;
                        ir_type      *irtype     = get_ir_type(expression->base.type);
                        set_method_param_type(new_method_type, i, irtype);
                }
                ir_method_type = new_method_type;
        } else {
                n_parameters = get_method_n_params(ir_method_type);
        }

        ir_node *in[n_parameters];

        const call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
        for (int n = 0; n < n_parameters; ++n) {
                expression_t *expression = argument->expression;
                ir_node      *arg_node   = expression_to_firm(expression);

                type_t *arg_type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
                if (!is_type_compound(arg_type)) {
                        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(expression->base.type);
                        arg_node      = create_conv(dbgi, arg_node, mode);
                        arg_node      = do_strict_conv(dbgi, arg_node);
                }

                in[n] = arg_node;

                argument = argument->next;
        }

        ir_node *store;
        if (function_type->modifiers & DM_CONST) {
                store = get_irg_no_mem(current_ir_graph);
        } else {
                store = get_store();
        }

        ir_node *node;
        type_t  *return_type = skip_typeref(function_type->return_type);
        ir_node *result      = NULL;
        if (firm_builtin) {
                node = new_d_Builtin(dbgi, store, n_parameters, in, firm_builtin_kind,
                                     ir_method_type);
                if (! (function_type->modifiers & DM_CONST)) {
                        ir_node *mem = new_Proj(node, mode_M, pn_Builtin_M);
                        set_store(mem);
                }

                if (!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        assert(is_type_scalar(return_type));
                        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(return_type);
                        result = new_Proj(node, mode, pn_Builtin_max+1);
                        ir_mode *mode_arith = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(return_type);
                        result              = create_conv(NULL, result, mode_arith);
                }
        } else {
                node = new_d_Call(dbgi, store, callee, n_parameters, in, ir_method_type);
                if (! (function_type->modifiers & DM_CONST)) {
                        ir_node *mem = new_Proj(node, mode_M, pn_Call_M);
                        set_store(mem);
                }

                if (!is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        ir_node *resproj = new_Proj(node, mode_T, pn_Call_T_result);

                        if (is_type_scalar(return_type)) {
                                ir_mode *mode       = get_ir_mode_storage(return_type);
                                result              = new_Proj(resproj, mode, 0);
                                ir_mode *mode_arith = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(return_type);
                                result              = create_conv(NULL, result, mode_arith);
                        } else {
                                ir_mode *mode = mode_P_data;
                                result        = new_Proj(resproj, mode, 0);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (function_type->modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
                /* A dead end:  Keep the Call and the Block.  Also place all further
                 * nodes into a new and unreachable block. */
                keep_alive(node);
                keep_alive(get_cur_block());
                ir_node *block = new_Block(0, NULL);
                set_cur_block(block);
        }

        return result;
}

static void statement_to_firm(statement_t *statement);
static ir_node *compound_statement_to_firm(compound_statement_t *compound);

static ir_node *expression_to_addr(const expression_t *expression);
static ir_node *create_condition_evaluation(const expression_t *expression,
                                            ir_node *true_block,
                                            ir_node *false_block);

static void assign_value(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *addr, type_t *type,
                         ir_node *value)
{
        if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
                ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                value         = create_conv(dbgi, value, mode);
                value         = do_strict_conv(dbgi, value);
        }

        ir_node *memory = get_store();

        if (is_type_scalar(type)) {
                ir_cons_flags flags = type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE
                                      ? cons_volatile : cons_none;
                ir_node  *store     = new_d_Store(dbgi, memory, addr, value, flags);
                ir_node  *store_mem = new_d_Proj(dbgi, store, mode_M, pn_Store_M);
                set_store(store_mem);
        } else {
                ir_type *irtype    = get_ir_type(type);
                ir_node *copyb     = new_d_CopyB(dbgi, memory, addr, value, irtype);
                ir_node *copyb_mem = new_Proj(copyb, mode_M, pn_CopyB_M);
                set_store(copyb_mem);
        }
}

static ir_tarval *create_bitfield_mask(ir_mode *mode, int offset, int size)
{
        ir_tarval *all_one   = get_mode_all_one(mode);
        int        mode_size = get_mode_size_bits(mode);
        ir_mode   *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];

        assert(offset >= 0);
        assert(size   >= 0);
        assert(offset + size <= mode_size);
        if (size == mode_size) {
                return all_one;
        }

        long       shiftr    = get_mode_size_bits(mode) - size;
        long       shiftl    = offset;
        ir_tarval *tv_shiftr = new_tarval_from_long(shiftr, mode_uint);
        ir_tarval *tv_shiftl = new_tarval_from_long(shiftl, mode_uint);
        ir_tarval *mask0     = tarval_shr(all_one, tv_shiftr);
        ir_tarval *mask1     = tarval_shl(mask0, tv_shiftl);

        return mask1;
}

static ir_node *bitfield_store_to_firm(dbg_info *dbgi,
                ir_entity *entity, ir_node *addr, ir_node *value, bool set_volatile,
                bool need_return)
{
        ir_type *entity_type = get_entity_type(entity);
        ir_type *base_type   = get_primitive_base_type(entity_type);
        ir_mode *mode        = get_type_mode(base_type);
        ir_mode *mode_uint   = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];

        value = create_conv(dbgi, value, mode);

        /* kill upper bits of value and shift to right position */
        unsigned  bitoffset  = get_entity_offset_bits_remainder(entity);
        unsigned  bitsize    = get_mode_size_bits(get_type_mode(entity_type));
        unsigned  base_bits  = get_mode_size_bits(mode);
        unsigned  shiftwidth = base_bits - bitsize;

        ir_node  *shiftcount = new_Const_long(mode_uint, shiftwidth);
        ir_node  *shiftl     = new_d_Shl(dbgi, value, shiftcount, mode);

        unsigned  shrwidth   = base_bits - bitsize - bitoffset;
        ir_node  *shrconst   = new_Const_long(mode_uint, shrwidth);
        ir_node  *shiftr     = new_d_Shr(dbgi, shiftl, shrconst, mode);

        /* load current value */
        ir_node   *mem             = get_store();
        ir_node   *load            = new_d_Load(dbgi, mem, addr, mode,
                                          set_volatile ? cons_volatile : cons_none);
        ir_node   *load_mem        = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode_M, pn_Load_M);
        ir_node   *load_res        = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode, pn_Load_res);
        ir_tarval *shift_mask      = create_bitfield_mask(mode, bitoffset, bitsize);
        ir_tarval *inv_mask        = tarval_not(shift_mask);
        ir_node   *inv_mask_node   = new_d_Const(dbgi, inv_mask);
        ir_node   *load_res_masked = new_d_And(dbgi, load_res, inv_mask_node, mode);

        /* construct new value and store */
        ir_node *new_val   = new_d_Or(dbgi, load_res_masked, shiftr, mode);
        ir_node *store     = new_d_Store(dbgi, load_mem, addr, new_val,
                                         set_volatile ? cons_volatile : cons_none);
        ir_node *store_mem = new_d_Proj(dbgi, store, mode_M, pn_Store_M);
        set_store(store_mem);

        if (!need_return)
                return NULL;

        ir_node *res_shr;
        ir_node *count_res_shr = new_Const_long(mode_uint, base_bits - bitsize);
        if (mode_is_signed(mode)) {
                res_shr = new_d_Shrs(dbgi, shiftl, count_res_shr, mode);
        } else {
                res_shr = new_d_Shr(dbgi, shiftl, count_res_shr, mode);
        }
        return res_shr;
}

static ir_node *bitfield_extract_to_firm(const select_expression_t *expression,
                                         ir_node *addr)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi      = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        entity_t *entity    = expression->compound_entry;
        type_t   *base_type = entity->declaration.type;
        ir_mode  *mode      = get_ir_mode_storage(base_type);
        ir_node  *mem       = get_store();
        ir_node  *load      = new_d_Load(dbgi, mem, addr, mode, cons_none);
        ir_node  *load_mem  = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode_M, pn_Load_M);
        ir_node  *load_res  = new_d_Proj(dbgi, load, mode, pn_Load_res);
        ir_mode  *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];

        ir_mode  *amode     = mode;
        /* optimisation, since shifting in modes < machine_size is usually
         * less efficient */
        if (get_mode_size_bits(amode) < get_mode_size_bits(mode_uint)) {
                amode = mode_uint;
        }
        unsigned amode_size = get_mode_size_bits(amode);
        load_res = create_conv(dbgi, load_res, amode);

        set_store(load_mem);

        /* kill upper bits */
        assert(expression->compound_entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
        unsigned   bitoffset   = entity->compound_member.bit_offset;
        unsigned   bitsize     = entity->compound_member.bit_size;
        unsigned   shift_bitsl = amode_size - bitoffset - bitsize;
        ir_tarval *tvl         = new_tarval_from_long((long)shift_bitsl, mode_uint);
        ir_node   *countl      = new_d_Const(dbgi, tvl);
        ir_node   *shiftl      = new_d_Shl(dbgi, load_res, countl, amode);

        unsigned   shift_bitsr = bitoffset + shift_bitsl;
        assert(shift_bitsr <= amode_size);
        ir_tarval *tvr         = new_tarval_from_long((long)shift_bitsr, mode_uint);
        ir_node   *countr      = new_d_Const(dbgi, tvr);
        ir_node   *shiftr;
        if (mode_is_signed(mode)) {
                shiftr = new_d_Shrs(dbgi, shiftl, countr, amode);
        } else {
                shiftr = new_d_Shr(dbgi, shiftl, countr, amode);
        }

        type_t  *type    = expression->base.type;
        ir_mode *resmode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
        return create_conv(dbgi, shiftr, resmode);
}

/* make sure the selected compound type is constructed */
static void construct_select_compound(const select_expression_t *expression)
{
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type);
        if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
                type = type->pointer.points_to;
        }
        (void) get_ir_type(type);
}

static ir_node *set_value_for_expression_addr(const expression_t *expression,
                                              ir_node *value, ir_node *addr)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        type_t   *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);

        if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
                ir_mode  *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                value          = create_conv(dbgi, value, mode);
                value          = do_strict_conv(dbgi, value);
        }

        if (expression->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                const reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;

                entity_t *entity = ref->entity;
                assert(is_declaration(entity));
                assert(entity->declaration.kind != DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);
                if (entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE) {
                        set_value(entity->variable.v.value_number, value);
                        return value;
                } else if (entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER) {
                        set_value(entity->parameter.v.value_number, value);
                        return value;
                }
        }

        if (addr == NULL)
                addr = expression_to_addr(expression);
        assert(addr != NULL);

        if (expression->kind == EXPR_SELECT) {
                const select_expression_t *select = &expression->select;

                construct_select_compound(select);

                entity_t *entity = select->compound_entry;
                assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                if (entity->compound_member.bitfield) {
                        ir_entity *irentity = entity->compound_member.entity;
                        bool       set_volatile
                                = select->base.type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE;
                        value = bitfield_store_to_firm(dbgi, irentity, addr, value,
                                                       set_volatile, true);
                        return value;
                }
        }

        assign_value(dbgi, addr, type, value);
        return value;
}

static void set_value_for_expression(const expression_t *expression,
                                     ir_node *value)
{
        set_value_for_expression_addr(expression, value, NULL);
}

static ir_node *get_value_from_lvalue(const expression_t *expression,
                                      ir_node *addr)
{
        if (expression->kind == EXPR_REFERENCE) {
                const reference_expression_t *ref = &expression->reference;

                entity_t *entity = ref->entity;
                assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
                                || entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER);
                assert(entity->declaration.kind != DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);
                int value_number;
                if (entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE) {
                        value_number = entity->variable.v.value_number;
                        assert(addr == NULL);
                        type_t  *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
                        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                        ir_node *res  = get_value(value_number, mode);
                        return create_conv(NULL, res, get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type));
                } else if (entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER) {
                        value_number = entity->parameter.v.value_number;
                        assert(addr == NULL);
                        type_t  *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
                        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                        ir_node *res  = get_value(value_number, mode);
                        return create_conv(NULL, res, get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type));
                }
        }

        assert(addr != NULL);
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);

        ir_node *value;
        if (expression->kind == EXPR_SELECT &&
            expression->select.compound_entry->compound_member.bitfield) {
            construct_select_compound(&expression->select);
                value = bitfield_extract_to_firm(&expression->select, addr);
        } else {
                value = deref_address(dbgi, expression->base.type, addr);
        }

        return value;
}


static ir_node *create_incdec(const unary_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *const     dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        const expression_t *value_expr = expression->value;
        ir_node            *addr       = expression_to_addr(value_expr);
        ir_node            *value      = get_value_from_lvalue(value_expr, addr);

        type_t  *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);

        ir_node *offset;
        if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
                pointer_type_t *pointer_type = &type->pointer;
                offset = get_type_size_node(pointer_type->points_to);
        } else {
                assert(is_type_arithmetic(type));
                offset = new_Const(get_mode_one(mode));
        }

        ir_node *result;
        ir_node *store_value;
        switch(expression->base.kind) {
        case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
                result      = value;
                store_value = new_d_Add(dbgi, value, offset, mode);
                break;
        case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
                result      = value;
                store_value = new_d_Sub(dbgi, value, offset, mode);
                break;
        case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
                result      = new_d_Add(dbgi, value, offset, mode);
                store_value = result;
                break;
        case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
                result      = new_d_Sub(dbgi, value, offset, mode);
                store_value = result;
                break;
        default:
                panic("no incdec expr in create_incdec");
        }

        set_value_for_expression_addr(value_expr, store_value, addr);

        return result;
}

static bool is_local_variable(expression_t *expression)
{
        if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
                return false;
        reference_expression_t *ref_expr = &expression->reference;
        entity_t               *entity   = ref_expr->entity;
        if (entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE)
                return false;
        assert(entity->declaration.kind != DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);
        return entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE;
}

static ir_relation get_relation(const expression_kind_t kind)
{
        switch(kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:         return ir_relation_equal;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER: return ir_relation_less_greater;
        case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:      return ir_relation_unordered_less_greater;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:          return ir_relation_less;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:     return ir_relation_less_equal;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:       return ir_relation_greater;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:  return ir_relation_greater_equal;
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:   return ir_relation_unordered;

        default:
                break;
        }
        panic("trying to get pn_Cmp from non-comparison binexpr type");
}

/**
 * Handle the assume optimizer hint: check if a Confirm
 * node can be created.
 *
 * @param dbi    debug info
 * @param expr   the IL assume expression
 *
 * we support here only some simple cases:
 *  - var rel const
 *  - const rel val
 *  - var rel var
 */
static ir_node *handle_assume_compare(dbg_info *dbi,
                                      const binary_expression_t *expression)
{
        expression_t *op1 = expression->left;
        expression_t *op2 = expression->right;
        entity_t     *var2, *var = NULL;
        ir_node      *res      = NULL;
        ir_relation   relation = get_relation(expression->base.kind);

        if (is_local_variable(op1) && is_local_variable(op2)) {
                var  = op1->reference.entity;
            var2 = op2->reference.entity;

                type_t  *const type = skip_typeref(var->declaration.type);
                ir_mode *const mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);

                ir_node *const irn1 = get_value(var->variable.v.value_number, mode);
                ir_node *const irn2 = get_value(var2->variable.v.value_number, mode);

                res = new_d_Confirm(dbi, irn2, irn1, get_inversed_relation(relation));
                set_value(var2->variable.v.value_number, res);

                res = new_d_Confirm(dbi, irn1, irn2, relation);
                set_value(var->variable.v.value_number, res);

                return res;
        }

        expression_t *con = NULL;
        if (is_local_variable(op1) && is_constant_expression(op2) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                var = op1->reference.entity;
                con = op2;
        } else if (is_constant_expression(op1) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT && is_local_variable(op2)) {
                relation = get_inversed_relation(relation);
                var = op2->reference.entity;
                con = op1;
        }

        if (var != NULL) {
                type_t  *const type = skip_typeref(var->declaration.type);
                ir_mode *const mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);

                res = get_value(var->variable.v.value_number, mode);
                res = new_d_Confirm(dbi, res, expression_to_firm(con), relation);
                set_value(var->variable.v.value_number, res);
        }
        return res;
}

/**
 * Handle the assume optimizer hint.
 *
 * @param dbi    debug info
 * @param expr   the IL assume expression
 */
static ir_node *handle_assume(dbg_info *dbi, const expression_t *expression)
{
        switch(expression->kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
                return handle_assume_compare(dbi, &expression->binary);
        default:
                return NULL;
        }
}

static ir_node *create_cast(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *value_node,
                            type_t *from_type, type_t *type)
{
        type = skip_typeref(type);
        if (type == type_void) {
                /* make sure firm type is constructed */
                (void) get_ir_type(type);
                return NULL;
        }
        if (!is_type_scalar(type)) {
                /* make sure firm type is constructed */
                (void) get_ir_type(type);
                return value_node;
        }

        from_type     = skip_typeref(from_type);
        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
        /* check for conversion from / to __based types */
        if (is_type_pointer(type) && is_type_pointer(from_type)) {
                const variable_t *from_var = from_type->pointer.base_variable;
                const variable_t *to_var   = type->pointer.base_variable;
                if (from_var != to_var) {
                        if (from_var != NULL) {
                                ir_node *const addr = create_symconst(dbgi, from_var->v.entity);
                                ir_node *const base = deref_address(dbgi, from_var->base.type, addr);
                                value_node = new_d_Add(dbgi, value_node, base, get_ir_mode_storage(from_type));
                        }
                        if (to_var != NULL) {
                                ir_node *const addr = create_symconst(dbgi, to_var->v.entity);
                                ir_node *const base = deref_address(dbgi, to_var->base.type, addr);
                                value_node = new_d_Sub(dbgi, value_node, base, mode);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)) {
                /* bool adjustments (we save a mode_Bu, but have to temporarily
                 * convert to mode_b so we only get a 0/1 value */
                value_node = create_conv(dbgi, value_node, mode_b);
        }

        ir_mode *mode_arith = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
        ir_node *node       = create_conv(dbgi, value_node, mode);
        node                = do_strict_conv(dbgi, node);
        node                = create_conv(dbgi, node, mode_arith);

        return node;
}

static ir_node *unary_expression_to_firm(const unary_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        type_t   *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);

        const expression_t *value = expression->value;

        switch(expression->base.kind) {
        case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
                return expression_to_addr(value);

        case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE: {
                ir_node *value_node = expression_to_firm(value);
                ir_mode *mode       = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                return new_d_Minus(dbgi, value_node, mode);
        }
        case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
                return expression_to_firm(value);
        case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE: {
                ir_node *value_node = expression_to_firm(value);
                ir_mode *mode       = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                return new_d_Not(dbgi, value_node, mode);
        }
        case EXPR_UNARY_NOT: {
                ir_node *value_node = _expression_to_firm(value);
                value_node          = create_conv(dbgi, value_node, mode_b);
                ir_node *res        = new_d_Not(dbgi, value_node, mode_b);
                return res;
        }
        case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
                ir_node *value_node = expression_to_firm(value);
                type_t  *value_type = skip_typeref(value->base.type);
                assert(is_type_pointer(value_type));

                /* check for __based */
                const variable_t *const base_var = value_type->pointer.base_variable;
                if (base_var != NULL) {
                        ir_node *const addr = create_symconst(dbgi, base_var->v.entity);
                        ir_node *const base = deref_address(dbgi, base_var->base.type, addr);
                        value_node = new_d_Add(dbgi, value_node, base, get_ir_mode_storage(value_type));
                }
                type_t  *points_to  = value_type->pointer.points_to;
                return deref_address(dbgi, points_to, value_node);
        }
        case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
        case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
        case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
        case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
                return create_incdec(expression);
        case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
                ir_node *value_node = expression_to_firm(value);
                type_t  *from_type  = value->base.type;
                return create_cast(dbgi, value_node, from_type, type);
        }
        case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
                return handle_assume(dbgi, value);

        default:
                break;
        }
        panic("invalid UNEXPR type found");
}

/**
 * produces a 0/1 depending of the value of a mode_b node
 */
static ir_node *produce_condition_result(const expression_t *expression,
                                         ir_mode *mode, dbg_info *dbgi)
{
        ir_node *const one_block  = new_immBlock();
        ir_node *const zero_block = new_immBlock();
        create_condition_evaluation(expression, one_block, zero_block);
        mature_immBlock(one_block);
        mature_immBlock(zero_block);

        ir_node *const jmp_one  = new_rd_Jmp(dbgi, one_block);
        ir_node *const jmp_zero = new_rd_Jmp(dbgi, zero_block);
        ir_node *const in_cf[2] = { jmp_one, jmp_zero };
        ir_node *const block    = new_Block(lengthof(in_cf), in_cf);
        set_cur_block(block);

        ir_node *const one   = new_Const(get_mode_one(mode));
        ir_node *const zero  = new_Const(get_mode_null(mode));
        ir_node *const in[2] = { one, zero };
        ir_node *const val   = new_d_Phi(dbgi, lengthof(in), in, mode);

        return val;
}

static ir_node *adjust_for_pointer_arithmetic(dbg_info *dbgi,
                ir_node *value, type_t *type)
{
        ir_mode        *const mode         = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_ptrdiff_t);
        assert(is_type_pointer(type));
        pointer_type_t *const pointer_type = &type->pointer;
        type_t         *const points_to    = skip_typeref(pointer_type->points_to);
        ir_node        *      elem_size    = get_type_size_node(points_to);
        elem_size                          = create_conv(dbgi, elem_size, mode);
        value                              = create_conv(dbgi, value,     mode);
        ir_node        *const mul          = new_d_Mul(dbgi, value, elem_size, mode);
        return mul;
}

static ir_node *create_op(dbg_info *dbgi, const binary_expression_t *expression,
                          ir_node *left, ir_node *right)
{
        ir_mode  *mode;
        type_t   *type_left  = skip_typeref(expression->left->base.type);
        type_t   *type_right = skip_typeref(expression->right->base.type);

        expression_kind_t kind = expression->base.kind;

        switch (kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
                mode  = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
                right = create_conv(dbgi, right, atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT]);
                break;

        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
                if (is_type_pointer(type_left) && is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
                        const pointer_type_t *const ptr_type = &type_left->pointer;

                        mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
                        ir_node *const elem_size = get_type_size_node(ptr_type->points_to);
                        ir_node *const conv_size = new_d_Conv(dbgi, elem_size, mode);
                        ir_node *const sub       = new_d_Sub(dbgi, left, right, mode);
                        ir_node *const no_mem    = new_NoMem();
                        ir_node *const div       = new_d_DivRL(dbgi, no_mem, sub, conv_size,
                                                                                                   mode, op_pin_state_floats);
                        return new_d_Proj(dbgi, div, mode, pn_Div_res);
                }
                /* fallthrough */
        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
                if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
                        right = adjust_for_pointer_arithmetic(dbgi, right, type_left);
                        mode  = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_left);
                        break;
                }
                goto normal_node;

        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
                if (is_type_pointer(type_left)) {
                        right = adjust_for_pointer_arithmetic(dbgi, right, type_left);
                        mode  = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_left);
                        break;
                } else if (is_type_pointer(type_right)) {
                        left  = adjust_for_pointer_arithmetic(dbgi, left, type_right);
                        mode  = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_right);
                        break;
                }
                goto normal_node;

        default:
normal_node:
                mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type_right);
                left = create_conv(dbgi, left, mode);
                break;
        }

        switch (kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
                return new_d_Add(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
                return new_d_Sub(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
                return new_d_Mul(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
                return new_d_And(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
                return new_d_Or(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
                return new_d_Eor(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
                return new_d_Shl(dbgi, left, right, mode);
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
                if (mode_is_signed(mode)) {
                        return new_d_Shrs(dbgi, left, right, mode);
                } else {
                        return new_d_Shr(dbgi, left, right, mode);
                }
        case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
        case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN: {
                ir_node *pin = new_Pin(new_NoMem());
                ir_node *op  = new_d_Div(dbgi, pin, left, right, mode,
                                         op_pin_state_floats);
                ir_node *res = new_d_Proj(dbgi, op, mode, pn_Div_res);
                return res;
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN: {
                ir_node *pin = new_Pin(new_NoMem());
                assert(!mode_is_float(mode));
                ir_node *op  = new_d_Mod(dbgi, pin, left, right, mode,
                                         op_pin_state_floats);
                ir_node *res = new_d_Proj(dbgi, op, mode, pn_Mod_res);
                return res;
        }
        default:
                panic("unexpected expression kind");
        }
}

static ir_node *create_lazy_op(const binary_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        type_t   *type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
        ir_mode  *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);

        if (is_constant_expression(expression->left) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                bool val = fold_constant_to_bool(expression->left);
                expression_kind_t ekind = expression->base.kind;
                assert(ekind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND || ekind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR);
                if (ekind == EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND) {
                        if (!val) {
                                return new_Const(get_mode_null(mode));
                        }
                } else {
                        if (val) {
                                return new_Const(get_mode_one(mode));
                        }
                }

                if (is_constant_expression(expression->right) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                        bool valr = fold_constant_to_bool(expression->right);
                        return create_Const_from_bool(mode, valr);
                }

                return produce_condition_result(expression->right, mode, dbgi);
        }

        return produce_condition_result((const expression_t*) expression, mode,
                                        dbgi);
}

typedef ir_node * (*create_arithmetic_func)(dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *left,
                                            ir_node *right, ir_mode *mode);

static ir_node *create_assign_binop(const binary_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *const     dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        const expression_t *left_expr = expression->left;
        type_t             *type      = skip_typeref(left_expr->base.type);
        ir_node            *right     = expression_to_firm(expression->right);
        ir_node            *left_addr = expression_to_addr(left_expr);
        ir_node            *left      = get_value_from_lvalue(left_expr, left_addr);
        ir_node            *result    = create_op(dbgi, expression, left, right);

        result = create_cast(dbgi, result, expression->right->base.type, type);
        result = do_strict_conv(dbgi, result);

        result = set_value_for_expression_addr(left_expr, result, left_addr);

        if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
                ir_mode *mode_arithmetic = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                result = create_conv(dbgi, result, mode_arithmetic);
        }
        return result;
}

static ir_node *binary_expression_to_firm(const binary_expression_t *expression)
{
        expression_kind_t kind = expression->base.kind;

        switch(kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED: {
                dbg_info   *dbgi     = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
                ir_node    *left     = expression_to_firm(expression->left);
                ir_node    *right    = expression_to_firm(expression->right);
                ir_relation relation = get_relation(kind);
                ir_node    *cmp      = new_d_Cmp(dbgi, left, right, relation);
                return cmp;
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN: {
                ir_node *addr  = expression_to_addr(expression->left);
                ir_node *right = expression_to_firm(expression->right);
                ir_node *res
                        = set_value_for_expression_addr(expression->left, right, addr);

                type_t  *type            = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
                if (!is_type_compound(type)) {
                        ir_mode *mode_arithmetic = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
                        res                      = create_conv(NULL, res, mode_arithmetic);
                }
                return res;
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
        {
                dbg_info *dbgi  = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
                ir_node  *left  = expression_to_firm(expression->left);
                ir_node  *right = expression_to_firm(expression->right);
                return create_op(dbgi, expression, left, right);
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
                return create_lazy_op(expression);
        case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
                /* create side effects of left side */
                (void) expression_to_firm(expression->left);
                return _expression_to_firm(expression->right);

        case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
        case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
                return create_assign_binop(expression);
        default:
                panic("TODO binexpr type");
        }
}

static ir_node *array_access_addr(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *base_addr   = expression_to_firm(expression->array_ref);
        ir_node  *offset      = expression_to_firm(expression->index);
        type_t   *ref_type    = skip_typeref(expression->array_ref->base.type);
        ir_node  *real_offset = adjust_for_pointer_arithmetic(dbgi, offset, ref_type);
        ir_node  *result      = new_d_Add(dbgi, base_addr, real_offset, mode_P_data);

        return result;
}

static ir_node *array_access_to_firm(
                const array_access_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi   = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *addr   = array_access_addr(expression);
        type_t   *type   = revert_automatic_type_conversion(
                        (const expression_t*) expression);
        type             = skip_typeref(type);

        return deref_address(dbgi, type, addr);
}

static long get_offsetof_offset(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
{
        type_t *orig_type = expression->type;
        long    offset    = 0;

        designator_t *designator = expression->designator;
        for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(orig_type);
                /* be sure the type is constructed */
                (void) get_ir_type(type);

                if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
                        assert(is_type_compound(type));
                        symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;

                        compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
                        entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
                        for ( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next) {
                                if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        assert(iter != NULL);

                        assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                        assert(iter->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                        offset += get_entity_offset(iter->compound_member.entity);

                        orig_type = iter->declaration.type;
                } else {
                        expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
                        assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
                        assert(is_type_array(type));

                        long index         = fold_constant_to_int(array_index);
                        ir_type *arr_type  = get_ir_type(type);
                        ir_type *elem_type = get_array_element_type(arr_type);
                        long     elem_size = get_type_size_bytes(elem_type);

                        offset += index * elem_size;

                        orig_type = type->array.element_type;
                }
        }

        return offset;
}

static ir_node *offsetof_to_firm(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
{
        ir_mode   *mode   = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        long       offset = get_offsetof_offset(expression);
        ir_tarval *tv     = new_tarval_from_long(offset, mode);
        dbg_info  *dbgi   = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);

        return new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
}

static void create_local_initializer(initializer_t *initializer, dbg_info *dbgi,
                                     ir_entity *entity, type_t *type);
static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer(
                const initializer_t *initializer, type_t *type);

static ir_entity *create_initializer_entity(dbg_info *dbgi,
                                            initializer_t *initializer,
                                            type_t *type)
{
        /* create the ir_initializer */
        ir_graph *const old_current_ir_graph = current_ir_graph;
        current_ir_graph = get_const_code_irg();

        ir_initializer_t *irinitializer = create_ir_initializer(initializer, type);

        assert(current_ir_graph == get_const_code_irg());
        current_ir_graph = old_current_ir_graph;

        ident     *const id          = id_unique("initializer.%u");
        ir_type   *const irtype      = get_ir_type(type);
        ir_type   *const global_type = get_glob_type();
        ir_entity *const entity      = new_d_entity(global_type, id, irtype, dbgi);
        set_entity_ld_ident(entity, id);
        set_entity_visibility(entity, ir_visibility_private);
        add_entity_linkage(entity, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT);
        set_entity_initializer(entity, irinitializer);
        return entity;
}

static ir_node *compound_literal_addr(compound_literal_expression_t const *const expression)
{
        dbg_info      *dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        type_t        *type        = expression->type;
        initializer_t *initializer = expression->initializer;

        if (is_constant_initializer(initializer) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                ir_entity *entity = create_initializer_entity(dbgi, initializer, type);
                return create_symconst(dbgi, entity);
        } else {
                /* create an entity on the stack */
                ident   *const id     = id_unique("CompLit.%u");
                ir_type *const irtype = get_ir_type(type);
                ir_type *frame_type   = get_irg_frame_type(current_ir_graph);

                ir_entity *const entity = new_d_entity(frame_type, id, irtype, dbgi);
                set_entity_ld_ident(entity, id);

                /* create initialisation code */
                create_local_initializer(initializer, dbgi, entity, type);

                /* create a sel for the compound literal address */
                ir_node *frame = get_irg_frame(current_ir_graph);
                ir_node *sel   = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, entity);
                return sel;
        }
}

static ir_node *compound_literal_to_firm(compound_literal_expression_t const* const expr)
{
        dbg_info *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expr->base.source_position);
        type_t   *const type = expr->type;
        ir_node  *const addr = compound_literal_addr(expr);
        return deref_address(dbgi, type, addr);
}

/**
 * Transform a sizeof expression into Firm code.
 */
static ir_node *sizeof_to_firm(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
{
        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->type);
        /* §6.5.3.4:2 if the type is a VLA, evaluate the expression. */
        if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla
                        && expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
                expression_to_firm(expression->tp_expression);
        }
        /* strange gnu extensions: sizeof(function) == 1 */
        if (is_type_function(type)) {
                ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type_size_t);
                return new_Const(get_mode_one(mode));
        }

        return get_type_size_node(type);
}

static entity_t *get_expression_entity(const expression_t *expression)
{
        if (expression->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
                return NULL;

        return expression->reference.entity;
}

static unsigned get_cparser_entity_alignment(const entity_t *entity)
{
        switch(entity->kind) {
        case DECLARATION_KIND_CASES:
                return entity->declaration.alignment;
        case ENTITY_STRUCT:
        case ENTITY_UNION:
                return entity->compound.alignment;
        case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
                return entity->typedefe.alignment;
        default:
                break;
        }
        return 0;
}

/**
 * Transform an alignof expression into Firm code.
 */
static ir_node *alignof_to_firm(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
{
        unsigned alignment = 0;

        const expression_t *tp_expression = expression->tp_expression;
        if (tp_expression != NULL) {
                entity_t *entity = get_expression_entity(tp_expression);
                if (entity != NULL) {
                        if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                                /* a gnu-extension */
                                alignment = 1;
                        } else {
                                alignment = get_cparser_entity_alignment(entity);
                        }
                }
        }

        if (alignment == 0) {
                type_t *type = expression->type;
                alignment = get_type_alignment(type);
        }

        dbg_info  *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_mode   *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        ir_tarval *tv   = new_tarval_from_long(alignment, mode);
        return new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
}

static void init_ir_types(void);

static ir_tarval *fold_constant_to_tarval(const expression_t *expression)
{
        assert(is_constant_expression(expression) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT);

        bool constant_folding_old = constant_folding;
        constant_folding = true;
        int old_optimize         = get_optimize();
        int old_constant_folding = get_opt_constant_folding();
        set_optimize(1);
        set_opt_constant_folding(1);

        init_ir_types();

        ir_graph *old_current_ir_graph = current_ir_graph;
        current_ir_graph = get_const_code_irg();

        ir_node *cnst = expression_to_firm(expression);
        current_ir_graph = old_current_ir_graph;
        set_optimize(old_optimize);
        set_opt_constant_folding(old_constant_folding);

        if (!is_Const(cnst)) {
                panic("couldn't fold constant");
        }

        constant_folding = constant_folding_old;

        return get_Const_tarval(cnst);
}

/* this function is only used in parser.c, but it relies on libfirm functionality */
bool constant_is_negative(const expression_t *expression)
{
        assert(is_constant_expression(expression) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT);
        ir_tarval *tv = fold_constant_to_tarval(expression);
        return tarval_is_negative(tv);
}

long fold_constant_to_int(const expression_t *expression)
{
        if (expression->kind == EXPR_ERROR)
                return 0;

        ir_tarval *tv = fold_constant_to_tarval(expression);
        if (!tarval_is_long(tv)) {
                panic("result of constant folding is not integer");
        }

        return get_tarval_long(tv);
}

bool fold_constant_to_bool(const expression_t *expression)
{
        if (expression->kind == EXPR_ERROR)
                return false;
        ir_tarval *tv = fold_constant_to_tarval(expression);
        return !tarval_is_null(tv);
}

static ir_node *conditional_to_firm(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);

        /* first try to fold a constant condition */
        if (is_constant_expression(expression->condition) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                bool val = fold_constant_to_bool(expression->condition);
                if (val) {
                        expression_t *true_expression = expression->true_expression;
                        if (true_expression == NULL)
                                true_expression = expression->condition;
                        return expression_to_firm(true_expression);
                } else {
                        return expression_to_firm(expression->false_expression);
                }
        }

        ir_node *const true_block  = new_immBlock();
        ir_node *const false_block = new_immBlock();
        ir_node *const cond_expr   = create_condition_evaluation(expression->condition, true_block, false_block);
        mature_immBlock(true_block);
        mature_immBlock(false_block);

        set_cur_block(true_block);
        ir_node *true_val;
        if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
                true_val = expression_to_firm(expression->true_expression);
        } else if (cond_expr != NULL && get_irn_mode(cond_expr) != mode_b) {
                true_val = cond_expr;
        } else {
                /* Condition ended with a short circuit (&&, ||, !) operation or a
                 * comparison.  Generate a "1" as value for the true branch. */
                true_val = new_Const(get_mode_one(mode_Is));
        }
        ir_node *const true_jmp = new_d_Jmp(dbgi);

        set_cur_block(false_block);
        ir_node *const false_val = expression_to_firm(expression->false_expression);
        ir_node *const false_jmp = new_d_Jmp(dbgi);

        /* create the common block */
        ir_node *const in_cf[2] = { true_jmp, false_jmp };
        ir_node *const block    = new_Block(lengthof(in_cf), in_cf);
        set_cur_block(block);

        /* TODO improve static semantics, so either both or no values are NULL */
        if (true_val == NULL || false_val == NULL)
                return NULL;

        ir_node *const in[2] = { true_val, false_val };
        type_t  *const type  = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
        ir_mode *mode;
        if (is_type_compound(type)) {
                mode = mode_P;
        } else {
                mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(type);
        }
        ir_node *const val   = new_d_Phi(dbgi, lengthof(in), in, mode);

        return val;
}

/**
 * Returns an IR-node representing the address of a field.
 */
static ir_node *select_addr(const select_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);

        construct_select_compound(expression);

        ir_node *compound_addr = expression_to_firm(expression->compound);

        entity_t *entry = expression->compound_entry;
        assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
        assert(entry->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER);

        if (constant_folding) {
                ir_mode *mode      = get_irn_mode(compound_addr);
                ir_mode *mode_uint = get_reference_mode_unsigned_eq(mode);
                ir_node *ofs       = new_Const_long(mode_uint, entry->compound_member.offset);
                return new_d_Add(dbgi, compound_addr, ofs, mode);
        } else {
                ir_entity *irentity = entry->compound_member.entity;
                assert(irentity != NULL);
                return new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), compound_addr, irentity);
        }
}

static ir_node *select_to_firm(const select_expression_t *expression)
{
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *addr = select_addr(expression);
        type_t   *type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(
                        (const expression_t*) expression);
        type           = skip_typeref(type);

        entity_t *entry = expression->compound_entry;
        assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);

        if (entry->compound_member.bitfield) {
                return bitfield_extract_to_firm(expression, addr);
        }

        return deref_address(dbgi, type, addr);
}

/* Values returned by __builtin_classify_type. */
typedef enum gcc_type_class
{
        no_type_class = -1,
        void_type_class,
        integer_type_class,
        char_type_class,
        enumeral_type_class,
        boolean_type_class,
        pointer_type_class,
        reference_type_class,
        offset_type_class,
        real_type_class,
        complex_type_class,
        function_type_class,
        method_type_class,
        record_type_class,
        union_type_class,
        array_type_class,
        string_type_class,
        set_type_class,
        file_type_class,
        lang_type_class
} gcc_type_class;

static ir_node *classify_type_to_firm(const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
{
        type_t *type = expr->type_expression->base.type;

        /* FIXME gcc returns different values depending on whether compiling C or C++
         * e.g. int x[10] is pointer_type_class in C, but array_type_class in C++ */
        gcc_type_class tc;
        for (;;) {
                type = skip_typeref(type);
                switch (type->kind) {
                        case TYPE_ATOMIC: {
                                const atomic_type_t *const atomic_type = &type->atomic;
                                switch (atomic_type->akind) {
                                        /* should not be reached */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_INVALID:
                                                tc = no_type_class;
                                                goto make_const;

                                        /* gcc cannot do that */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID:
                                                tc = void_type_class;
                                                goto make_const;

                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_WCHAR_T:   /* gcc handles this as integer */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_CHAR:      /* gcc handles this as integer */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_SCHAR:     /* gcc handles this as integer */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_UCHAR:     /* gcc handles this as integer */
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_SHORT:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_USHORT:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_INT:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL:      /* gcc handles this as integer */
                                                tc = integer_type_class;
                                                goto make_const;

                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_DOUBLE:
                                        case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE:
                                                tc = real_type_class;
                                                goto make_const;
                                }
                                panic("Unexpected atomic type in classify_type_to_firm().");
                        }

                        case TYPE_COMPLEX:         tc = complex_type_class; goto make_const;
                        case TYPE_IMAGINARY:       tc = complex_type_class; goto make_const;
                        case TYPE_ARRAY:           /* gcc handles this as pointer */
                        case TYPE_FUNCTION:        /* gcc handles this as pointer */
                        case TYPE_POINTER:         tc = pointer_type_class; goto make_const;
                        case TYPE_COMPOUND_STRUCT: tc = record_type_class;  goto make_const;
                        case TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION:  tc = union_type_class;   goto make_const;

                        /* gcc handles this as integer */
                        case TYPE_ENUM:            tc = integer_type_class; goto make_const;

                        /* gcc classifies the referenced type */
                        case TYPE_REFERENCE: type = type->reference.refers_to; continue;

                        /* typedef/typeof should be skipped already */
                        case TYPE_TYPEDEF:
                        case TYPE_TYPEOF:
                        case TYPE_ERROR:
                                break;
                }
                panic("unexpected TYPE classify_type_to_firm().");
        }

make_const:;
        dbg_info  *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expr->base.source_position);
        ir_mode   *const mode = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_INT];
        ir_tarval *const tv   = new_tarval_from_long(tc, mode);
        return new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
}

static ir_node *function_name_to_firm(
                const funcname_expression_t *const expr)
{
        switch(expr->kind) {
        case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:
        case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION:
        case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:
                if (current_function_name == NULL) {
                        const source_position_t *const src_pos = &expr->base.source_position;
                        const char    *name  = current_function_entity->base.symbol->string;
                        const string_t string = { name, strlen(name) + 1 };
                        current_function_name = string_to_firm(src_pos, "__func__.%u", &string);
                }
                return current_function_name;
        case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:
                if (current_funcsig == NULL) {
                        const source_position_t *const src_pos = &expr->base.source_position;
                        ir_entity *ent = get_irg_entity(current_ir_graph);
                        const char *const name = get_entity_ld_name(ent);
                        const string_t string = { name, strlen(name) + 1 };
                        current_funcsig = string_to_firm(src_pos, "__FUNCSIG__.%u", &string);
                }
                return current_funcsig;
        }
        panic("Unsupported function name");
}

static ir_node *statement_expression_to_firm(const statement_expression_t *expr)
{
        statement_t *statement = expr->statement;

        assert(statement->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND);
        return compound_statement_to_firm(&statement->compound);
}

static ir_node *va_start_expression_to_firm(
        const va_start_expression_t *const expr)
{
        ir_entity *param_ent = current_vararg_entity;
        if (param_ent == NULL) {
                size_t   const n           = IR_VA_START_PARAMETER_NUMBER;
                ir_type *const frame_type  = get_irg_frame_type(current_ir_graph);
                ir_type *const param_type  = get_unknown_type();
                param_ent = new_parameter_entity(frame_type, n, param_type);
                current_vararg_entity = param_ent;
        }

        ir_node  *const frame   = get_irg_frame(current_ir_graph);
        dbg_info *const dbgi    = get_dbg_info(&expr->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *const no_mem  = new_NoMem();
        ir_node  *const arg_sel = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, no_mem, frame, param_ent);

        set_value_for_expression(expr->ap, arg_sel);

        return NULL;
}

static ir_node *va_arg_expression_to_firm(const va_arg_expression_t *const expr)
{
        type_t       *const type    = expr->base.type;
        expression_t *const ap_expr = expr->ap;
        ir_node      *const ap_addr = expression_to_addr(ap_expr);
        ir_node      *const ap      = get_value_from_lvalue(ap_expr, ap_addr);
        dbg_info     *const dbgi    = get_dbg_info(&expr->base.source_position);
        ir_node      *const res     = deref_address(dbgi, type, ap);

        ir_node      *const cnst    = get_type_size_node(expr->base.type);
        ir_mode      *const mode    = get_irn_mode(cnst);
        ir_node      *const c1      = new_Const_long(mode, stack_param_align - 1);
        ir_node      *const c2      = new_d_Add(dbgi, cnst, c1, mode);
        ir_node      *const c3      = new_Const_long(mode, -(long)stack_param_align);
        ir_node      *const c4      = new_d_And(dbgi, c2, c3, mode);
        ir_node      *const add     = new_d_Add(dbgi, ap, c4, mode_P_data);

        set_value_for_expression_addr(ap_expr, add, ap_addr);

        return res;
}

/**
 * Generate Firm for a va_copy expression.
 */
static ir_node *va_copy_expression_to_firm(const va_copy_expression_t *const expr)
{
        ir_node *const src = expression_to_firm(expr->src);
        set_value_for_expression(expr->dst, src);
        return NULL;
}

static ir_node *dereference_addr(const unary_expression_t *const expression)
{
        assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE);
        return expression_to_firm(expression->value);
}

/**
 * Returns a IR-node representing an lvalue of the given expression.
 */
static ir_node *expression_to_addr(const expression_t *expression)
{
        switch(expression->kind) {
        case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
                return array_access_addr(&expression->array_access);
        case EXPR_CALL:
                return call_expression_to_firm(&expression->call);
        case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
                return compound_literal_addr(&expression->compound_literal);
        case EXPR_REFERENCE:
                return reference_addr(&expression->reference);
        case EXPR_SELECT:
                return select_addr(&expression->select);
        case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
                return dereference_addr(&expression->unary);
        default:
                break;
        }
        panic("trying to get address of non-lvalue");
}

static ir_node *builtin_constant_to_firm(
                const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
{
        ir_mode *const mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        bool     const v    = is_constant_expression(expression->value) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
        return create_Const_from_bool(mode, v);
}

static ir_node *builtin_types_compatible_to_firm(
                const builtin_types_compatible_expression_t *expression)
{
        type_t  *const left  = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(expression->left));
        type_t  *const right = get_unqualified_type(skip_typeref(expression->right));
        bool     const value = types_compatible(left, right);
        ir_mode *const mode  = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        return create_Const_from_bool(mode, value);
}

static ir_node *get_label_block(label_t *label)
{
        if (label->block != NULL)
                return label->block;

        /* beware: might be called from create initializer with current_ir_graph
         * set to const_code_irg. */
        ir_graph *rem    = current_ir_graph;
        current_ir_graph = current_function;

        ir_node *block = new_immBlock();

        label->block = block;

        ARR_APP1(label_t *, all_labels, label);

        current_ir_graph = rem;
        return block;
}

/**
 * Pointer to a label.  This is used for the
 * GNU address-of-label extension.
 */
static ir_node *label_address_to_firm(const label_address_expression_t *label)
{
        dbg_info  *dbgi   = get_dbg_info(&label->base.source_position);
        ir_node   *block  = get_label_block(label->label);
        ir_entity *entity = create_Block_entity(block);

        symconst_symbol value;
        value.entity_p = entity;
        return new_d_SymConst(dbgi, mode_P_code, value, symconst_addr_ent);
}

static ir_node *error_to_firm(const expression_t *expression)
{
        ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        return new_Bad(mode);
}

/**
 * creates firm nodes for an expression. The difference between this function
 * and expression_to_firm is, that this version might produce mode_b nodes
 * instead of mode_Is.
 */
static ir_node *_expression_to_firm(const expression_t *expression)
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (!constant_folding) {
                assert(!expression->base.transformed);
                ((expression_t*) expression)->base.transformed = true;
        }
#endif

        switch (expression->kind) {
        case EXPR_LITERAL_CASES:
                return literal_to_firm(&expression->literal);
        case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
                return string_to_firm(&expression->base.source_position, "str.%u",
                                      &expression->literal.value);
        case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
                return wide_string_literal_to_firm(&expression->string_literal);
        case EXPR_REFERENCE:
                return reference_expression_to_firm(&expression->reference);
        case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
                return reference_expression_enum_value_to_firm(&expression->reference);
        case EXPR_CALL:
                return call_expression_to_firm(&expression->call);
        case EXPR_UNARY_CASES:
                return unary_expression_to_firm(&expression->unary);
        case EXPR_BINARY_CASES:
                return binary_expression_to_firm(&expression->binary);
        case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
                return array_access_to_firm(&expression->array_access);
        case EXPR_SIZEOF:
                return sizeof_to_firm(&expression->typeprop);
        case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
                return alignof_to_firm(&expression->typeprop);
        case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
                return conditional_to_firm(&expression->conditional);
        case EXPR_SELECT:
                return select_to_firm(&expression->select);
        case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
                return classify_type_to_firm(&expression->classify_type);
        case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
                return function_name_to_firm(&expression->funcname);
        case EXPR_STATEMENT:
                return statement_expression_to_firm(&expression->statement);
        case EXPR_VA_START:
                return va_start_expression_to_firm(&expression->va_starte);
        case EXPR_VA_ARG:
                return va_arg_expression_to_firm(&expression->va_arge);
        case EXPR_VA_COPY:
                return va_copy_expression_to_firm(&expression->va_copye);
        case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
                return builtin_constant_to_firm(&expression->builtin_constant);
        case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
                return builtin_types_compatible_to_firm(&expression->builtin_types_compatible);
        case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
                return offsetof_to_firm(&expression->offsetofe);
        case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
                return compound_literal_to_firm(&expression->compound_literal);
        case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
                return label_address_to_firm(&expression->label_address);

        case EXPR_ERROR:
                return error_to_firm(expression);
        }
        panic("invalid expression found");
}

/**
 * Check if a given expression is a GNU __builtin_expect() call.
 */
static bool is_builtin_expect(const expression_t *expression)
{
        if (expression->kind != EXPR_CALL)
                return false;

        expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
        if (function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
                return false;
        reference_expression_t *ref = &function->reference;
        if (ref->entity->kind         != ENTITY_FUNCTION ||
            ref->entity->function.btk != BUILTIN_EXPECT)
                return false;

        return true;
}

static bool produces_mode_b(const expression_t *expression)
{
        switch (expression->kind) {
        case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
        case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
        case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
                return true;

        case EXPR_CALL:
                if (is_builtin_expect(expression)) {
                        expression_t *argument = expression->call.arguments->expression;
                        return produces_mode_b(argument);
                }
                return false;
        case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
                return produces_mode_b(expression->binary.right);

        default:
                return false;
        }
}

static ir_node *expression_to_firm(const expression_t *expression)
{
        if (!produces_mode_b(expression)) {
                ir_node *res = _expression_to_firm(expression);
                assert(res == NULL || get_irn_mode(res) != mode_b);
                return res;
        }

        if (is_constant_expression(expression) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                bool const constant_folding_old = constant_folding;
                constant_folding = true;
                ir_node *res  = _expression_to_firm(expression);
                constant_folding = constant_folding_old;
                ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
                assert(is_Const(res));
                return create_Const_from_bool(mode, !is_Const_null(res));
        }

        /* we have to produce a 0/1 from the mode_b expression */
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_mode  *mode = get_ir_mode_arithmetic(expression->base.type);
        return produce_condition_result(expression, mode, dbgi);
}

/**
 * create a short-circuit expression evaluation that tries to construct
 * efficient control flow structures for &&, || and ! expressions
 */
static ir_node *create_condition_evaluation(const expression_t *expression,
                                            ir_node *true_block,
                                            ir_node *false_block)
{
        switch(expression->kind) {
        case EXPR_UNARY_NOT: {
                const unary_expression_t *unary_expression = &expression->unary;
                create_condition_evaluation(unary_expression->value, false_block,
                                            true_block);
                return NULL;
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND: {
                const binary_expression_t *binary_expression = &expression->binary;

                ir_node *extra_block = new_immBlock();
                create_condition_evaluation(binary_expression->left, extra_block,
                                            false_block);
                mature_immBlock(extra_block);
                set_cur_block(extra_block);
                create_condition_evaluation(binary_expression->right, true_block,
                                            false_block);
                return NULL;
        }
        case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR: {
                const binary_expression_t *binary_expression = &expression->binary;

                ir_node *extra_block = new_immBlock();
                create_condition_evaluation(binary_expression->left, true_block,
                                            extra_block);
                mature_immBlock(extra_block);
                set_cur_block(extra_block);
                create_condition_evaluation(binary_expression->right, true_block,
                                            false_block);
                return NULL;
        }
        default:
                break;
        }

        dbg_info *dbgi       = get_dbg_info(&expression->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *cond_expr  = _expression_to_firm(expression);
        ir_node  *condition  = create_conv(dbgi, cond_expr, mode_b);
        ir_node  *cond       = new_d_Cond(dbgi, condition);
        ir_node  *true_proj  = new_d_Proj(dbgi, cond, mode_X, pn_Cond_true);
        ir_node  *false_proj = new_d_Proj(dbgi, cond, mode_X, pn_Cond_false);

        /* set branch prediction info based on __builtin_expect */
        if (is_builtin_expect(expression) && is_Cond(cond)) {
                call_argument_t *argument = expression->call.arguments->next;
                if (is_constant_expression(argument->expression) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT) {
                        bool               const cnst = fold_constant_to_bool(argument->expression);
                        cond_jmp_predicate const pred = cnst ? COND_JMP_PRED_TRUE : COND_JMP_PRED_FALSE;
                        set_Cond_jmp_pred(cond, pred);
                }
        }

        add_immBlock_pred(true_block, true_proj);
        add_immBlock_pred(false_block, false_proj);

        set_unreachable_now();
        return cond_expr;
}

static void create_variable_entity(entity_t *variable,
                                   declaration_kind_t declaration_kind,
                                   ir_type *parent_type)
{
        assert(variable->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        type_t    *type = skip_typeref(variable->declaration.type);

        ident     *const id        = new_id_from_str(variable->base.symbol->string);
        ir_type   *const irtype    = get_ir_type(type);
        dbg_info  *const dbgi      = get_dbg_info(&variable->base.source_position);
        ir_entity *const irentity  = new_d_entity(parent_type, id, irtype, dbgi);
        unsigned         alignment = variable->declaration.alignment;

        set_entity_alignment(irentity, alignment);

        handle_decl_modifiers(irentity, variable);

        variable->declaration.kind  = (unsigned char) declaration_kind;
        variable->variable.v.entity = irentity;
        set_entity_ld_ident(irentity, create_ld_ident(variable));

        if (type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE) {
                set_entity_volatility(irentity, volatility_is_volatile);
        }
}


typedef struct type_path_entry_t type_path_entry_t;
struct type_path_entry_t {
        type_t           *type;
        ir_initializer_t *initializer;
        size_t            index;
        entity_t         *compound_entry;
};

typedef struct type_path_t type_path_t;
struct type_path_t {
        type_path_entry_t *path;
        type_t            *top_type;
        bool               invalid;
};

static __attribute__((unused)) void debug_print_type_path(const type_path_t *path)
{
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                const type_path_entry_t *entry = & path->path[i];

                type_t *type = skip_typeref(entry->type);
                if (is_type_compound(type)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, ".%s", entry->compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
                } else if (is_type_array(type)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "[%u]", (unsigned) entry->index);
                } else {
                        fprintf(stderr, "-INVALID-");
                }
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "  (");
        print_type(path->top_type);
        fprintf(stderr, ")");
}

static type_path_entry_t *get_type_path_top(const type_path_t *path)
{
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
        assert(len > 0);
        return & path->path[len-1];
}

static type_path_entry_t *append_to_type_path(type_path_t *path)
{
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
        ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len+1);

        type_path_entry_t *result = & path->path[len];
        memset(result, 0, sizeof(result[0]));
        return result;
}

static size_t get_compound_member_count(const compound_type_t *type)
{
        compound_t *compound  = type->compound;
        size_t      n_members = 0;
        entity_t   *member    = compound->members.entities;
        for ( ; member != NULL; member = member->base.next) {
                ++n_members;
        }

        return n_members;
}

static ir_initializer_t *get_initializer_entry(type_path_t *path)
{
        type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
        type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);

        assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));

        if (ARR_LEN(path->path) == 0) {
                return NULL;
        } else {
                type_path_entry_t *top         = get_type_path_top(path);
                ir_initializer_t  *initializer = top->initializer;
                return get_initializer_compound_value(initializer, top->index);
        }
}

static void descend_into_subtype(type_path_t *path)
{
        type_t *orig_top_type = path->top_type;
        type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);

        assert(is_type_compound(top_type) || is_type_array(top_type));

        ir_initializer_t *initializer = get_initializer_entry(path);

        type_path_entry_t *top = append_to_type_path(path);
        top->type              = top_type;

        size_t len;

        if (is_type_compound(top_type)) {
                compound_t *const compound = top_type->compound.compound;
                entity_t   *const entry    = skip_unnamed_bitfields(compound->members.entities);

                top->compound_entry = entry;
                top->index          = 0;
                len                 = get_compound_member_count(&top_type->compound);
                if (entry != NULL) {
                        assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                        path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
                }
        } else {
                assert(is_type_array(top_type));
                assert(top_type->array.size > 0);

                top->index     = 0;
                path->top_type = top_type->array.element_type;
                len            = top_type->array.size;
        }
        if (initializer == NULL
                        || get_initializer_kind(initializer) == IR_INITIALIZER_NULL) {
                initializer = create_initializer_compound(len);
                /* we have to set the entry at the 2nd latest path entry... */
                size_t path_len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
                assert(path_len >= 1);
                if (path_len > 1) {
                        type_path_entry_t *entry        = & path->path[path_len-2];
                        ir_initializer_t  *tinitializer = entry->initializer;
                        set_initializer_compound_value(tinitializer, entry->index,
                                                       initializer);
                }
        }
        top->initializer = initializer;
}

static void ascend_from_subtype(type_path_t *path)
{
        type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);

        path->top_type = top->type;

        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);
        ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, len-1);
}

static void walk_designator(type_path_t *path, const designator_t *designator)
{
        /* designators start at current object type */
        ARR_RESIZE(type_path_entry_t, path->path, 1);

        for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
                type_path_entry_t *top         = get_type_path_top(path);
                type_t            *orig_type   = top->type;
                type_t            *type        = skip_typeref(orig_type);

                if (designator->symbol != NULL) {
                        assert(is_type_compound(type));
                        size_t    index  = 0;
                        symbol_t *symbol = designator->symbol;

                        compound_t *compound = type->compound.compound;
                        entity_t   *iter     = compound->members.entities;
                        for ( ; iter != NULL; iter = iter->base.next, ++index) {
                                if (iter->base.symbol == symbol) {
                                        assert(iter->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        assert(iter != NULL);

                        /* revert previous initialisations of other union elements */
                        if (type->kind == TYPE_COMPOUND_UNION) {
                                ir_initializer_t *initializer = top->initializer;
                                if (initializer != NULL
                                        && get_initializer_kind(initializer) == IR_INITIALIZER_COMPOUND) {
                                        /* are we writing to a new element? */
                                        ir_initializer_t *oldi
                                                = get_initializer_compound_value(initializer, index);
                                        if (get_initializer_kind(oldi) == IR_INITIALIZER_NULL) {
                                                /* clear initializer */
                                                size_t len
                                                        = get_initializer_compound_n_entries(initializer);
                                                ir_initializer_t *nulli = get_initializer_null();
                                                for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                                                        set_initializer_compound_value(initializer, i,
                                                                                       nulli);
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                        top->type           = orig_type;
                        top->compound_entry = iter;
                        top->index          = index;
                        orig_type           = iter->declaration.type;
                } else {
                        expression_t *array_index = designator->array_index;
                        assert(designator->array_index != NULL);
                        assert(is_type_array(type));

                        long index = fold_constant_to_int(array_index);
                        assert(index >= 0);
#ifndef NDEBUG
                        if (type->array.size_constant) {
                                long array_size = type->array.size;
                                assert(index < array_size);
                        }
#endif

                        top->type  = orig_type;
                        top->index = (size_t) index;
                        orig_type  = type->array.element_type;
                }
                path->top_type = orig_type;

                if (designator->next != NULL) {
                        descend_into_subtype(path);
                }
        }

        path->invalid  = false;
}

static void advance_current_object(type_path_t *path)
{
        if (path->invalid) {
                /* TODO: handle this... */
                panic("invalid initializer in ast2firm (excessive elements)");
        }

        type_path_entry_t *top = get_type_path_top(path);

        type_t *type = skip_typeref(top->type);
        if (is_type_union(type)) {
                /* only the first element is initialized in unions */
                top->compound_entry = NULL;
        } else if (is_type_struct(type)) {
                entity_t *entry = top->compound_entry;

                top->index++;
                entry               = skip_unnamed_bitfields(entry->base.next);
                top->compound_entry = entry;
                if (entry != NULL) {
                        assert(entry->kind == ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER);
                        path->top_type = entry->declaration.type;
                        return;
                }
        } else {
                assert(is_type_array(type));

                top->index++;
                if (!type->array.size_constant || top->index < type->array.size) {
                        return;
                }
        }

        /* we're past the last member of the current sub-aggregate, try if we
         * can ascend in the type hierarchy and continue with another subobject */
        size_t len = ARR_LEN(path->path);

        if (len > 1) {
                ascend_from_subtype(path);
                advance_current_object(path);
        } else {
                path->invalid = true;
        }
}


static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer_value(
                const initializer_value_t *initializer)
{
        if (is_type_compound(initializer->value->base.type)) {
                panic("initializer creation for compounds not implemented yet");
        }
        type_t       *type = initializer->value->base.type;
        expression_t *expr = initializer->value;
        ir_node *value = expression_to_firm(expr);
        ir_mode *mode  = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
        value          = create_conv(NULL, value, mode);
        return create_initializer_const(value);
}

/** test wether type can be initialized by a string constant */
static bool is_string_type(type_t *type)
{
        type_t *inner;
        if (is_type_pointer(type)) {
                inner = skip_typeref(type->pointer.points_to);
        } else if(is_type_array(type)) {
                inner = skip_typeref(type->array.element_type);
        } else {
                return false;
        }

        return is_type_integer(inner);
}

static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer_list(
                const initializer_list_t *initializer, type_t *type)
{
        type_path_t path;
        memset(&path, 0, sizeof(path));
        path.top_type = type;
        path.path     = NEW_ARR_F(type_path_entry_t, 0);

        descend_into_subtype(&path);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->len; ++i) {
                const initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->initializers[i];

                if (sub_initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR) {
                        walk_designator(&path, sub_initializer->designator.designator);
                        continue;
                }

                if (sub_initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_VALUE) {
                        /* we might have to descend into types until we're at a scalar
                         * type */
                        while(true) {
                                type_t *orig_top_type = path.top_type;
                                type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);

                                if (is_type_scalar(top_type))
                                        break;
                                descend_into_subtype(&path);
                        }
                } else if (sub_initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_STRING
                                || sub_initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING) {
                        /* we might have to descend into types until we're at a scalar
                         * type */
                        while (true) {
                                type_t *orig_top_type = path.top_type;
                                type_t *top_type      = skip_typeref(orig_top_type);

                                if (is_string_type(top_type))
                                        break;
                                descend_into_subtype(&path);
                        }
                }

                ir_initializer_t *sub_irinitializer
                        = create_ir_initializer(sub_initializer, path.top_type);

                size_t path_len = ARR_LEN(path.path);
                assert(path_len >= 1);
                type_path_entry_t *entry        = & path.path[path_len-1];
                ir_initializer_t  *tinitializer = entry->initializer;
                set_initializer_compound_value(tinitializer, entry->index,
                                               sub_irinitializer);

                advance_current_object(&path);
        }

        assert(ARR_LEN(path.path) >= 1);
        ir_initializer_t *result = path.path[0].initializer;
        DEL_ARR_F(path.path);

        return result;
}

static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer_string(
                const initializer_string_t *initializer, type_t *type)
{
        type = skip_typeref(type);

        size_t            string_len    = initializer->string.size;
        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ARRAY);
        assert(type->array.size_constant);
        size_t            len           = type->array.size;
        ir_initializer_t *irinitializer = create_initializer_compound(len);

        const char *string = initializer->string.begin;
        ir_mode    *mode   = get_ir_mode_storage(type->array.element_type);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                char c = 0;
                if (i < string_len)
                        c = string[i];

                ir_tarval        *tv = new_tarval_from_long(c, mode);
                ir_initializer_t *char_initializer = create_initializer_tarval(tv);

                set_initializer_compound_value(irinitializer, i, char_initializer);
        }

        return irinitializer;
}

static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer_wide_string(
                const initializer_wide_string_t *initializer, type_t *type)
{
        assert(type->kind == TYPE_ARRAY);
        assert(type->array.size_constant);
        size_t            len           = type->array.size;
        size_t            string_len    = wstrlen(&initializer->string);
        ir_initializer_t *irinitializer = create_initializer_compound(len);

        const char *p    = initializer->string.begin;
        ir_mode    *mode = get_type_mode(ir_type_wchar_t);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
                utf32 c = 0;
                if (i < string_len) {
                        c = read_utf8_char(&p);
                }
                ir_tarval *tv = new_tarval_from_long(c, mode);
                ir_initializer_t *char_initializer = create_initializer_tarval(tv);

                set_initializer_compound_value(irinitializer, i, char_initializer);
        }

        return irinitializer;
}

static ir_initializer_t *create_ir_initializer(
                const initializer_t *initializer, type_t *type)
{
        switch(initializer->kind) {
                case INITIALIZER_STRING:
                        return create_ir_initializer_string(&initializer->string, type);

                case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
                        return create_ir_initializer_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string,
                                                                 type);

                case INITIALIZER_LIST:
                        return create_ir_initializer_list(&initializer->list, type);

                case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
                        return create_ir_initializer_value(&initializer->value);

                case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
                        panic("unexpected designator initializer found");
        }
        panic("unknown initializer");
}

/** ANSI C §6.7.8:21: If there are fewer initializers [..] than there
 *  are elements [...] the remainder of the aggregate shall be initialized
 *  implicitly the same as objects that have static storage duration. */
static void create_dynamic_null_initializer(ir_entity *entity, dbg_info *dbgi,
                ir_node *base_addr)
{
        /* for unions we must NOT do anything for null initializers */
        ir_type *owner = get_entity_owner(entity);
        if (is_Union_type(owner)) {
                return;
        }

        ir_type *ent_type = get_entity_type(entity);
        /* create sub-initializers for a compound type */
        if (is_compound_type(ent_type)) {
                unsigned n_members = get_compound_n_members(ent_type);
                for (unsigned n = 0; n < n_members; ++n) {
                        ir_entity *member = get_compound_member(ent_type, n);
                        ir_node   *addr   = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), base_addr,
                                                                member);
                        create_dynamic_null_initializer(member, dbgi, addr);
                }
                return;
        }
        if (is_Array_type(ent_type)) {
                assert(has_array_upper_bound(ent_type, 0));
                long n = get_array_upper_bound_int(ent_type, 0);
                for (long i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                        ir_mode   *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];
                        ir_tarval *index_tv = new_tarval_from_long(i, mode_uint);
                        ir_node   *cnst     = new_d_Const(dbgi, index_tv);
                        ir_node   *in[1]    = { cnst };
                        ir_entity *arrent   = get_array_element_entity(ent_type);
                        ir_node   *addr     = new_d_Sel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), base_addr, 1, in,
                                                        arrent);
                        create_dynamic_null_initializer(arrent, dbgi, addr);
                }
                return;
        }

        ir_mode *value_mode = get_type_mode(ent_type);
        ir_node *node       = new_Const(get_mode_null(value_mode));

        /* is it a bitfield type? */
        if (is_Primitive_type(ent_type) &&
                        get_primitive_base_type(ent_type) != NULL) {
                bitfield_store_to_firm(dbgi, entity, base_addr, node, false, false);
                return;
        }

        ir_node *mem    = get_store();
        ir_node *store  = new_d_Store(dbgi, mem, base_addr, node, cons_none);
        ir_node *proj_m = new_Proj(store, mode_M, pn_Store_M);
        set_store(proj_m);
}

static void create_dynamic_initializer_sub(ir_initializer_t *initializer,
                ir_entity *entity, ir_type *type, dbg_info *dbgi, ir_node *base_addr)
{
        switch(get_initializer_kind(initializer)) {
        case IR_INITIALIZER_NULL:
                create_dynamic_null_initializer(entity, dbgi, base_addr);
                return;
        case IR_INITIALIZER_CONST: {
                ir_node *node     = get_initializer_const_value(initializer);
                ir_type *ent_type = get_entity_type(entity);

                /* is it a bitfield type? */
                if (is_Primitive_type(ent_type) &&
                                get_primitive_base_type(ent_type) != NULL) {
                        bitfield_store_to_firm(dbgi, entity, base_addr, node, false, false);
                        return;
                }

                assert(get_type_mode(type) == get_irn_mode(node));
                ir_node *mem    = get_store();
                ir_node *store  = new_d_Store(dbgi, mem, base_addr, node, cons_none);
                ir_node *proj_m = new_Proj(store, mode_M, pn_Store_M);
                set_store(proj_m);
                return;
        }
        case IR_INITIALIZER_TARVAL: {
                ir_tarval *tv       = get_initializer_tarval_value(initializer);
                ir_node   *cnst     = new_d_Const(dbgi, tv);
                ir_type   *ent_type = get_entity_type(entity);

                /* is it a bitfield type? */
                if (is_Primitive_type(ent_type) &&
                                get_primitive_base_type(ent_type) != NULL) {
                        bitfield_store_to_firm(dbgi, entity, base_addr, cnst, false, false);
                        return;
                }

                assert(get_type_mode(type) == get_tarval_mode(tv));
                ir_node *mem    = get_store();
                ir_node *store  = new_d_Store(dbgi, mem, base_addr, cnst, cons_none);
                ir_node *proj_m = new_Proj(store, mode_M, pn_Store_M);
                set_store(proj_m);
                return;
        }
        case IR_INITIALIZER_COMPOUND: {
                assert(is_compound_type(type) || is_Array_type(type));
                int n_members;
                if (is_Array_type(type)) {
                        assert(has_array_upper_bound(type, 0));
                        n_members = get_array_upper_bound_int(type, 0);
                } else {
                        n_members = get_compound_n_members(type);
                }

                if (get_initializer_compound_n_entries(initializer)
                                != (unsigned) n_members)
                        panic("initializer doesn't match compound type");

                for (int i = 0; i < n_members; ++i) {
                        ir_node   *addr;
                        ir_type   *irtype;
                        ir_entity *sub_entity;
                        if (is_Array_type(type)) {
                                ir_mode   *mode_uint = atomic_modes[ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT];
                                ir_tarval *index_tv = new_tarval_from_long(i, mode_uint);
                                ir_node   *cnst     = new_d_Const(dbgi, index_tv);
                                ir_node   *in[1]    = { cnst };
                                irtype     = get_array_element_type(type);
                                sub_entity = get_array_element_entity(type);
                                addr       = new_d_Sel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), base_addr, 1, in,
                                                       sub_entity);
                        } else {
                                sub_entity = get_compound_member(type, i);
                                irtype     = get_entity_type(sub_entity);
                                addr       = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), base_addr,
                                                             sub_entity);
                        }

                        ir_initializer_t *sub_init
                                = get_initializer_compound_value(initializer, i);

                        create_dynamic_initializer_sub(sub_init, sub_entity, irtype, dbgi,
                                                       addr);
                }
                return;
        }
        }

        panic("invalid IR_INITIALIZER found");
}

static void create_dynamic_initializer(ir_initializer_t *initializer,
                dbg_info *dbgi, ir_entity *entity)
{
        ir_node *frame     = get_irg_frame(current_ir_graph);
        ir_node *base_addr = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, new_NoMem(), frame, entity);
        ir_type *type      = get_entity_type(entity);

        create_dynamic_initializer_sub(initializer, entity, type, dbgi, base_addr);
}

static void create_local_initializer(initializer_t *initializer, dbg_info *dbgi,
                                     ir_entity *entity, type_t *type)
{
        ir_node *memory = get_store();
        ir_node *nomem  = new_NoMem();
        ir_node *frame  = get_irg_frame(current_ir_graph);
        ir_node *addr   = new_d_simpleSel(dbgi, nomem, frame, entity);

        if (initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_VALUE) {
                initializer_value_t *initializer_value = &initializer->value;

                ir_node *value = expression_to_firm(initializer_value->value);
                type = skip_typeref(type);
                assign_value(dbgi, addr, type, value);
                return;
        }

        if (is_constant_initializer(initializer) == EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE) {
                ir_initializer_t *irinitializer
                        = create_ir_initializer(initializer, type);

                create_dynamic_initializer(irinitializer, dbgi, entity);
                return;
        }

        /* create a "template" entity which is copied to the entity on the stack */
        ir_entity *const init_entity
                = create_initializer_entity(dbgi, initializer, type);
        ir_node *const src_addr = create_symconst(dbgi, init_entity);
        ir_type *const irtype   = get_ir_type(type);
        ir_node *const copyb    = new_d_CopyB(dbgi, memory, addr, src_addr, irtype);

        ir_node *const copyb_mem = new_Proj(copyb, mode_M, pn_CopyB_M);
        set_store(copyb_mem);
}

static void create_initializer_local_variable_entity(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        initializer_t *initializer = entity->variable.initializer;
        dbg_info      *dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&entity->base.source_position);
        ir_entity     *irentity    = entity->variable.v.entity;
        type_t        *type        = entity->declaration.type;

        create_local_initializer(initializer, dbgi, irentity, type);
}

static void create_variable_initializer(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        initializer_t *initializer = entity->variable.initializer;
        if (initializer == NULL)
                return;

        declaration_kind_t declaration_kind
                = (declaration_kind_t) entity->declaration.kind;
        if (declaration_kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY) {
                create_initializer_local_variable_entity(entity);
                return;
        }

        type_t            *type = entity->declaration.type;
        type_qualifiers_t  tq   = get_type_qualifier(type, true);

        if (initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_VALUE) {
                initializer_value_t *initializer_value = &initializer->value;
                dbg_info            *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&entity->base.source_position);
                expression_t        *value     = initializer_value->value;
                type_t              *init_type = value->base.type;
                type_t              *skipped   = skip_typeref(init_type);

                if (!is_type_scalar(skipped)) {
                        /* skip convs */
                        while (value->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST)
                                value = value->unary.value;

                        if (value->kind != EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL)
                                panic("expected non-scalar initializer to be a compound literal");
                        initializer = value->compound_literal.initializer;
                        goto have_initializer;
                }

                ir_node *node = expression_to_firm(initializer_value->value);

                ir_mode *mode      = get_ir_mode_storage(init_type);
                node = create_conv(dbgi, node, mode);
                node = do_strict_conv(dbgi, node);

                if (declaration_kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE) {
                        set_value(entity->variable.v.value_number, node);
                } else {
                        assert(declaration_kind == DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE);

                        ir_entity *irentity = entity->variable.v.entity;

                        if (tq & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST
                                        && get_entity_owner(irentity) != get_tls_type()) {
                                add_entity_linkage(irentity, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT);
                        }
                        set_atomic_ent_value(irentity, node);
                }
        } else {
have_initializer:
                assert(declaration_kind == DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY ||
                       declaration_kind == DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE);

                ir_entity        *irentity        = entity->variable.v.entity;
                ir_initializer_t *irinitializer
                        = create_ir_initializer(initializer, type);

                if (tq & TYPE_QUALIFIER_CONST) {
                        add_entity_linkage(irentity, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT);
                }
                set_entity_initializer(irentity, irinitializer);
        }
}

static void create_variable_length_array(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        assert(entity->variable.initializer == NULL);

        entity->declaration.kind    = DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY;
        entity->variable.v.vla_base = NULL;

        /* TODO: record VLA somewhere so we create the free node when we leave
         * it's scope */
}

static void allocate_variable_length_array(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        assert(entity->variable.initializer == NULL);
        assert(currently_reachable());

        dbg_info *dbgi      = get_dbg_info(&entity->base.source_position);
        type_t   *type      = entity->declaration.type;
        ir_type  *el_type   = get_ir_type(type->array.element_type);

        /* make sure size_node is calculated */
        get_type_size_node(type);
        ir_node  *elems = type->array.size_node;
        ir_node  *mem   = get_store();
        ir_node  *alloc = new_d_Alloc(dbgi, mem, elems, el_type, stack_alloc);

        ir_node  *proj_m = new_d_Proj(dbgi, alloc, mode_M, pn_Alloc_M);
        ir_node  *addr   = new_d_Proj(dbgi, alloc, mode_P_data, pn_Alloc_res);
        set_store(proj_m);

        assert(entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY);
        entity->variable.v.vla_base = addr;
}

/**
 * Creates a Firm local variable from a declaration.
 */
static void create_local_variable(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        assert(entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);

        bool needs_entity = entity->variable.address_taken;
        type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);

        /* is it a variable length array? */
        if (is_type_array(type) && !type->array.size_constant) {
                create_variable_length_array(entity);
                return;
        } else if (is_type_array(type) || is_type_compound(type)) {
                needs_entity = true;
        } else if (type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE) {
                needs_entity = true;
        }

        if (needs_entity) {
                ir_type *frame_type = get_irg_frame_type(current_ir_graph);
                create_variable_entity(entity,
                                       DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY,
                                       frame_type);
        } else {
                entity->declaration.kind        = DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE;
                entity->variable.v.value_number = next_value_number_function;
                set_irg_loc_description(current_ir_graph, next_value_number_function,
                                        entity);
                ++next_value_number_function;
        }
}

static void create_local_static_variable(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);
        assert(entity->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);

        type_t   *type           = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
        ir_type  *const var_type = entity->variable.thread_local ?
                get_tls_type() : get_glob_type();
        ir_type  *const irtype   = get_ir_type(type);
        dbg_info *const dbgi     = get_dbg_info(&entity->base.source_position);

        size_t l = strlen(entity->base.symbol->string);
        char   buf[l + sizeof(".%u")];
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s.%%u", entity->base.symbol->string);
        ident     *const id       = id_unique(buf);
        ir_entity *const irentity = new_d_entity(var_type, id, irtype, dbgi);

        if (type->base.qualifiers & TYPE_QUALIFIER_VOLATILE) {
                set_entity_volatility(irentity, volatility_is_volatile);
        }

        entity->declaration.kind  = DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE;
        entity->variable.v.entity = irentity;

        set_entity_ld_ident(irentity, id);
        set_entity_visibility(irentity, ir_visibility_local);

        ir_graph *const old_current_ir_graph = current_ir_graph;
        current_ir_graph = get_const_code_irg();

        create_variable_initializer(entity);

        assert(current_ir_graph == get_const_code_irg());
        current_ir_graph = old_current_ir_graph;
}



static void return_statement_to_firm(return_statement_t *statement)
{
        if (!currently_reachable())
                return;

        dbg_info *dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&statement->base.source_position);
        type_t   *type        = current_function_entity->declaration.type;
        ir_type  *func_irtype = get_ir_type(type);

        ir_node *in[1];
        int      in_len;
        if (get_method_n_ress(func_irtype) > 0) {
                ir_type *res_type = get_method_res_type(func_irtype, 0);

                if (statement->value != NULL) {
                        ir_node *node = expression_to_firm(statement->value);
                        if (!is_compound_type(res_type)) {
                                type_t  *ret_value_type = statement->value->base.type;
                                ir_mode *mode           = get_ir_mode_storage(ret_value_type);
                                node                    = create_conv(dbgi, node, mode);
                                node                    = do_strict_conv(dbgi, node);
                        }
                        in[0] = node;
                } else {
                        ir_mode *mode;
                        if (is_compound_type(res_type)) {
                                mode = mode_P_data;
                        } else {
                                mode = get_type_mode(res_type);
                        }
                        in[0] = new_Unknown(mode);
                }
                in_len = 1;
        } else {
                /* build return_value for its side effects */
                if (statement->value != NULL) {
                        expression_to_firm(statement->value);
                }
                in_len = 0;
        }

        ir_node  *store = get_store();
        ir_node  *ret   = new_d_Return(dbgi, store, in_len, in);

        ir_node *end_block = get_irg_end_block(current_ir_graph);
        add_immBlock_pred(end_block, ret);

        set_unreachable_now();
}

static ir_node *expression_statement_to_firm(expression_statement_t *statement)
{
        if (!currently_reachable())
                return NULL;

        return expression_to_firm(statement->expression);
}

static ir_node *compound_statement_to_firm(compound_statement_t *compound)
{
        entity_t *entity = compound->scope.entities;
        for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (!is_declaration(entity))
                        continue;

                create_local_declaration(entity);
        }

        ir_node     *result    = NULL;
        statement_t *statement = compound->statements;
        for ( ; statement != NULL; statement = statement->base.next) {
                if (statement->base.next == NULL
                                && statement->kind == STATEMENT_EXPRESSION) {
                        result = expression_statement_to_firm(
                                        &statement->expression);
                        break;
                }
                statement_to_firm(statement);
        }

        return result;
}

static void create_global_variable(entity_t *entity)
{
        ir_linkage    linkage    = IR_LINKAGE_DEFAULT;
        ir_visibility visibility = ir_visibility_default;
        ir_entity    *irentity;
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE);

        switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
        case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN: visibility = ir_visibility_external; break;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC: visibility = ir_visibility_local;    break;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
                visibility = ir_visibility_default;
                /* uninitialized globals get merged in C */
                if (entity->variable.initializer == NULL)
                        linkage |= IR_LINKAGE_MERGE;
                break;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
                panic("invalid storage class for global var");
        }

        ir_type *var_type = get_glob_type();
        if (entity->variable.thread_local) {
                var_type = get_tls_type();
                /* LINKAGE_MERGE not supported by current linkers */
                linkage &= ~IR_LINKAGE_MERGE;
        }
        create_variable_entity(entity, DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE, var_type);
        irentity = entity->variable.v.entity;
        add_entity_linkage(irentity, linkage);
        set_entity_visibility(irentity, visibility);
}

static void create_local_declaration(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(is_declaration(entity));

        /* construct type */
        (void) get_ir_type(entity->declaration.type);
        if (entity->base.symbol == NULL) {
                return;
        }

        switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
        case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        (void)get_function_entity(entity, NULL);
                } else {
                        create_local_static_variable(entity);
                }
                return;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        assert(entity->function.statement == NULL);
                        (void)get_function_entity(entity, NULL);
                } else {
                        create_global_variable(entity);
                        create_variable_initializer(entity);
                }
                return;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
        case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
                                ir_type *owner = get_irg_frame_type(current_ir_graph);
                                (void)get_function_entity(entity, owner);
                                entity->declaration.kind = DECLARATION_KIND_INNER_FUNCTION;
                                enqueue_inner_function(entity);
                        } else {
                                (void)get_function_entity(entity, NULL);
                        }
                } else {
                        create_local_variable(entity);
                }
                return;
        case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
                break;
        }
        panic("invalid storage class found");
}

static void initialize_local_declaration(entity_t *entity)
{
        if (entity->base.symbol == NULL)
                return;

        // no need to emit code in dead blocks
        if (entity->declaration.storage_class != STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC
                        && !currently_reachable())
                return;

        switch ((declaration_kind_t) entity->declaration.kind) {
        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_LOCAL_VARIABLE_ENTITY:
                create_variable_initializer(entity);
                return;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY:
                allocate_variable_length_array(entity);
                return;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_FUNCTION:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_INNER_FUNCTION:
                return;

        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER:
        case DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER_ENTITY:
                panic("can't initialize parameters");

        case DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN:
                panic("can't initialize unknown declaration");
        }
        panic("invalid declaration kind");
}

static void declaration_statement_to_firm(declaration_statement_t *statement)
{
        entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
        if (entity == NULL)
                return;

        entity_t *const last = statement->declarations_end;
        for ( ;; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (is_declaration(entity)) {
                        initialize_local_declaration(entity);
                } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
                        /* §6.7.7:3  Any array size expressions associated with variable length
                         * array declarators are evaluated each time the declaration of the
                         * typedef name is reached in the order of execution. */
                        type_t *const type = skip_typeref(entity->typedefe.type);
                        if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
                                get_vla_size(&type->array);
                }
                if (entity == last)
                        break;
        }
}

static void if_statement_to_firm(if_statement_t *statement)
{
        /* Create the condition. */
        ir_node *true_block  = NULL;
        ir_node *false_block = NULL;
        if (currently_reachable()) {
                true_block  = new_immBlock();
                false_block = new_immBlock();
                create_condition_evaluation(statement->condition, true_block, false_block);
                mature_immBlock(true_block);
                mature_immBlock(false_block);
        }

        /* Create the true statement. */
        set_cur_block(true_block);
        statement_to_firm(statement->true_statement);
        ir_node *fallthrough_block = get_cur_block();

        /* Create the false statement. */
        set_cur_block(false_block);
        if (statement->false_statement != NULL) {
                statement_to_firm(statement->false_statement);
        }

        /* Handle the block after the if-statement.  Minor simplification and
         * optimisation: Reuse the false/true block as fallthrough block, if the
         * true/false statement does not pass control to the fallthrough block, e.g.
         * in the typical if (x) return; pattern. */
        if (fallthrough_block) {
                if (currently_reachable()) {
                        ir_node *const t_jump = new_r_Jmp(fallthrough_block);
                        ir_node *const f_jump = new_Jmp();
                        ir_node *const in[]   = { t_jump, f_jump };
                        fallthrough_block = new_Block(2, in);
                }
                set_cur_block(fallthrough_block);
        }
}

/* Create a jump node which jumps into target_block, if the current block is
 * reachable. */
static void jump_if_reachable(ir_node *const target_block)
{
        ir_node *const pred = currently_reachable() ? new_Jmp() : new_Bad(mode_X);
        add_immBlock_pred(target_block, pred);
}

static void while_statement_to_firm(while_statement_t *statement)
{
        /* Create the header block */
        ir_node *const header_block = new_immBlock();
        jump_if_reachable(header_block);

        /* Create the condition. */
        ir_node      *      body_block;
        ir_node      *      false_block;
        expression_t *const cond = statement->condition;
        if (is_constant_expression(cond) == EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT &&
                        fold_constant_to_bool(cond)) {
                /* Shortcut for while (true). */
                body_block  = header_block;
                false_block = NULL;

                keep_alive(header_block);
                keep_all_memory(header_block);
        } else {
                body_block  = new_immBlock();
                false_block = new_immBlock();

                set_cur_block(header_block);
                create_condition_evaluation(cond, body_block, false_block);
                mature_immBlock(body_block);
        }

        ir_node *const old_continue_label = continue_label;
        ir_node *const old_break_label    = break_label;
        continue_label = header_block;
        break_label    = false_block;

        /* Create the loop body. */
        set_cur_block(body_block);
        statement_to_firm(statement->body);
        jump_if_reachable(header_block);

        mature_immBlock(header_block);
        assert(false_block == NULL || false_block == break_label);
        false_block = break_label;
        if (false_block != NULL) {
                mature_immBlock(false_block);
        }
        set_cur_block(false_block);

        assert(continue_label == header_block);
        continue_label = old_continue_label;
        break_label    = old_break_label;
}

static ir_node *get_break_label(void)
{
        if (break_label == NULL) {
                break_label = new_immBlock();
        }
        return break_label;
}

static void do_while_statement_to_firm(do_while_statement_t *statement)
{
        /* create the header block */
        ir_node *header_block = new_immBlock();

        /* the loop body */
        ir_node *body_block = new_immBlock();
        jump_if_reachable(body_block);

        ir_node *old_continue_label = continue_label;
        ir_node *old_break_label    = break_label;
        continue_label              = header_block;
        break_label                 = NULL;

        set_cur_block(body_block);
        statement_to_firm(statement->body);
        ir_node *const false_block = get_break_label();

        assert(continue_label == header_block);
        continue_label = old_continue_label;
        break_label    = old_break_label;

        jump_if_reachable(header_block);

        /* create the condition */
        mature_immBlock(header_block);
        set_cur_block(header_block);

        create_condition_evaluation(statement->condition, body_block, false_block);
        mature_immBlock(body_block);
        mature_immBlock(false_block);

        set_cur_block(false_block);
}

static void for_statement_to_firm(for_statement_t *statement)
{
        /* create declarations */
        entity_t *entity = statement->scope.entities;
        for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (!is_declaration(entity))
                        continue;

                create_local_declaration(entity);
        }

        if (currently_reachable()) {
                entity = statement->scope.entities;
                for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
                        if (!is_declaration(entity))
                                continue;

                        initialize_local_declaration(entity);
                }

                if (statement->initialisation != NULL) {
                        expression_to_firm(statement->initialisation);
                }
        }

        /* Create the header block */
        ir_node *const header_block = new_immBlock();
        jump_if_reachable(header_block);

        /* Create the condition. */
        ir_node *body_block;
        ir_node *false_block;
        if (statement->condition != NULL) {
                body_block  = new_immBlock();
                false_block = new_immBlock();

                set_cur_block(header_block);
                create_condition_evaluation(statement->condition, body_block, false_block);
                mature_immBlock(body_block);
        } else {
                /* for-ever. */
                body_block  = header_block;
                false_block = NULL;

                keep_alive(header_block);
                keep_all_memory(header_block);
        }

        /* Create the step block, if necessary. */
        ir_node      *      step_block = header_block;
        expression_t *const step       = statement->step;
        if (step != NULL) {
                step_block = new_immBlock();
        }

        ir_node *const old_continue_label = continue_label;
        ir_node *const old_break_label    = break_label;
        continue_label = step_block;
        break_label    = false_block;

        /* Create the loop body. */
        set_cur_block(body_block);
        statement_to_firm(statement->body);
        jump_if_reachable(step_block);

        /* Create the step code. */
        if (step != NULL) {
                mature_immBlock(step_block);
                set_cur_block(step_block);
                expression_to_firm(step);
                jump_if_reachable(header_block);
        }

        mature_immBlock(header_block);
        assert(false_block == NULL || false_block == break_label);
        false_block = break_label;
        if (false_block != NULL) {
                mature_immBlock(false_block);
        }
        set_cur_block(false_block);

        assert(continue_label == step_block);
        continue_label = old_continue_label;
        break_label    = old_break_label;
}

static void create_jump_statement(const statement_t *statement,
                                  ir_node *target_block)
{
        if (!currently_reachable())
                return;

        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&statement->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *jump = new_d_Jmp(dbgi);
        add_immBlock_pred(target_block, jump);

        set_unreachable_now();
}

static ir_switch_table *create_switch_table(const switch_statement_t *statement)
{
        /* determine number of cases */
        size_t n_cases = 0;
        for (case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL;
             l = l->next) {
                /* default case */
                if (l->expression == NULL)
                        continue;
                if (l->is_empty_range)
                        continue;
                ++n_cases;
        }

        ir_switch_table *res = ir_new_switch_table(current_ir_graph, n_cases);
        size_t           i   = 0;
        for (case_label_statement_t *l = statement->first_case; l != NULL;
             l = l->next) {
            if (l->expression == NULL) {
                        l->pn = pn_Switch_default;
                        continue;
                }
                if (l->is_empty_range)
                        continue;
                ir_tarval *min = fold_constant_to_tarval(l->expression);
                ir_tarval *max = min;
                long       pn  = (long) i+1;
                if (l->end_range != NULL)
                        max = fold_constant_to_tarval(l->end_range);
                ir_switch_table_set(res, i++, min, max, pn);
                l->pn = pn;
        }
        return res;
}

static void switch_statement_to_firm(switch_statement_t *statement)
{
        ir_node  *first_block = NULL;
        dbg_info *dbgi        = get_dbg_info(&statement->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *switch_node = NULL;

        if (currently_reachable()) {
                ir_node *expression = expression_to_firm(statement->expression);
                ir_switch_table *table = create_switch_table(statement);
                unsigned n_outs = (unsigned)ir_switch_table_get_n_entries(table) + 1;

                switch_node = new_d_Switch(dbgi, expression, n_outs, table);
                first_block = get_cur_block();
        }

        set_unreachable_now();

        ir_node *const old_switch            = current_switch;
        ir_node *const old_break_label       = break_label;
        const bool     old_saw_default_label = saw_default_label;
        saw_default_label                    = false;
        current_switch                       = switch_node;
        break_label                          = NULL;

        statement_to_firm(statement->body);

        jump_if_reachable(get_break_label());

        if (!saw_default_label && first_block != NULL) {
                set_cur_block(first_block);
                ir_node *proj = new_d_Proj(dbgi, switch_node, mode_X, pn_Switch_default);
                add_immBlock_pred(get_break_label(), proj);
        }

        if (break_label != NULL) {
                mature_immBlock(break_label);
        }
        set_cur_block(break_label);

        assert(current_switch == switch_node);
        current_switch    = old_switch;
        break_label       = old_break_label;
        saw_default_label = old_saw_default_label;
}

static void case_label_to_firm(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
{
        if (statement->is_empty_range)
                return;

        if (current_switch != NULL) {
                ir_node *block = new_immBlock();
                /* Fallthrough from previous case */
                jump_if_reachable(block);

                ir_node  *const proj = new_Proj(current_switch, mode_X, statement->pn);
                add_immBlock_pred(block, proj);
                if (statement->expression == NULL)
                        saw_default_label = true;

                mature_immBlock(block);
                set_cur_block(block);
        }

        statement_to_firm(statement->statement);
}

static void label_to_firm(const label_statement_t *statement)
{
        ir_node *block = get_label_block(statement->label);
        jump_if_reachable(block);

        set_cur_block(block);
        keep_alive(block);
        keep_all_memory(block);

        statement_to_firm(statement->statement);
}

static void computed_goto_to_firm(computed_goto_statement_t const *const statement)
{
        if (!currently_reachable())
                return;

        ir_node  *const irn  = expression_to_firm(statement->expression);
        dbg_info *const dbgi = get_dbg_info(&statement->base.source_position);
        ir_node  *const ijmp = new_d_IJmp(dbgi, irn);

        set_irn_link(ijmp, ijmp_list);
        ijmp_list = ijmp;

        set_unreachable_now();
}

static void asm_statement_to_firm(const asm_statement_t *statement)
{
        bool needs_memory = false;

        if (statement->is_volatile) {
                needs_memory = true;
        }

        size_t         n_clobbers = 0;
        asm_clobber_t *clobber    = statement->clobbers;
        for ( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
                const char *clobber_str = clobber->clobber.begin;

                if (!be_is_valid_clobber(clobber_str)) {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                                   "invalid clobber '%s' specified", clobber->clobber);
                        continue;
                }

                if (streq(clobber_str, "memory")) {
                        needs_memory = true;
                        continue;
                }

                ident *id = new_id_from_str(clobber_str);
                obstack_ptr_grow(&asm_obst, id);
                ++n_clobbers;
        }
        assert(obstack_object_size(&asm_obst) == n_clobbers * sizeof(ident*));
        ident **clobbers = NULL;
        if (n_clobbers > 0) {
                clobbers = obstack_finish(&asm_obst);
        }

        size_t n_inputs  = 0;
        asm_argument_t *argument = statement->inputs;
        for ( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next)
                n_inputs++;
        size_t n_outputs = 0;
        argument = statement->outputs;
        for ( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next)
                n_outputs++;

        unsigned next_pos = 0;

        ir_node *ins[n_inputs + n_outputs + 1];
        size_t   in_size = 0;

        ir_asm_constraint tmp_in_constraints[n_outputs];

        const expression_t *out_exprs[n_outputs];
        ir_node            *out_addrs[n_outputs];
        size_t              out_size = 0;

        argument = statement->outputs;
        for ( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
                const char *constraints = argument->constraints.begin;
                asm_constraint_flags_t asm_flags
                        = be_parse_asm_constraints(constraints);

                {
                        source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
                        if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_NO_SUPPORT) {
                                warningf(WARN_OTHER, pos, "some constraints in '%s' are not supported", constraints);
                        }
                        if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_INVALID) {
                                errorf(pos, "some constraints in '%s' are invalid", constraints);
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (! (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_MODIFIER_WRITE)) {
                                errorf(pos, "no write flag specified for output constraints '%s'", constraints);
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                unsigned pos = next_pos++;
                if ( (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_IMMEDIATE)
                                || (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_REGISTER) ) {
                        expression_t *expr = argument->expression;
                        ir_node      *addr = expression_to_addr(expr);
                        /* in+output, construct an artifical same_as constraint on the
                         * input */
                        if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_MODIFIER_READ) {
                                char     buf[64];
                                ir_node *value = get_value_from_lvalue(expr, addr);

                                snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", (unsigned) out_size);

                                ir_asm_constraint constraint;
                                constraint.pos              = pos;
                                constraint.constraint       = new_id_from_str(buf);
                                constraint.mode             = get_ir_mode_storage(expr->base.type);
                                tmp_in_constraints[in_size] = constraint;
                                ins[in_size] = value;

                                ++in_size;
                        }

                        out_exprs[out_size] = expr;
                        out_addrs[out_size] = addr;
                        ++out_size;
                } else if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_MEMOP) {
                        /* pure memory ops need no input (but we have to make sure we
                         * attach to the memory) */
                        assert(! (asm_flags &
                                                (ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_IMMEDIATE
                                                 | ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_REGISTER)));
                        needs_memory = true;

                        /* we need to attach the address to the inputs */
                        expression_t *expr = argument->expression;

                        ir_asm_constraint constraint;
                        constraint.pos              = pos;
                        constraint.constraint       = new_id_from_str(constraints);
                        constraint.mode             = mode_M;
                        tmp_in_constraints[in_size] = constraint;

                        ins[in_size]          = expression_to_addr(expr);
                        ++in_size;
                        continue;
                } else {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                               "only modifiers but no place set in constraints '%s'",
                               constraints);
                        continue;
                }

                ir_asm_constraint constraint;
                constraint.pos        = pos;
                constraint.constraint = new_id_from_str(constraints);
                constraint.mode       = get_ir_mode_storage(argument->expression->base.type);

                obstack_grow(&asm_obst, &constraint, sizeof(constraint));
        }
        assert(obstack_object_size(&asm_obst)
                        == out_size * sizeof(ir_asm_constraint));
        ir_asm_constraint *output_constraints = obstack_finish(&asm_obst);


        obstack_grow(&asm_obst, tmp_in_constraints,
                     in_size * sizeof(tmp_in_constraints[0]));
        /* find and count input and output arguments */
        argument = statement->inputs;
        for ( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
                const char *constraints = argument->constraints.begin;
                asm_constraint_flags_t asm_flags
                        = be_parse_asm_constraints(constraints);

                if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_NO_SUPPORT) {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                               "some constraints in '%s' are not supported", constraints);
                        continue;
                }
                if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_INVALID) {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                               "some constraints in '%s' are invalid", constraints);
                        continue;
                }
                if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_MODIFIER_WRITE) {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                               "write flag specified for input constraints '%s'",
                               constraints);
                        continue;
                }

                ir_node *input;
                if ( (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_IMMEDIATE)
                                || (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_REGISTER) ) {
                        /* we can treat this as "normal" input */
                        input = expression_to_firm(argument->expression);
                } else if (asm_flags & ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_MEMOP) {
                        /* pure memory ops need no input (but we have to make sure we
                         * attach to the memory) */
                        assert(! (asm_flags &
                                                (ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_IMMEDIATE
                                                 | ASM_CONSTRAINT_FLAG_SUPPORTS_REGISTER)));
                        needs_memory = true;
                        input = expression_to_addr(argument->expression);
                } else {
                        errorf(&statement->base.source_position,
                               "only modifiers but no place set in constraints '%s'",
                               constraints);
                        continue;
                }

                ir_asm_constraint constraint;
                constraint.pos        = next_pos++;
                constraint.constraint = new_id_from_str(constraints);
                constraint.mode       = get_irn_mode(input);

                obstack_grow(&asm_obst, &constraint, sizeof(constraint));
                ins[in_size++] = input;
        }

        if (needs_memory) {
                ir_asm_constraint constraint;
                constraint.pos        = next_pos++;
                constraint.constraint = new_id_from_str("");
                constraint.mode       = mode_M;

                obstack_grow(&asm_obst, &constraint, sizeof(constraint));
                ins[in_size++] = get_store();
        }

        assert(obstack_object_size(&asm_obst)
                        == in_size * sizeof(ir_asm_constraint));
        ir_asm_constraint *input_constraints = obstack_finish(&asm_obst);

        /* create asm node */
        dbg_info *dbgi = get_dbg_info(&statement->base.source_position);

        ident *asm_text = new_id_from_str(statement->asm_text.begin);

        ir_node *node = new_d_ASM(dbgi, in_size, ins, input_constraints,
                                  out_size, output_constraints,
                                  n_clobbers, clobbers, asm_text);

        if (statement->is_volatile) {
                set_irn_pinned(node, op_pin_state_pinned);
        } else {
                set_irn_pinned(node, op_pin_state_floats);
        }

        /* create output projs & connect them */
        if (needs_memory) {
                ir_node *projm = new_Proj(node, mode_M, out_size);
                set_store(projm);
        }

        size_t i;
        for (i = 0; i < out_size; ++i) {
                const expression_t *out_expr = out_exprs[i];
                long                pn       = i;
                ir_mode            *mode     = get_ir_mode_storage(out_expr->base.type);
                ir_node            *proj     = new_Proj(node, mode, pn);
                ir_node            *addr     = out_addrs[i];

                set_value_for_expression_addr(out_expr, proj, addr);
        }
}

static void ms_try_statement_to_firm(ms_try_statement_t *statement)
{
        statement_to_firm(statement->try_statement);
        source_position_t const *const pos = &statement->base.source_position;
        warningf(WARN_OTHER, pos, "structured exception handling ignored");
}

static void leave_statement_to_firm(leave_statement_t *statement)
{
        errorf(&statement->base.source_position, "__leave not supported yet");
}

/**
 * Transform a statement.
 */
static void statement_to_firm(statement_t *const stmt)
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
        assert(!stmt->base.transformed);
        stmt->base.transformed = true;
#endif

        switch (stmt->kind) {
        case STATEMENT_ASM:           asm_statement_to_firm(        &stmt->asms);          return;
        case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:    case_label_to_firm(           &stmt->case_label);    return;
        case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:      compound_statement_to_firm(   &stmt->compound);      return;
        case STATEMENT_COMPUTED_GOTO: computed_goto_to_firm(        &stmt->computed_goto); return;
        case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:   declaration_statement_to_firm(&stmt->declaration);   return;
        case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:      do_while_statement_to_firm(   &stmt->do_while);      return;
        case STATEMENT_EMPTY:         /* nothing */                                        return;
        case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:    expression_statement_to_firm( &stmt->expression);    return;
        case STATEMENT_FOR:           for_statement_to_firm(        &stmt->fors);          return;
        case STATEMENT_IF:            if_statement_to_firm(         &stmt->ifs);           return;
        case STATEMENT_LABEL:         label_to_firm(                &stmt->label);         return;
        case STATEMENT_LEAVE:         leave_statement_to_firm(      &stmt->leave);         return;
        case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:        ms_try_statement_to_firm(     &stmt->ms_try);        return;
        case STATEMENT_RETURN:        return_statement_to_firm(     &stmt->returns);       return;
        case STATEMENT_SWITCH:        switch_statement_to_firm(     &stmt->switchs);       return;
        case STATEMENT_WHILE:         while_statement_to_firm(      &stmt->whiles);        return;

        case STATEMENT_BREAK:         create_jump_statement(stmt, get_break_label());                  return;
        case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:      create_jump_statement(stmt, continue_label);                     return;
        case STATEMENT_GOTO:          create_jump_statement(stmt, get_label_block(stmt->gotos.label)); return;

        case STATEMENT_ERROR: panic("error statement found");
        }
        panic("statement not implemented");
}

static int count_local_variables(const entity_t *entity,
                                 const entity_t *const last)
{
        int count = 0;
        entity_t const *const end = last != NULL ? last->base.next : NULL;
        for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
                type_t *type;
                bool    address_taken;

                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
                        type          = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
                        address_taken = entity->variable.address_taken;
                } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_PARAMETER) {
                        type          = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
                        address_taken = entity->parameter.address_taken;
                } else {
                        continue;
                }

                if (!address_taken && is_type_scalar(type))
                        ++count;
        }
        return count;
}

static void count_local_variables_in_stmt(statement_t *stmt, void *const env)
{
        int *const count = env;

        switch (stmt->kind) {
        case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: {
                const declaration_statement_t *const decl_stmt = &stmt->declaration;
                *count += count_local_variables(decl_stmt->declarations_begin,
                                decl_stmt->declarations_end);
                break;
        }

        case STATEMENT_FOR:
                *count += count_local_variables(stmt->fors.scope.entities, NULL);
                break;

        default:
                break;
        }
}

/**
 * Return the number of local (alias free) variables used by a function.
 */
static int get_function_n_local_vars(entity_t *entity)
{
        const function_t *function = &entity->function;
        int count = 0;

        /* count parameters */
        count += count_local_variables(function->parameters.entities, NULL);

        /* count local variables declared in body */
        walk_statements(function->statement, count_local_variables_in_stmt, &count);
        return count;
}

/**
 * Build Firm code for the parameters of a function.
 */
static void initialize_function_parameters(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
        ir_graph *irg             = current_ir_graph;
        ir_node  *args            = get_irg_args(irg);
        int       n               = 0;
        ir_type  *function_irtype;

        if (entity->function.need_closure) {
                /* add an extra parameter for the static link */
                entity->function.static_link = new_r_Proj(args, mode_P_data, 0);
                ++n;

                /* Matze: IMO this is wrong, nested functions should have an own
                 * type and not rely on strange parameters... */
                function_irtype = create_method_type(&entity->declaration.type->function, true);
        } else {
                function_irtype = get_ir_type(entity->declaration.type);
        }



        entity_t *parameter = entity->function.parameters.entities;
        for ( ; parameter != NULL; parameter = parameter->base.next, ++n) {
                if (parameter->kind != ENTITY_PARAMETER)
                        continue;

                assert(parameter->declaration.kind == DECLARATION_KIND_UNKNOWN);
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(parameter->declaration.type);

                bool needs_entity = parameter->parameter.address_taken;
                assert(!is_type_array(type));
                if (is_type_compound(type)) {
                        needs_entity = true;
                }

                ir_type *param_irtype = get_method_param_type(function_irtype, n);
                if (needs_entity) {
                        ir_type   *frame_type = get_irg_frame_type(irg);
                        ir_entity *param
                                = new_parameter_entity(frame_type, n, param_irtype);
                        parameter->declaration.kind
                                = DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER_ENTITY;
                        parameter->parameter.v.entity = param;
                        continue;
                }

                ir_mode *param_mode = get_type_mode(param_irtype);
                long     pn         = n;
                ir_node *value      = new_r_Proj(args, param_mode, pn);

                ir_mode *mode = get_ir_mode_storage(type);
                value = create_conv(NULL, value, mode);
                value = do_strict_conv(NULL, value);

                parameter->declaration.kind         = DECLARATION_KIND_PARAMETER;
                parameter->parameter.v.value_number = next_value_number_function;
                set_irg_loc_description(current_ir_graph, next_value_number_function,
                                        parameter);
                ++next_value_number_function;

                set_value(parameter->parameter.v.value_number, value);
        }
}

/**
 * Handle additional decl modifiers for IR-graphs
 *
 * @param irg            the IR-graph
 * @param dec_modifiers  additional modifiers
 */
static void handle_decl_modifier_irg(ir_graph *irg,
                                     decl_modifiers_t decl_modifiers)
{
        if (decl_modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
                /* TRUE if the declaration includes the Microsoft
                   __declspec(naked) specifier. */
                add_irg_additional_properties(irg, mtp_property_naked);
        }
        if (decl_modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
                /* TRUE if the declaration includes the
                   Microsoft __forceinline specifier. */
                set_irg_inline_property(irg, irg_inline_forced);
        }
        if (decl_modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
                /* TRUE if the declaration includes the Microsoft
                   __declspec(noinline) specifier. */
                set_irg_inline_property(irg, irg_inline_forbidden);
        }
}

static void add_function_pointer(ir_type *segment, ir_entity *method,
                                 const char *unique_template)
{
        ir_type   *method_type  = get_entity_type(method);
        ir_type   *ptr_type     = new_type_pointer(method_type);

        /* these entities don't really have a name but firm only allows
         * "" in ld_ident.
         * Note that we mustn't give these entities a name since for example
         * Mach-O doesn't allow them. */
        ident     *ide          = id_unique(unique_template);
        ir_entity *ptr          = new_entity(segment, ide, ptr_type);
        ir_graph  *irg          = get_const_code_irg();
        ir_node   *val          = new_rd_SymConst_addr_ent(NULL, irg, mode_P_code,
                                                           method);

        set_entity_ld_ident(ptr, new_id_from_chars("", 0));
        set_entity_compiler_generated(ptr, 1);
        set_entity_visibility(ptr, ir_visibility_private);
        add_entity_linkage(ptr, IR_LINKAGE_CONSTANT|IR_LINKAGE_HIDDEN_USER);
        set_atomic_ent_value(ptr, val);
}

/**
 * Generate possible IJmp branches to a given label block.
 */
static void gen_ijmp_branches(ir_node *block)
{
        ir_node *ijmp;
        for (ijmp = ijmp_list; ijmp != NULL; ijmp = get_irn_link(ijmp)) {
                add_immBlock_pred(block, ijmp);
        }
}

/**
 * Create code for a function and all inner functions.
 *
 * @param entity  the function entity
 */
static void create_function(entity_t *entity)
{
        assert(entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION);
        ir_entity *function_entity = get_function_entity(entity, current_outer_frame);

        if (entity->function.statement == NULL)
                return;

        inner_functions     = NULL;
        current_trampolines = NULL;

        if (entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_CONSTRUCTOR) {
                ir_type *segment = get_segment_type(IR_SEGMENT_CONSTRUCTORS);
                add_function_pointer(segment, function_entity, "constructor_ptr.%u");
        }
        if (entity->declaration.modifiers & DM_DESTRUCTOR) {
                ir_type *segment = get_segment_type(IR_SEGMENT_DESTRUCTORS);
                add_function_pointer(segment, function_entity, "destructor_ptr.%u");
        }

        current_function_entity = entity;
        current_function_name   = NULL;
        current_funcsig         = NULL;

        assert(all_labels == NULL);
        all_labels = NEW_ARR_F(label_t *, 0);
        ijmp_list  = NULL;

        int       n_local_vars = get_function_n_local_vars(entity);
        ir_graph *irg          = new_ir_graph(function_entity, n_local_vars);
        current_ir_graph = irg;

        ir_graph *old_current_function = current_function;
        current_function = irg;

        ir_entity *const old_current_vararg_entity = current_vararg_entity;
        current_vararg_entity = NULL;

        set_irg_fp_model(irg, firm_fp_model);
        tarval_enable_fp_ops(1);
        set_irn_dbg_info(get_irg_start_block(irg),
                         get_entity_dbg_info(function_entity));

        /* set inline flags */
        if (entity->function.is_inline)
                set_irg_inline_property(irg, irg_inline_recomended);
        handle_decl_modifier_irg(irg, entity->declaration.modifiers);

        next_value_number_function = 0;
        initialize_function_parameters(entity);
        current_static_link = entity->function.static_link;

        statement_to_firm(entity->function.statement);

        ir_node *end_block = get_irg_end_block(irg);

        /* do we have a return statement yet? */
        if (currently_reachable()) {
                type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
                assert(is_type_function(type));
                const function_type_t *func_type   = &type->function;
                const type_t          *return_type
                        = skip_typeref(func_type->return_type);

                ir_node *ret;
                if (is_type_atomic(return_type, ATOMIC_TYPE_VOID)) {
                        ret = new_Return(get_store(), 0, NULL);
                } else {
                        ir_mode *mode;
                        if (is_type_scalar(return_type)) {
                                mode = get_ir_mode_storage(func_type->return_type);
                        } else {
                                mode = mode_P_data;
                        }

                        ir_node *in[1];
                        /* §5.1.2.2.3 main implicitly returns 0 */
                        if (is_main(entity)) {
                                in[0] = new_Const(get_mode_null(mode));
                        } else {
                                in[0] = new_Unknown(mode);
                        }
                        ret = new_Return(get_store(), 1, in);
                }
                add_immBlock_pred(end_block, ret);
        }

        for (int i = ARR_LEN(all_labels) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                label_t *label = all_labels[i];
                if (label->address_taken) {
                        gen_ijmp_branches(label->block);
                }
                mature_immBlock(label->block);
        }

        DEL_ARR_F(all_labels);
        all_labels = NULL;

        irg_finalize_cons(irg);

        /* finalize the frame type */
        ir_type *frame_type = get_irg_frame_type(irg);
        int      n          = get_compound_n_members(frame_type);
        int      align_all  = 4;
        int      offset     = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                ir_entity *member      = get_compound_member(frame_type, i);
                ir_type   *entity_type = get_entity_type(member);

                int align = get_type_alignment_bytes(entity_type);
                if (align > align_all)
                        align_all = align;
                int misalign = 0;
                if (align > 0) {
                        misalign  = offset % align;
                        if (misalign > 0) {
                                offset += align - misalign;
                        }
                }

                set_entity_offset(member, offset);
                offset += get_type_size_bytes(entity_type);
        }
        set_type_size_bytes(frame_type, offset);
        set_type_alignment_bytes(frame_type, align_all);

        irg_verify(irg, VERIFY_ENFORCE_SSA);
        current_vararg_entity = old_current_vararg_entity;
        current_function      = old_current_function;

        if (current_trampolines != NULL) {
                DEL_ARR_F(current_trampolines);
                current_trampolines = NULL;
        }

        /* create inner functions if any */
        entity_t **inner = inner_functions;
        if (inner != NULL) {
                ir_type *rem_outer_frame      = current_outer_frame;
                current_outer_frame           = get_irg_frame_type(current_ir_graph);
                for (int i = ARR_LEN(inner) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
                        create_function(inner[i]);
                }
                DEL_ARR_F(inner);

                current_outer_frame      = rem_outer_frame;
        }
}

static void scope_to_firm(scope_t *scope)
{
        /* first pass: create declarations */
        entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
        for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (entity->base.symbol == NULL)
                        continue;

                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        if (entity->function.btk != BUILTIN_NONE) {
                                /* builtins have no representation */
                                continue;
                        }
                        (void)get_function_entity(entity, NULL);
                } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
                        create_global_variable(entity);
                } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_NAMESPACE) {
                        scope_to_firm(&entity->namespacee.members);
                }
        }

        /* second pass: create code/initializers */
        entity = scope->entities;
        for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
                if (entity->base.symbol == NULL)
                        continue;

                if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
                        if (entity->function.btk != BUILTIN_NONE) {
                                /* builtins have no representation */
                                continue;
                        }
                        create_function(entity);
                } else if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
                        assert(entity->declaration.kind
                                        == DECLARATION_KIND_GLOBAL_VARIABLE);
                        current_ir_graph = get_const_code_irg();
                        create_variable_initializer(entity);
                }
        }
}

void init_ast2firm(void)
{
        obstack_init(&asm_obst);
        init_atomic_modes();

        ir_set_debug_retrieve(dbg_retrieve);
        ir_set_type_debug_retrieve(dbg_print_type_dbg_info);

        /* create idents for all known runtime functions */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < lengthof(rts_data); ++i) {
                rts_idents[i] = new_id_from_str(rts_data[i].name);
        }

        entitymap_init(&entitymap);
}

static void init_ir_types(void)
{
        static int ir_types_initialized = 0;
        if (ir_types_initialized)
                return;
        ir_types_initialized = 1;

        ir_type_int        = get_ir_type(type_int);
        ir_type_char       = get_ir_type(type_char);
        ir_type_const_char = get_ir_type(type_const_char);
        ir_type_wchar_t    = get_ir_type(type_wchar_t);
        ir_type_void       = get_ir_type(type_void);

        be_params             = be_get_backend_param();
        mode_float_arithmetic = be_params->mode_float_arithmetic;

        stack_param_align     = be_params->stack_param_align;
}

void exit_ast2firm(void)
{
        entitymap_destroy(&entitymap);
        obstack_free(&asm_obst, NULL);
}

static void global_asm_to_firm(statement_t *s)
{
        for (; s != NULL; s = s->base.next) {
                assert(s->kind == STATEMENT_ASM);

                char const *const text = s->asms.asm_text.begin;
                size_t            size = s->asms.asm_text.size;

                /* skip the last \0 */
                if (text[size - 1] == '\0')
                        --size;

                ident *const id = new_id_from_chars(text, size);
                add_irp_asm(id);
        }
}

void translation_unit_to_firm(translation_unit_t *unit)
{
        /* initialize firm arithmetic */
        tarval_set_integer_overflow_mode(TV_OVERFLOW_WRAP);
        ir_set_uninitialized_local_variable_func(uninitialized_local_var);

        /* just to be sure */
        continue_label           = NULL;
        break_label              = NULL;
        current_switch           = NULL;
        current_translation_unit = unit;

        init_ir_types();

        scope_to_firm(&unit->scope);
        global_asm_to_firm(unit->global_asm);

        current_ir_graph         = NULL;
        current_translation_unit = NULL;
}