nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28
  29 #include <assert.h>
  30 #include <stdio.h>
  31 #include <stdlib.h>
  32 #include <ctype.h>
  33
  34 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  35 #include <mathimf.h>
  36 #else
  37 #include <math.h>
  38 #endif
  39
  40 #include "adt/error.h"
  41
  42 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  43
  44 static FILE *out;
  45 static int   indent;
  46
  47 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  48 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  49
  50 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  51 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  52
  53 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  54 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  55
  56 void change_indent(int delta)
  57 {
  58         indent += delta;
  59         assert(indent >= 0);
  60 }
  61
  62 void print_indent(void)
  63 {
  64         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  65                 fputc('\t', out);
  66 }
  67
  68 /**
  69  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  70  * associativity, else 0.
  71  *
  72  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  73  */
  74 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  75 {
  76         switch (precedence) {
  77                 case 2*PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  78                 case 2*PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  79                 case 2*PREC_UNARY:
  80                         return 1;
  81
  82                 default:
  83                         return 0;
  84         }
  85 }
  86
  87 /**
  88  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  89  *
  90  * @param kind   the expression kind
  91  */
  92 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  93 {
  94         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  95                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 103                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 105                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 107                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 108                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 109                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 111                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 112
 113                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 121                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 122
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]        = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]               = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 139
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 170
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 178         };
 179         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 180         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 181
 182         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 183         /* we need the lowest bit for right-to-left precedence */
 184         return 2 * res;
 185 }
 186
 187 /**
 188  * Print a constant expression.
 189  *
 190  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 191  */
 192 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 193 {
 194         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 195                 return;
 196
 197         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 198
 199         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 200                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 201         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 202                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 203 #ifdef _WIN32
 204                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 205                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 206 #else
 207                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 208 #endif
 209                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 210                         fputs(".0", out);
 211         } else {
 212                 panic("unknown constant");
 213         }
 214
 215         char const* suffix;
 216         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 219                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 224
 225                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 226         }
 227         if (suffix != NULL)
 228                 fputs(suffix, out);
 229 }
 230
 231 /**
 232  * Print a quoted string constant.
 233  *
 234  * @param string  the string constant
 235  * @param border  the border char
 236  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 237  */
 238 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 239 {
 240         fputc(border, out);
 241         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 242         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 243                 if (*c == border) {
 244                         fputc('\\', out);
 245                 }
 246                 switch (*c) {
 247                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 248                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 249                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 250                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 251                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 252                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 253                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 254                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 255                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 256                 case 27:
 257                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 258                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 259                         }
 260                         /*fallthrough*/
 261                 default:
 262                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 263                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 264                                 break;
 265                         }
 266                         fputc(*c, out);
 267                         break;
 268                 }
 269         }
 270         fputc(border, out);
 271 }
 272
 273 /**
 274  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 275  *
 276  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 277  * @param border  the border char
 278  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 279  */
 280 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 281                                      char border, int skip)
 282 {
 283         fputc('L', out);
 284         fputc(border, out);
 285         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 286         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 287                 switch (*c) {
 288                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 289                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 290                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 293                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 297                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 298                         case 27:
 299                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 300                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 301                                 }
 302                                 /*fallthrough*/
 303                         default: {
 304                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 305                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 306                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 307                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 308                                         } else {
 309                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 310                                         }
 311                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 312                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 313                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 314                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 315                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 317                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 318                                 } else {
 319                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 321                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 322                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 323                                 }
 324                         }
 325                 }
 326         }
 327         fputc(border, out);
 328 }
 329
 330 /**
 331  * Print a constant character expression.
 332  *
 333  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 334  */
 335 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 336 {
 337         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 338 }
 339
 340 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 341 {
 342         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 343 }
 344
 345 /**
 346  * Prints a string literal expression.
 347  *
 348  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 349  */
 350 static void print_string_literal(
 351                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 352 {
 353         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 354 }
 355
 356 /**
 357  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 358  */
 359 static void print_funcname(
 360                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 361 {
 362         const char *s = "";
 363         switch (funcname->kind) {
 364         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 365         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 366         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 367         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 368         }
 369         fputc('"', out);
 370         fputs(s, out);
 371         fputc('"', out);
 372 }
 373
 374 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 375         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 376 {
 377         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 378 }
 379
 380 static void print_compound_literal(
 381                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 382 {
 383         fputc('(', out);
 384         print_type(expression->type);
 385         fputc(')', out);
 386         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 387 }
 388
 389 /**
 390  * Prints a call expression.
 391  *
 392  * @param call  the call expression
 393  */
 394 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 395 {
 396         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 397         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 398         fputc('(', out);
 399         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 400         int              first    = 1;
 401         while(argument != NULL) {
 402                 if(!first) {
 403                         fputs(", ", out);
 404                 } else {
 405                         first = 0;
 406                 }
 407                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 408
 409                 argument = argument->next;
 410         }
 411         fputc(')', out);
 412 }
 413
 414 /**
 415  * Prints a binary expression.
 416  *
 417  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 418  */
 419 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 420 {
 421         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 422         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 423
 424         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 425                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 426                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 427                 fputs(", ", out);
 428                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 429                 fputc(')', out);
 430                 return;
 431         }
 432
 433         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 434         char const* op;
 435         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 456
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 461         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 462         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 463         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 464         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 465         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 466         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 467         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 468         }
 469         fputs(op, out);
 470         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 471 }
 472
 473 /**
 474  * Prints an unary expression.
 475  *
 476  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 477  */
 478 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 479 {
 480         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 481         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 482         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-',          out); break;
 483         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+',          out); break;
 484         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!',          out); break;
 485         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~',          out); break;
 486         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++",         out); break;
 487         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--",         out); break;
 488         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*',          out); break;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&',          out); break;
 490         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           fputs("delete ",    out); break;
 491         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     fputs("delete [] ", out); break;
 492
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 494                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 495                 fputs("++", out);
 496                 return;
 497         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 498                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 499                 fputs("--", out);
 500                 return;
 501         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 502         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 503                 fputc('(', out);
 504                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 505                 fputc(')', out);
 506                 break;
 507         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 508                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 509                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 510                 fputc(')', out);
 511                 return;
 512
 513         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 514                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 515                         fputs("throw", out);
 516                         return;
 517                 }
 518                 fputs("throw ", out);
 519                 break;
 520
 521         default:
 522                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 523         }
 524         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 525 }
 526
 527 /**
 528  * Prints a reference expression.
 529  *
 530  * @param ref   the reference expression
 531  */
 532 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 533 {
 534         fputs(ref->entity->base.symbol->string, out);
 535 }
 536
 537 /**
 538  * Prints a label address expression.
 539  *
 540  * @param ref   the reference expression
 541  */
 542 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 543 {
 544         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 545 }
 546
 547 /**
 548  * Prints an array expression.
 549  *
 550  * @param expression   the array expression
 551  */
 552 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 553 {
 554         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 555         if(!expression->flipped) {
 556                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 557                 fputc('[', out);
 558                 print_expression(expression->index);
 559                 fputc(']', out);
 560         } else {
 561                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 562                 fputc('[', out);
 563                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 564                 fputc(']', out);
 565         }
 566 }
 567
 568 /**
 569  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 570  *
 571  * @param expression   the type property expression
 572  */
 573 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 574 {
 575         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 576                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 577         } else {
 578                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 579                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 580         }
 581         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 582                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 583                 fputc('(', out);
 584                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 585                 fputc(')', out);
 586         } else {
 587                 fputc('(', out);
 588                 print_type(expression->type);
 589                 fputc(')', out);
 590         }
 591 }
 592
 593 /**
 594  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 595  *
 596  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 597  */
 598 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 599 {
 600         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 601 }
 602
 603 /**
 604  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 605  *
 606  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 607  */
 608 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 609 {
 610         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 611         print_expression_prec(expression->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 612         fputc(')', out);
 613 }
 614
 615 /**
 616  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 617  *
 618  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 619  */
 620 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 621 {
 622         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 623         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 624         if (expression->rw) {
 625                 fputc(',', out);
 626                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 627         }
 628         if (expression->locality) {
 629                 fputc(',', out);
 630                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 631         }
 632         fputc(')', out);
 633 }
 634
 635 /**
 636  * Prints a conditional expression.
 637  *
 638  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 639  */
 640 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 641 {
 642         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, 2 * PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 643         fputs(" ? ", out);
 644         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 645                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, 2 * PREC_EXPRESSION);
 646                 fputs(" : ", out);
 647         } else {
 648                 fputs(": ", out);
 649         }
 650         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, 2 * PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 651 }
 652
 653 /**
 654  * Prints a va_start expression.
 655  *
 656  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 657  */
 658 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 659 {
 660         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 661         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 662         fputs(", ", out);
 663         fputs(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string, out);
 664         fputc(')', out);
 665 }
 666
 667 /**
 668  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 669  *
 670  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 671  */
 672 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 673 {
 674         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 675         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 676         fputs(", ", out);
 677         print_type(expression->base.type);
 678         fputc(')', out);
 679 }
 680
 681 /**
 682  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 683  *
 684  * @param expression   the select expression
 685  */
 686 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 687 {
 688         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 689         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 690         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 691                 fputs("->", out);
 692         } else {
 693                 fputc('.', out);
 694         }
 695         fputs(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string, out);
 696 }
 697
 698 /**
 699  * Prints a type classify expression.
 700  *
 701  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 702  */
 703 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 704         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 705 {
 706         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 707         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 708         fputc(')', out);
 709 }
 710
 711 /**
 712  * Prints a designator.
 713  *
 714  * @param designator  the designator
 715  */
 716 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 717 {
 718         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 719                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 720                         fputc('[', out);
 721                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 722                         fputc(']', out);
 723                 } else {
 724                         fputc('.', out);
 725                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 726                 }
 727         }
 728 }
 729
 730 /**
 731  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 732  *
 733  * @param expression   the offset expression
 734  */
 735 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 736 {
 737         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 738         fputc('(', out);
 739         print_type(expression->type);
 740         fputc(',', out);
 741         print_designator(expression->designator);
 742         fputc(')', out);
 743 }
 744
 745 /**
 746  * Prints a statement expression.
 747  *
 748  * @param expression   the statement expression
 749  */
 750 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 751 {
 752         fputc('(', out);
 753         print_statement(expression->statement);
 754         fputc(')', out);
 755 }
 756
 757 /**
 758  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 759  *
 760  * @param expression  the expression to print
 761  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 762  */
 763 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 764 {
 765         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 766                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 767         }
 768         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 769         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 770                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 771         if (top_prec > prec)
 772                 fputc('(', out);
 773         switch (expression->kind) {
 774         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 775         case EXPR_INVALID:
 776                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 777                 break;
 778         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 779                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 780                 break;
 781         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 782                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 783                 break;
 784         case EXPR_CONST:
 785                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 786                 break;
 787         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 788                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 789                 break;
 790         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 791                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 792                 break;
 793         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 794                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 795                 break;
 796         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 797                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 798                 break;
 799         case EXPR_CALL:
 800                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 801                 break;
 802         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 803                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 806         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
 807                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 808                 break;
 809         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 810                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 811                 break;
 812         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 813                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 814                 break;
 815         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 816                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 817                 break;
 818         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 819         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 820                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 821                 break;
 822         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 823                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 824                 break;
 825         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 826                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 827                 break;
 828         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 829                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 830                 break;
 831         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 832                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 833                 break;
 834         case EXPR_VA_START:
 835                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 836                 break;
 837         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 838                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 839                 break;
 840         case EXPR_SELECT:
 841                 print_select(&expression->select);
 842                 break;
 843         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 844                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 845                 break;
 846         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 847                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 848                 break;
 849         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 850                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 851                 break;
 852
 853         default:
 854                 /* TODO */
 855                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 856                 break;
 857         }
 858         if (top_prec > prec)
 859                 fputc(')', out);
 860 }
 861
 862 /**
 863  * Print an compound statement.
 864  *
 865  * @param block  the compound statement
 866  */
 867 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 868 {
 869         fputs("{\n", out);
 870         ++indent;
 871
 872         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 873         while (statement != NULL) {
 874                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 875                         --indent;
 876                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 877                         print_indent();
 878                 print_statement(statement);
 879
 880                 statement = statement->base.next;
 881         }
 882         --indent;
 883         print_indent();
 884         fputs("}\n", out);
 885 }
 886
 887 /**
 888  * Print a return statement.
 889  *
 890  * @param statement  the return statement
 891  */
 892 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 893 {
 894         fputs("return ", out);
 895         if(statement->value != NULL)
 896                 print_expression(statement->value);
 897         fputs(";\n", out);
 898 }
 899
 900 /**
 901  * Print an expression statement.
 902  *
 903  * @param statement  the expression statement
 904  */
 905 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 906 {
 907         print_expression(statement->expression);
 908         fputs(";\n", out);
 909 }
 910
 911 /**
 912  * Print a goto statement.
 913  *
 914  * @param statement  the goto statement
 915  */
 916 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 917 {
 918         fputs("goto ", out);
 919         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 920                 fputc('*', out);
 921                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 922         } else {
 923                 fputs(statement->label->base.symbol->string, out);
 924         }
 925         fputs(";\n", out);
 926 }
 927
 928 /**
 929  * Print a label statement.
 930  *
 931  * @param statement  the label statement
 932  */
 933 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 934 {
 935         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 936         print_indent();
 937         print_statement(statement->statement);
 938 }
 939
 940 /**
 941  * Print an if statement.
 942  *
 943  * @param statement  the if statement
 944  */
 945 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 946 {
 947         fputs("if (", out);
 948         print_expression(statement->condition);
 949         fputs(") ", out);
 950         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 951
 952         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 953                 print_indent();
 954                 fputs("else ", out);
 955                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 956         }
 957 }
 958
 959 /**
 960  * Print a switch statement.
 961  *
 962  * @param statement  the switch statement
 963  */
 964 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 965 {
 966         fputs("switch (", out);
 967         print_expression(statement->expression);
 968         fputs(") ", out);
 969         print_statement(statement->body);
 970 }
 971
 972 /**
 973  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 974  *
 975  * @param statement  the case label statement
 976  */
 977 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 978 {
 979         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 980                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 981         } else {
 982                 fputs("case ", out);
 983                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 984                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 985                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 986                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 987                 }
 988                 fputs(":\n", out);
 989         }
 990         ++indent;
 991         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 992                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 993                         --indent;
 994                 }
 995                 print_indent();
 996                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 997         }
 998 }
 999
1000 static void print_local_label(const local_label_statement_t *statement)
1001 {
1002         fputs("__label__ ", out);
1003
1004         bool      first  = true;
1005         entity_t *entity = statement->labels_begin;
1006         for (;
1007                 entity != statement->labels_end->base.next;
1008                 entity = entity->base.next) {
1009                 if (!first) {
1010                         fputs(", ", out);
1011                 } else {
1012                         first = false;
1013                 }
1014                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1015         }
1016         fputs(";\n", out);
1017 }
1018
1019 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
1020 {
1021         fputs("typedef ", out);
1022         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
1023         fputs(";", out);
1024 }
1025
1026 /**
1027  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
1028  * correspondenc in the source file
1029  */
1030 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1031 {
1032         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1033                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
1034
1035         if (is_declaration(entity))
1036                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
1037
1038         return false;
1039 }
1040
1041 /**
1042  * Print a declaration statement.
1043  *
1044  * @param statement   the statement
1045  */
1046 static void print_declaration_statement(
1047                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1048 {
1049         bool first = true;
1050         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
1051         for (;
1052                  entity != statement->declarations_end->base.next;
1053                  entity = entity->base.next) {
1054                 if (!is_declaration(entity) && entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1055                         continue;
1056                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1057                         continue;
1058
1059                 if (!first) {
1060                         print_indent();
1061                 } else {
1062                         first = false;
1063                 }
1064
1065                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
1066                         print_typedef(entity);
1067                 } else {
1068                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1069                         print_declaration(entity);
1070                 }
1071
1072                 fputc('\n', out);
1073         }
1074 }
1075
1076 /**
1077  * Print a while statement.
1078  *
1079  * @param statement   the statement
1080  */
1081 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1082 {
1083         fputs("while (", out);
1084         print_expression(statement->condition);
1085         fputs(") ", out);
1086         print_statement(statement->body);
1087 }
1088
1089 /**
1090  * Print a do-while statement.
1091  *
1092  * @param statement   the statement
1093  */
1094 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1095 {
1096         fputs("do ", out);
1097         print_statement(statement->body);
1098         print_indent();
1099         fputs("while (", out);
1100         print_expression(statement->condition);
1101         fputs(");\n", out);
1102 }
1103
1104 /**
1105  * Print a for statement.
1106  *
1107  * @param statement   the statement
1108  */
1109 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1110 {
1111         fputs("for (", out);
1112         entity_t *entity = statement->scope.entities;
1113         while (entity != NULL && is_generated_entity(entity))
1114                 entity = entity->base.next;
1115
1116         if (entity != NULL) {
1117                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1118                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
1119                 print_declaration(entity);
1120                 if (entity->base.next != NULL) {
1121                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1122                 }
1123                 fputc(' ', out);
1124         } else {
1125                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1126                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1127                 }
1128                 fputs("; ", out);
1129         }
1130         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1131                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1132         }
1133         fputs("; ", out);
1134         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1135                 print_expression(statement->step);
1136         }
1137         fputs(") ", out);
1138         print_statement(statement->body);
1139 }
1140
1141 /**
1142  * Print assembler arguments.
1143  *
1144  * @param arguments   the arguments
1145  */
1146 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1147 {
1148         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1149         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1150                 if(argument != arguments)
1151                         fputs(", ", out);
1152
1153                 if(argument->symbol) {
1154                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1155                 }
1156                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1157                 fputs(" (", out);
1158                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1159                 fputc(')', out);
1160         }
1161 }
1162
1163 /**
1164  * Print assembler clobbers.
1165  *
1166  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1167  */
1168 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1169 {
1170         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1171         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1172                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1173                         fputs(", ", out);
1174
1175                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1176         }
1177 }
1178
1179 /**
1180  * Print an assembler statement.
1181  *
1182  * @param statement   the statement
1183  */
1184 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1185 {
1186         fputs("asm ", out);
1187         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1188                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1189         }
1190         fputc('(', out);
1191         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1192         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1193             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1194             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1195                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1196
1197         fputs(" : ", out);
1198         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1199         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1200                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1201
1202         fputs(" : ", out);
1203         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1204         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1205                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1206
1207         fputs(" : ", out);
1208         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1209
1210 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1211         fputs(");\n", out);
1212 }
1213
1214 /**
1215  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1216  *
1217  * @param statement   the statement
1218  */
1219 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1220 {
1221         fputs("__try ", out);
1222         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1223         print_indent();
1224         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1225                 fputs("__except(", out);
1226                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1227                 fputs(") ", out);
1228         } else {
1229                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1230         }
1231         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1232 }
1233
1234 /**
1235  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1236  *
1237  * @param statement   the statement
1238  */
1239 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1240 {
1241         (void) statement;
1242         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1243 }
1244
1245 /**
1246  * Print a statement.
1247  *
1248  * @param statement   the statement
1249  */
1250 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1251 {
1252         switch (statement->kind) {
1253         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1254                 fputs(";\n", out);
1255                 break;
1256         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1257                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1258                 break;
1259         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1260                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1261                 break;
1262         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1263                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1264                 break;
1265         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1266                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1267                 break;
1268         case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
1269                 print_local_label(&statement->local_label);
1270                 break;
1271         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1272                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1273                 break;
1274         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1275                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1276                 break;
1277         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1278                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1279                 break;
1280         case STATEMENT_IF:
1281                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1282                 break;
1283         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1284                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1285                 break;
1286         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1287                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1288                 break;
1289         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1290                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1291                 break;
1292         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1293                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1294                 break;
1295         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1296                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1297                 break;
1298         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1299                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1300                 break;
1301         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1302                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1303                 break;
1304         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1305                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1306                 break;
1307         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1308                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1309                 break;
1310         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1311                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1312                 break;
1313         }
1314 }
1315
1316 /**
1317  * Print a storage class.
1318  *
1319  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1320  */
1321 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1322 {
1323         switch (storage_class) {
1324         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1325                 break;
1326         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1327         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1328         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1329         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1330         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1331         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1332         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1333         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1334         }
1335 }
1336
1337 /**
1338  * Print an initializer.
1339  *
1340  * @param initializer  the initializer
1341  */
1342 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1343 {
1344         if(initializer == NULL) {
1345                 fputs("{}", out);
1346                 return;
1347         }
1348
1349         switch (initializer->kind) {
1350         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1351                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1352                 print_expression(value->value);
1353                 return;
1354         }
1355         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1356                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1357                 fputs("{ ", out);
1358                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1359
1360                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1361                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1362                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1363                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1364                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1365                                         fputs(", ", out);
1366                         }
1367                 }
1368                 fputs(" }", out);
1369                 return;
1370         }
1371         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1372                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1373                 return;
1374         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1375                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1376                 return;
1377         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1378                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1379                 fputs(" = ", out);
1380                 return;
1381         }
1382
1383         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1384 }
1385
1386 /**
1387  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1388  */
1389 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1390 {
1391         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1392                 return;
1393
1394         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1395
1396         bool        ds_shown = false;
1397         const char *next     = "(";
1398
1399         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1400                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*) declaration;
1401                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1402                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1403                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1404                         if (!ds_shown) {
1405                                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1406                                 ds_shown = true;
1407                         }
1408
1409                         if(variable->alignment != 0) {
1410                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1411                         }
1412                         if(variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1413                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1414                                 char *comma = "";
1415                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1416                                 if(variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1417                                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1418                                         comma = ", ";
1419                                 }
1420                                 if(variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1421                                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1422                                 fputc(')', out);
1423                         }
1424                 }
1425         }
1426
1427         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1428         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1429                 if (!ds_shown) {
1430                         fputs("__declspec", out);
1431                         ds_shown = true;
1432                 }
1433                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1434                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1435                 }
1436                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1437                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1438                 }
1439                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1440                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1441                 }
1442                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1443                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1444                 }
1445                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1446                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1447                 }
1448                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1449                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1450                 }
1451                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1452                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1453                 }
1454                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1455                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1456                 }
1457                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1458                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1459                 }
1460                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1461                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1462                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1463                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")",
1464                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1465                 }
1466                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1467                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1468                 }
1469                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1470                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1471                 }
1472         }
1473
1474         if (ds_shown)
1475                 fputs(") ", out);
1476 }
1477
1478 /**
1479  * Print a variable or function declaration
1480  */
1481 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1482 {
1483         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1484         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1485
1486         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1487         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1488                 function_t *function = (function_t*) declaration;
1489                 if (function->is_inline) {
1490                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1491                                 fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1492                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1493                                 fputs("__inline ", out);
1494                         } else {
1495                                 fputs("inline ", out);
1496                         }
1497                 }
1498         }
1499         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1500         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1501                 print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1502                                &entity->function.parameters);
1503
1504                 if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1505                         fputs("\n", out);
1506                         print_indent();
1507                         print_statement(entity->function.statement);
1508                         return;
1509                 }
1510         } else {
1511                 print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1512
1513                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE
1514                                 && entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1515                         fputs(" = ", out);
1516                         print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1517                 }
1518         }
1519         fputc(';', out);
1520 }
1521
1522 /**
1523  * Prints an expression.
1524  *
1525  * @param expression  the expression
1526  */
1527 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1528 {
1529         print_expression_prec(expression, 2 * PREC_BOTTOM);
1530 }
1531
1532 /**
1533  * Print a declaration.
1534  *
1535  * @param declaration  the declaration
1536  */
1537 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1538 {
1539         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1540                 return;
1541
1542         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t) entity->kind) {
1543         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1544         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1545         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1546                 print_declaration(entity);
1547                 return;
1548         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1549                 print_typedef(entity);
1550                 return;
1551         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1552                 fputs("struct ", out);
1553                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1554                 if (entity->structe.complete) {
1555                         fputc(' ', out);
1556                         print_compound_definition(&entity->structe);
1557                 }
1558                 fputc(';', out);
1559                 return;
1560         case ENTITY_UNION:
1561                 fputs("union ", out);
1562                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1563                 if (entity->unione.complete) {
1564                         fputc(' ', out);
1565                         print_compound_definition(&entity->unione);
1566                 }
1567                 fputc(';', out);
1568                 return;
1569         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1570                 fputs("enum ", out);
1571                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1572                 fputc(' ', out);
1573                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1574                 fputc(';', out);
1575                 return;
1576         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1577         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1578         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1579                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1580         case ENTITY_INVALID:
1581                 break;
1582         }
1583         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1584 }
1585
1586 /**
1587  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1588  *
1589  * @param unit   the translation unit
1590  */
1591 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1592 {
1593         inc_type_visited();
1594
1595         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1596         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1597                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1598                         continue;
1599                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1600                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1601                         continue;
1602                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1603                         continue;
1604
1605                 print_indent();
1606                 print_entity(entity);
1607                 fputc('\n', out);
1608         }
1609 }
1610
1611 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1612 {
1613         switch (initializer->kind) {
1614         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1615         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1616         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1617                 return true;
1618
1619         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1620                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1621
1622         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1623                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1624                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1625                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1626                                 return false;
1627                 }
1628                 return true;
1629         }
1630         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1631 }
1632
1633 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1634 {
1635         switch (expression->kind) {
1636         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1637                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1638
1639         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1640                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1641                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1642                         /* it's a -> */
1643                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1644                 } else {
1645                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1646                 }
1647         }
1648
1649         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1650                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1651                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1652
1653         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1654                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1655                 if (is_declaration(entity)) {
1656                         switch ((storage_class_tag_t) entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1657                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1658                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1659                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1660                                 return true;
1661
1662                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1663                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1664                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1665                         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:
1666                         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN:
1667                         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC:
1668                                 break;
1669                         }
1670                 }
1671                 return false;
1672         }
1673
1674         default:
1675                 return false;
1676         }
1677 }
1678
1679 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1680 {
1681         switch (expression->kind) {
1682         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1683                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1684
1685         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1686                 type_t *real_type
1687                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1688                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1689                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1690                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1691                 }
1692
1693                 /* fallthrough */
1694         }
1695
1696         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1697                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1698                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1699                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1700                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1701                         (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1702                     )))
1703                         return false;
1704
1705                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1706                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1707         }
1708
1709         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1710         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1711                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1712                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1713
1714                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1715                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1716                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1717                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1718                 }
1719
1720                 return false;
1721         }
1722
1723         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1724                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1725                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1726                         return false;
1727
1728                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1729                 if(is_type_function(type))
1730                         return true;
1731                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1732                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1733                 }
1734                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1735                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1736                         return true;
1737                 return false;
1738         }
1739
1740         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1741                 type_t *const type =
1742                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1743                 return
1744                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1745                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1746                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1747         }
1748
1749         default:
1750                 return false;
1751         }
1752 }
1753
1754 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1755 {
1756         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1757         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1758                 return false;
1759         }
1760
1761         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1762
1763         switch (symbol->ID) {
1764         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1765         case T___builtin_inf:
1766         case T___builtin_inff:
1767         case T___builtin_infl:
1768         case T___builtin_nan:
1769         case T___builtin_nanf:
1770         case T___builtin_nanl:
1771                 return true;
1772         }
1773
1774         return false;
1775 }
1776
1777 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1778 {
1779         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1780                 return true;
1781
1782         switch (expression->kind) {
1783         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1784                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1785         default:
1786                 return false;
1787         }
1788 }
1789
1790 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1791 {
1792         switch (expression->kind) {
1793         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1794                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1795                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1796                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1797                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1798                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1799                 } else {
1800                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1801                 }
1802         }
1803
1804         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1805                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1806                         &expression->array_access;
1807                 return
1808                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1809                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1810                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1811                         );
1812         }
1813
1814         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1815                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1816         default:
1817                 return false;
1818         }
1819 }
1820
1821 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1822 {
1823         switch (expression->kind) {
1824
1825         case EXPR_CONST:
1826         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1827         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1828         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1829         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1830         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1831         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1832         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1833         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1834         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1835         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1836         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1837                 return true;
1838
1839         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1840                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1841                 if (type == NULL)
1842                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1843
1844                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1845                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1846                         return false;
1847                 return true;
1848         }
1849
1850         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1851         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1852         case EXPR_SELECT:
1853         case EXPR_VA_START:
1854         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1855         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1856         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
1857         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1858         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1859         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1860         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1861         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1862         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1863         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1864         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1865         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1866         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1867         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1868         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1869         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1870         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1871         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1872         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1873         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1874         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1875         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1876         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1877         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1878         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1879                 return false;
1880
1881         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1882                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1883
1884         case EXPR_CALL:
1885                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1886
1887         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1888         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1889         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1890         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1891                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1892
1893         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1894         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1895                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1896                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1897
1898         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1899         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1900         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1901         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1902         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1903         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1904         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1905         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1906         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1907         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1908         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1909         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1910         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1911         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1912         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1913         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1914         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1915         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1916         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1917         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1918         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1919         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1920         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1921         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1922         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1923                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1924                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1925
1926         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1927                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1928
1929         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1930                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1931                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1932                         return false;
1933
1934                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1935                 if(val != 0)
1936                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1937                 else
1938                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1939         }
1940
1941         case EXPR_INVALID:
1942                 return true;
1943
1944         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1945                 break;
1946         }
1947         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1948 }
1949
1950 /**
1951  * Initialize the AST construction.
1952  */
1953 void init_ast(void)
1954 {
1955         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1956 }
1957
1958 /**
1959  * Free the AST.
1960  */
1961 void exit_ast(void)
1962 {
1963         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1964 }
1965
1966 /**
1967  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1968  *
1969  * @param stream  the output stream
1970  */
1971 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1972 {
1973         out = stream;
1974         type_set_output(stream);
1975 }
1976
1977 /**
1978  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1979  *
1980  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1981  *
1982  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1983  */
1984 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1985 {
1986         return _allocate_ast(size);
1987 }