nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  34 #include <mathimf.h>
  35 #else
  36 #include <math.h>
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40
  41 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  42
  43 static FILE *out;
  44 static int   indent;
  45
  46 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  47 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  48
  49 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  50 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  51
  52 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  53 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  54
  55 void change_indent(int delta)
  56 {
  57         indent += delta;
  58         assert(indent >= 0);
  59 }
  60
  61 void print_indent(void)
  62 {
  63         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  64                 fputc('\t', out);
  65 }
  66
  67 enum precedence_t {
  68         PREC_BOTTOM  =  0,
  69         PREC_EXPR    =  2,
  70         PREC_COMMA   =  4, /* ,                                    left to right */
  71         PREC_ASSIGN  =  6, /* = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=    right to left */
  72         PREC_COND    =  8, /* ?:                                   right to left */
  73         PREC_LOG_OR  = 10, /* ||                                   left to right */
  74         PREC_LOG_AND = 12, /* &&                                   left to right */
  75         PREC_BIT_OR  = 14, /* |                                    left to right */
  76         PREC_BIT_XOR = 16, /* ^                                    left to right */
  77         PREC_BIT_AND = 18, /* &                                    left to right */
  78         PREC_EQ      = 20, /* == !=                                left to right */
  79         PREC_CMP     = 22, /* < <= > >=                            left to right */
  80         PREC_SHF     = 24, /* << >>                                left to right */
  81         PREC_PLUS    = 26, /* + -                                  left to right */
  82         PREC_MUL     = 28, /* * / %                                left to right */
  83         PREC_UNARY   = 30, /* ! ~ ++ -- + - (type) * & sizeof      right to left */
  84         PREC_ACCESS  = 32, /* () [] -> .                           left to right */
  85         PREC_PRIM    = 34, /* primary */
  86         PREC_TOP     = 36
  87 };
  88
  89 /**
  90  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  91  * associativity, else -1.
  92  *
  93  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  94  */
  95 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence) {
  96         return (precedence == PREC_ASSIGN || precedence == PREC_COND ||
  97                 precedence == PREC_UNARY) ? 1 : -1;
  98 }
  99
 100 /**
 101  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
 102  *
 103  * @param kind   the expression kind
 104  */
 105 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 106 {
 107         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 108                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 109                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 110                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIM,
 111                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIM,
 112                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIM,
 113                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIM,
 114                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 115                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIM,
 116                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 117                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_ACCESS,
 118                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_COND,
 119                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_ACCESS,
 120                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_ACCESS,
 121                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 124
 125                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 126                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 127                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIM,
 128                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIM,
 129                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 130                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 131                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIM,
 132                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_ACCESS,
 133                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 134
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 141                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 142                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 143                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 144                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 145                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 146                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 147                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIM,
 148
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_PLUS,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_PLUS,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MUL,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MUL,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MUL,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQ,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQ,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_CMP,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_CMP,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_CMP,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_CMP,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_BIT_AND,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_BIT_OR,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_BIT_XOR,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOG_AND,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOG_OR,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHF,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHF,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGN,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGN,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_COMMA,
 179
 180                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIM,
 181                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIM,
 182                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIM,
 183                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 184                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIM,
 185                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIM,
 186                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIM
 187         };
 188         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 189         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 190
 191         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 192         return res;
 193 }
 194
 195 /**
 196  * Print a constant expression.
 197  *
 198  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 199  */
 200 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 201 {
 202         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 203                 return;
 204
 205         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 206
 207         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 208                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 209         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 210                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 211                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 212                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 213                         fputs(".0", out);
 214         } else {
 215                 panic("unknown constant");
 216         }
 217
 218         char const* suffix;
 219         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 224                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 225                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 226                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 227
 228                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 229         }
 230         if (suffix != NULL)
 231                 fputs(suffix, out);
 232 }
 233
 234 /**
 235  * Print a quoted string constant.
 236  *
 237  * @param string  the string constant
 238  * @param border  the border char
 239  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 240  */
 241 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 242 {
 243         fputc(border, out);
 244         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 245         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 246                 if (*c == border) {
 247                         fputc('\\', out);
 248                 }
 249                 switch(*c) {
 250                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 251                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 252                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 253                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 254                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 255                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 256                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 257                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 258                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 259                 case 27:
 260                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 261                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 262                         }
 263                         /*fallthrough*/
 264                 default:
 265                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 266                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", *c);
 267                                 break;
 268                         }
 269                         fputc(*c, out);
 270                         break;
 271                 }
 272         }
 273         fputc(border, out);
 274 }
 275
 276 /**
 277  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 278  *
 279  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 280  * @param border  the border char
 281  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 282  */
 283 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 284                                      char border, int skip)
 285 {
 286         fputc('L', out);
 287         fputc(border, out);
 288         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 289         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 290                 switch (*c) {
 291                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 292                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 293                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 297                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 298                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 299                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 300                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 301                         case 27:
 302                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 303                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 304                                 }
 305                                 /*fallthrough*/
 306                         default: {
 307                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 308                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 309                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 310                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 311                                         } else {
 312                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 313                                         }
 314                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 315                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 317                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 318                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 321                                 } else {
 322                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 323                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 324                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 325                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 326                                 }
 327                         }
 328                 }
 329         }
 330         fputc(border, out);
 331 }
 332
 333 /**
 334  * Print a constant character expression.
 335  *
 336  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 337  */
 338 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 339 {
 340         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 341 }
 342
 343 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 344 {
 345         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 346 }
 347
 348 /**
 349  * Prints a string literal expression.
 350  *
 351  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 352  */
 353 static void print_string_literal(
 354                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 355 {
 356         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 357 }
 358
 359 /**
 360  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 361  */
 362 static void print_funcname(
 363                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 364 {
 365         const char *s = "";
 366         switch(funcname->kind) {
 367         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 368         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 369         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 370         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 371         }
 372         fputc('"', out);
 373         fputs(s, out);
 374         fputc('"', out);
 375 }
 376
 377 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 378         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 379 {
 380         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 381 }
 382
 383 static void print_compound_literal(
 384                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 385 {
 386         fputc('(', out);
 387         print_type(expression->type);
 388         fputs(") ", out);
 389         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 390 }
 391
 392 /**
 393  * Prints a call expression.
 394  *
 395  * @param call  the call expression
 396  */
 397 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 398 {
 399         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 400         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 401         fputc('(', out);
 402         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 403         int              first    = 1;
 404         while(argument != NULL) {
 405                 if(!first) {
 406                         fputs(", ", out);
 407                 } else {
 408                         first = 0;
 409                 }
 410                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 411
 412                 argument = argument->next;
 413         }
 414         fputc(')', out);
 415 }
 416
 417 /**
 418  * Prints a binary expression.
 419  *
 420  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 421  */
 422 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 423 {
 424         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 425         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 426
 427         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 428                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 429                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 430                 fputs(", ", out);
 431                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 432                 fputc(')', out);
 433                 return;
 434         }
 435
 436         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 437         if (binexpr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_COMMA) {
 438                 fputc(' ', out);
 439         }
 440         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
 461
 462         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
 463         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
 464         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
 465         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
 466         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
 467         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
 468         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
 469         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
 470         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
 471         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
 472         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 473         }
 474         fputc(' ', out);
 475         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 476 }
 477
 478 /**
 479  * Prints an unary expression.
 480  *
 481  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 482  */
 483 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 484 {
 485         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 486         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 487         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-', out);  break;
 488         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+', out);  break;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!', out);  break;
 490         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~', out);  break;
 491         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 492         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*', out);  break;
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&', out);  break;
 495
 496         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 497                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 498                 fputs("++", out);
 499                 return;
 500         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 501                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 502                 fputs("--", out);
 503                 return;
 504         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 506                 fputc('(', out);
 507                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 508                 fputc(')', out);
 509                 break;
 510         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 511                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 512                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 513                 fputc(')', out);
 514                 return;
 515         default:
 516                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 517         }
 518         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 519 }
 520
 521 /**
 522  * Prints a reference expression.
 523  *
 524  * @param ref   the reference expression
 525  */
 526 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 527 {
 528         fputs(ref->declaration->symbol->string, out);
 529 }
 530
 531 /**
 532  * Prints a label address expression.
 533  *
 534  * @param ref   the reference expression
 535  */
 536 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 537 {
 538         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->declaration->symbol->string);
 539 }
 540
 541 /**
 542  * Prints an array expression.
 543  *
 544  * @param expression   the array expression
 545  */
 546 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 547 {
 548         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 549         if(!expression->flipped) {
 550                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 551                 fputc('[', out);
 552                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 553                 fputc(']', out);
 554         } else {
 555                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 556                 fputc('[', out);
 557                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_BOTTOM);
 558                 fputc(']', out);
 559         }
 560 }
 561
 562 /**
 563  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 564  *
 565  * @param expression   the type property expression
 566  */
 567 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 568 {
 569         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 570                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 571         } else {
 572                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 573                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 574         }
 575         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 576                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 577                 fputc('(', out);
 578                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_ACCESS);
 579                 fputc(')', out);
 580         } else {
 581                 fputc('(', out);
 582                 print_type(expression->type);
 583                 fputc(')', out);
 584         }
 585 }
 586
 587 /**
 588  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 589  *
 590  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 591  */
 592 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 593 {
 594         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 595 }
 596
 597 /**
 598  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 599  *
 600  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 601  */
 602 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 603 {
 604         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 605         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 606         fputc(')', out);
 607 }
 608
 609 /**
 610  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 611  *
 612  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 613  */
 614 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 615 {
 616         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 617         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 618         if (expression->rw) {
 619                 fputc(',', out);
 620                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 621         }
 622         if (expression->locality) {
 623                 fputc(',', out);
 624                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 625         }
 626         fputc(')', out);
 627 }
 628
 629 /**
 630  * Prints a conditional expression.
 631  *
 632  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 633  */
 634 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 635 {
 636         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOG_OR);
 637         fputs(" ? ", out);
 638         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 639                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPR);
 640                 fputs(" : ", out);
 641         } else {
 642                 fputs(": ", out);
 643         }
 644         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, PREC_COND);
 645 }
 646
 647 /**
 648  * Prints a va_start expression.
 649  *
 650  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 651  */
 652 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 653 {
 654         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 655         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 656         fputs(", ", out);
 657         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 658         fputs(")", out);
 659 }
 660
 661 /**
 662  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 663  *
 664  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 665  */
 666 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 667 {
 668         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 669         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 670         fputs(", ", out);
 671         print_type(expression->base.type);
 672         fputs(")", out);
 673 }
 674
 675 /**
 676  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 677  *
 678  * @param expression   the select expression
 679  */
 680 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 681 {
 682         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 683         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 684         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 685                 fputs("->", out);
 686         } else {
 687                 fputc('.', out);
 688         }
 689         fputs(expression->compound_entry->symbol->string, out);
 690 }
 691
 692 /**
 693  * Prints a type classify expression.
 694  *
 695  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 696  */
 697 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 698         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 699 {
 700         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 701         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 702         fputc(')', out);
 703 }
 704
 705 /**
 706  * Prints a designator.
 707  *
 708  * @param designator  the designator
 709  */
 710 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 711 {
 712         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 713                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 714                         fputc('[', out);
 715                         print_expression_prec(designator->array_index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 716                         fputc(']', out);
 717                 } else {
 718                         fputc('.', out);
 719                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 720                 }
 721         }
 722 }
 723
 724 /**
 725  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 726  *
 727  * @param expression   the offset expression
 728  */
 729 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 730 {
 731         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 732         fputc('(', out);
 733         print_type(expression->type);
 734         fputc(',', out);
 735         print_designator(expression->designator);
 736         fputc(')', out);
 737 }
 738
 739 /**
 740  * Prints a statement expression.
 741  *
 742  * @param expression   the statement expression
 743  */
 744 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 745 {
 746         fputc('(', out);
 747         print_statement(expression->statement);
 748         fputc(')', out);
 749 }
 750
 751 /**
 752  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 753  *
 754  * @param expression  the expression to print
 755  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 756  */
 757 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 758 {
 759         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 760                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 761         }
 762         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 763         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 764                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 765         if (top_prec > prec)
 766                 fputc('(', out);
 767         switch(expression->kind) {
 768         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 769         case EXPR_INVALID:
 770                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 771                 break;
 772         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 773                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 774                 break;
 775         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 776                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 777                 break;
 778         case EXPR_CONST:
 779                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 780                 break;
 781         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 782                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 783                 break;
 784         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 785                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 786                 break;
 787         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 788                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 789                 break;
 790         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 791                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 792                 break;
 793         case EXPR_CALL:
 794                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 795                 break;
 796         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 797                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 798                 break;
 799         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 800                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 801                 break;
 802         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 803                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 806                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 807                 break;
 808         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 809                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 810                 break;
 811         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 812         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 813                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 814                 break;
 815         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 816                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 817                 break;
 818         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 819                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 820                 break;
 821         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 822                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 823                 break;
 824         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 825                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 826                 break;
 827         case EXPR_VA_START:
 828                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 829                 break;
 830         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 831                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 832                 break;
 833         case EXPR_SELECT:
 834                 print_select(&expression->select);
 835                 break;
 836         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 837                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 838                 break;
 839         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 840                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 841                 break;
 842         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 843                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 844                 break;
 845
 846         default:
 847                 /* TODO */
 848                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 849                 break;
 850         }
 851         if (top_prec > prec)
 852                 fputc(')', out);
 853 }
 854
 855 /**
 856  * Print an compound statement.
 857  *
 858  * @param block  the compound statement
 859  */
 860 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 861 {
 862         fputs("{\n", out);
 863         ++indent;
 864
 865         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 866         while (statement != NULL) {
 867                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 868                         --indent;
 869                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 870                         print_indent();
 871                 print_statement(statement);
 872
 873                 statement = statement->base.next;
 874         }
 875         --indent;
 876         print_indent();
 877         fputs("}\n", out);
 878 }
 879
 880 /**
 881  * Print a return statement.
 882  *
 883  * @param statement  the return statement
 884  */
 885 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 886 {
 887         fputs("return ", out);
 888         if(statement->value != NULL)
 889                 print_expression(statement->value);
 890         fputs(";\n", out);
 891 }
 892
 893 /**
 894  * Print an expression statement.
 895  *
 896  * @param statement  the expression statement
 897  */
 898 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 899 {
 900         print_expression(statement->expression);
 901         fputs(";\n", out);
 902 }
 903
 904 /**
 905  * Print a goto statement.
 906  *
 907  * @param statement  the goto statement
 908  */
 909 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 910 {
 911         fputs("goto ", out);
 912         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 913                 fputc('*', out);
 914                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 915         } else {
 916                 fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 917         }
 918         fputs(";\n", out);
 919 }
 920
 921 /**
 922  * Print a label statement.
 923  *
 924  * @param statement  the label statement
 925  */
 926 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 927 {
 928         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 929         print_indent();
 930         print_statement(statement->statement);
 931 }
 932
 933 /**
 934  * Print an if statement.
 935  *
 936  * @param statement  the if statement
 937  */
 938 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 939 {
 940         fputs("if (", out);
 941         print_expression(statement->condition);
 942         fputs(") ", out);
 943         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 944
 945         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 946                 print_indent();
 947                 fputs("else ", out);
 948                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 949         }
 950 }
 951
 952 /**
 953  * Print a switch statement.
 954  *
 955  * @param statement  the switch statement
 956  */
 957 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 958 {
 959         fputs("switch (", out);
 960         print_expression(statement->expression);
 961         fputs(") ", out);
 962         print_statement(statement->body);
 963 }
 964
 965 /**
 966  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 967  *
 968  * @param statement  the case label statement
 969  */
 970 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 971 {
 972         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 973                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 974         } else {
 975                 fputs("case ", out);
 976                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 977                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 978                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 979                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 980                 }
 981                 fputs(":\n", out);
 982         }
 983         ++indent;
 984         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 985                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 986                         --indent;
 987                 }
 988                 print_indent();
 989                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 990         }
 991 }
 992
 993 /**
 994  * Print a declaration statement.
 995  *
 996  * @param statement   the statement
 997  */
 998 static void print_declaration_statement(
 999                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1000 {
1001         bool first = true;
1002         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
1003
1004         if (declaration->namespc == NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL) {
1005                 fputs("__label__ ", out);
1006                 for (;
1007                         declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1008                         declaration = declaration->next) {
1009                         if (!first) {
1010                                 fputs(", ", out);
1011                         } else {
1012                                 first = false;
1013                         }
1014                         fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1015                 }
1016                 fputs(";\n", out);
1017         } else {
1018                 for (;
1019                          declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1020                          declaration = declaration->next) {
1021                         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1022                                 continue;
1023                         if (declaration->implicit)
1024                                 continue;
1025
1026                         if (!first) {
1027                                 print_indent();
1028                         } else {
1029                                 first = false;
1030                         }
1031                         print_declaration(declaration);
1032                         fputc('\n', out);
1033                 }
1034         }
1035 }
1036
1037 /**
1038  * Print a while statement.
1039  *
1040  * @param statement   the statement
1041  */
1042 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1043 {
1044         fputs("while (", out);
1045         print_expression(statement->condition);
1046         fputs(") ", out);
1047         print_statement(statement->body);
1048 }
1049
1050 /**
1051  * Print a do-while statement.
1052  *
1053  * @param statement   the statement
1054  */
1055 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1056 {
1057         fputs("do ", out);
1058         print_statement(statement->body);
1059         print_indent();
1060         fputs("while (", out);
1061         print_expression(statement->condition);
1062         fputs(");\n", out);
1063 }
1064
1065 /**
1066  * Print a for statement.
1067  *
1068  * @param statement   the statement
1069  */
1070 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1071 {
1072         fputs("for (", out);
1073         declaration_t *decl = statement->scope.declarations;
1074         while (decl != NULL && decl->implicit)
1075                 decl = decl->next;
1076         if (decl != NULL) {
1077                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1078                 print_declaration(decl);
1079                 if (decl->next != NULL) {
1080                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1081                 }
1082                 fputc(' ', out);
1083         } else {
1084                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1085                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1086                 }
1087                 fputs("; ", out);
1088         }
1089         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1090                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1091         }
1092         fputs("; ", out);
1093         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1094                 print_expression(statement->step);
1095         }
1096         fputs(") ", out);
1097         print_statement(statement->body);
1098 }
1099
1100 /**
1101  * Print assembler arguments.
1102  *
1103  * @param arguments   the arguments
1104  */
1105 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1106 {
1107         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1108         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1109                 if(argument != arguments)
1110                         fputs(", ", out);
1111
1112                 if(argument->symbol) {
1113                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1114                 }
1115                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1116                 fputs(" (", out);
1117                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1118                 fputs(")", out);
1119         }
1120 }
1121
1122 /**
1123  * Print assembler clobbers.
1124  *
1125  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1126  */
1127 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1128 {
1129         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1130         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1131                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1132                         fputs(", ", out);
1133
1134                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1135         }
1136 }
1137
1138 /**
1139  * Print an assembler statement.
1140  *
1141  * @param statement   the statement
1142  */
1143 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1144 {
1145         fputs("asm ", out);
1146         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1147                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1148         }
1149         fputs("(", out);
1150         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1151         if(statement->inputs == NULL && statement->outputs == NULL
1152                         && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1153                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1154
1155         fputs(" : ", out);
1156         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1157         if(statement->outputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1158                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1159
1160         fputs(" : ", out);
1161         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1162         if(statement->clobbers == NULL)
1163                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1164
1165         fputs(" : ", out);
1166         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1167
1168 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1169         fputs(");\n", out);
1170 }
1171
1172 /**
1173  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1174  *
1175  * @param statement   the statement
1176  */
1177 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1178 {
1179         fputs("__try ", out);
1180         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1181         print_indent();
1182         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1183                 fputs("__except(", out);
1184                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1185                 fputs(") ", out);
1186         } else {
1187                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1188         }
1189         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1190 }
1191
1192 /**
1193  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1194  *
1195  * @param statement   the statement
1196  */
1197 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1198 {
1199         (void) statement;
1200         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1201 }
1202
1203 /**
1204  * Print a statement.
1205  *
1206  * @param statement   the statement
1207  */
1208 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1209 {
1210         switch (statement->kind) {
1211         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1212                 fputs(";\n", out);
1213                 break;
1214         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1215                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1216                 break;
1217         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1218                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1219                 break;
1220         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1221                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1222                 break;
1223         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1224                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1225                 break;
1226         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1227                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1228                 break;
1229         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1230                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1231                 break;
1232         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1233                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1234                 break;
1235         case STATEMENT_IF:
1236                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1237                 break;
1238         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1239                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1240                 break;
1241         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1242                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1243                 break;
1244         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1245                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1246                 break;
1247         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1248                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1249                 break;
1250         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1251                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1252                 break;
1253         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1254                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1255                 break;
1256         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1257                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1258                 break;
1259         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1260                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1261                 break;
1262         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1263                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1264                 break;
1265         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1266                 fputs("$invalid statement$", out);
1267                 break;
1268         }
1269 }
1270
1271 /**
1272  * Print a storage class.
1273  *
1274  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1275  */
1276 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1277 {
1278         switch(storage_class) {
1279         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1280         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1281                 break;
1282         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1283         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1284         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1285         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1286         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1287         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1288         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1289         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1290         }
1291 }
1292
1293 /**
1294  * Print an initializer.
1295  *
1296  * @param initializer  the initializer
1297  */
1298 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1299 {
1300         if(initializer == NULL) {
1301                 fputs("{}", out);
1302                 return;
1303         }
1304
1305         switch(initializer->kind) {
1306         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1307                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1308                 print_expression(value->value);
1309                 return;
1310         }
1311         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1312                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1313                 fputs("{ ", out);
1314                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1315
1316                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1317                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1318                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1319                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1320                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1321                                         fputs(", ", out);
1322                         }
1323                 }
1324                 fputs(" }", out);
1325                 return;
1326         }
1327         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1328                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1329                 return;
1330         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1331                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1332                 return;
1333         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1334                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1335                 fputs(" = ", out);
1336                 return;
1337         }
1338
1339         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1340 }
1341
1342 /**
1343  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1344  */
1345 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1346         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1347                 return;
1348
1349         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1350
1351         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1352         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1353             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1354             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1355             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1356                 char *next = "(";
1357
1358                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1359                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1360                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1361                 }
1362                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1363                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1364                 }
1365                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1366                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1367                 }
1368                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1369                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1370                 }
1371                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1372                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1373                 }
1374                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1375                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1376                 }
1377                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1378                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1379                 }
1380                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1381                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1382                 }
1383                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1384                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1385                 }
1386                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1387                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1388                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1389                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1390                 }
1391                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1392                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1393                 }
1394                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1395                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1396                 }
1397                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1398                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1399                 }
1400                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1401                         char *comma = "";
1402                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1403                         if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1404                                 fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1405                                 comma = ", ";
1406                         }
1407                         if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1408                                 fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1409                         fputc(')', out);
1410                 }
1411                 fputs(") ", out);
1412         }
1413 }
1414
1415 /**
1416  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1417  *
1418  * @param declaration  the declaration
1419  */
1420 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1421 {
1422         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1423         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1424                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1425                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1426                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1427                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1428                 } else {
1429                         fputs("inline ", out);
1430                 }
1431         }
1432         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1433         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1434                        &declaration->scope);
1435
1436         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1437                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1438                         fputs("\n", out);
1439                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1440                         return;
1441                 }
1442         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1443                 fputs(" = ", out);
1444                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1445         }
1446         fputc(';', out);
1447 }
1448
1449 /**
1450  * Prints an expression.
1451  *
1452  * @param expression  the expression
1453  */
1454 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression) {
1455         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1456 }
1457
1458 /**
1459  * Print a declaration.
1460  *
1461  * @param declaration  the declaration
1462  */
1463 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1464 {
1465         if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1466             declaration->symbol == NULL)
1467                 return;
1468
1469         switch (declaration->namespc) {
1470         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1471                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1472                 break;
1473         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1474                 fputs("struct ", out);
1475                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1476                 fputc(' ', out);
1477                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1478                 fputc(';', out);
1479                 break;
1480         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1481                 fputs("union ", out);
1482                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1483                 fputc(' ', out);
1484                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1485                 fputc(';', out);
1486                 break;
1487         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1488                 fputs("enum ", out);
1489                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1490                 fputc(' ', out);
1491                 print_enum_definition(declaration);
1492                 fputc(';', out);
1493                 break;
1494         }
1495 }
1496
1497 /**
1498  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1499  *
1500  * @param unit   the translation unit
1501  */
1502 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1503 {
1504         inc_type_visited();
1505
1506         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1507         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1508                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1509                         continue;
1510                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1511                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1512                         continue;
1513                 if (declaration->implicit)
1514                         continue;
1515
1516                 print_indent();
1517                 print_declaration(declaration);
1518                 fputc('\n', out);
1519         }
1520 }
1521
1522 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1523 {
1524         switch(initializer->kind) {
1525         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1526         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1527         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1528                 return true;
1529
1530         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1531                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1532
1533         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1534                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1535                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1536                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1537                                 return false;
1538                 }
1539                 return true;
1540         }
1541         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1542 }
1543
1544 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1545 {
1546         switch(expression->kind) {
1547         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1548                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1549
1550         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1551                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1552                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1553                         /* it's a -> */
1554                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1555                 } else {
1556                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1557                 }
1558         }
1559
1560         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1561                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1562                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1563
1564         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1565                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1566                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1567                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1568                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1569                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1570                         return true;
1571                 default:
1572                         return false;
1573                 }
1574         }
1575
1576         default:
1577                 return false;
1578         }
1579 }
1580
1581 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1582 {
1583         switch(expression->kind) {
1584         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1585                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1586
1587         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1588                 type_t *real_type
1589                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1590                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1591                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1592                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1593                 }
1594
1595                 /* fallthrough */
1596         }
1597
1598         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1599                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1600                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) &&
1601                                 ! (dest->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC
1602                                         && (get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER)
1603                                         && (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) >= get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind()))))
1604                         return false;
1605
1606                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1607                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1608         }
1609
1610         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1611         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1612                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1613                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1614
1615                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1616                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1617                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1618                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1619                 }
1620
1621                 return false;
1622         }
1623
1624         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1625                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1626                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1627                 if(is_type_function(type))
1628                         return true;
1629                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1630                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1631                 }
1632                 return false;
1633         }
1634
1635         default:
1636                 return false;
1637         }
1638 }
1639
1640 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1641 {
1642         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1643         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1644                 return false;
1645         }
1646
1647         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1648
1649         switch (symbol->ID) {
1650         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1651         case T___builtin_nan:
1652         case T___builtin_nanf:
1653         case T___builtin_nand:
1654                 return true;
1655         }
1656
1657         return false;
1658 }
1659
1660 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1661 {
1662         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1663                 return true;
1664
1665         switch (expression->kind) {
1666         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1667                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1668         default:
1669                 return false;
1670         }
1671 }
1672
1673 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1674 {
1675         switch(expression->kind) {
1676         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1677                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1678                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1679                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1680                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1681                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1682                 } else {
1683                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1684                 }
1685         }
1686         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1687                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1688                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1689         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1690                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1691         default:
1692                 return false;
1693         }
1694 }
1695
1696 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1697 {
1698         switch (expression->kind) {
1699
1700         case EXPR_CONST:
1701         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1702         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1703         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1704         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1705         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1706         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1707         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1708         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1709         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1710         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1711                 return true;
1712
1713         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1714                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1715                 if (type == NULL)
1716                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1717
1718                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1719                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1720                         return false;
1721                 return true;
1722         }
1723
1724         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1725         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1726         case EXPR_SELECT:
1727         case EXPR_VA_START:
1728         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1729         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1730         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1731         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1732         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1733         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1734         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1735         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1736         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1737         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1738         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1739         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1740         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1741         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1742         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1743         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1744         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1745         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1746         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1747         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1748         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1749                 return false;
1750
1751         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1752                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1753
1754         case EXPR_CALL:
1755                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1756
1757         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1758         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1759         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1760         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1761                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1762
1763         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1764         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1765                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1766                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1767
1768         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1769         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1770         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1771         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1772         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1773         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1774         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1775         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1776         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1777         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1778         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1779         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1780         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1781         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1782         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1783         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1784         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1785         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1786         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1787         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1788         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1789         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1790         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1791         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1792         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1793                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1794                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1795
1796         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1797                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1798
1799         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1800                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1801                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1802                         return false;
1803
1804                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1805                 if(val != 0)
1806                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1807                 else
1808                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1809         }
1810
1811         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1812                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1813                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1814                         return true;
1815
1816                 return false;
1817         }
1818
1819         case EXPR_INVALID:
1820                 return true;
1821
1822         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1823                 break;
1824         }
1825         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1826 }
1827
1828 /**
1829  * Initialize the AST construction.
1830  */
1831 void init_ast(void)
1832 {
1833         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1834 }
1835
1836 /**
1837  * Free the AST.
1838  */
1839 void exit_ast(void)
1840 {
1841         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1842 }
1843
1844 /**
1845  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1846  *
1847  * @param stream  the output stream
1848  */
1849 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1850 {
1851         out = stream;
1852         type_set_output(stream);
1853 }
1854
1855 /**
1856  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1857  *
1858  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1859  *
1860  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1861  */
1862 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1863 {
1864         return _allocate_ast(size);
1865 }