nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28 #include "printer.h"
  29 #include "types.h"
  30
  31 #include <assert.h>
  32 #include <stdio.h>
  33 #include <stdlib.h>
  34 #include <ctype.h>
  35
  36 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
  37 #include <mathimf.h>
  38 #elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
  39 #include "win32/cygwin_math_ext.h"
  40 #else
  41 #include <math.h>
  42 #endif
  43
  44 #include "adt/error.h"
  45 #include "adt/util.h"
  46
  47 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  48
  49 static int indent;
  50
  51 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  52 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  53
  54 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  55 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  56
  57 void change_indent(int delta)
  58 {
  59         indent += delta;
  60         assert(indent >= 0);
  61 }
  62
  63 void print_indent(void)
  64 {
  65         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  66                 print_string("\t");
  67 }
  68
  69 static void print_stringrep(const string_t *string)
  70 {
  71         for (size_t i = 0; i < string->size; ++i) {
  72                 print_char(string->begin[i]);
  73         }
  74 }
  75
  76 /**
  77  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  78  * associativity, else 0.
  79  *
  80  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  81  */
  82 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  83 {
  84         switch (precedence) {
  85         case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  86         case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  87         case PREC_UNARY:
  88                 return 1;
  89
  90         default:
  91                 return 0;
  92         }
  93 }
  94
  95 /**
  96  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  97  *
  98  * @param kind   the expression kind
  99  */
 100 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 101 {
 102         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 103                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 105                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 106                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 107                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 108                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 109                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL] = PREC_PRIMARY,
 110                 [EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 111                 [EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 112                 [EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 113                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]               = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]                  = PREC_UNARY,
 116                 [EXPR_CALL]                              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 117                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                       = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 118                 [EXPR_SELECT]                            = PREC_POSTFIX,
 119                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 120                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                            = PREC_UNARY,
 121                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]                     = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                           = PREC_UNARY,
 123
 124                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 125                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
 126                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 127                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 128                 [EXPR_VA_START]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 129                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 130                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                           = PREC_PRIMARY,
 131                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 132                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 133
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                        = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                         = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
 141                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
 142                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
 143                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
 144                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                        = PREC_UNARY,
 145                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]                      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 146                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
 147                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]                = PREC_UNARY,
 148                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]                       = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 149
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]                      = PREC_EQUALITY,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]                   = PREC_EQUALITY,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]                       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]                  = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]                    = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]                = PREC_AND,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]                 = PREC_OR,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]                = PREC_XOR,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]                = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]                 = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]                  = PREC_SHIFT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]                 = PREC_SHIFT,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]                     = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]           = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 179                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]                      = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 180
 181                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 182                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 183                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 184                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
 185                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 186                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]                = PREC_PRIMARY
 187         };
 188         assert((size_t)kind < lengthof(prec));
 189         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 190
 191         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 192         return res;
 193 }
 194
 195 /**
 196  * Print a quoted string constant.
 197  *
 198  * @param string  the string constant
 199  * @param border  the border char
 200  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 201  */
 202 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border,
 203                                 int skip)
 204 {
 205         print_char(border);
 206         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 207         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 208                 const char tc = *c;
 209                 if (tc == border) {
 210                         print_string("\\");
 211                 }
 212                 switch (tc) {
 213                 case '\\': print_string("\\\\"); break;
 214                 case '\a': print_string("\\a"); break;
 215                 case '\b': print_string("\\b"); break;
 216                 case '\f': print_string("\\f"); break;
 217                 case '\n': print_string("\\n"); break;
 218                 case '\r': print_string("\\r"); break;
 219                 case '\t': print_string("\\t"); break;
 220                 case '\v': print_string("\\v"); break;
 221                 case '\?': print_string("\\?"); break;
 222                 case 27:
 223                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 224                                 print_string("\\e"); break;
 225                         }
 226                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 227                 default:
 228                         if ((unsigned)tc < 0x80 && !isprint(tc)) {
 229                                 print_format("\\%03o", (unsigned)tc);
 230                         } else {
 231                                 print_char(tc);
 232                         }
 233                         break;
 234                 }
 235         }
 236         print_char(border);
 237 }
 238
 239 static void print_string_literal(const string_literal_expression_t *literal)
 240 {
 241         if (literal->base.kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
 242                 print_char('L');
 243         }
 244         print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '"', 1);
 245 }
 246
 247 static void print_literal(const literal_expression_t *literal)
 248 {
 249         switch (literal->base.kind) {
 250         case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
 251                 print_string("__noop");
 252                 return;
 253         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
 254         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL:
 255                 print_string("0x");
 256                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 257         case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
 258         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
 259         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
 260         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
 261                 print_stringrep(&literal->value);
 262                 if (literal->suffix.size > 0)
 263                         print_stringrep(&literal->suffix);
 264                 return;
 265         case EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER:
 266                 print_char('L');
 267                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 268         case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
 269                 print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '\'', 0);
 270                 return;
 271         default:
 272                 break;
 273         }
 274         print_string("INVALID LITERAL KIND");
 275 }
 276
 277 /**
 278  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 279  */
 280 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 281 {
 282         const char *s = "";
 283         switch (funcname->kind) {
 284         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 285         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 286         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 287         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 288         }
 289         print_string(s);
 290 }
 291
 292 static void print_compound_literal(
 293                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 294 {
 295         print_string("(");
 296         print_type(expression->type);
 297         print_string(")");
 298         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 299 }
 300
 301 static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
 302 {
 303         print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 304 }
 305
 306 /**
 307  * Prints a call expression.
 308  *
 309  * @param call  the call expression
 310  */
 311 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 312 {
 313         print_expression_prec(call->function, PREC_POSTFIX);
 314         print_string("(");
 315         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 316         int              first    = 1;
 317         while (argument != NULL) {
 318                 if (!first) {
 319                         print_string(", ");
 320                 } else {
 321                         first = 0;
 322                 }
 323                 print_assignment_expression(argument->expression);
 324
 325                 argument = argument->next;
 326         }
 327         print_string(")");
 328 }
 329
 330 /**
 331  * Prints a binary expression.
 332  *
 333  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 334  */
 335 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 336 {
 337         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 338         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 339
 340         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 341         char const* op;
 342         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 343         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 344         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 345         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 346         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 347         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 348         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 349         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 350         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 351         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 352         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 353         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 354         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 355         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 356         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 357         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 358         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 359         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 360         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 361         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 362         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 363
 364         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 365         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 366         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 367         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 368         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 369         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 370         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 371         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 372         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 373         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 374         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 375         }
 376         print_string(op);
 377         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 378 }
 379
 380 /**
 381  * Prints an unary expression.
 382  *
 383  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 384  */
 385 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 386 {
 387         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 388         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 389         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           print_string("-"); break;
 390         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             print_string("+"); break;
 391         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              print_string("!"); break;
 392         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   print_string("~"); break;
 393         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: print_string("++"); break;
 394         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: print_string("--"); break;
 395         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      print_string("*"); break;
 396         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     print_string("&"); break;
 397         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           print_string("delete "); break;
 398         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     print_string("delete [] "); break;
 399
 400         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 401                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 402                 print_string("++");
 403                 return;
 404         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 405                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 406                 print_string("--");
 407                 return;
 408         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 409                 print_string("(");
 410                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 411                 print_string(")");
 412                 break;
 413         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 414                 print_string("__assume(");
 415                 print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
 416                 print_string(")");
 417                 return;
 418
 419         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 420                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 421                         print_string("throw");
 422                         return;
 423                 }
 424                 print_string("throw ");
 425                 break;
 426
 427         default:
 428                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 429         }
 430         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 431 }
 432
 433 /**
 434  * Prints a reference expression.
 435  *
 436  * @param ref   the reference expression
 437  */
 438 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 439 {
 440         print_string(ref->entity->base.symbol->string);
 441 }
 442
 443 /**
 444  * Prints a label address expression.
 445  *
 446  * @param ref   the reference expression
 447  */
 448 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 449 {
 450         print_format("&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 451 }
 452
 453 /**
 454  * Prints an array expression.
 455  *
 456  * @param expression   the array expression
 457  */
 458 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 459 {
 460         if (!expression->flipped) {
 461                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_POSTFIX);
 462                 print_string("[");
 463                 print_expression(expression->index);
 464                 print_string("]");
 465         } else {
 466                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_POSTFIX);
 467                 print_string("[");
 468                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 469                 print_string("]");
 470         }
 471 }
 472
 473 /**
 474  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 475  *
 476  * @param expression   the type property expression
 477  */
 478 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 479 {
 480         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 481                 print_string("sizeof");
 482         } else {
 483                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 484                 print_string("__alignof__");
 485         }
 486         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 487                 /* PREC_TOP: always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 488                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_TOP);
 489         } else {
 490                 print_string("(");
 491                 print_type(expression->type);
 492                 print_string(")");
 493         }
 494 }
 495
 496 /**
 497  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 498  *
 499  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 500  */
 501 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 502 {
 503         print_string("__builtin_constant_p(");
 504         print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
 505         print_string(")");
 506 }
 507
 508 /**
 509  * Prints a builtin types compatible expression.
 510  *
 511  * @param expression   the builtin types compatible expression
 512  */
 513 static void print_builtin_types_compatible(
 514                 const builtin_types_compatible_expression_t *expression)
 515 {
 516         print_string("__builtin_types_compatible_p(");
 517         print_type(expression->left);
 518         print_string(", ");
 519         print_type(expression->right);
 520         print_string(")");
 521 }
 522
 523 /**
 524  * Prints a conditional expression.
 525  *
 526  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 527  */
 528 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 529 {
 530         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 531         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 532                 print_string(" ? ");
 533                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 534                 print_string(" : ");
 535         } else {
 536                 print_string(" ?: ");
 537         }
 538         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 539         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 540 }
 541
 542 /**
 543  * Prints a va_start expression.
 544  *
 545  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 546  */
 547 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 548 {
 549         print_string("__builtin_va_start(");
 550         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 551         print_string(", ");
 552         print_string(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string);
 553         print_string(")");
 554 }
 555
 556 /**
 557  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 558  *
 559  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 560  */
 561 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 562 {
 563         print_string("__builtin_va_arg(");
 564         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 565         print_string(", ");
 566         print_type(expression->base.type);
 567         print_string(")");
 568 }
 569
 570 /**
 571  * Prints a va_copy expression.
 572  *
 573  * @param expression   the va_copy expression
 574  */
 575 static void print_va_copy(const va_copy_expression_t *expression)
 576 {
 577         print_string("__builtin_va_copy(");
 578         print_assignment_expression(expression->dst);
 579         print_string(", ");
 580         print_assignment_expression(expression->src);
 581         print_string(")");
 582 }
 583
 584 /**
 585  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 586  *
 587  * @param expression   the select expression
 588  */
 589 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 590 {
 591         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, PREC_POSTFIX);
 592         /* do not print anything for anonymous struct/union selects
 593          * FIXME: if the anonymous select was a '->' this will print '.'
 594          */
 595         if (expression->compound_entry->base.symbol == NULL)
 596                 return;
 597
 598         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 599                 print_string("->");
 600         } else {
 601                 print_string(".");
 602         }
 603         print_string(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
 604 }
 605
 606 /**
 607  * Prints a type classify expression.
 608  *
 609  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 610  */
 611 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 612         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 613 {
 614         print_string("__builtin_classify_type(");
 615         print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
 616         print_string(")");
 617 }
 618
 619 /**
 620  * Prints a designator.
 621  *
 622  * @param designator  the designator
 623  */
 624 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 625 {
 626         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 627                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 628                         print_string("[");
 629                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 630                         print_string("]");
 631                 } else {
 632                         print_string(".");
 633                         print_string(designator->symbol->string);
 634                 }
 635         }
 636 }
 637
 638 /**
 639  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 640  *
 641  * @param expression   the offset expression
 642  */
 643 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 644 {
 645         print_string("__builtin_offsetof(");
 646         print_type(expression->type);
 647         print_string(",");
 648         print_designator(expression->designator);
 649         print_string(")");
 650 }
 651
 652 /**
 653  * Prints a statement expression.
 654  *
 655  * @param expression   the statement expression
 656  */
 657 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 658 {
 659         print_string("(");
 660         print_statement(expression->statement);
 661         print_string(")");
 662 }
 663
 664 /**
 665  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 666  *
 667  * @param expression  the expression to print
 668  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 669  */
 670 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 671 {
 672         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST
 673             && expression->base.implicit && !print_implicit_casts) {
 674                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 675         }
 676
 677         bool parenthesized =
 678                 expression->base.parenthesized                 ||
 679                 (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM) ||
 680                 top_prec > get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 681
 682         if (parenthesized)
 683                 print_string("(");
 684         switch (expression->kind) {
 685         case EXPR_ERROR:
 686                 print_string("$error$");
 687                 break;
 688         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 689         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 690                 print_string_literal(&expression->string_literal);
 691                 break;
 692         EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
 693                 print_literal(&expression->literal);
 694                 break;
 695         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 696                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 697                 break;
 698         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 699                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 700                 break;
 701         case EXPR_CALL:
 702                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 703                 break;
 704         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 705                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 706                 break;
 707         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 708         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
 709                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 710                 break;
 711         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 712                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 713                 break;
 714         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 715                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 716                 break;
 717         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 718                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 719                 break;
 720         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 721         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 722                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 723                 break;
 724         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 725                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 726                 break;
 727         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
 728                 print_builtin_types_compatible(&expression->builtin_types_compatible);
 729                 break;
 730         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 731                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 732                 break;
 733         case EXPR_VA_START:
 734                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 735                 break;
 736         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 737                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 738                 break;
 739         case EXPR_VA_COPY:
 740                 print_va_copy(&expression->va_copye);
 741                 break;
 742         case EXPR_SELECT:
 743                 print_select(&expression->select);
 744                 break;
 745         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 746                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 747                 break;
 748         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 749                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 750                 break;
 751         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 752                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 753                 break;
 754         }
 755         if (parenthesized)
 756                 print_string(")");
 757 }
 758
 759 /**
 760  * Print an compound statement.
 761  *
 762  * @param block  the compound statement
 763  */
 764 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 765 {
 766         print_string("{\n");
 767         ++indent;
 768
 769         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 770         while (statement != NULL) {
 771                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 772                         --indent;
 773                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 774                         print_indent();
 775                 print_statement(statement);
 776
 777                 statement = statement->base.next;
 778         }
 779         --indent;
 780         print_indent();
 781         print_string(block->stmt_expr ? "}" : "}\n");
 782 }
 783
 784 /**
 785  * Print a return statement.
 786  *
 787  * @param statement  the return statement
 788  */
 789 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 790 {
 791         expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
 792         if (val != NULL) {
 793                 print_string("return ");
 794                 print_expression(val);
 795                 print_string(";\n");
 796         } else {
 797                 print_string("return;\n");
 798         }
 799 }
 800
 801 /**
 802  * Print an expression statement.
 803  *
 804  * @param statement  the expression statement
 805  */
 806 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 807 {
 808         print_expression(statement->expression);
 809         print_string(";\n");
 810 }
 811
 812 /**
 813  * Print a goto statement.
 814  *
 815  * @param statement  the goto statement
 816  */
 817 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 818 {
 819         print_string("goto ");
 820         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 821                 print_string("*");
 822                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 823         } else {
 824                 print_string(statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 825         }
 826         print_string(";\n");
 827 }
 828
 829 /**
 830  * Print a label statement.
 831  *
 832  * @param statement  the label statement
 833  */
 834 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 835 {
 836         print_format("%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 837         print_indent();
 838         print_statement(statement->statement);
 839 }
 840
 841 /**
 842  * Print an if statement.
 843  *
 844  * @param statement  the if statement
 845  */
 846 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 847 {
 848         print_string("if (");
 849         print_expression(statement->condition);
 850         print_string(") ");
 851         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 852
 853         if (statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 854                 print_indent();
 855                 print_string("else ");
 856                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 857         }
 858 }
 859
 860 /**
 861  * Print a switch statement.
 862  *
 863  * @param statement  the switch statement
 864  */
 865 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 866 {
 867         print_string("switch (");
 868         print_expression(statement->expression);
 869         print_string(") ");
 870         print_statement(statement->body);
 871 }
 872
 873 /**
 874  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 875  *
 876  * @param statement  the case label statement
 877  */
 878 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 879 {
 880         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 881                 print_string("default:\n");
 882         } else {
 883                 print_string("case ");
 884                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 885                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 886                         print_string(" ... ");
 887                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 888                 }
 889                 print_string(":\n");
 890         }
 891         ++indent;
 892         if (statement->statement != NULL) {
 893                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 894                         --indent;
 895                 }
 896                 print_indent();
 897                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 898         }
 899 }
 900
 901 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
 902 {
 903         print_string("typedef ");
 904         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
 905         print_string(";");
 906 }
 907
 908 /**
 909  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
 910  * correspondenc in the source file
 911  */
 912 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
 913 {
 914         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
 915                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
 916
 917         if (is_declaration(entity))
 918                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
 919
 920         return false;
 921 }
 922
 923 /**
 924  * Print a declaration statement.
 925  *
 926  * @param statement   the statement
 927  */
 928 static void print_declaration_statement(
 929                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 930 {
 931         bool first = true;
 932         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
 933         if (entity == NULL) {
 934                 print_string("/* empty declaration statement */\n");
 935                 return;
 936         }
 937
 938         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
 939         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
 940                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
 941                         continue;
 942                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 943                         continue;
 944
 945                 if (!first) {
 946                         print_indent();
 947                 } else {
 948                         first = false;
 949                 }
 950
 951                 print_entity(entity);
 952                 print_string("\n");
 953         }
 954 }
 955
 956 /**
 957  * Print a while statement.
 958  *
 959  * @param statement   the statement
 960  */
 961 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
 962 {
 963         print_string("while (");
 964         print_expression(statement->condition);
 965         print_string(") ");
 966         print_statement(statement->body);
 967 }
 968
 969 /**
 970  * Print a do-while statement.
 971  *
 972  * @param statement   the statement
 973  */
 974 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 975 {
 976         print_string("do ");
 977         print_statement(statement->body);
 978         print_indent();
 979         print_string("while (");
 980         print_expression(statement->condition);
 981         print_string(");\n");
 982 }
 983
 984 /**
 985  * Print a for statement.
 986  *
 987  * @param statement   the statement
 988  */
 989 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
 990 {
 991         print_string("for (");
 992         if (statement->initialisation != NULL) {
 993                 print_expression(statement->initialisation);
 994                 print_string(";");
 995         } else {
 996                 entity_t const *entity = statement->scope.entities;
 997                 for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
 998                         if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 999                                 continue;
1000                         /* FIXME display of multiple declarations is wrong */
1001                         print_declaration(entity);
1002                 }
1003         }
1004         if (statement->condition != NULL) {
1005                 print_string(" ");
1006                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1007         }
1008         print_string(";");
1009         if (statement->step != NULL) {
1010                 print_string(" ");
1011                 print_expression(statement->step);
1012         }
1013         print_string(") ");
1014         print_statement(statement->body);
1015 }
1016
1017 /**
1018  * Print assembler arguments.
1019  *
1020  * @param arguments   the arguments
1021  */
1022 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1023 {
1024         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1025         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1026                 if (argument != arguments)
1027                         print_string(", ");
1028
1029                 if (argument->symbol) {
1030                         print_format("[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1031                 }
1032                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1033                 print_string(" (");
1034                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1035                 print_string(")");
1036         }
1037 }
1038
1039 /**
1040  * Print assembler clobbers.
1041  *
1042  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1043  */
1044 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1045 {
1046         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1047         for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1048                 if (clobber != clobbers)
1049                         print_string(", ");
1050
1051                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1052         }
1053 }
1054
1055 /**
1056  * Print an assembler statement.
1057  *
1058  * @param statement   the statement
1059  */
1060 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1061 {
1062         print_string("asm ");
1063         if (statement->is_volatile) {
1064                 print_string("volatile ");
1065         }
1066         print_string("(");
1067         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1068         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1069             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1070             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1071                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1072
1073         print_string(" : ");
1074         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1075         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1076                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1077
1078         print_string(" : ");
1079         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1080         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1081                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1082
1083         print_string(" : ");
1084         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1085
1086 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1087         print_string(");\n");
1088 }
1089
1090 /**
1091  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1092  *
1093  * @param statement   the statement
1094  */
1095 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1096 {
1097         print_string("__try ");
1098         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1099         print_indent();
1100         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1101                 print_string("__except(");
1102                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1103                 print_string(") ");
1104         } else {
1105                 print_string("__finally ");
1106         }
1107         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1108 }
1109
1110 /**
1111  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1112  *
1113  * @param statement   the statement
1114  */
1115 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1116 {
1117         (void)statement;
1118         print_string("__leave;\n");
1119 }
1120
1121 /**
1122  * Print a statement.
1123  *
1124  * @param statement   the statement
1125  */
1126 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1127 {
1128         switch (statement->kind) {
1129         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1130                 print_string(";\n");
1131                 break;
1132         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1133                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1134                 break;
1135         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1136                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1137                 break;
1138         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1139                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1140                 break;
1141         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1142                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1143                 break;
1144         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1145                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1146                 break;
1147         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1148                 print_string("continue;\n");
1149                 break;
1150         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1151                 print_string("break;\n");
1152                 break;
1153         case STATEMENT_IF:
1154                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1155                 break;
1156         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1157                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1158                 break;
1159         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1160                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1161                 break;
1162         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1163                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1164                 break;
1165         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1166                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1167                 break;
1168         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1169                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1170                 break;
1171         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1172                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1173                 break;
1174         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1175                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1176                 break;
1177         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1178                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1179                 break;
1180         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1181                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1182                 break;
1183         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1184                 print_string("$invalid statement$\n");
1185                 break;
1186         }
1187 }
1188
1189 /**
1190  * Print a storage class.
1191  *
1192  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1193  */
1194 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1195 {
1196         switch (storage_class) {
1197         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1198         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  print_string("typedef ");  return;
1199         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   print_string("extern ");   return;
1200         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   print_string("static ");   return;
1201         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     print_string("auto ");     return;
1202         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: print_string("register "); return;
1203         }
1204         panic("invalid storage class");
1205 }
1206
1207 /**
1208  * Print an initializer.
1209  *
1210  * @param initializer  the initializer
1211  */
1212 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1213 {
1214         if (initializer == NULL) {
1215                 print_string("{}");
1216                 return;
1217         }
1218
1219         switch (initializer->kind) {
1220         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1221                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1222                 print_assignment_expression(value->value);
1223                 return;
1224         }
1225         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1226                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1227                 print_string("{ ");
1228                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1229
1230                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1231                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1232                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1233                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1234                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1235                                         print_string(", ");
1236                         }
1237                 }
1238                 print_string(" }");
1239                 return;
1240         }
1241         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1242                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1243                 return;
1244         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1245                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1246                 return;
1247         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1248                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1249                 print_string(" = ");
1250                 return;
1251         }
1252
1253         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1254 }
1255
1256 #if 0
1257 /**
1258  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1259  */
1260 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1261 {
1262         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1263                 return;
1264
1265         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1266
1267         bool        ds_shown = false;
1268         const char *next     = "(";
1269
1270         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1271                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1272                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1273                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1274                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1275                         if (!ds_shown) {
1276                                 print_string("__declspec");
1277                                 ds_shown = true;
1278                         }
1279
1280                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1281                                 print_string(next); next = ", "; print_format("align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1282                         }
1283                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1284                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1285                                 char *comma = "";
1286                                 print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("property(");
1287                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1288                                         print_format("get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1289                                         comma = ", ";
1290                                 }
1291                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1292                                         print_format("%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1293                                 print_string(")");
1294                         }
1295                 }
1296         }
1297
1298         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1299         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1300                 if (!ds_shown) {
1301                         print_string("__declspec");
1302                         ds_shown = true;
1303                 }
1304                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1305                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllimport");
1306                 }
1307                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1308                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllexport");
1309                 }
1310                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1311                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
1312                 }
1313                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1314                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("naked");
1315                 }
1316                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1317                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
1318                 }
1319                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1320                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("selectany");
1321                 }
1322                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1323                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("nothrow");
1324                 }
1325                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1326                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noreturn");
1327                 }
1328                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1329                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noinline");
1330                 }
1331                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1332                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("deprecated");
1333                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1334                                 print_format("(\"%s\")",
1335                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1336                 }
1337                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1338                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("restrict");
1339                 }
1340                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1341                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noalias");
1342                 }
1343         }
1344
1345         if (ds_shown)
1346                 print_string(") ");
1347 }
1348 #endif
1349
1350 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1351 {
1352         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1353         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1354                 print_indent();
1355                 print_entity(entity);
1356                 print_string("\n");
1357         }
1358 }
1359
1360 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1361 {
1362         print_string("namespace ");
1363         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1364                 print_string(namespace->base.symbol->string);
1365                 print_string(" ");
1366         }
1367
1368         print_string("{\n");
1369         ++indent;
1370
1371         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1372
1373         --indent;
1374         print_indent();
1375         print_string("}\n");
1376 }
1377
1378 /**
1379  * Print a variable or function declaration
1380  */
1381 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1382 {
1383         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1384         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1385
1386         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1387         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1388                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1389                 if (function->is_inline) {
1390                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1391                                 print_string("__forceinline ");
1392                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1393                                 print_string("__inline ");
1394                         } else {
1395                                 print_string("inline ");
1396                         }
1397                 }
1398         }
1399         //print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1400         switch (entity->kind) {
1401                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1402                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1403                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1404
1405                         if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1406                                 print_string("\n");
1407                                 print_indent();
1408                                 print_statement(entity->function.statement);
1409                                 return;
1410                         }
1411                         break;
1412
1413                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1414                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1415                                 print_string("__thread ");
1416                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1417                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1418                                 print_string(" = ");
1419                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1420                         }
1421                         break;
1422
1423                 case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1424                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1425                         if (entity->compound_member.bitfield) {
1426                                 print_format(" : %u", entity->compound_member.bit_size);
1427                         }
1428                         break;
1429
1430                 default:
1431                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1432                         break;
1433         }
1434         print_string(";");
1435 }
1436
1437 /**
1438  * Prints an expression.
1439  *
1440  * @param expression  the expression
1441  */
1442 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1443 {
1444         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1445 }
1446
1447 /**
1448  * Print a declaration.
1449  *
1450  * @param declaration  the declaration
1451  */
1452 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1453 {
1454         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1455                 return;
1456
1457         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1458         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1459         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1460         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1461         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1462                 print_declaration(entity);
1463                 return;
1464         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1465                 print_typedef(entity);
1466                 return;
1467         case ENTITY_CLASS:
1468                 /* TODO */
1469                 print_string("class ");
1470                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1471                 print_string("; /* TODO */\n");
1472                 return;
1473         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1474                 print_string("struct ");
1475                 goto print_compound;
1476         case ENTITY_UNION:
1477                 print_string("union ");
1478 print_compound:
1479                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1480                 if (entity->compound.complete) {
1481                         print_string(" ");
1482                         print_compound_definition(&entity->compound);
1483                 }
1484                 print_string(";");
1485                 return;
1486         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1487                 print_string("enum ");
1488                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1489                 print_string(" ");
1490                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1491                 print_string(";");
1492                 return;
1493         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1494                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1495                 return;
1496         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1497                 print_string("__label__ ");
1498                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1499                 print_string(";");
1500                 return;
1501         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1502         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1503                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1504         case ENTITY_INVALID:
1505                 break;
1506         }
1507         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1508 }
1509
1510 /**
1511  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1512  *
1513  * @param unit   the translation unit
1514  */
1515 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1516 {
1517         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1518         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1519                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1520                         continue;
1521                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1522                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1523                         continue;
1524                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1525                         continue;
1526
1527                 print_indent();
1528                 print_entity(entity);
1529                 print_string("\n");
1530         }
1531 }
1532
1533 expression_classification_t is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1534 {
1535         switch (initializer->kind) {
1536         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1537         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1538         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1539                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1540
1541         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1542                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1543
1544         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1545                 expression_classification_t all = EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1546                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1547                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1548                         expression_classification_t const cur = is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer);
1549                         if (all > cur) {
1550                                 all = cur;
1551                         }
1552                 }
1553                 return all;
1554         }
1555         }
1556         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1557 }
1558
1559 /**
1560  * Checks if an expression references an object with a constant/known location
1561  * to the linker. Example:
1562  *  - "x", "*&x" with x being a global variable. The value of x need not be
1563  *         constant but the address of x is.
1564  *  - "a.b.c" when a has a constant/known location to the linker
1565  */
1566 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_linker_constant_address(
1567         const expression_t *expression)
1568 {
1569         switch (expression->kind) {
1570         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1571                 return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1572
1573         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1574                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1575                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1576                         /* it's a -> */
1577                         return is_linker_constant(expression->select.compound);
1578                 } else {
1579                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1580                 }
1581         }
1582
1583         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1584                 expression_classification_t const ref = is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1585                 expression_classification_t const idx = is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1586                 return ref < idx ? ref : idx;
1587         }
1588
1589         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1590                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1591                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1592                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1593
1594                 switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1595                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1596                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1597                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1598                         return
1599                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1600                                 !entity->variable.thread_local ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
1601                                 EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1602
1603                 case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1604                 case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1605                 case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1606                         break;
1607                 }
1608                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1609         }
1610
1611         case EXPR_ERROR:
1612                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1613
1614         default:
1615                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1616         }
1617 }
1618
1619 expression_classification_t is_linker_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1620 {
1621         switch (expression->kind) {
1622         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1623         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1624         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1625         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1626                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1627
1628         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1629                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1630
1631         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1632                 type_t *real_type
1633                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1634                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1635                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1636                         return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1637                 }
1638                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1639         }
1640
1641         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1642                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1643                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1644                                 dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1645                                 !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1646                                 get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_type_size(type_void_ptr)
1647                     ))
1648                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1649
1650                 expression_classification_t const expr = is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1651                 expression_classification_t const addr = is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1652                 return expr > addr ? expr : addr;
1653         }
1654
1655         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1656         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1657                 expression_t *const left  = expression->binary.left;
1658                 expression_t *const right = expression->binary.right;
1659                 type_t       *const ltype = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
1660                 type_t       *const rtype = skip_typeref(right->base.type);
1661
1662                 if (is_type_pointer(ltype)) {
1663                         expression_classification_t const l = is_linker_constant(left);
1664                         expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(right);
1665                         return l < r ? l : r;
1666                 } else if (is_type_pointer(rtype)) {
1667                         expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(left);
1668                         expression_classification_t const r = is_linker_constant(right);
1669                         return l < r ? l : r;
1670                 } else if (!is_type_valid(ltype) || !is_type_valid(rtype)) {
1671                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1672                 } else {
1673                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1674                 }
1675         }
1676
1677         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1678                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1679                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1680                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1681
1682                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1683                 if (is_type_function(type))
1684                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1685                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1686                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1687                 }
1688                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1689                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1690                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1691                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1692         }
1693
1694         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1695                 type_t *const type =
1696                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1697                 if (!is_type_array(type))
1698                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1699                 expression_classification_t const ref = is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1700                 expression_classification_t const idx = is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1701                 return ref < idx ? ref : idx;
1702         }
1703
1704         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1705                 expression_t *const c = expression->conditional.condition;
1706                 expression_classification_t const cclass = is_constant_expression(c);
1707                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1708                         return cclass;
1709
1710                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(c)) {
1711                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1712                         return is_linker_constant(t != NULL ? t : c);
1713                 } else {
1714                         return is_linker_constant(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1715                 }
1716         }
1717
1718         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1719                 entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
1720                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1721                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1722                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1723                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1724                         /* arrays automatically convert to their address */
1725                         expression_t *compound  = expression->select.compound;
1726                         type_t       *base_type = skip_typeref(compound->base.type);
1727                         if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1728                                 /* it's a -> */
1729                                 return is_linker_constant(compound);
1730                         } else {
1731                                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(compound);
1732                         }
1733                 }
1734                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1735         }
1736
1737         case EXPR_ERROR:
1738                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1739
1740         default:
1741                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1742         }
1743 }
1744
1745 /**
1746  * Check if the given expression is a call to a builtin function
1747  * returning a constant result.
1748  */
1749 static expression_classification_t is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1750 {
1751         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1752         if (function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
1753                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1754         reference_expression_t *ref = &function->reference;
1755         if (ref->entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
1756                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1757
1758         switch (ref->entity->function.btk) {
1759         case bk_gnu_builtin_huge_val:
1760         case bk_gnu_builtin_huge_valf:
1761         case bk_gnu_builtin_huge_vall:
1762         case bk_gnu_builtin_inf:
1763         case bk_gnu_builtin_inff:
1764         case bk_gnu_builtin_infl:
1765         case bk_gnu_builtin_nan:
1766         case bk_gnu_builtin_nanf:
1767         case bk_gnu_builtin_nanl:
1768                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1769         default:
1770                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1771         }
1772
1773 }
1774
1775 static expression_classification_t is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1776 {
1777         expression_classification_t const expr_class = is_constant_expression(expression);
1778         if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE)
1779                 return expr_class;
1780
1781         switch (expression->kind) {
1782         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1783                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1784         default:
1785                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1786         }
1787 }
1788
1789 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1790 {
1791         switch (expression->kind) {
1792         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1793                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1794                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1795                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1796                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1797                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1798                 } else {
1799                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1800                 }
1801         }
1802
1803         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1804                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1805                         &expression->array_access;
1806                 expression_classification_t const idx_class = is_constant_expression(array_access->index);
1807                 if (idx_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1808                         return idx_class;
1809                 expression_classification_t const ref_addr = is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref);
1810                 expression_classification_t const ref_ptr  = is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref);
1811                 return ref_addr > ref_ptr ? ref_addr : ref_ptr;
1812         }
1813
1814         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1815                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1816
1817         case EXPR_ERROR:
1818                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1819
1820         default:
1821                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1822         }
1823 }
1824
1825 expression_classification_t is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1826 {
1827         switch (expression->kind) {
1828         EXPR_LITERAL_CASES
1829         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1830         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1831         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1832         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1833         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
1834         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1835                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1836
1837         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1838                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->typeprop.type);
1839                 return
1840                         !is_type_array(type) || !type->array.is_vla ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
1841                         EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1842         }
1843
1844         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1845         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1846         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1847         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1848         case EXPR_SELECT:
1849         case EXPR_VA_START:
1850         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1851         case EXPR_VA_COPY:
1852         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1853         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1854         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1855         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1856         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1857         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1858         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1859         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1860         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1861         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1862         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1863         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1864         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1865         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1866         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1867         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1868         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1869         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1870         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1871         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1872         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1873         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1874         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1875                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1876
1877         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1878                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1879                 return is_type_valid(type) ? EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1880         }
1881
1882         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1883                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1884
1885         case EXPR_CALL:
1886                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1887
1888         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1889         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1890         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1891         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1892                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1893
1894         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1895                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1896                 if (is_type_scalar(type))
1897                         return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1898                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1899                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1900                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1901         }
1902
1903         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1904         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1905         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1906         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1907         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1908         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1909         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1910         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1911         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1912         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1913         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1914         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1915         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1916         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1917         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1918         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1919         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1920         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1921         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1922         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1923         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1924         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED: {
1925                 expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left);
1926                 expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1927                 return l < r ? l : r;
1928         }
1929
1930         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND: {
1931                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1932                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1933                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1934                         return lclass;
1935                 if (!fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1936                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1937                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1938         }
1939
1940         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR: {
1941                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1942                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1943                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1944                         return lclass;
1945                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1946                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1947                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1948         }
1949
1950         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1951                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1952
1953         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1954                 expression_t               *const condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1955                 expression_classification_t const cclass    = is_constant_expression(condition);
1956                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1957                         return cclass;
1958
1959                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(condition)) {
1960                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1961                         return t == NULL ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : is_constant_expression(t);
1962                 } else {
1963                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1964                 }
1965         }
1966
1967         case EXPR_ERROR:
1968                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1969         }
1970         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1971 }
1972
1973 void init_ast(void)
1974 {
1975         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1976 }
1977
1978 void exit_ast(void)
1979 {
1980         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1981 }