nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  34 #include <mathimf.h>
  35 #else
  36 #include <math.h>
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40
  41 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  42
  43 static FILE *out;
  44 static int   indent;
  45
  46 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  47 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  48
  49 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  50 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  51
  52 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  53 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  54
  55 void change_indent(int delta)
  56 {
  57         indent += delta;
  58         assert(indent >= 0);
  59 }
  60
  61 void print_indent(void)
  62 {
  63         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  64                 fputc('\t', out);
  65 }
  66
  67 enum precedence_t {
  68         PREC_BOTTOM  =  0,
  69         PREC_EXPR    =  2,
  70         PREC_COMMA   =  4, /* ,                                    left to right */
  71         PREC_ASSIGN  =  6, /* = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=    right to left */
  72         PREC_COND    =  8, /* ?:                                   right to left */
  73         PREC_LOG_OR  = 10, /* ||                                   left to right */
  74         PREC_LOG_AND = 12, /* &&                                   left to right */
  75         PREC_BIT_OR  = 14, /* |                                    left to right */
  76         PREC_BIT_XOR = 16, /* ^                                    left to right */
  77         PREC_BIT_AND = 18, /* &                                    left to right */
  78         PREC_EQ      = 20, /* == !=                                left to right */
  79         PREC_CMP     = 22, /* < <= > >=                            left to right */
  80         PREC_SHF     = 24, /* << >>                                left to right */
  81         PREC_PLUS    = 26, /* + -                                  left to right */
  82         PREC_MUL     = 28, /* * / %                                left to right */
  83         PREC_UNARY   = 30, /* ! ~ ++ -- + - (type) * & sizeof      right to left */
  84         PREC_ACCESS  = 32, /* () [] -> .                           left to right */
  85         PREC_PRIM    = 34, /* primary */
  86         PREC_TOP     = 36
  87 };
  88
  89 /**
  90  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  91  * associativity, else -1.
  92  *
  93  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  94  */
  95 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence) {
  96         return (precedence == PREC_ASSIGN || precedence == PREC_COND ||
  97                 precedence == PREC_UNARY) ? 1 : -1;
  98 }
  99
 100 /**
 101  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
 102  *
 103  * @param kind   the expression kind
 104  */
 105 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 106 {
 107         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 108                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 109                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 110                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIM,
 111                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIM,
 112                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIM,
 113                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIM,
 114                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 115                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIM,
 116                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 117                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_ACCESS,
 118                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_COND,
 119                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_ACCESS,
 120                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_ACCESS,
 121                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 124
 125                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 126                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 127                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIM,
 128                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIM,
 129                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 130                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 131                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIM,
 132                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_ACCESS,
 133                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 134
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 141                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 142                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 143                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 144                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 145                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 146                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 147                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIM,
 148
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_PLUS,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_PLUS,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MUL,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MUL,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MUL,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQ,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQ,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_CMP,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_CMP,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_CMP,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_CMP,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_BIT_AND,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_BIT_OR,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_BIT_XOR,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOG_AND,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOG_OR,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHF,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHF,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGN,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGN,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_COMMA,
 179
 180                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIM,
 181                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIM,
 182                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIM,
 183                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 184                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIM,
 185                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIM,
 186                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIM
 187         };
 188         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 189         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 190
 191         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 192         return res;
 193 }
 194
 195 /**
 196  * Print a constant expression.
 197  *
 198  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 199  */
 200 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 201 {
 202         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 203                 return;
 204
 205         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 206
 207         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 208                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 209         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 210                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 211                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 212                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 213                         fputs(".0", out);
 214         } else {
 215                 panic("unknown constant");
 216         }
 217
 218         char const* suffix;
 219         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 224                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 225                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 226                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 227
 228                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 229         }
 230         if (suffix != NULL)
 231                 fputs(suffix, out);
 232 }
 233
 234 /**
 235  * Print a quoted string constant.
 236  *
 237  * @param string  the string constant
 238  * @param border  the border char
 239  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 240  */
 241 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 242 {
 243         fputc(border, out);
 244         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 245         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 246                 if (*c == border) {
 247                         fputc('\\', out);
 248                 }
 249                 switch(*c) {
 250                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 251                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 252                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 253                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 254                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 255                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 256                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 257                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 258                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 259                 case 27:
 260                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 261                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 262                         }
 263                         /*fallthrough*/
 264                 default:
 265                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 266                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", *c);
 267                                 break;
 268                         }
 269                         fputc(*c, out);
 270                         break;
 271                 }
 272         }
 273         fputc(border, out);
 274 }
 275
 276 /**
 277  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 278  *
 279  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 280  * @param border  the border char
 281  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 282  */
 283 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 284                                      char border, int skip)
 285 {
 286         fputc('L', out);
 287         fputc(border, out);
 288         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 289         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 290                 switch (*c) {
 291                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 292                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 293                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 297                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 298                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 299                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 300                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 301                         case 27:
 302                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 303                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 304                                 }
 305                                 /*fallthrough*/
 306                         default: {
 307                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 308                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 309                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 310                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 311                                         } else {
 312                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 313                                         }
 314                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 315                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 317                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 318                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 321                                 } else {
 322                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 323                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 324                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 325                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 326                                 }
 327                         }
 328                 }
 329         }
 330         fputc(border, out);
 331 }
 332
 333 /**
 334  * Print a constant character expression.
 335  *
 336  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 337  */
 338 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 339 {
 340         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 341 }
 342
 343 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 344 {
 345         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 346 }
 347
 348 /**
 349  * Prints a string literal expression.
 350  *
 351  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 352  */
 353 static void print_string_literal(
 354                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 355 {
 356         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 357 }
 358
 359 /**
 360  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 361  */
 362 static void print_funcname(
 363                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 364 {
 365         const char *s = "";
 366         switch(funcname->kind) {
 367         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 368         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 369         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 370         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 371         }
 372         fputc('"', out);
 373         fputs(s, out);
 374         fputc('"', out);
 375 }
 376
 377 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 378         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 379 {
 380         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 381 }
 382
 383 static void print_compound_literal(
 384                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 385 {
 386         fputc('(', out);
 387         print_type(expression->type);
 388         fputs(") ", out);
 389         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 390 }
 391
 392 /**
 393  * Prints a call expression.
 394  *
 395  * @param call  the call expression
 396  */
 397 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 398 {
 399         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 400         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 401         fputc('(', out);
 402         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 403         int              first    = 1;
 404         while(argument != NULL) {
 405                 if(!first) {
 406                         fputs(", ", out);
 407                 } else {
 408                         first = 0;
 409                 }
 410                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 411
 412                 argument = argument->next;
 413         }
 414         fputc(')', out);
 415 }
 416
 417 /**
 418  * Prints a binary expression.
 419  *
 420  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 421  */
 422 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 423 {
 424         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 425         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 426
 427         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 428                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 429                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 430                 fputs(", ", out);
 431                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 432                 fputc(')', out);
 433                 return;
 434         }
 435
 436         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 437         if (binexpr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_COMMA) {
 438                 fputc(' ', out);
 439         }
 440         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
 461
 462         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
 463         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
 464         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
 465         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
 466         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
 467         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
 468         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
 469         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
 470         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
 471         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
 472         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 473         }
 474         fputc(' ', out);
 475         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 476 }
 477
 478 /**
 479  * Prints an unary expression.
 480  *
 481  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 482  */
 483 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 484 {
 485         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 486         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 487         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-', out);  break;
 488         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+', out);  break;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!', out);  break;
 490         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~', out);  break;
 491         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 492         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*', out);  break;
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&', out);  break;
 495
 496         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 497                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 498                 fputs("++", out);
 499                 return;
 500         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 501                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 502                 fputs("--", out);
 503                 return;
 504         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 506                 fputc('(', out);
 507                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 508                 fputc(')', out);
 509                 break;
 510         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 511                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 512                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 513                 fputc(')', out);
 514                 return;
 515         default:
 516                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 517         }
 518         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 519 }
 520
 521 /**
 522  * Prints a reference expression.
 523  *
 524  * @param ref   the reference expression
 525  */
 526 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 527 {
 528         fputs(ref->declaration->symbol->string, out);
 529 }
 530
 531 /**
 532  * Prints a label address expression.
 533  *
 534  * @param ref   the reference expression
 535  */
 536 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 537 {
 538         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->declaration->symbol->string);
 539 }
 540
 541 /**
 542  * Prints an array expression.
 543  *
 544  * @param expression   the array expression
 545  */
 546 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 547 {
 548         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 549         if(!expression->flipped) {
 550                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 551                 fputc('[', out);
 552                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 553                 fputc(']', out);
 554         } else {
 555                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 556                 fputc('[', out);
 557                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_BOTTOM);
 558                 fputc(']', out);
 559         }
 560 }
 561
 562 /**
 563  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 564  *
 565  * @param expression   the type property expression
 566  */
 567 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 568 {
 569         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 570                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 571         } else {
 572                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 573                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 574         }
 575         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 576                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 577                 fputc('(', out);
 578                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_ACCESS);
 579                 fputc(')', out);
 580         } else {
 581                 fputc('(', out);
 582                 print_type(expression->type);
 583                 fputc(')', out);
 584         }
 585 }
 586
 587 /**
 588  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 589  *
 590  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 591  */
 592 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 593 {
 594         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 595 }
 596
 597 /**
 598  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 599  *
 600  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 601  */
 602 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 603 {
 604         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 605         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 606         fputc(')', out);
 607 }
 608
 609 /**
 610  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 611  *
 612  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 613  */
 614 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 615 {
 616         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 617         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 618         if (expression->rw) {
 619                 fputc(',', out);
 620                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 621         }
 622         if (expression->locality) {
 623                 fputc(',', out);
 624                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 625         }
 626         fputc(')', out);
 627 }
 628
 629 /**
 630  * Prints a conditional expression.
 631  *
 632  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 633  */
 634 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 635 {
 636         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOG_OR);
 637         fputs(" ? ", out);
 638         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 639                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPR);
 640                 fputs(" : ", out);
 641         } else {
 642                 fputs(": ", out);
 643         }
 644         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, PREC_COND);
 645 }
 646
 647 /**
 648  * Prints a va_start expression.
 649  *
 650  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 651  */
 652 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 653 {
 654         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 655         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 656         fputs(", ", out);
 657         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 658         fputs(")", out);
 659 }
 660
 661 /**
 662  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 663  *
 664  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 665  */
 666 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 667 {
 668         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 669         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 670         fputs(", ", out);
 671         print_type(expression->base.type);
 672         fputs(")", out);
 673 }
 674
 675 /**
 676  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 677  *
 678  * @param expression   the select expression
 679  */
 680 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 681 {
 682         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 683         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 684         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 685                 fputs("->", out);
 686         } else {
 687                 fputc('.', out);
 688         }
 689         fputs(expression->compound_entry->symbol->string, out);
 690 }
 691
 692 /**
 693  * Prints a type classify expression.
 694  *
 695  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 696  */
 697 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 698         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 699 {
 700         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 701         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 702         fputc(')', out);
 703 }
 704
 705 /**
 706  * Prints a designator.
 707  *
 708  * @param designator  the designator
 709  */
 710 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 711 {
 712         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 713                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 714                         fputc('[', out);
 715                         print_expression_prec(designator->array_index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 716                         fputc(']', out);
 717                 } else {
 718                         fputc('.', out);
 719                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 720                 }
 721         }
 722 }
 723
 724 /**
 725  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 726  *
 727  * @param expression   the offset expression
 728  */
 729 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 730 {
 731         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 732         fputc('(', out);
 733         print_type(expression->type);
 734         fputc(',', out);
 735         print_designator(expression->designator);
 736         fputc(')', out);
 737 }
 738
 739 /**
 740  * Prints a statement expression.
 741  *
 742  * @param expression   the statement expression
 743  */
 744 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 745 {
 746         fputc('(', out);
 747         print_statement(expression->statement);
 748         fputc(')', out);
 749 }
 750
 751 /**
 752  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 753  *
 754  * @param expression  the expression to print
 755  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 756  */
 757 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 758 {
 759         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 760                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 761         }
 762         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 763         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 764                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 765         if (top_prec > prec)
 766                 fputc('(', out);
 767         switch(expression->kind) {
 768         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 769         case EXPR_INVALID:
 770                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 771                 break;
 772         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 773                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 774                 break;
 775         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 776                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 777                 break;
 778         case EXPR_CONST:
 779                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 780                 break;
 781         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 782                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 783                 break;
 784         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 785                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 786                 break;
 787         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 788                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 789                 break;
 790         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 791                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 792                 break;
 793         case EXPR_CALL:
 794                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 795                 break;
 796         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 797                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 798                 break;
 799         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 800                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 801                 break;
 802         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 803                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 806                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 807                 break;
 808         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 809                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 810                 break;
 811         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 812         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 813                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 814                 break;
 815         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 816                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 817                 break;
 818         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 819                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 820                 break;
 821         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 822                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 823                 break;
 824         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 825                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 826                 break;
 827         case EXPR_VA_START:
 828                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 829                 break;
 830         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 831                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 832                 break;
 833         case EXPR_SELECT:
 834                 print_select(&expression->select);
 835                 break;
 836         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 837                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 838                 break;
 839         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 840                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 841                 break;
 842         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 843                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 844                 break;
 845
 846         default:
 847                 /* TODO */
 848                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 849                 break;
 850         }
 851         if (top_prec > prec)
 852                 fputc(')', out);
 853 }
 854
 855 /**
 856  * Print an compound statement.
 857  *
 858  * @param block  the compound statement
 859  */
 860 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 861 {
 862         fputs("{\n", out);
 863         ++indent;
 864
 865         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 866         while(statement != NULL) {
 867                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 868                         --indent;
 869                 print_indent();
 870                 print_statement(statement);
 871
 872                 statement = statement->base.next;
 873         }
 874         --indent;
 875         print_indent();
 876         fputs("}\n", out);
 877 }
 878
 879 /**
 880  * Print a return statement.
 881  *
 882  * @param statement  the return statement
 883  */
 884 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 885 {
 886         fputs("return ", out);
 887         if(statement->value != NULL)
 888                 print_expression(statement->value);
 889         fputs(";\n", out);
 890 }
 891
 892 /**
 893  * Print an expression statement.
 894  *
 895  * @param statement  the expression statement
 896  */
 897 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 898 {
 899         print_expression(statement->expression);
 900         fputs(";\n", out);
 901 }
 902
 903 /**
 904  * Print a goto statement.
 905  *
 906  * @param statement  the goto statement
 907  */
 908 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 909 {
 910         fputs("goto ", out);
 911         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 912                 fputc('*', out);
 913                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 914         } else {
 915                 fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 916         }
 917         fputs(";\n", out);
 918 }
 919
 920 /**
 921  * Print a label statement.
 922  *
 923  * @param statement  the label statement
 924  */
 925 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 926 {
 927         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 928         print_statement(statement->statement);
 929 }
 930
 931 /**
 932  * Print an if statement.
 933  *
 934  * @param statement  the if statement
 935  */
 936 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 937 {
 938         fputs("if (", out);
 939         print_expression(statement->condition);
 940         fputs(") ", out);
 941         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 942
 943         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 944                 print_indent();
 945                 fputs("else ", out);
 946                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 947         }
 948 }
 949
 950 /**
 951  * Print a switch statement.
 952  *
 953  * @param statement  the switch statement
 954  */
 955 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 956 {
 957         fputs("switch (", out);
 958         print_expression(statement->expression);
 959         fputs(") ", out);
 960         print_statement(statement->body);
 961 }
 962
 963 /**
 964  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 965  *
 966  * @param statement  the case label statement
 967  */
 968 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 969 {
 970         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 971                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 972         } else {
 973                 fputs("case ", out);
 974                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 975                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 976                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 977                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 978                 }
 979                 fputs(":\n", out);
 980         }
 981         ++indent;
 982         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 983                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 984                         --indent;
 985                 }
 986                 print_indent();
 987                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 988         }
 989 }
 990
 991 /**
 992  * Print a declaration statement.
 993  *
 994  * @param statement   the statement
 995  */
 996 static void print_declaration_statement(
 997                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 998 {
 999         bool first = true;
1000         for (declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
1001              declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1002              declaration = declaration->next) {
1003                 if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1004                         continue;
1005                 if (declaration->implicit)
1006                         continue;
1007
1008                 if (!first) {
1009                         print_indent();
1010                 } else {
1011                         first = false;
1012                 }
1013                 print_declaration(declaration);
1014                 fputc('\n', out);
1015         }
1016 }
1017
1018 /**
1019  * Print a while statement.
1020  *
1021  * @param statement   the statement
1022  */
1023 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1024 {
1025         fputs("while (", out);
1026         print_expression(statement->condition);
1027         fputs(") ", out);
1028         print_statement(statement->body);
1029 }
1030
1031 /**
1032  * Print a do-while statement.
1033  *
1034  * @param statement   the statement
1035  */
1036 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1037 {
1038         fputs("do ", out);
1039         print_statement(statement->body);
1040         print_indent();
1041         fputs("while (", out);
1042         print_expression(statement->condition);
1043         fputs(");\n", out);
1044 }
1045
1046 /**
1047  * Print a for statement.
1048  *
1049  * @param statement   the statement
1050  */
1051 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1052 {
1053         fputs("for (", out);
1054         declaration_t *decl = statement->scope.declarations;
1055         while (decl != NULL && decl->implicit)
1056                 decl = decl->next;
1057         if (decl != NULL) {
1058                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1059                 print_declaration(decl);
1060                 if (decl->next != NULL) {
1061                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1062                 }
1063                 fputc(' ', out);
1064         } else {
1065                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1066                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1067                 }
1068                 fputs("; ", out);
1069         }
1070         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1071                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1072         }
1073         fputs("; ", out);
1074         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1075                 print_expression(statement->step);
1076         }
1077         fputs(") ", out);
1078         print_statement(statement->body);
1079 }
1080
1081 /**
1082  * Print assembler arguments.
1083  *
1084  * @param arguments   the arguments
1085  */
1086 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1087 {
1088         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1089         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1090                 if(argument != arguments)
1091                         fputs(", ", out);
1092
1093                 if(argument->symbol) {
1094                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1095                 }
1096                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1097                 fputs(" (", out);
1098                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1099                 fputs(")", out);
1100         }
1101 }
1102
1103 /**
1104  * Print assembler clobbers.
1105  *
1106  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1107  */
1108 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1109 {
1110         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1111         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1112                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1113                         fputs(", ", out);
1114
1115                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1116         }
1117 }
1118
1119 /**
1120  * Print an assembler statement.
1121  *
1122  * @param statement   the statement
1123  */
1124 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1125 {
1126         fputs("asm ", out);
1127         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1128                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1129         }
1130         fputs("(", out);
1131         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1132         if(statement->inputs == NULL && statement->outputs == NULL
1133                         && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1134                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1135
1136         fputs(" : ", out);
1137         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1138         if(statement->outputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1139                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1140
1141         fputs(" : ", out);
1142         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1143         if(statement->clobbers == NULL)
1144                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1145
1146         fputs(" : ", out);
1147         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1148
1149 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1150         fputs(");\n", out);
1151 }
1152
1153 /**
1154  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1155  *
1156  * @param statement   the statement
1157  */
1158 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1159 {
1160         fputs("__try ", out);
1161         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1162         print_indent();
1163         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1164                 fputs("__except(", out);
1165                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1166                 fputs(") ", out);
1167         } else {
1168                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1169         }
1170         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1171 }
1172
1173 /**
1174  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1175  *
1176  * @param statement   the statement
1177  */
1178 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1179 {
1180         (void) statement;
1181         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1182 }
1183
1184 /**
1185  * Print a statement.
1186  *
1187  * @param statement   the statement
1188  */
1189 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1190 {
1191         switch(statement->kind) {
1192         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1193                 fputs(";\n", out);
1194                 break;
1195         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1196                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1197                 break;
1198         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1199                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1200                 break;
1201         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1202                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1203                 break;
1204         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1205                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1206                 break;
1207         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1208                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1209                 break;
1210         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1211                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1212                 break;
1213         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1214                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1215                 break;
1216         case STATEMENT_IF:
1217                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1218                 break;
1219         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1220                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1221                 break;
1222         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1223                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1224                 break;
1225         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1226                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1227                 break;
1228         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1229                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1230                 break;
1231         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1232                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1233                 break;
1234         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1235                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1236                 break;
1237         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1238                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1239                 break;
1240         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1241                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1242                 break;
1243         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1244                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1245                 break;
1246         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1247                 fputs("$invalid statement$", out);
1248                 break;
1249         }
1250 }
1251
1252 /**
1253  * Print a storage class.
1254  *
1255  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1256  */
1257 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1258 {
1259         switch(storage_class) {
1260         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1261         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1262                 break;
1263         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1264         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1265         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1266         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1267         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1268         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1269         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1270         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1271         }
1272 }
1273
1274 /**
1275  * Print an initializer.
1276  *
1277  * @param initializer  the initializer
1278  */
1279 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1280 {
1281         if(initializer == NULL) {
1282                 fputs("{}", out);
1283                 return;
1284         }
1285
1286         switch(initializer->kind) {
1287         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1288                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1289                 print_expression(value->value);
1290                 return;
1291         }
1292         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1293                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1294                 fputs("{ ", out);
1295                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1296
1297                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1298                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1299                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1300                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1301                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1302                                         fputs(", ", out);
1303                         }
1304                 }
1305                 fputs(" }", out);
1306                 return;
1307         }
1308         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1309                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1310                 return;
1311         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1312                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1313                 return;
1314         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1315                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1316                 fputs(" = ", out);
1317                 return;
1318         }
1319
1320         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1321 }
1322
1323 /**
1324  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1325  */
1326 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1327         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1328                 return;
1329
1330         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1331
1332         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1333         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1334             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1335             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1336             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1337                 char *next = "(";
1338
1339                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1340                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1341                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1342                 }
1343                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1344                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1345                 }
1346                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1347                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1348                 }
1349                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1350                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1351                 }
1352                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1353                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1354                 }
1355                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1356                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1357                 }
1358                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1359                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1360                 }
1361                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1362                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1363                 }
1364                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1365                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1366                 }
1367                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1368                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1369                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1370                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1371                 }
1372                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1373                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1374                 }
1375                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1376                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1377                 }
1378                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1379                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1380                 }
1381                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1382                         char *comma = "";
1383                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1384                         if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1385                                 fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1386                                 comma = ", ";
1387                         }
1388                         if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1389                                 fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1390                         fputc(')', out);
1391                 }
1392                 fputs(") ", out);
1393         }
1394 }
1395
1396 /**
1397  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1398  *
1399  * @param declaration  the declaration
1400  */
1401 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1402 {
1403         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1404         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1405                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1406                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1407                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1408                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1409                 } else {
1410                         fputs("inline ", out);
1411                 }
1412         }
1413         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1414         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1415                        &declaration->scope);
1416
1417         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1418                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1419                         fputs("\n", out);
1420                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1421                         return;
1422                 }
1423         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1424                 fputs(" = ", out);
1425                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1426         }
1427         fputc(';', out);
1428 }
1429
1430 /**
1431  * Prints an expression.
1432  *
1433  * @param expression  the expression
1434  */
1435 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression) {
1436         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1437 }
1438
1439 /**
1440  * Print a declaration.
1441  *
1442  * @param declaration  the declaration
1443  */
1444 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1445 {
1446         if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1447                         declaration->symbol == NULL)
1448                 return;
1449
1450         switch(declaration->namespc) {
1451         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1452                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1453                 break;
1454         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1455                 fputs("struct ", out);
1456                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1457                 fputc(' ', out);
1458                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1459                 fputc(';', out);
1460                 break;
1461         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1462                 fputs("union ", out);
1463                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1464                 fputc(' ', out);
1465                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1466                 fputc(';', out);
1467                 break;
1468         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1469                 fputs("enum ", out);
1470                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1471                 fputc(' ', out);
1472                 print_enum_definition(declaration);
1473                 fputc(';', out);
1474                 break;
1475         }
1476 }
1477
1478 /**
1479  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1480  *
1481  * @param unit   the translation unit
1482  */
1483 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1484 {
1485         inc_type_visited();
1486
1487         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1488         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1489                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1490                         continue;
1491                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1492                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1493                         continue;
1494                 if (declaration->implicit)
1495                         continue;
1496
1497                 print_indent();
1498                 print_declaration(declaration);
1499                 fputc('\n', out);
1500         }
1501 }
1502
1503 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1504 {
1505         switch(initializer->kind) {
1506         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1507         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1508         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1509                 return true;
1510
1511         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1512                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1513
1514         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1515                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1516                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1517                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1518                                 return false;
1519                 }
1520                 return true;
1521         }
1522         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1523 }
1524
1525 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1526 {
1527         switch(expression->kind) {
1528         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1529                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1530
1531         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1532                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1533                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1534                         /* it's a -> */
1535                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1536                 } else {
1537                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1538                 }
1539         }
1540
1541         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1542                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1543                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1544
1545         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1546                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1547                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1548                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1549                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1550                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1551                         return true;
1552                 default:
1553                         return false;
1554                 }
1555         }
1556
1557         default:
1558                 return false;
1559         }
1560 }
1561
1562 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1563 {
1564         switch(expression->kind) {
1565         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1566                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1567
1568         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1569                 type_t *real_type
1570                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1571                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1572                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1573                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1574                 }
1575
1576                 /* fallthrough */
1577         }
1578
1579         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1580                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1581                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) &&
1582                                 ! (dest->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC
1583                                         && (get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER)
1584                                         && (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) >= get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind()))))
1585                         return false;
1586
1587                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1588                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1589         }
1590
1591         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1592         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1593                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1594                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1595
1596                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1597                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1598                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1599                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1600                 }
1601
1602                 return false;
1603         }
1604
1605         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1606                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1607                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1608                 if(is_type_function(type))
1609                         return true;
1610                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1611                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1612                 }
1613                 return false;
1614         }
1615
1616         default:
1617                 return false;
1618         }
1619 }
1620
1621 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1622 {
1623         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1624         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1625                 return false;
1626         }
1627
1628         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1629
1630         switch (symbol->ID) {
1631         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1632         case T___builtin_nan:
1633         case T___builtin_nanf:
1634         case T___builtin_nand:
1635                 return true;
1636         }
1637
1638         return false;
1639 }
1640
1641 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1642 {
1643         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1644                 return true;
1645
1646         switch (expression->kind) {
1647         case EXPR_SELECT:
1648                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->select.compound);
1649         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1650                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1651         default:
1652                 return false;
1653         }
1654 }
1655
1656 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1657 {
1658         switch(expression->kind) {
1659         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1660                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1661                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1662                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1663                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1664                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1665                 } else {
1666                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1667                 }
1668         }
1669         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1670                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1671                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1672         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1673                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1674         default:
1675                 return false;
1676         }
1677 }
1678
1679 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1680 {
1681         switch (expression->kind) {
1682
1683         case EXPR_CONST:
1684         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1685         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1686         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1687         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1688         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1689         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1690         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1691         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1692         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1693         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1694                 return true;
1695
1696         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1697                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1698                 if (type == NULL)
1699                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1700
1701                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1702                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1703                         return false;
1704                 return true;
1705         }
1706
1707         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1708         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1709         case EXPR_SELECT:
1710         case EXPR_VA_START:
1711         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1712         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1713         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1714         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1715         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1716         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1717         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1718         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1719         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1720         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1721         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1722         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1723         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1724         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1725         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1726         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1727         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1728         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1729         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1730         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1731                 return false;
1732
1733         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1734                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1735
1736         case EXPR_CALL:
1737                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1738
1739         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1740         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1741         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1742         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1743                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1744
1745         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1746         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1747                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1748                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1749
1750         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1751         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1752         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1753         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1754         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1755         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1756         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1757         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1758         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1759         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1760         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1761         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1762         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1763         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1764         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1765         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1766         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1767         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1768         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1769         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1770         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1771         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1772         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1773         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1774         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1775                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1776                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1777
1778         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1779                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1780
1781         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1782                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1783                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1784                         return false;
1785
1786                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1787                 if(val != 0)
1788                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1789                 else
1790                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1791         }
1792
1793         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1794                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1795                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1796
1797         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1798                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1799                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1800                         return true;
1801
1802                 return false;
1803         }
1804
1805         case EXPR_INVALID:
1806                 return true;
1807
1808         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1809                 break;
1810         }
1811         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1812 }
1813
1814 /**
1815  * Initialize the AST construction.
1816  */
1817 void init_ast(void)
1818 {
1819         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1820 }
1821
1822 /**
1823  * Free the AST.
1824  */
1825 void exit_ast(void)
1826 {
1827         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1828 }
1829
1830 /**
1831  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1832  *
1833  * @param stream  the output stream
1834  */
1835 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1836 {
1837         out = stream;
1838         type_set_output(stream);
1839 }
1840
1841 /**
1842  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1843  *
1844  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1845  *
1846  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1847  */
1848 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1849 {
1850         return _allocate_ast(size);
1851 }