nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  34 #include <mathimf.h>
  35 #else
  36 #include <math.h>
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40
  41 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  42
  43 static FILE *out;
  44 static int   indent;
  45
  46 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  47 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  48
  49 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  50 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  51
  52 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  53 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  54
  55 void change_indent(int delta)
  56 {
  57         indent += delta;
  58         assert(indent >= 0);
  59 }
  60
  61 void print_indent(void)
  62 {
  63         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  64                 fputc('\t', out);
  65 }
  66
  67 /**
  68  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  69  * associativity, else 0.
  70  *
  71  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  72  */
  73 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  74 {
  75         switch (precedence) {
  76                 case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  77                 case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  78                 case PREC_UNARY:
  79                         return 1;
  80
  81                 default:
  82                         return 0;
  83         }
  84 }
  85
  86 /**
  87  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  88  *
  89  * @param kind   the expression kind
  90  */
  91 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  92 {
  93         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  94                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  95                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 103                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 104                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 105                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 107                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 108                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 109                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 110
 111                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 112                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 113                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120
 121                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]        = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]               = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 137
 138                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 139                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 168
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 176         };
 177         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 178         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 179
 180         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 181         /* we need the lowest bit for right-to-left precedence */
 182         return 2 * res;
 183 }
 184
 185 /**
 186  * Print a constant expression.
 187  *
 188  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 189  */
 190 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 191 {
 192         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 193                 return;
 194
 195         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 196
 197         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 198                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 199         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 200                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 201 #ifdef _WIN32
 202                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 203                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 204 #else
 205                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 206 #endif
 207                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 208                         fputs(".0", out);
 209         } else {
 210                 panic("unknown constant");
 211         }
 212
 213         char const* suffix;
 214         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 215                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 216                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 219                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 222
 223                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 224         }
 225         if (suffix != NULL)
 226                 fputs(suffix, out);
 227 }
 228
 229 /**
 230  * Print a quoted string constant.
 231  *
 232  * @param string  the string constant
 233  * @param border  the border char
 234  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 235  */
 236 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 237 {
 238         fputc(border, out);
 239         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 240         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 241                 if (*c == border) {
 242                         fputc('\\', out);
 243                 }
 244                 switch(*c) {
 245                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 246                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 247                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 248                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 249                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 250                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 251                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 252                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 253                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 254                 case 27:
 255                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 256                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 257                         }
 258                         /*fallthrough*/
 259                 default:
 260                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 261                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 262                                 break;
 263                         }
 264                         fputc(*c, out);
 265                         break;
 266                 }
 267         }
 268         fputc(border, out);
 269 }
 270
 271 /**
 272  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 273  *
 274  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 275  * @param border  the border char
 276  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 277  */
 278 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 279                                      char border, int skip)
 280 {
 281         fputc('L', out);
 282         fputc(border, out);
 283         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 284         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 285                 switch (*c) {
 286                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 287                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 288                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 289                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 290                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 293                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 296                         case 27:
 297                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 298                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 299                                 }
 300                                 /*fallthrough*/
 301                         default: {
 302                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 303                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 304                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 305                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 306                                         } else {
 307                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 308                                         }
 309                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 310                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 311                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 312                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 313                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 314                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 315                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 316                                 } else {
 317                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 318                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 321                                 }
 322                         }
 323                 }
 324         }
 325         fputc(border, out);
 326 }
 327
 328 /**
 329  * Print a constant character expression.
 330  *
 331  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 332  */
 333 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 334 {
 335         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 336 }
 337
 338 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 339 {
 340         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 341 }
 342
 343 /**
 344  * Prints a string literal expression.
 345  *
 346  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 347  */
 348 static void print_string_literal(
 349                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 350 {
 351         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 352 }
 353
 354 /**
 355  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 356  */
 357 static void print_funcname(
 358                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 359 {
 360         const char *s = "";
 361         switch(funcname->kind) {
 362         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 363         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 364         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 365         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 366         }
 367         fputc('"', out);
 368         fputs(s, out);
 369         fputc('"', out);
 370 }
 371
 372 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 373         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 374 {
 375         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 376 }
 377
 378 static void print_compound_literal(
 379                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 380 {
 381         fputc('(', out);
 382         print_type(expression->type);
 383         fputc(')', out);
 384         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 385 }
 386
 387 /**
 388  * Prints a call expression.
 389  *
 390  * @param call  the call expression
 391  */
 392 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 393 {
 394         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 395         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 396         fputc('(', out);
 397         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 398         int              first    = 1;
 399         while(argument != NULL) {
 400                 if(!first) {
 401                         fputs(", ", out);
 402                 } else {
 403                         first = 0;
 404                 }
 405                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 406
 407                 argument = argument->next;
 408         }
 409         fputc(')', out);
 410 }
 411
 412 /**
 413  * Prints a binary expression.
 414  *
 415  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 416  */
 417 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 418 {
 419         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 420         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 421
 422         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 423                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 424                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 425                 fputs(", ", out);
 426                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 427                 fputc(')', out);
 428                 return;
 429         }
 430
 431         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 432         char const* op;
 433         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 435         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 454
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 461         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 462         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 463         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 464         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 465         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 466         }
 467         fputs(op, out);
 468         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 469 }
 470
 471 /**
 472  * Prints an unary expression.
 473  *
 474  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 475  */
 476 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 477 {
 478         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 479         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 480         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-',          out); break;
 481         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+',          out); break;
 482         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!',          out); break;
 483         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~',          out); break;
 484         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++",         out); break;
 485         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--",         out); break;
 486         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*',          out); break;
 487         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&',          out); break;
 488         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           fputs("delete ",    out); break;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     fputs("delete [] ", out); break;
 490
 491         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 492                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 493                 fputs("++", out);
 494                 return;
 495         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 496                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 497                 fputs("--", out);
 498                 return;
 499         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 500         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 501                 fputc('(', out);
 502                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 503                 fputc(')', out);
 504                 break;
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 506                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 507                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 508                 fputc(')', out);
 509                 return;
 510
 511         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 512                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 513                         fputs("throw", out);
 514                         return;
 515                 }
 516                 fputs("throw ", out);
 517                 break;
 518
 519         default:
 520                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 521         }
 522         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 523 }
 524
 525 /**
 526  * Prints a reference expression.
 527  *
 528  * @param ref   the reference expression
 529  */
 530 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 531 {
 532         fputs(ref->declaration->symbol->string, out);
 533 }
 534
 535 /**
 536  * Prints a label address expression.
 537  *
 538  * @param ref   the reference expression
 539  */
 540 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 541 {
 542         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->declaration->symbol->string);
 543 }
 544
 545 /**
 546  * Prints an array expression.
 547  *
 548  * @param expression   the array expression
 549  */
 550 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 551 {
 552         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 553         if(!expression->flipped) {
 554                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 555                 fputc('[', out);
 556                 print_expression(expression->index);
 557                 fputc(']', out);
 558         } else {
 559                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 560                 fputc('[', out);
 561                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 562                 fputc(']', out);
 563         }
 564 }
 565
 566 /**
 567  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 568  *
 569  * @param expression   the type property expression
 570  */
 571 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 572 {
 573         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 574                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 575         } else {
 576                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 577                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 578         }
 579         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 580                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 581                 fputc('(', out);
 582                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 583                 fputc(')', out);
 584         } else {
 585                 fputc('(', out);
 586                 print_type(expression->type);
 587                 fputc(')', out);
 588         }
 589 }
 590
 591 /**
 592  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 593  *
 594  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 595  */
 596 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 597 {
 598         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 599 }
 600
 601 /**
 602  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 603  *
 604  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 605  */
 606 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 607 {
 608         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 609         print_expression_prec(expression->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 610         fputc(')', out);
 611 }
 612
 613 /**
 614  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 615  *
 616  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 617  */
 618 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 619 {
 620         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 621         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 622         if (expression->rw) {
 623                 fputc(',', out);
 624                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 625         }
 626         if (expression->locality) {
 627                 fputc(',', out);
 628                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 629         }
 630         fputc(')', out);
 631 }
 632
 633 /**
 634  * Prints a conditional expression.
 635  *
 636  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 637  */
 638 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 639 {
 640         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, 2 * PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 641         fputs(" ? ", out);
 642         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 643                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, 2 * PREC_EXPRESSION);
 644                 fputs(" : ", out);
 645         } else {
 646                 fputs(": ", out);
 647         }
 648         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, 2 * PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 649 }
 650
 651 /**
 652  * Prints a va_start expression.
 653  *
 654  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 655  */
 656 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 657 {
 658         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 659         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 660         fputs(", ", out);
 661         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 662         fputc(')', out);
 663 }
 664
 665 /**
 666  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 667  *
 668  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 669  */
 670 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 671 {
 672         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 673         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 674         fputs(", ", out);
 675         print_type(expression->base.type);
 676         fputc(')', out);
 677 }
 678
 679 /**
 680  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 681  *
 682  * @param expression   the select expression
 683  */
 684 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 685 {
 686         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 687         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 688         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 689                 fputs("->", out);
 690         } else {
 691                 fputc('.', out);
 692         }
 693         fputs(expression->compound_entry->symbol->string, out);
 694 }
 695
 696 /**
 697  * Prints a type classify expression.
 698  *
 699  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 700  */
 701 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 702         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 703 {
 704         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 705         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 706         fputc(')', out);
 707 }
 708
 709 /**
 710  * Prints a designator.
 711  *
 712  * @param designator  the designator
 713  */
 714 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 715 {
 716         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 717                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 718                         fputc('[', out);
 719                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 720                         fputc(']', out);
 721                 } else {
 722                         fputc('.', out);
 723                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 724                 }
 725         }
 726 }
 727
 728 /**
 729  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 730  *
 731  * @param expression   the offset expression
 732  */
 733 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 734 {
 735         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 736         fputc('(', out);
 737         print_type(expression->type);
 738         fputc(',', out);
 739         print_designator(expression->designator);
 740         fputc(')', out);
 741 }
 742
 743 /**
 744  * Prints a statement expression.
 745  *
 746  * @param expression   the statement expression
 747  */
 748 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 749 {
 750         fputc('(', out);
 751         print_statement(expression->statement);
 752         fputc(')', out);
 753 }
 754
 755 /**
 756  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 757  *
 758  * @param expression  the expression to print
 759  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 760  */
 761 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 762 {
 763         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 764                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 765         }
 766         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 767         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 768                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 769         if (top_prec > prec)
 770                 fputc('(', out);
 771         switch(expression->kind) {
 772         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 773         case EXPR_INVALID:
 774                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 775                 break;
 776         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 777                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 778                 break;
 779         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 780                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 781                 break;
 782         case EXPR_CONST:
 783                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 784                 break;
 785         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 786                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 787                 break;
 788         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 789                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 790                 break;
 791         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 792                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 793                 break;
 794         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 795                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 796                 break;
 797         case EXPR_CALL:
 798                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 799                 break;
 800         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 801                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 802                 break;
 803         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 804                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 805                 break;
 806         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 807                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 808                 break;
 809         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 810                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 811                 break;
 812         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 813                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 814                 break;
 815         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 816         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 817                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 818                 break;
 819         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 820                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 821                 break;
 822         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 823                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 824                 break;
 825         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 826                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 827                 break;
 828         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 829                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 830                 break;
 831         case EXPR_VA_START:
 832                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 833                 break;
 834         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 835                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 836                 break;
 837         case EXPR_SELECT:
 838                 print_select(&expression->select);
 839                 break;
 840         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 841                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 842                 break;
 843         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 844                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 845                 break;
 846         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 847                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 848                 break;
 849
 850         default:
 851                 /* TODO */
 852                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 853                 break;
 854         }
 855         if (top_prec > prec)
 856                 fputc(')', out);
 857 }
 858
 859 /**
 860  * Print an compound statement.
 861  *
 862  * @param block  the compound statement
 863  */
 864 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 865 {
 866         fputs("{\n", out);
 867         ++indent;
 868
 869         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 870         while (statement != NULL) {
 871                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 872                         --indent;
 873                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 874                         print_indent();
 875                 print_statement(statement);
 876
 877                 statement = statement->base.next;
 878         }
 879         --indent;
 880         print_indent();
 881         fputs("}\n", out);
 882 }
 883
 884 /**
 885  * Print a return statement.
 886  *
 887  * @param statement  the return statement
 888  */
 889 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 890 {
 891         fputs("return ", out);
 892         if(statement->value != NULL)
 893                 print_expression(statement->value);
 894         fputs(";\n", out);
 895 }
 896
 897 /**
 898  * Print an expression statement.
 899  *
 900  * @param statement  the expression statement
 901  */
 902 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 903 {
 904         print_expression(statement->expression);
 905         fputs(";\n", out);
 906 }
 907
 908 /**
 909  * Print a goto statement.
 910  *
 911  * @param statement  the goto statement
 912  */
 913 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 914 {
 915         fputs("goto ", out);
 916         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 917                 fputc('*', out);
 918                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 919         } else {
 920                 fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 921         }
 922         fputs(";\n", out);
 923 }
 924
 925 /**
 926  * Print a label statement.
 927  *
 928  * @param statement  the label statement
 929  */
 930 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 931 {
 932         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 933         print_indent();
 934         print_statement(statement->statement);
 935 }
 936
 937 /**
 938  * Print an if statement.
 939  *
 940  * @param statement  the if statement
 941  */
 942 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 943 {
 944         fputs("if (", out);
 945         print_expression(statement->condition);
 946         fputs(") ", out);
 947         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 948
 949         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 950                 print_indent();
 951                 fputs("else ", out);
 952                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 953         }
 954 }
 955
 956 /**
 957  * Print a switch statement.
 958  *
 959  * @param statement  the switch statement
 960  */
 961 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 962 {
 963         fputs("switch (", out);
 964         print_expression(statement->expression);
 965         fputs(") ", out);
 966         print_statement(statement->body);
 967 }
 968
 969 /**
 970  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 971  *
 972  * @param statement  the case label statement
 973  */
 974 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 975 {
 976         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 977                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 978         } else {
 979                 fputs("case ", out);
 980                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 981                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 982                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 983                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 984                 }
 985                 fputs(":\n", out);
 986         }
 987         ++indent;
 988         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 989                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 990                         --indent;
 991                 }
 992                 print_indent();
 993                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 994         }
 995 }
 996
 997 /**
 998  * Print a declaration statement.
 999  *
1000  * @param statement   the statement
1001  */
1002 static void print_declaration_statement(
1003                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1004 {
1005         bool first = true;
1006         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
1007
1008         if (declaration->namespc == NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL) {
1009                 fputs("__label__ ", out);
1010                 for (;
1011                         declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1012                         declaration = declaration->next) {
1013                         if (!first) {
1014                                 fputs(", ", out);
1015                         } else {
1016                                 first = false;
1017                         }
1018                         fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1019                 }
1020                 fputs(";\n", out);
1021         } else {
1022                 for (;
1023                          declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1024                          declaration = declaration->next) {
1025                         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1026                                 continue;
1027                         if (declaration->implicit)
1028                                 continue;
1029
1030                         if (!first) {
1031                                 print_indent();
1032                         } else {
1033                                 first = false;
1034                         }
1035                         print_declaration(declaration);
1036                         fputc('\n', out);
1037                 }
1038         }
1039 }
1040
1041 /**
1042  * Print a while statement.
1043  *
1044  * @param statement   the statement
1045  */
1046 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1047 {
1048         fputs("while (", out);
1049         print_expression(statement->condition);
1050         fputs(") ", out);
1051         print_statement(statement->body);
1052 }
1053
1054 /**
1055  * Print a do-while statement.
1056  *
1057  * @param statement   the statement
1058  */
1059 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1060 {
1061         fputs("do ", out);
1062         print_statement(statement->body);
1063         print_indent();
1064         fputs("while (", out);
1065         print_expression(statement->condition);
1066         fputs(");\n", out);
1067 }
1068
1069 /**
1070  * Print a for statement.
1071  *
1072  * @param statement   the statement
1073  */
1074 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1075 {
1076         fputs("for (", out);
1077         declaration_t *decl = statement->scope.declarations;
1078         while (decl != NULL && decl->implicit)
1079                 decl = decl->next;
1080         if (decl != NULL) {
1081                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1082                 print_declaration(decl);
1083                 if (decl->next != NULL) {
1084                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1085                 }
1086                 fputc(' ', out);
1087         } else {
1088                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1089                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1090                 }
1091                 fputs("; ", out);
1092         }
1093         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1094                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1095         }
1096         fputs("; ", out);
1097         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1098                 print_expression(statement->step);
1099         }
1100         fputs(") ", out);
1101         print_statement(statement->body);
1102 }
1103
1104 /**
1105  * Print assembler arguments.
1106  *
1107  * @param arguments   the arguments
1108  */
1109 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1110 {
1111         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1112         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1113                 if(argument != arguments)
1114                         fputs(", ", out);
1115
1116                 if(argument->symbol) {
1117                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1118                 }
1119                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1120                 fputs(" (", out);
1121                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1122                 fputc(')', out);
1123         }
1124 }
1125
1126 /**
1127  * Print assembler clobbers.
1128  *
1129  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1130  */
1131 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1132 {
1133         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1134         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1135                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1136                         fputs(", ", out);
1137
1138                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1139         }
1140 }
1141
1142 /**
1143  * Print an assembler statement.
1144  *
1145  * @param statement   the statement
1146  */
1147 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1148 {
1149         fputs("asm ", out);
1150         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1151                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1152         }
1153         fputc('(', out);
1154         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1155         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1156             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1157             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1158                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1159
1160         fputs(" : ", out);
1161         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1162         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1163                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1164
1165         fputs(" : ", out);
1166         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1167         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1168                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1169
1170         fputs(" : ", out);
1171         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1172
1173 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1174         fputs(");\n", out);
1175 }
1176
1177 /**
1178  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1179  *
1180  * @param statement   the statement
1181  */
1182 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1183 {
1184         fputs("__try ", out);
1185         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1186         print_indent();
1187         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1188                 fputs("__except(", out);
1189                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1190                 fputs(") ", out);
1191         } else {
1192                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1193         }
1194         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1195 }
1196
1197 /**
1198  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1199  *
1200  * @param statement   the statement
1201  */
1202 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1203 {
1204         (void) statement;
1205         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1206 }
1207
1208 /**
1209  * Print a statement.
1210  *
1211  * @param statement   the statement
1212  */
1213 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1214 {
1215         switch (statement->kind) {
1216         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1217                 fputs(";\n", out);
1218                 break;
1219         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1220                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1221                 break;
1222         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1223                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1224                 break;
1225         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1226                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1227                 break;
1228         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1229                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1230                 break;
1231         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1232                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1233                 break;
1234         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1235                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1236                 break;
1237         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1238                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1239                 break;
1240         case STATEMENT_IF:
1241                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1242                 break;
1243         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1244                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1245                 break;
1246         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1247                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1248                 break;
1249         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1250                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1251                 break;
1252         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1253                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1254                 break;
1255         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1256                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1257                 break;
1258         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1259                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1260                 break;
1261         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1262                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1263                 break;
1264         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1265                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1266                 break;
1267         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1268                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1269                 break;
1270         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1271                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1272                 break;
1273         }
1274 }
1275
1276 /**
1277  * Print a storage class.
1278  *
1279  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1280  */
1281 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1282 {
1283         switch(storage_class) {
1284         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1285         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1286                 break;
1287         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1288         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1289         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1290         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1291         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1292         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1293         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1294         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1295         }
1296 }
1297
1298 /**
1299  * Print an initializer.
1300  *
1301  * @param initializer  the initializer
1302  */
1303 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1304 {
1305         if(initializer == NULL) {
1306                 fputs("{}", out);
1307                 return;
1308         }
1309
1310         switch(initializer->kind) {
1311         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1312                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1313                 print_expression(value->value);
1314                 return;
1315         }
1316         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1317                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1318                 fputs("{ ", out);
1319                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1320
1321                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1322                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1323                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1324                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1325                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1326                                         fputs(", ", out);
1327                         }
1328                 }
1329                 fputs(" }", out);
1330                 return;
1331         }
1332         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1333                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1334                 return;
1335         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1336                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1337                 return;
1338         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1339                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1340                 fputs(" = ", out);
1341                 return;
1342         }
1343
1344         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1345 }
1346
1347 /**
1348  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1349  */
1350 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1351         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1352                 return;
1353
1354         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1355
1356         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1357         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1358             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1359             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1360             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1361                 char *next = "(";
1362
1363                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1364                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1365                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1366                 }
1367                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1368                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1369                 }
1370                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1371                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1372                 }
1373                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1374                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1375                 }
1376                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1377                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1378                 }
1379                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1380                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1381                 }
1382                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1383                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1384                 }
1385                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1386                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1387                 }
1388                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1389                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1390                 }
1391                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1392                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1393                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1394                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1395                 }
1396                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1397                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1398                 }
1399                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1400                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1401                 }
1402                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1403                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1404                 }
1405                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1406                         char *comma = "";
1407                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1408                         if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1409                                 fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1410                                 comma = ", ";
1411                         }
1412                         if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1413                                 fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1414                         fputc(')', out);
1415                 }
1416                 fputs(") ", out);
1417         }
1418 }
1419
1420 /**
1421  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1422  *
1423  * @param declaration  the declaration
1424  */
1425 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1426 {
1427         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1428         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1429                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1430                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1431                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1432                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1433                 } else {
1434                         fputs("inline ", out);
1435                 }
1436         }
1437         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1438         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1439                        &declaration->scope);
1440
1441         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1442                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1443                         fputs("\n", out);
1444                         print_indent();
1445                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1446                         return;
1447                 }
1448         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1449                 fputs(" = ", out);
1450                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1451         }
1452         fputc(';', out);
1453 }
1454
1455 /**
1456  * Prints an expression.
1457  *
1458  * @param expression  the expression
1459  */
1460 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1461 {
1462         print_expression_prec(expression, 2 * PREC_BOTTOM);
1463 }
1464
1465 /**
1466  * Print a declaration.
1467  *
1468  * @param declaration  the declaration
1469  */
1470 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1471 {
1472         if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1473             declaration->symbol == NULL)
1474                 return;
1475
1476         switch (declaration->namespc) {
1477         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1478                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1479                 break;
1480         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1481                 fputs("struct ", out);
1482                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1483                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1484                         fputc(' ', out);
1485                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1486                 }
1487                 fputc(';', out);
1488                 break;
1489         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1490                 fputs("union ", out);
1491                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1492                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1493                         fputc(' ', out);
1494                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1495                 }
1496                 fputc(';', out);
1497                 break;
1498         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1499                 fputs("enum ", out);
1500                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1501                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1502                         fputc(' ', out);
1503                         print_enum_definition(declaration);
1504                 }
1505                 fputc(';', out);
1506                 break;
1507         }
1508 }
1509
1510 /**
1511  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1512  *
1513  * @param unit   the translation unit
1514  */
1515 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1516 {
1517         inc_type_visited();
1518
1519         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1520         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1521                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1522                         continue;
1523                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1524                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1525                         continue;
1526                 if (declaration->implicit)
1527                         continue;
1528
1529                 print_indent();
1530                 print_declaration(declaration);
1531                 fputc('\n', out);
1532         }
1533 }
1534
1535 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1536 {
1537         switch(initializer->kind) {
1538         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1539         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1540         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1541                 return true;
1542
1543         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1544                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1545
1546         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1547                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1548                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1549                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1550                                 return false;
1551                 }
1552                 return true;
1553         }
1554         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1555 }
1556
1557 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1558 {
1559         switch(expression->kind) {
1560         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1561                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1562
1563         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1564                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1565                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1566                         /* it's a -> */
1567                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1568                 } else {
1569                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1570                 }
1571         }
1572
1573         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1574                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1575                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1576
1577         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1578                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1579                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1580                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1581                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1582                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1583                         return true;
1584                 default:
1585                         return false;
1586                 }
1587         }
1588
1589         default:
1590                 return false;
1591         }
1592 }
1593
1594 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1595 {
1596         switch(expression->kind) {
1597         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1598                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1599
1600         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1601                 type_t *real_type
1602                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1603                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1604                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1605                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1606                 }
1607
1608                 /* fallthrough */
1609         }
1610
1611         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1612                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1613                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1614                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1615                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1616                         (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1617                     )))
1618                         return false;
1619
1620                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1621                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1622         }
1623
1624         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1625         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1626                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1627                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1628
1629                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1630                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1631                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1632                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1633                 }
1634
1635                 return false;
1636         }
1637
1638         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1639                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1640                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1641                 if(is_type_function(type))
1642                         return true;
1643                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1644                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1645                 }
1646                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1647                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1648                         return true;
1649                 return false;
1650         }
1651
1652         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1653                 type_t *const type =
1654                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1655                 return
1656                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1657                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1658                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1659         }
1660
1661         default:
1662                 return false;
1663         }
1664 }
1665
1666 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1667 {
1668         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1669         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1670                 return false;
1671         }
1672
1673         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1674
1675         switch (symbol->ID) {
1676         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1677         case T___builtin_inf:
1678         case T___builtin_inff:
1679         case T___builtin_infl:
1680         case T___builtin_nan:
1681         case T___builtin_nanf:
1682         case T___builtin_nanl:
1683                 return true;
1684         }
1685
1686         return false;
1687 }
1688
1689 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1690 {
1691         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1692                 return true;
1693
1694         switch (expression->kind) {
1695         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1696                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1697         default:
1698                 return false;
1699         }
1700 }
1701
1702 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1703 {
1704         switch(expression->kind) {
1705         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1706                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1707                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1708                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1709                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1710                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1711                 } else {
1712                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1713                 }
1714         }
1715
1716         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1717                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1718                         &expression->array_access;
1719                 return
1720                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1721                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1722                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1723                         );
1724         }
1725
1726         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1727                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1728         default:
1729                 return false;
1730         }
1731 }
1732
1733 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1734 {
1735         switch (expression->kind) {
1736
1737         case EXPR_CONST:
1738         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1739         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1740         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1741         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1742         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1743         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1744         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1745         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1746         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1747         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1748                 return true;
1749
1750         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1751                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1752                 if (type == NULL)
1753                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1754
1755                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1756                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1757                         return false;
1758                 return true;
1759         }
1760
1761         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1762         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1763         case EXPR_SELECT:
1764         case EXPR_VA_START:
1765         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1766         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1767         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1768         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1769         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1770         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1771         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1772         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1773         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1774         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1775         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1776         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1777         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1778         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1779         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1780         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1781         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1782         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1783         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1784         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1785         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1786         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1787         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1788         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1789                 return false;
1790
1791         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1792                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1793
1794         case EXPR_CALL:
1795                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1796
1797         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1798         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1799         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1800         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1801                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1802
1803         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1804         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1805                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1806                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1807
1808         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1809         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1810         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1811         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1812         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1813         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1814         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1815         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1816         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1817         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1818         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1819         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1820         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1821         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1822         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1823         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1824         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1825         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1826         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1827         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1828         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1829         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1830         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1831         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1832         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1833                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1834                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1835
1836         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1837                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1838
1839         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1840                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1841                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1842                         return false;
1843
1844                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1845                 if(val != 0)
1846                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1847                 else
1848                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1849         }
1850
1851         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1852                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1853                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1854                         return true;
1855
1856                 return false;
1857         }
1858
1859         case EXPR_INVALID:
1860                 return true;
1861
1862         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1863                 break;
1864         }
1865         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1866 }
1867
1868 /**
1869  * Initialize the AST construction.
1870  */
1871 void init_ast(void)
1872 {
1873         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1874 }
1875
1876 /**
1877  * Free the AST.
1878  */
1879 void exit_ast(void)
1880 {
1881         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1882 }
1883
1884 /**
1885  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1886  *
1887  * @param stream  the output stream
1888  */
1889 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1890 {
1891         out = stream;
1892         type_set_output(stream);
1893 }
1894
1895 /**
1896  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1897  *
1898  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1899  *
1900  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1901  */
1902 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1903 {
1904         return _allocate_ast(size);
1905 }