nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28 #include "printer.h"
  29 #include "types.h"
  30
  31 #include <assert.h>
  32 #include <stdio.h>
  33 #include <stdlib.h>
  34 #include <ctype.h>
  35
  36 #if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
  37 #include <mathimf.h>
  38 #elif defined(__CYGWIN__)
  39 #include "win32/cygwin_math_ext.h"
  40 #else
  41 #include <math.h>
  42 #endif
  43
  44 #include "adt/error.h"
  45 #include "adt/util.h"
  46
  47 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  48
  49 static int indent;
  50 static int case_indent;
  51
  52 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  53 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  54
  55 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  56 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  57
  58 void change_indent(int delta)
  59 {
  60         indent += delta;
  61         assert(indent >= 0);
  62 }
  63
  64 void print_indent(void)
  65 {
  66         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  67                 print_char('\t');
  68 }
  69
  70 static void print_stringrep(const string_t *string)
  71 {
  72         for (size_t i = 0; i < string->size; ++i) {
  73                 print_char(string->begin[i]);
  74         }
  75 }
  76
  77 /**
  78  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  79  * associativity, else 0.
  80  *
  81  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  82  */
  83 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  84 {
  85         switch (precedence) {
  86         case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  87         case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  88         case PREC_UNARY:
  89                 return 1;
  90
  91         default:
  92                 return 0;
  93         }
  94 }
  95
  96 /**
  97  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  98  *
  99  * @param kind   the expression kind
 100  */
 101 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 102 {
 103         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 104                 [EXPR_ERROR]                             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 105                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 106                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 107                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 108                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 109                 [EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 110                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 111                 [EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL] = PREC_PRIMARY,
 112                 [EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 113                 [EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]               = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]                  = PREC_UNARY,
 118                 [EXPR_CALL]                              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 119                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]                       = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 120                 [EXPR_SELECT]                            = PREC_POSTFIX,
 121                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 122                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                            = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]                     = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                           = PREC_UNARY,
 125
 126                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 127                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
 128                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 129                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 130                 [EXPR_VA_START]                          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 131                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 132                 [EXPR_VA_COPY]                           = PREC_PRIMARY,
 133                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                         = PREC_PRIMARY,
 134                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 135
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                        = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                         = PREC_UNARY,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 141                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 142                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
 143                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]           = PREC_POSTFIX,
 144                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
 145                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]            = PREC_UNARY,
 146                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                        = PREC_UNARY,
 147                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]                      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 148                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]                      = PREC_UNARY,
 149                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]                = PREC_UNARY,
 150                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]                       = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 151
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                        = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                        = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]                      = PREC_EQUALITY,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]                   = PREC_EQUALITY,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]                       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]                  = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]                    = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]                = PREC_AND,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]                 = PREC_OR,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]                = PREC_XOR,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]                = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]                 = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]                  = PREC_SHIFT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]                 = PREC_SHIFT,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]                     = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]                 = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]           = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 179                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 180                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]          = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 181                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]                      = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 182
 183                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 184                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 185                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 186                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]                = PREC_PRIMARY,
 187                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 188                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]                = PREC_PRIMARY
 189         };
 190         assert((size_t)kind < lengthof(prec));
 191         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 192
 193         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 194         return res;
 195 }
 196
 197 /**
 198  * Print a quoted string constant.
 199  *
 200  * @param string  the string constant
 201  * @param border  the border char
 202  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 203  */
 204 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border,
 205                                 int skip)
 206 {
 207         print_char(border);
 208         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 209         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 210                 const char tc = *c;
 211                 if (tc == border) {
 212                         print_char('\\');
 213                 }
 214                 switch (tc) {
 215                 case '\\': print_string("\\\\"); break;
 216                 case '\a': print_string("\\a"); break;
 217                 case '\b': print_string("\\b"); break;
 218                 case '\f': print_string("\\f"); break;
 219                 case '\n': print_string("\\n"); break;
 220                 case '\r': print_string("\\r"); break;
 221                 case '\t': print_string("\\t"); break;
 222                 case '\v': print_string("\\v"); break;
 223                 case '\?': print_string("\\?"); break;
 224                 case 27:
 225                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 226                                 print_string("\\e"); break;
 227                         }
 228                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 229                 default:
 230                         if ((unsigned)tc < 0x80 && !isprint(tc)) {
 231                                 print_format("\\%03o", (unsigned)tc);
 232                         } else {
 233                                 print_char(tc);
 234                         }
 235                         break;
 236                 }
 237         }
 238         print_char(border);
 239 }
 240
 241 static void print_string_literal(const string_literal_expression_t *literal)
 242 {
 243         if (literal->base.kind == EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL) {
 244                 print_char('L');
 245         }
 246         print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '"', 1);
 247 }
 248
 249 static void print_literal(const literal_expression_t *literal)
 250 {
 251         switch (literal->base.kind) {
 252         case EXPR_LITERAL_MS_NOOP:
 253                 print_string("__noop");
 254                 return;
 255         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_HEXADECIMAL:
 256         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT_HEXADECIMAL:
 257                 print_string("0x");
 258                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 259         case EXPR_LITERAL_BOOLEAN:
 260         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER:
 261         case EXPR_LITERAL_INTEGER_OCTAL:
 262         case EXPR_LITERAL_FLOATINGPOINT:
 263                 print_stringrep(&literal->value);
 264                 if (literal->suffix.size > 0)
 265                         print_stringrep(&literal->suffix);
 266                 return;
 267         case EXPR_LITERAL_WIDE_CHARACTER:
 268                 print_char('L');
 269                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 270         case EXPR_LITERAL_CHARACTER:
 271                 print_quoted_string(&literal->value, '\'', 0);
 272                 return;
 273         default:
 274                 break;
 275         }
 276         print_string("INVALID LITERAL KIND");
 277 }
 278
 279 /**
 280  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 281  */
 282 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 283 {
 284         const char *s = "";
 285         switch (funcname->kind) {
 286         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 287         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 288         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 289         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 290         }
 291         print_string(s);
 292 }
 293
 294 static void print_compound_literal(
 295                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 296 {
 297         print_char('(');
 298         print_type(expression->type);
 299         print_char(')');
 300         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 301 }
 302
 303 static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
 304 {
 305         print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 306 }
 307
 308 /**
 309  * Prints a call expression.
 310  *
 311  * @param call  the call expression
 312  */
 313 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 314 {
 315         print_expression_prec(call->function, PREC_POSTFIX);
 316         print_char('(');
 317         char const *sep = "";
 318         for (call_argument_t const *arg = call->arguments; arg; arg = arg->next) {
 319                 print_string(sep);
 320                 sep = ", ";
 321                 print_assignment_expression(arg->expression);
 322         }
 323         print_char(')');
 324 }
 325
 326 /**
 327  * Prints a binary expression.
 328  *
 329  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 330  */
 331 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 332 {
 333         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 334         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 335
 336         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 337         char const* op;
 338         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 339         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 340         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 341         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 342         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 343         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 344         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 345         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 346         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 347         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 348         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 349         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 350         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 351         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 352         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 353         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 354         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 355         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 356         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 357         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 358         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 359
 360         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 361         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 362         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 363         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 364         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 365         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 366         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 367         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 368         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 369         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 370         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 371         }
 372         print_string(op);
 373         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 374 }
 375
 376 /**
 377  * Prints an unary expression.
 378  *
 379  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 380  */
 381 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 382 {
 383         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 384         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 385         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           print_char  ('-' ); break;
 386         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             print_char  ('+' ); break;
 387         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              print_char  ('!' ); break;
 388         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   print_char  ('~' ); break;
 389         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: print_string("++"); break;
 390         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: print_string("--"); break;
 391         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      print_char  ('*' ); break;
 392         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     print_char  ('&' ); break;
 393         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           print_string("delete "); break;
 394         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     print_string("delete [] "); break;
 395
 396         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 397                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 398                 print_string("++");
 399                 return;
 400         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 401                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 402                 print_string("--");
 403                 return;
 404         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 405                 print_char('(');
 406                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 407                 print_char(')');
 408                 break;
 409         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 410                 print_string("__assume(");
 411                 print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
 412                 print_char(')');
 413                 return;
 414
 415         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 416                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 417                         print_string("throw");
 418                         return;
 419                 }
 420                 print_string("throw ");
 421                 break;
 422
 423         default:
 424                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 425         }
 426         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 427 }
 428
 429 /**
 430  * Prints a reference expression.
 431  *
 432  * @param ref   the reference expression
 433  */
 434 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 435 {
 436         print_string(ref->entity->base.symbol->string);
 437 }
 438
 439 /**
 440  * Prints a label address expression.
 441  *
 442  * @param ref   the reference expression
 443  */
 444 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 445 {
 446         print_format("&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 447 }
 448
 449 /**
 450  * Prints an array expression.
 451  *
 452  * @param expression   the array expression
 453  */
 454 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 455 {
 456         if (!expression->flipped) {
 457                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_POSTFIX);
 458                 print_char('[');
 459                 print_expression(expression->index);
 460                 print_char(']');
 461         } else {
 462                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_POSTFIX);
 463                 print_char('[');
 464                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 465                 print_char(']');
 466         }
 467 }
 468
 469 /**
 470  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 471  *
 472  * @param expression   the type property expression
 473  */
 474 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 475 {
 476         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 477                 print_string("sizeof");
 478         } else {
 479                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 480                 print_string("__alignof__");
 481         }
 482         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 483                 /* PREC_TOP: always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 484                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_TOP);
 485         } else {
 486                 print_char('(');
 487                 print_type(expression->type);
 488                 print_char(')');
 489         }
 490 }
 491
 492 /**
 493  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 494  *
 495  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 496  */
 497 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 498 {
 499         print_string("__builtin_constant_p(");
 500         print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
 501         print_char(')');
 502 }
 503
 504 /**
 505  * Prints a builtin types compatible expression.
 506  *
 507  * @param expression   the builtin types compatible expression
 508  */
 509 static void print_builtin_types_compatible(
 510                 const builtin_types_compatible_expression_t *expression)
 511 {
 512         print_string("__builtin_types_compatible_p(");
 513         print_type(expression->left);
 514         print_string(", ");
 515         print_type(expression->right);
 516         print_char(')');
 517 }
 518
 519 /**
 520  * Prints a conditional expression.
 521  *
 522  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 523  */
 524 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 525 {
 526         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 527         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 528                 print_string(" ? ");
 529                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 530                 print_string(" : ");
 531         } else {
 532                 print_string(" ?: ");
 533         }
 534         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 535         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 536 }
 537
 538 /**
 539  * Prints a va_start expression.
 540  *
 541  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 542  */
 543 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 544 {
 545         print_string("__builtin_va_start(");
 546         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 547         print_string(", ");
 548         print_string(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string);
 549         print_char(')');
 550 }
 551
 552 /**
 553  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 554  *
 555  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 556  */
 557 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 558 {
 559         print_string("__builtin_va_arg(");
 560         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 561         print_string(", ");
 562         print_type(expression->base.type);
 563         print_char(')');
 564 }
 565
 566 /**
 567  * Prints a va_copy expression.
 568  *
 569  * @param expression   the va_copy expression
 570  */
 571 static void print_va_copy(const va_copy_expression_t *expression)
 572 {
 573         print_string("__builtin_va_copy(");
 574         print_assignment_expression(expression->dst);
 575         print_string(", ");
 576         print_assignment_expression(expression->src);
 577         print_char(')');
 578 }
 579
 580 /**
 581  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 582  *
 583  * @param expression   the select expression
 584  */
 585 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 586 {
 587         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, PREC_POSTFIX);
 588         /* do not print anything for anonymous struct/union selects
 589          * FIXME: if the anonymous select was a '->' this will print '.'
 590          */
 591         if (expression->compound_entry->base.symbol == NULL)
 592                 return;
 593
 594         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 595                 print_string("->");
 596         } else {
 597                 print_char('.');
 598         }
 599         print_string(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string);
 600 }
 601
 602 /**
 603  * Prints a type classify expression.
 604  *
 605  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 606  */
 607 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 608         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 609 {
 610         print_string("__builtin_classify_type(");
 611         print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
 612         print_char(')');
 613 }
 614
 615 /**
 616  * Prints a designator.
 617  *
 618  * @param designator  the designator
 619  */
 620 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 621 {
 622         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 623                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 624                         print_char('[');
 625                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 626                         print_char(']');
 627                 } else {
 628                         print_char('.');
 629                         print_string(designator->symbol->string);
 630                 }
 631         }
 632 }
 633
 634 /**
 635  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 636  *
 637  * @param expression   the offset expression
 638  */
 639 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 640 {
 641         print_string("__builtin_offsetof(");
 642         print_type(expression->type);
 643         print_char(',');
 644         print_designator(expression->designator);
 645         print_char(')');
 646 }
 647
 648 /**
 649  * Prints a statement expression.
 650  *
 651  * @param expression   the statement expression
 652  */
 653 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 654 {
 655         print_char('(');
 656         print_statement(expression->statement);
 657         print_char(')');
 658 }
 659
 660 /**
 661  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 662  *
 663  * @param expression  the expression to print
 664  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 665  */
 666 static void print_expression_prec(expression_t const *expr, unsigned const top_prec)
 667 {
 668         if (expr->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST && expr->base.implicit && !print_implicit_casts) {
 669                 expr = expr->unary.value;
 670         }
 671
 672         bool parenthesized =
 673                 expr->base.parenthesized                       ||
 674                 (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM) ||
 675                 top_prec > get_expression_precedence(expr->base.kind);
 676
 677         if (parenthesized)
 678                 print_char('(');
 679         switch (expr->kind) {
 680         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 681         case EXPR_SIZEOF:                     print_typeprop_expression(     &expr->typeprop);                 break;
 682         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:               print_array_expression(        &expr->array_access);             break;
 683         case EXPR_BINARY_CASES:               print_binary_expression(       &expr->binary);                   break;
 684         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:         print_builtin_constant(        &expr->builtin_constant);         break;
 685         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P: print_builtin_types_compatible(&expr->builtin_types_compatible); break;
 686         case EXPR_CALL:                       print_call_expression(         &expr->call);                     break;
 687         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:              print_classify_type_expression(&expr->classify_type);            break;
 688         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:           print_compound_literal(        &expr->compound_literal);         break;
 689         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:                print_conditional(             &expr->conditional);              break;
 690         case EXPR_ERROR:                      print_string("$error$");                                         break;
 691         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:                   print_funcname(                &expr->funcname);                 break;
 692         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:              print_label_address_expression(&expr->label_address);            break;
 693         case EXPR_LITERAL_CASES:              print_literal(                 &expr->literal);                  break;
 694         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:                   print_offsetof_expression(     &expr->offsetofe);                break;
 695         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 696         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:       print_reference_expression(    &expr->reference);                break;
 697         case EXPR_SELECT:                     print_select(                  &expr->select);                   break;
 698         case EXPR_STATEMENT:                  print_statement_expression(    &expr->statement);                break;
 699         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 700         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:        print_string_literal(          &expr->string_literal);           break;
 701         case EXPR_UNARY_CASES:                print_unary_expression(        &expr->unary);                    break;
 702         case EXPR_VA_ARG:                     print_va_arg(                  &expr->va_arge);                  break;
 703         case EXPR_VA_COPY:                    print_va_copy(                 &expr->va_copye);                 break;
 704         case EXPR_VA_START:                   print_va_start(                &expr->va_starte);                break;
 705         }
 706         if (parenthesized)
 707                 print_char(')');
 708 }
 709
 710 static void print_indented_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 711 {
 712         switch (stmt->kind) {
 713         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
 714                 break;
 715
 716         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
 717                 for (int i = 0; i != case_indent; ++i)
 718                         print_char('\t');
 719                 break;
 720
 721         default:
 722                 print_indent();
 723                 break;
 724         }
 725         print_statement(stmt);
 726 }
 727
 728 /**
 729  * Print an compound statement.
 730  *
 731  * @param block  the compound statement
 732  */
 733 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 734 {
 735         print_string("{\n");
 736         ++indent;
 737
 738         for (statement_t const *stmt = block->statements; stmt; stmt = stmt->base.next) {
 739                 print_indented_statement(stmt);
 740                 print_char('\n');
 741         }
 742
 743         --indent;
 744         print_indent();
 745         print_char('}');
 746 }
 747
 748 /**
 749  * Print a return statement.
 750  *
 751  * @param statement  the return statement
 752  */
 753 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 754 {
 755         expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
 756         if (val != NULL) {
 757                 print_string("return ");
 758                 print_expression(val);
 759                 print_char(';');
 760         } else {
 761                 print_string("return;");
 762         }
 763 }
 764
 765 /**
 766  * Print an expression statement.
 767  *
 768  * @param statement  the expression statement
 769  */
 770 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 771 {
 772         print_expression(statement->expression);
 773         print_char(';');
 774 }
 775
 776 /**
 777  * Print a goto statement.
 778  *
 779  * @param statement  the goto statement
 780  */
 781 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 782 {
 783         print_string("goto ");
 784         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 785                 print_char('*');
 786                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 787         } else {
 788                 print_string(statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 789         }
 790         print_char(';');
 791 }
 792
 793 /**
 794  * Print a label statement.
 795  *
 796  * @param statement  the label statement
 797  */
 798 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 799 {
 800         print_format("%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 801         print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
 802 }
 803
 804 static void print_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 805 {
 806         if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
 807                 print_char(' ');
 808                 print_compound_statement(&stmt->compound);
 809         } else {
 810                 print_char('\n');
 811                 ++indent;
 812                 print_indented_statement(stmt);
 813                 --indent;
 814         }
 815 }
 816
 817 static void print_after_inner_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
 818 {
 819         if (stmt->kind == STATEMENT_COMPOUND) {
 820                 print_char(' ');
 821         } else {
 822                 print_char('\n');
 823                 print_indent();
 824         }
 825 }
 826
 827 /**
 828  * Print an if statement.
 829  *
 830  * @param statement  the if statement
 831  */
 832 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 833 {
 834         print_string("if (");
 835         print_expression(statement->condition);
 836         print_char(')');
 837         print_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
 838
 839         statement_t const *const f = statement->false_statement;
 840         if (f) {
 841                 print_after_inner_statement(statement->true_statement);
 842                 print_string("else");
 843                 if (f->kind == STATEMENT_IF) {
 844                         print_char(' ');
 845                         print_if_statement(&f->ifs);
 846                 } else {
 847                         print_inner_statement(f);
 848                 }
 849         }
 850 }
 851
 852 /**
 853  * Print a switch statement.
 854  *
 855  * @param statement  the switch statement
 856  */
 857 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 858 {
 859         int const old_case_indent = case_indent;
 860         case_indent = indent;
 861
 862         print_string("switch (");
 863         print_expression(statement->expression);
 864         print_char(')');
 865         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 866
 867         case_indent = old_case_indent;
 868 }
 869
 870 /**
 871  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 872  *
 873  * @param statement  the case label statement
 874  */
 875 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 876 {
 877         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 878                 print_string("default:\n");
 879         } else {
 880                 print_string("case ");
 881                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 882                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 883                         print_string(" ... ");
 884                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 885                 }
 886                 print_string(":\n");
 887         }
 888         print_indented_statement(statement->statement);
 889 }
 890
 891 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
 892 {
 893         print_string("typedef ");
 894         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
 895         print_char(';');
 896 }
 897
 898 /**
 899  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
 900  * correspondenc in the source file
 901  */
 902 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
 903 {
 904         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
 905                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
 906
 907         if (is_declaration(entity))
 908                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
 909
 910         return false;
 911 }
 912
 913 /**
 914  * Print a declaration statement.
 915  *
 916  * @param statement   the statement
 917  */
 918 static void print_declaration_statement(
 919                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 920 {
 921         bool first = true;
 922         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
 923         if (entity == NULL) {
 924                 print_string("/* empty declaration statement */");
 925                 return;
 926         }
 927
 928         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
 929         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
 930                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
 931                         continue;
 932                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 933                         continue;
 934
 935                 if (!first) {
 936                         print_char('\n');
 937                         print_indent();
 938                 } else {
 939                         first = false;
 940                 }
 941
 942                 print_entity(entity);
 943         }
 944 }
 945
 946 /**
 947  * Print a while statement.
 948  *
 949  * @param statement   the statement
 950  */
 951 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
 952 {
 953         print_string("while (");
 954         print_expression(statement->condition);
 955         print_char(')');
 956         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 957 }
 958
 959 /**
 960  * Print a do-while statement.
 961  *
 962  * @param statement   the statement
 963  */
 964 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 965 {
 966         print_string("do");
 967         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
 968         print_after_inner_statement(statement->body);
 969         print_string("while (");
 970         print_expression(statement->condition);
 971         print_string(");");
 972 }
 973
 974 /**
 975  * Print a for statement.
 976  *
 977  * @param statement   the statement
 978  */
 979 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
 980 {
 981         print_string("for (");
 982         if (statement->initialisation != NULL) {
 983                 print_expression(statement->initialisation);
 984                 print_char(';');
 985         } else {
 986                 entity_t const *entity = statement->scope.entities;
 987                 for (; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
 988                         if (is_generated_entity(entity))
 989                                 continue;
 990                         /* FIXME display of multiple declarations is wrong */
 991                         print_declaration(entity);
 992                 }
 993         }
 994         if (statement->condition != NULL) {
 995                 print_char(' ');
 996                 print_expression(statement->condition);
 997         }
 998         print_char(';');
 999         if (statement->step != NULL) {
1000                 print_char(' ');
1001                 print_expression(statement->step);
1002         }
1003         print_char(')');
1004         print_inner_statement(statement->body);
1005 }
1006
1007 /**
1008  * Print assembler arguments.
1009  *
1010  * @param arguments   the arguments
1011  */
1012 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1013 {
1014         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1015         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1016                 if (argument != arguments)
1017                         print_string(", ");
1018
1019                 if (argument->symbol) {
1020                         print_format("[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1021                 }
1022                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1023                 print_string(" (");
1024                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1025                 print_char(')');
1026         }
1027 }
1028
1029 /**
1030  * Print assembler clobbers.
1031  *
1032  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1033  */
1034 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1035 {
1036         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1037         for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1038                 if (clobber != clobbers)
1039                         print_string(", ");
1040
1041                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1042         }
1043 }
1044
1045 /**
1046  * Print an assembler statement.
1047  *
1048  * @param statement   the statement
1049  */
1050 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1051 {
1052         print_string("asm ");
1053         if (statement->is_volatile) {
1054                 print_string("volatile ");
1055         }
1056         print_char('(');
1057         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1058         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1059             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1060             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1061                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1062
1063         print_string(" : ");
1064         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1065         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1066                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1067
1068         print_string(" : ");
1069         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1070         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1071                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1072
1073         print_string(" : ");
1074         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1075
1076 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1077         print_string(");");
1078 }
1079
1080 /**
1081  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1082  *
1083  * @param statement   the statement
1084  */
1085 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1086 {
1087         print_string("__try");
1088         print_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
1089         print_after_inner_statement(statement->try_statement);
1090         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1091                 print_string("__except(");
1092                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1093                 print_char(')');
1094         } else {
1095                 print_string("__finally");
1096         }
1097         print_inner_statement(statement->final_statement);
1098 }
1099
1100 /**
1101  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1102  *
1103  * @param statement   the statement
1104  */
1105 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1106 {
1107         (void)statement;
1108         print_string("__leave;");
1109 }
1110
1111 /**
1112  * Print a statement.
1113  *
1114  * @param statement   the statement
1115  */
1116 void print_statement(statement_t const *const stmt)
1117 {
1118         switch (stmt->kind) {
1119         case STATEMENT_ASM:         print_asm_statement(        &stmt->asms);        break;
1120         case STATEMENT_BREAK:       print_string("break;");                          break;
1121         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:  print_case_label(           &stmt->case_label);  break;
1122         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:    print_compound_statement(   &stmt->compound);    break;
1123         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:    print_string("continue;");                       break;
1124         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION: print_declaration_statement(&stmt->declaration); break;
1125         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:    print_do_while_statement(   &stmt->do_while);    break;
1126         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:       print_char(';');                                 break;
1127         case STATEMENT_ERROR:       print_string("$error statement$");               break;
1128         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:  print_expression_statement( &stmt->expression);  break;
1129         case STATEMENT_FOR:         print_for_statement(        &stmt->fors);        break;
1130         case STATEMENT_GOTO:        print_goto_statement(       &stmt->gotos);       break;
1131         case STATEMENT_IF:          print_if_statement(         &stmt->ifs);         break;
1132         case STATEMENT_LABEL:       print_label_statement(      &stmt->label);       break;
1133         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:       print_leave_statement(      &stmt->leave);       break;
1134         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:      print_ms_try_statement(     &stmt->ms_try);      break;
1135         case STATEMENT_RETURN:      print_return_statement(     &stmt->returns);     break;
1136         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:      print_switch_statement(     &stmt->switchs);     break;
1137         case STATEMENT_WHILE:       print_while_statement(      &stmt->whiles);      break;
1138         }
1139 }
1140
1141 /**
1142  * Print a storage class.
1143  *
1144  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1145  */
1146 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1147 {
1148         switch (storage_class) {
1149         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1150         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  print_string("typedef ");  return;
1151         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   print_string("extern ");   return;
1152         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   print_string("static ");   return;
1153         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     print_string("auto ");     return;
1154         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: print_string("register "); return;
1155         }
1156         panic("invalid storage class");
1157 }
1158
1159 /**
1160  * Print an initializer.
1161  *
1162  * @param initializer  the initializer
1163  */
1164 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1165 {
1166         if (initializer == NULL) {
1167                 print_string("{}");
1168                 return;
1169         }
1170
1171         switch (initializer->kind) {
1172         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1173                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1174                 print_assignment_expression(value->value);
1175                 return;
1176         }
1177         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1178                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1179                 print_string("{ ");
1180                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1181
1182                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1183                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1184                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1185                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1186                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1187                                         print_string(", ");
1188                         }
1189                 }
1190                 print_string(" }");
1191                 return;
1192         }
1193         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1194                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1195                 return;
1196         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1197                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1198                 return;
1199         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1200                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1201                 print_string(" = ");
1202                 return;
1203         }
1204
1205         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1206 }
1207
1208 #if 0
1209 /**
1210  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1211  */
1212 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1213 {
1214         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1215                 return;
1216
1217         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1218
1219         bool        ds_shown = false;
1220         const char *next     = "(";
1221
1222         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1223                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1224                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1225                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1226                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1227                         if (!ds_shown) {
1228                                 print_string("__declspec");
1229                                 ds_shown = true;
1230                         }
1231
1232                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1233                                 print_string(next); next = ", "; print_format("align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1234                         }
1235                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1236                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1237                                 char *comma = "";
1238                                 print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("property(");
1239                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1240                                         print_format("get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1241                                         comma = ", ";
1242                                 }
1243                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1244                                         print_format("%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1245                                 print_char(')');
1246                         }
1247                 }
1248         }
1249
1250         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1251         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1252                 if (!ds_shown) {
1253                         print_string("__declspec");
1254                         ds_shown = true;
1255                 }
1256                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1257                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllimport");
1258                 }
1259                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1260                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("dllexport");
1261                 }
1262                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1263                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
1264                 }
1265                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1266                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("naked");
1267                 }
1268                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1269                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("thread");
1270                 }
1271                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1272                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("selectany");
1273                 }
1274                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1275                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("nothrow");
1276                 }
1277                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1278                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noreturn");
1279                 }
1280                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1281                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noinline");
1282                 }
1283                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1284                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("deprecated");
1285                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1286                                 print_format("(\"%s\")",
1287                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1288                 }
1289                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1290                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("restrict");
1291                 }
1292                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1293                         print_string(next); next = ", "; print_string("noalias");
1294                 }
1295         }
1296
1297         if (ds_shown)
1298                 print_string(") ");
1299 }
1300 #endif
1301
1302 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1303 {
1304         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1305         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1306                 print_indent();
1307                 print_entity(entity);
1308                 print_char('\n');
1309         }
1310 }
1311
1312 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1313 {
1314         print_string("namespace ");
1315         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1316                 print_string(namespace->base.symbol->string);
1317                 print_char(' ');
1318         }
1319
1320         print_string("{\n");
1321         ++indent;
1322
1323         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1324
1325         --indent;
1326         print_indent();
1327         print_string("}\n");
1328 }
1329
1330 /**
1331  * Print a variable or function declaration
1332  */
1333 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1334 {
1335         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1336         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1337
1338         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1339         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1340                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1341                 if (function->is_inline) {
1342                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1343                                 print_string("__forceinline ");
1344                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1345                                 print_string("__inline ");
1346                         } else {
1347                                 print_string("inline ");
1348                         }
1349                 }
1350         }
1351         //print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1352         switch (entity->kind) {
1353                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1354                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1355                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1356
1357                         if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1358                                 print_char('\n');
1359                                 print_indented_statement(entity->function.statement);
1360                                 print_char('\n');
1361                                 return;
1362                         }
1363                         break;
1364
1365                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1366                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1367                                 print_string("__thread ");
1368                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1369                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1370                                 print_string(" = ");
1371                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1372                         }
1373                         break;
1374
1375                 case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1376                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1377                         if (entity->compound_member.bitfield) {
1378                                 print_format(" : %u", entity->compound_member.bit_size);
1379                         }
1380                         break;
1381
1382                 default:
1383                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1384                         break;
1385         }
1386         print_char(';');
1387 }
1388
1389 /**
1390  * Prints an expression.
1391  *
1392  * @param expression  the expression
1393  */
1394 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1395 {
1396         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1397 }
1398
1399 /**
1400  * Print a declaration.
1401  *
1402  * @param declaration  the declaration
1403  */
1404 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1405 {
1406         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1407                 return;
1408
1409         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1410         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1411         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1412         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1413         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1414                 print_declaration(entity);
1415                 return;
1416         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1417                 print_typedef(entity);
1418                 return;
1419         case ENTITY_CLASS:
1420                 /* TODO */
1421                 print_string("class ");
1422                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1423                 print_string("; /* TODO */\n");
1424                 return;
1425         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1426                 print_string("struct ");
1427                 goto print_compound;
1428         case ENTITY_UNION:
1429                 print_string("union ");
1430 print_compound:
1431                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1432                 if (entity->compound.complete) {
1433                         print_char(' ');
1434                         print_compound_definition(&entity->compound);
1435                 }
1436                 print_char(';');
1437                 return;
1438         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1439                 print_string("enum ");
1440                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1441                 print_char(' ');
1442                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1443                 print_char(';');
1444                 return;
1445         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1446                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1447                 return;
1448         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1449                 print_string("__label__ ");
1450                 print_string(entity->base.symbol->string);
1451                 print_char(';');
1452                 return;
1453         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1454         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1455                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1456         }
1457         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1458 }
1459
1460 /**
1461  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1462  *
1463  * @param unit   the translation unit
1464  */
1465 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1466 {
1467         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1468         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1469                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1470                         continue;
1471                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1472                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1473                         continue;
1474                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1475                         continue;
1476
1477                 print_indent();
1478                 print_entity(entity);
1479                 print_char('\n');
1480         }
1481 }
1482
1483 expression_classification_t is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1484 {
1485         switch (initializer->kind) {
1486         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1487         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1488         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1489                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1490
1491         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1492                 return is_linker_constant(initializer->value.value);
1493
1494         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1495                 expression_classification_t all = EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1496                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1497                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1498                         expression_classification_t const cur = is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer);
1499                         if (all > cur) {
1500                                 all = cur;
1501                         }
1502                 }
1503                 return all;
1504         }
1505         }
1506         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1507 }
1508
1509 /**
1510  * Checks if an expression references an object with a constant/known location
1511  * to the linker. Example:
1512  *  - "x", "*&x" with x being a global variable. The value of x need not be
1513  *         constant but the address of x is.
1514  *  - "a.b.c" when a has a constant/known location to the linker
1515  */
1516 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_linker_constant_address(
1517         const expression_t *expression)
1518 {
1519         switch (expression->kind) {
1520         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1521                 return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1522
1523         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1524                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1525                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1526                         /* it's a -> */
1527                         return is_linker_constant(expression->select.compound);
1528                 } else {
1529                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1530                 }
1531         }
1532
1533         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1534                 expression_classification_t const ref = is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1535                 expression_classification_t const idx = is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1536                 return ref < idx ? ref : idx;
1537         }
1538
1539         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1540                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1541                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1542                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1543
1544                 switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1545                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1546                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1547                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1548                         return
1549                                 entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1550                                 !entity->variable.thread_local ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
1551                                 EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1552
1553                 case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1554                 case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1555                 case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1556                         break;
1557                 }
1558                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1559         }
1560
1561         case EXPR_ERROR:
1562                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1563
1564         default:
1565                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1566         }
1567 }
1568
1569 expression_classification_t is_linker_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1570 {
1571         switch (expression->kind) {
1572         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1573         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1574         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1575         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1576                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1577
1578         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1579                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1580
1581         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1582                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1583
1584         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1585                 type_t *real_type
1586                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1587                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1588                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1589                         return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1590                 }
1591                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1592         }
1593
1594         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1595                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1596                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1597                                 dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1598                                 !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1599                                 get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_type_size(type_void_ptr)
1600                     ))
1601                         return is_constant_expression(expression);
1602
1603                 return is_linker_constant(expression->unary.value);
1604         }
1605
1606         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1607         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1608                 expression_t *const left  = expression->binary.left;
1609                 expression_t *const right = expression->binary.right;
1610                 type_t       *const ltype = skip_typeref(left->base.type);
1611                 type_t       *const rtype = skip_typeref(right->base.type);
1612
1613                 if (is_type_pointer(ltype)) {
1614                         expression_classification_t const l = is_linker_constant(left);
1615                         expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(right);
1616                         return l < r ? l : r;
1617                 } else if (is_type_pointer(rtype)) {
1618                         expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(left);
1619                         expression_classification_t const r = is_linker_constant(right);
1620                         return l < r ? l : r;
1621                 } else if (!is_type_valid(ltype) || !is_type_valid(rtype)) {
1622                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1623                 } else {
1624                         return is_constant_expression(expression);
1625                 }
1626         }
1627
1628         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1629                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1630                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1631                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1632
1633                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1634                 if (is_type_function(type))
1635                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1636                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1637                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1638                 }
1639                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1640                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1641                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1642                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1643         }
1644
1645         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1646                 type_t *const type =
1647                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1648                 if (!is_type_array(type))
1649                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1650                 return is_linker_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1651         }
1652
1653         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1654                 expression_t *const c = expression->conditional.condition;
1655                 expression_classification_t const cclass = is_constant_expression(c);
1656                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1657                         return cclass;
1658
1659                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(c)) {
1660                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1661                         return is_linker_constant(t != NULL ? t : c);
1662                 } else {
1663                         return is_linker_constant(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1664                 }
1665         }
1666
1667         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1668                 entity_t *entity = expression->select.compound_entry;
1669                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1670                         return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1671                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1672                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1673                         /* arrays automatically convert to their address */
1674                         expression_t *compound  = expression->select.compound;
1675                         type_t       *base_type = skip_typeref(compound->base.type);
1676                         if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1677                                 /* it's a -> */
1678                                 return is_linker_constant(compound);
1679                         } else {
1680                                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(compound);
1681                         }
1682                 }
1683                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1684         }
1685
1686         default:
1687                 return is_constant_expression(expression);
1688         }
1689 }
1690
1691 /**
1692  * Check if the given expression is a call to a builtin function
1693  * returning a constant result.
1694  */
1695 static expression_classification_t is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1696 {
1697         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1698         if (function->kind != EXPR_REFERENCE)
1699                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1700         reference_expression_t *ref = &function->reference;
1701         if (ref->entity->kind != ENTITY_FUNCTION)
1702                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1703
1704         switch (ref->entity->function.btk) {
1705         case BUILTIN_INF:
1706         case BUILTIN_NAN:
1707                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1708         default:
1709                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1710         }
1711
1712 }
1713
1714 static expression_classification_t is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1715 {
1716         expression_classification_t const expr_class = is_constant_expression(expression);
1717         if (expr_class != EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE)
1718                 return expr_class;
1719
1720         switch (expression->kind) {
1721         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1722                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1723         default:
1724                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1725         }
1726 }
1727
1728 static expression_classification_t is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1729 {
1730         switch (expression->kind) {
1731         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1732                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1733                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1734                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1735                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1736                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1737                 } else {
1738                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1739                 }
1740         }
1741
1742         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1743                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1744                         &expression->array_access;
1745                 expression_classification_t const idx_class = is_constant_expression(array_access->index);
1746                 if (idx_class != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1747                         return idx_class;
1748                 expression_classification_t const ref_addr = is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref);
1749                 expression_classification_t const ref_ptr  = is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref);
1750                 return ref_addr > ref_ptr ? ref_addr : ref_ptr;
1751         }
1752
1753         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1754                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1755
1756         case EXPR_ERROR:
1757                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1758
1759         default:
1760                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1761         }
1762 }
1763
1764 expression_classification_t is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1765 {
1766         switch (expression->kind) {
1767         case EXPR_LITERAL_CASES:
1768         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1769         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1770         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1771         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1772         case EXPR_BUILTIN_TYPES_COMPATIBLE_P:
1773         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1774                 return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1775
1776         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1777                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->typeprop.type);
1778                 return
1779                         !is_type_array(type) || !type->array.is_vla ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT :
1780                         EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1781         }
1782
1783         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1784         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1785         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1786         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1787         case EXPR_SELECT:
1788         case EXPR_VA_START:
1789         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1790         case EXPR_VA_COPY:
1791         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1792         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1793         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1794         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1795         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1796         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1797         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1798         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1799         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1800         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1801         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1802         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1803         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1804         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1805         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1806         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1807         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1808         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1809         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1810         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1811         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1812         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1813         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1814                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1815
1816         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1817                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1818                 return is_type_valid(type) ? EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE : EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1819         }
1820
1821         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1822                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1823
1824         case EXPR_CALL:
1825                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1826
1827         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1828         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1829         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1830         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1831                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1832
1833         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1834                 type_t *const type = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1835                 if (is_type_scalar(type))
1836                         return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1837                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1838                         return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1839                 return EXPR_CLASS_VARIABLE;
1840         }
1841
1842         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1843         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1844         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1845         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1846         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1847         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1848         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1849         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1850         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1851         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1852         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1853         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1854         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1855         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1856         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1857         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1858         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1859         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1860         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1861         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1862         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1863         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED: {
1864                 expression_classification_t const l = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left);
1865                 expression_classification_t const r = is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1866                 return l < r ? l : r;
1867         }
1868
1869         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND: {
1870                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1871                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1872                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1873                         return lclass;
1874                 if (!fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1875                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1876                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1877         }
1878
1879         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR: {
1880                 expression_t const         *const left   = expression->binary.left;
1881                 expression_classification_t const lclass = is_constant_expression(left);
1882                 if (lclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1883                         return lclass;
1884                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(left))
1885                         return EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT;
1886                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1887         }
1888
1889         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1890                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1891
1892         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1893                 expression_t               *const condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1894                 expression_classification_t const cclass    = is_constant_expression(condition);
1895                 if (cclass != EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT)
1896                         return cclass;
1897
1898                 if (fold_constant_to_bool(condition)) {
1899                         expression_t const *const t = expression->conditional.true_expression;
1900                         return t == NULL ? EXPR_CLASS_CONSTANT : is_constant_expression(t);
1901                 } else {
1902                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1903                 }
1904         }
1905
1906         case EXPR_ERROR:
1907                 return EXPR_CLASS_ERROR;
1908         }
1909         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1910 }
1911
1912 void init_ast(void)
1913 {
1914         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1915 }
1916
1917 void exit_ast(void)
1918 {
1919         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1920 }