nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28
  29 #include <assert.h>
  30 #include <stdio.h>
  31 #include <stdlib.h>
  32 #include <ctype.h>
  33
  34 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  35 #include <mathimf.h>
  36 #else
  37 #include <math.h>
  38 #endif
  39
  40 #include "adt/error.h"
  41
  42 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  43
  44 static FILE *out;
  45 static int   indent;
  46
  47 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  48 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  49
  50 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  51 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  52
  53 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  54 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  55
  56 void change_indent(int delta)
  57 {
  58         indent += delta;
  59         assert(indent >= 0);
  60 }
  61
  62 void print_indent(void)
  63 {
  64         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  65                 fputc('\t', out);
  66 }
  67
  68 /**
  69  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  70  * associativity, else 0.
  71  *
  72  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  73  */
  74 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  75 {
  76         switch (precedence) {
  77                 case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  78                 case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  79                 case PREC_UNARY:
  80                         return 1;
  81
  82                 default:
  83                         return 0;
  84         }
  85 }
  86
  87 /**
  88  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  89  *
  90  * @param kind   the expression kind
  91  */
  92 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  93 {
  94         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  95                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 103                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 105                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 107                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 108                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 109                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 111                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 112
 113                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 121                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 122
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]        = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]               = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 139
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 170
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 177         };
 178         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 179         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 180
 181         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 182         return res;
 183 }
 184
 185 /**
 186  * Print a constant expression.
 187  *
 188  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 189  */
 190 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 191 {
 192         if (cnst->base.type == NULL)
 193                 return;
 194
 195         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 196
 197         if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)) {
 198                 fputs(cnst->v.int_value ? "true" : "false", out);
 199         } else if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 200                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 201         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 202                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 203 #ifdef _WIN32
 204                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 205                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 206 #else
 207                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 208 #endif
 209                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 210                         fputs(".0", out);
 211         } else {
 212                 panic("unknown constant");
 213         }
 214
 215         char const* suffix;
 216         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 219                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 224
 225                 default: return;
 226         }
 227         fputs(suffix, out);
 228 }
 229
 230 /**
 231  * Print a quoted string constant.
 232  *
 233  * @param string  the string constant
 234  * @param border  the border char
 235  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 236  */
 237 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 238 {
 239         fputc(border, out);
 240         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 241         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 242                 if (*c == border) {
 243                         fputc('\\', out);
 244                 }
 245                 switch (*c) {
 246                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 247                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 248                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 249                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 250                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 251                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 252                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 253                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 254                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 255                 case 27:
 256                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 257                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 258                         }
 259                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 260                 default:
 261                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 262                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 263                                 break;
 264                         }
 265                         fputc(*c, out);
 266                         break;
 267                 }
 268         }
 269         fputc(border, out);
 270 }
 271
 272 /**
 273  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 274  *
 275  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 276  * @param border  the border char
 277  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 278  */
 279 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 280                                      char border, int skip)
 281 {
 282         fputc('L', out);
 283         fputc(border, out);
 284         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 285         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 286                 switch (*c) {
 287                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 288                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 289                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 290                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 293                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 297                         case 27:
 298                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 299                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 300                                 }
 301                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 302                         default: {
 303                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 304                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 305                                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 306                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 307                                         } else {
 308                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 309                                         }
 310                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 311                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 312                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 313                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 314                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 315                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 317                                 } else {
 318                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 321                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 322                                 }
 323                         }
 324                 }
 325         }
 326         fputc(border, out);
 327 }
 328
 329 /**
 330  * Print a constant character expression.
 331  *
 332  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 333  */
 334 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 335 {
 336         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 337 }
 338
 339 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 340 {
 341         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 342 }
 343
 344 /**
 345  * Prints a string literal expression.
 346  *
 347  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 348  */
 349 static void print_string_literal(
 350                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 351 {
 352         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 353 }
 354
 355 /**
 356  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 357  */
 358 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 359 {
 360         const char *s = "";
 361         switch (funcname->kind) {
 362         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 363         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 364         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 365         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 366         }
 367         fputs(s, out);
 368 }
 369
 370 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 371         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 372 {
 373         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 374 }
 375
 376 static void print_compound_literal(
 377                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 378 {
 379         fputc('(', out);
 380         print_type(expression->type);
 381         fputc(')', out);
 382         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 383 }
 384
 385 static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
 386 {
 387         print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 388 }
 389
 390 /**
 391  * Prints a call expression.
 392  *
 393  * @param call  the call expression
 394  */
 395 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 396 {
 397         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 398         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 399         fputc('(', out);
 400         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 401         int              first    = 1;
 402         while (argument != NULL) {
 403                 if (!first) {
 404                         fputs(", ", out);
 405                 } else {
 406                         first = 0;
 407                 }
 408                 print_assignment_expression(argument->expression);
 409
 410                 argument = argument->next;
 411         }
 412         fputc(')', out);
 413 }
 414
 415 /**
 416  * Prints a binary expression.
 417  *
 418  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 419  */
 420 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 421 {
 422         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 423         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 424
 425         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 426         char const* op;
 427         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 428         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 429         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 430         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 435         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 448
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 459         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 460         }
 461         fputs(op, out);
 462         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 463 }
 464
 465 /**
 466  * Prints an unary expression.
 467  *
 468  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 469  */
 470 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 471 {
 472         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 473         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 474         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-',          out); break;
 475         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+',          out); break;
 476         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!',          out); break;
 477         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~',          out); break;
 478         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++",         out); break;
 479         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--",         out); break;
 480         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*',          out); break;
 481         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&',          out); break;
 482         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           fputs("delete ",    out); break;
 483         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     fputs("delete [] ", out); break;
 484
 485         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 486                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 487                 fputs("++", out);
 488                 return;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 490                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 491                 fputs("--", out);
 492                 return;
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 495                 fputc('(', out);
 496                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 497                 fputc(')', out);
 498                 break;
 499         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 500                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 501                 print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
 502                 fputc(')', out);
 503                 return;
 504
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 506                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 507                         fputs("throw", out);
 508                         return;
 509                 }
 510                 fputs("throw ", out);
 511                 break;
 512
 513         default:
 514                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 515         }
 516         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 517 }
 518
 519 /**
 520  * Prints a reference expression.
 521  *
 522  * @param ref   the reference expression
 523  */
 524 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 525 {
 526         fputs(ref->entity->base.symbol->string, out);
 527 }
 528
 529 /**
 530  * Prints a label address expression.
 531  *
 532  * @param ref   the reference expression
 533  */
 534 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 535 {
 536         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 537 }
 538
 539 /**
 540  * Prints an array expression.
 541  *
 542  * @param expression   the array expression
 543  */
 544 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 545 {
 546         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 547         if (!expression->flipped) {
 548                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 549                 fputc('[', out);
 550                 print_expression(expression->index);
 551                 fputc(']', out);
 552         } else {
 553                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 554                 fputc('[', out);
 555                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 556                 fputc(']', out);
 557         }
 558 }
 559
 560 /**
 561  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 562  *
 563  * @param expression   the type property expression
 564  */
 565 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 566 {
 567         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 568                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 569         } else {
 570                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 571                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 572         }
 573         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 574                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 575                 fputc('(', out);
 576                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 577                 fputc(')', out);
 578         } else {
 579                 fputc('(', out);
 580                 print_type(expression->type);
 581                 fputc(')', out);
 582         }
 583 }
 584
 585 /**
 586  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 587  *
 588  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 589  */
 590 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 591 {
 592         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 593 }
 594
 595 /**
 596  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 597  *
 598  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 599  */
 600 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 601 {
 602         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 603         print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
 604         fputc(')', out);
 605 }
 606
 607 /**
 608  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 609  *
 610  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 611  */
 612 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 613 {
 614         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 615         print_assignment_expression(expression->adr);
 616         if (expression->rw) {
 617                 fputc(',', out);
 618                 print_assignment_expression(expression->rw);
 619         }
 620         if (expression->locality) {
 621                 fputc(',', out);
 622                 print_assignment_expression(expression->locality);
 623         }
 624         fputc(')', out);
 625 }
 626
 627 /**
 628  * Prints a conditional expression.
 629  *
 630  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 631  */
 632 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 633 {
 634         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 635         fputs(" ? ", out);
 636         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 637                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 638                 fputs(" : ", out);
 639         } else {
 640                 fputs(": ", out);
 641         }
 642         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 643         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 644 }
 645
 646 /**
 647  * Prints a va_start expression.
 648  *
 649  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 650  */
 651 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 652 {
 653         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 654         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 655         fputs(", ", out);
 656         fputs(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string, out);
 657         fputc(')', out);
 658 }
 659
 660 /**
 661  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 662  *
 663  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 664  */
 665 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 666 {
 667         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 668         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 669         fputs(", ", out);
 670         print_type(expression->base.type);
 671         fputc(')', out);
 672 }
 673
 674 /**
 675  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 676  *
 677  * @param expression   the select expression
 678  */
 679 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 680 {
 681         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 682         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 683         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 684                 fputs("->", out);
 685         } else {
 686                 fputc('.', out);
 687         }
 688         fputs(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string, out);
 689 }
 690
 691 /**
 692  * Prints a type classify expression.
 693  *
 694  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 695  */
 696 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 697         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 698 {
 699         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 700         print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
 701         fputc(')', out);
 702 }
 703
 704 /**
 705  * Prints a designator.
 706  *
 707  * @param designator  the designator
 708  */
 709 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 710 {
 711         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 712                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 713                         fputc('[', out);
 714                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 715                         fputc(']', out);
 716                 } else {
 717                         fputc('.', out);
 718                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 719                 }
 720         }
 721 }
 722
 723 /**
 724  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 725  *
 726  * @param expression   the offset expression
 727  */
 728 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 729 {
 730         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 731         fputc('(', out);
 732         print_type(expression->type);
 733         fputc(',', out);
 734         print_designator(expression->designator);
 735         fputc(')', out);
 736 }
 737
 738 /**
 739  * Prints a statement expression.
 740  *
 741  * @param expression   the statement expression
 742  */
 743 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 744 {
 745         fputc('(', out);
 746         print_statement(expression->statement);
 747         fputc(')', out);
 748 }
 749
 750 /**
 751  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 752  *
 753  * @param expression  the expression to print
 754  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 755  */
 756 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 757 {
 758         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 759                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 760         }
 761         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 762         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 763                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 764         if (top_prec > prec)
 765                 fputc('(', out);
 766         switch (expression->kind) {
 767         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 768         case EXPR_INVALID:
 769                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 770                 break;
 771         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 772                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 773                 break;
 774         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 775                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 776                 break;
 777         case EXPR_CONST:
 778                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 779                 break;
 780         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 781                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 782                 break;
 783         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 784                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 785                 break;
 786         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 787                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 788                 break;
 789         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 790                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 791                 break;
 792         case EXPR_CALL:
 793                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 794                 break;
 795         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 796                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 797                 break;
 798         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 799         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
 800                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 801                 break;
 802         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 803                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 806                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 807                 break;
 808         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 809                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 810                 break;
 811         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 812         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 813                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 814                 break;
 815         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 816                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 817                 break;
 818         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 819                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 820                 break;
 821         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 822                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 823                 break;
 824         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 825                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 826                 break;
 827         case EXPR_VA_START:
 828                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 829                 break;
 830         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 831                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 832                 break;
 833         case EXPR_SELECT:
 834                 print_select(&expression->select);
 835                 break;
 836         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 837                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 838                 break;
 839         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 840                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 841                 break;
 842         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 843                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 844                 break;
 845
 846         default:
 847                 /* TODO */
 848                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int)expression->kind);
 849                 break;
 850         }
 851         if (top_prec > prec)
 852                 fputc(')', out);
 853 }
 854
 855 /**
 856  * Print an compound statement.
 857  *
 858  * @param block  the compound statement
 859  */
 860 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 861 {
 862         fputs("{\n", out);
 863         ++indent;
 864
 865         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 866         while (statement != NULL) {
 867                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 868                         --indent;
 869                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 870                         print_indent();
 871                 print_statement(statement);
 872
 873                 statement = statement->base.next;
 874         }
 875         --indent;
 876         print_indent();
 877         fputs("}\n", out);
 878 }
 879
 880 /**
 881  * Print a return statement.
 882  *
 883  * @param statement  the return statement
 884  */
 885 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 886 {
 887         expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
 888         if (val != NULL) {
 889                 fputs("return ", out);
 890                 print_expression(val);
 891                 fputs(";\n", out);
 892         } else {
 893                 fputs("return;\n", out);
 894         }
 895 }
 896
 897 /**
 898  * Print an expression statement.
 899  *
 900  * @param statement  the expression statement
 901  */
 902 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 903 {
 904         print_expression(statement->expression);
 905         fputs(";\n", out);
 906 }
 907
 908 /**
 909  * Print a goto statement.
 910  *
 911  * @param statement  the goto statement
 912  */
 913 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 914 {
 915         fputs("goto ", out);
 916         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 917                 fputc('*', out);
 918                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 919         } else {
 920                 fputs(statement->label->base.symbol->string, out);
 921         }
 922         fputs(";\n", out);
 923 }
 924
 925 /**
 926  * Print a label statement.
 927  *
 928  * @param statement  the label statement
 929  */
 930 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 931 {
 932         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 933         print_indent();
 934         print_statement(statement->statement);
 935 }
 936
 937 /**
 938  * Print an if statement.
 939  *
 940  * @param statement  the if statement
 941  */
 942 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 943 {
 944         fputs("if (", out);
 945         print_expression(statement->condition);
 946         fputs(") ", out);
 947         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 948
 949         if (statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 950                 print_indent();
 951                 fputs("else ", out);
 952                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 953         }
 954 }
 955
 956 /**
 957  * Print a switch statement.
 958  *
 959  * @param statement  the switch statement
 960  */
 961 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 962 {
 963         fputs("switch (", out);
 964         print_expression(statement->expression);
 965         fputs(") ", out);
 966         print_statement(statement->body);
 967 }
 968
 969 /**
 970  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 971  *
 972  * @param statement  the case label statement
 973  */
 974 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 975 {
 976         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 977                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 978         } else {
 979                 fputs("case ", out);
 980                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 981                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 982                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 983                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 984                 }
 985                 fputs(":\n", out);
 986         }
 987         ++indent;
 988         if (statement->statement != NULL) {
 989                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 990                         --indent;
 991                 }
 992                 print_indent();
 993                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 994         }
 995 }
 996
 997 static void print_local_label(const local_label_statement_t *statement)
 998 {
 999         fputs("__label__ ", out);
1000
1001         bool      first  = true;
1002         entity_t *entity = statement->labels_begin;
1003         for (;
1004                 entity != statement->labels_end->base.next;
1005                 entity = entity->base.next) {
1006                 if (!first) {
1007                         fputs(", ", out);
1008                 } else {
1009                         first = false;
1010                 }
1011                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1012         }
1013         fputs(";\n", out);
1014 }
1015
1016 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
1017 {
1018         fputs("typedef ", out);
1019         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
1020         fputc(';', out);
1021 }
1022
1023 /**
1024  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
1025  * correspondenc in the source file
1026  */
1027 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1028 {
1029         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1030                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
1031
1032         if (is_declaration(entity))
1033                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
1034
1035         return false;
1036 }
1037
1038 /**
1039  * Print a declaration statement.
1040  *
1041  * @param statement   the statement
1042  */
1043 static void print_declaration_statement(
1044                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1045 {
1046         bool first = true;
1047         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
1048         if (entity == NULL) {
1049                 fputs("/* empty declaration statement */\n", out);
1050                 return;
1051         }
1052
1053         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
1054         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
1055                 if (!is_declaration(entity) && entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1056                         continue;
1057                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1058                         continue;
1059
1060                 if (!first) {
1061                         print_indent();
1062                 } else {
1063                         first = false;
1064                 }
1065
1066                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
1067                         print_typedef(entity);
1068                 } else {
1069                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1070                         print_declaration(entity);
1071                 }
1072
1073                 fputc('\n', out);
1074         }
1075 }
1076
1077 /**
1078  * Print a while statement.
1079  *
1080  * @param statement   the statement
1081  */
1082 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1083 {
1084         fputs("while (", out);
1085         print_expression(statement->condition);
1086         fputs(") ", out);
1087         print_statement(statement->body);
1088 }
1089
1090 /**
1091  * Print a do-while statement.
1092  *
1093  * @param statement   the statement
1094  */
1095 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1096 {
1097         fputs("do ", out);
1098         print_statement(statement->body);
1099         print_indent();
1100         fputs("while (", out);
1101         print_expression(statement->condition);
1102         fputs(");\n", out);
1103 }
1104
1105 /**
1106  * Print a for statement.
1107  *
1108  * @param statement   the statement
1109  */
1110 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1111 {
1112         fputs("for (", out);
1113         entity_t *entity = statement->scope.entities;
1114         while (entity != NULL && is_generated_entity(entity))
1115                 entity = entity->base.next;
1116
1117         if (entity != NULL) {
1118                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1119                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
1120                 print_declaration(entity);
1121                 if (entity->base.next != NULL) {
1122                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1123                 }
1124                 fputc(' ', out);
1125         } else {
1126                 if (statement->initialisation) {
1127                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1128                 }
1129                 fputs("; ", out);
1130         }
1131         if (statement->condition != NULL) {
1132                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1133         }
1134         fputs("; ", out);
1135         if (statement->step != NULL) {
1136                 print_expression(statement->step);
1137         }
1138         fputs(") ", out);
1139         print_statement(statement->body);
1140 }
1141
1142 /**
1143  * Print assembler arguments.
1144  *
1145  * @param arguments   the arguments
1146  */
1147 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1148 {
1149         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1150         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1151                 if (argument != arguments)
1152                         fputs(", ", out);
1153
1154                 if (argument->symbol) {
1155                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1156                 }
1157                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1158                 fputs(" (", out);
1159                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1160                 fputc(')', out);
1161         }
1162 }
1163
1164 /**
1165  * Print assembler clobbers.
1166  *
1167  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1168  */
1169 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1170 {
1171         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1172         for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1173                 if (clobber != clobbers)
1174                         fputs(", ", out);
1175
1176                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1177         }
1178 }
1179
1180 /**
1181  * Print an assembler statement.
1182  *
1183  * @param statement   the statement
1184  */
1185 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1186 {
1187         fputs("asm ", out);
1188         if (statement->is_volatile) {
1189                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1190         }
1191         fputc('(', out);
1192         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1193         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1194             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1195             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1196                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1197
1198         fputs(" : ", out);
1199         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1200         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1201                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1202
1203         fputs(" : ", out);
1204         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1205         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1206                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1207
1208         fputs(" : ", out);
1209         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1210
1211 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1212         fputs(");\n", out);
1213 }
1214
1215 /**
1216  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1217  *
1218  * @param statement   the statement
1219  */
1220 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1221 {
1222         fputs("__try ", out);
1223         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1224         print_indent();
1225         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1226                 fputs("__except(", out);
1227                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1228                 fputs(") ", out);
1229         } else {
1230                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1231         }
1232         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1233 }
1234
1235 /**
1236  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1237  *
1238  * @param statement   the statement
1239  */
1240 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1241 {
1242         (void)statement;
1243         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1244 }
1245
1246 /**
1247  * Print a statement.
1248  *
1249  * @param statement   the statement
1250  */
1251 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1252 {
1253         switch (statement->kind) {
1254         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1255                 fputs(";\n", out);
1256                 break;
1257         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1258                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1259                 break;
1260         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1261                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1262                 break;
1263         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1264                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1265                 break;
1266         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1267                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1268                 break;
1269         case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
1270                 print_local_label(&statement->local_label);
1271                 break;
1272         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1273                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1274                 break;
1275         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1276                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1277                 break;
1278         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1279                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1280                 break;
1281         case STATEMENT_IF:
1282                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1283                 break;
1284         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1285                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1286                 break;
1287         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1288                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1289                 break;
1290         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1291                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1292                 break;
1293         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1294                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1295                 break;
1296         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1297                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1298                 break;
1299         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1300                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1301                 break;
1302         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1303                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1304                 break;
1305         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1306                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1307                 break;
1308         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1309                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1310                 break;
1311         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1312                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1313                 break;
1314         }
1315 }
1316
1317 /**
1318  * Print a storage class.
1319  *
1320  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1321  */
1322 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1323 {
1324         const char *text;
1325         switch (storage_class) {
1326         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1327         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  text = "typedef ";  break;
1328         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   text = "extern ";   break;
1329         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   text = "static ";   break;
1330         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     text = "auto ";     break;
1331         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: text = "register "; break;
1332         }
1333         fputs(text, out);
1334 }
1335
1336 /**
1337  * Print an initializer.
1338  *
1339  * @param initializer  the initializer
1340  */
1341 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1342 {
1343         if (initializer == NULL) {
1344                 fputs("{}", out);
1345                 return;
1346         }
1347
1348         switch (initializer->kind) {
1349         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1350                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1351                 print_assignment_expression(value->value);
1352                 return;
1353         }
1354         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1355                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1356                 fputs("{ ", out);
1357                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1358
1359                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1360                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1361                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1362                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1363                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1364                                         fputs(", ", out);
1365                         }
1366                 }
1367                 fputs(" }", out);
1368                 return;
1369         }
1370         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1371                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1372                 return;
1373         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1374                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1375                 return;
1376         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1377                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1378                 fputs(" = ", out);
1379                 return;
1380         }
1381
1382         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1383 }
1384
1385 /**
1386  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1387  */
1388 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1389 {
1390         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1391                 return;
1392
1393         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1394
1395         bool        ds_shown = false;
1396         const char *next     = "(";
1397
1398         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1399                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1400                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1401                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1402                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1403                         if (!ds_shown) {
1404                                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1405                                 ds_shown = true;
1406                         }
1407
1408                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1409                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1410                         }
1411                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1412                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1413                                 char *comma = "";
1414                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1415                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1416                                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1417                                         comma = ", ";
1418                                 }
1419                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1420                                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1421                                 fputc(')', out);
1422                         }
1423                 }
1424         }
1425
1426         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1427         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1428                 if (!ds_shown) {
1429                         fputs("__declspec", out);
1430                         ds_shown = true;
1431                 }
1432                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1433                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1434                 }
1435                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1436                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1437                 }
1438                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1439                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1440                 }
1441                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1442                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1443                 }
1444                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1445                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1446                 }
1447                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1448                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1449                 }
1450                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1451                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1452                 }
1453                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1454                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1455                 }
1456                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1457                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1458                 }
1459                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1460                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1461                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1462                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")",
1463                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1464                 }
1465                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1466                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1467                 }
1468                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1469                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1470                 }
1471         }
1472
1473         if (ds_shown)
1474                 fputs(") ", out);
1475 }
1476
1477 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1478 {
1479         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1480         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1481                 print_indent();
1482                 print_entity(entity);
1483                 fputs("\n", out);
1484         }
1485 }
1486
1487 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1488 {
1489         fputs("namespace ", out);
1490         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1491                 fputs(namespace->base.symbol->string, out);
1492                 fputc(' ', out);
1493         }
1494
1495         fputs("{\n", out);
1496         ++indent;
1497
1498         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1499
1500         --indent;
1501         print_indent();
1502         fputs("}\n", out);
1503 }
1504
1505 /**
1506  * Print a variable or function declaration
1507  */
1508 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1509 {
1510         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1511         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1512
1513         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1514         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1515                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1516                 if (function->is_inline) {
1517                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1518                                 fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1519                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1520                                 fputs("__inline ", out);
1521                         } else {
1522                                 fputs("inline ", out);
1523                         }
1524                 }
1525         }
1526         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1527         switch (entity->kind) {
1528                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1529                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1530                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1531
1532                         if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1533                                 fputc('\n', out);
1534                                 print_indent();
1535                                 print_statement(entity->function.statement);
1536                                 return;
1537                         }
1538                         break;
1539
1540                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1541                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1542                                 fputs("__thread ", out);
1543                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1544                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1545                                 fputs(" = ", out);
1546                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1547                         }
1548                         break;
1549
1550                 default:
1551                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1552                         break;
1553         }
1554         fputc(';', out);
1555 }
1556
1557 /**
1558  * Prints an expression.
1559  *
1560  * @param expression  the expression
1561  */
1562 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1563 {
1564         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1565 }
1566
1567 /**
1568  * Print a declaration.
1569  *
1570  * @param declaration  the declaration
1571  */
1572 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1573 {
1574         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1575                 return;
1576
1577         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1578         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1579         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1580         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1581                 print_declaration(entity);
1582                 return;
1583         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1584                 print_declaration(entity);
1585                 return;
1586         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1587                 print_typedef(entity);
1588                 return;
1589         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1590                 fputs("struct ", out);
1591                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1592                 if (entity->structe.complete) {
1593                         fputc(' ', out);
1594                         print_compound_definition(&entity->structe);
1595                 }
1596                 fputc(';', out);
1597                 return;
1598         case ENTITY_UNION:
1599                 fputs("union ", out);
1600                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1601                 if (entity->unione.complete) {
1602                         fputc(' ', out);
1603                         print_compound_definition(&entity->unione);
1604                 }
1605                 fputc(';', out);
1606                 return;
1607         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1608                 fputs("enum ", out);
1609                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1610                 fputc(' ', out);
1611                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1612                 fputc(';', out);
1613                 return;
1614         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1615                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1616                 return;
1617         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1618         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1619         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1620                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1621         case ENTITY_INVALID:
1622                 break;
1623         }
1624         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1625 }
1626
1627 /**
1628  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1629  *
1630  * @param unit   the translation unit
1631  */
1632 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1633 {
1634         inc_type_visited();
1635
1636         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1637         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1638                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1639                         continue;
1640                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1641                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1642                         continue;
1643                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1644                         continue;
1645
1646                 print_indent();
1647                 print_entity(entity);
1648                 fputc('\n', out);
1649         }
1650 }
1651
1652 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1653 {
1654         switch (initializer->kind) {
1655         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1656         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1657         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1658                 return true;
1659
1660         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1661                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1662
1663         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1664                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1665                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1666                         if (!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1667                                 return false;
1668                 }
1669                 return true;
1670         }
1671         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1672 }
1673
1674 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1675 {
1676         switch (expression->kind) {
1677         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1678                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1679
1680         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1681                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1682                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1683                         /* it's a -> */
1684                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1685                 } else {
1686                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1687                 }
1688         }
1689
1690         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1691                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1692                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1693
1694         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1695                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1696                 if (is_declaration(entity)) {
1697                         switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1698                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1699                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1700                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1701                                 return
1702                                         entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1703                                         !entity->variable.thread_local;
1704
1705                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1706                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1707                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1708                                 break;
1709                         }
1710                 }
1711                 return false;
1712         }
1713
1714         default:
1715                 return false;
1716         }
1717 }
1718
1719 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1720 {
1721         switch (expression->kind) {
1722         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1723                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1724
1725         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1726                 type_t *real_type
1727                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1728                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1729                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1730                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1731                 }
1732                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1733         }
1734
1735         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1736                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1737                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1738                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1739                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1740                         get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1741                     ))
1742                         return false;
1743
1744                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1745                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1746         }
1747
1748         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1749         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1750                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1751                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1752
1753                 if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1754                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1755                 } else if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1756                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1757                 }
1758
1759                 return false;
1760         }
1761
1762         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1763                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1764                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1765                         return false;
1766
1767                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1768                 if (is_type_function(type))
1769                         return true;
1770                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1771                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1772                 }
1773                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1774                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1775                         return true;
1776                 return false;
1777         }
1778
1779         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1780                 type_t *const type =
1781                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1782                 return
1783                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1784                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1785                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1786         }
1787
1788         default:
1789                 return false;
1790         }
1791 }
1792
1793 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1794 {
1795         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1796         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1797                 return false;
1798         }
1799
1800         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1801
1802         switch (symbol->ID) {
1803         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1804         case T___builtin_inf:
1805         case T___builtin_inff:
1806         case T___builtin_infl:
1807         case T___builtin_nan:
1808         case T___builtin_nanf:
1809         case T___builtin_nanl:
1810                 return true;
1811         }
1812
1813         return false;
1814 }
1815
1816 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1817 {
1818         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1819                 return true;
1820
1821         switch (expression->kind) {
1822         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1823                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1824         default:
1825                 return false;
1826         }
1827 }
1828
1829 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1830 {
1831         switch (expression->kind) {
1832         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1833                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1834                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1835                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1836                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1837                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1838                 } else {
1839                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1840                 }
1841         }
1842
1843         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1844                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1845                         &expression->array_access;
1846                 return
1847                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1848                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1849                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1850                         );
1851         }
1852
1853         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1854                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1855         default:
1856                 return false;
1857         }
1858 }
1859
1860 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1861 {
1862         switch (expression->kind) {
1863
1864         case EXPR_CONST:
1865         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1866         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1867         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1868         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1869         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1870         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1871         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1872         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1873         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1874         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1875         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1876                 return true;
1877
1878         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1879                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1880                 if (type == NULL)
1881                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1882
1883                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1884                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1885                         return false;
1886                 return true;
1887         }
1888
1889         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1890         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1891         case EXPR_SELECT:
1892         case EXPR_VA_START:
1893         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1894         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1895         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
1896         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1897         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1898         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1899         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1900         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1901         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1902         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1903         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1904         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1905         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1906         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1907         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1908         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1909         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1910         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1911         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1912         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1913         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1914         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1915         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1916         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1917         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1918                 return false;
1919
1920         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1921                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1922
1923         case EXPR_CALL:
1924                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1925
1926         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1927         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1928         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1929         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1930                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1931
1932         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1933         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1934                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1935                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1936
1937         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1938         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1939         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1940         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1941         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1942         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1943         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1944         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1945         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1946         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1947         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1948         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1949         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1950         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1951         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1952         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1953         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1954         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1955         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1956         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1957         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1958         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1959         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1960         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1961                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1962                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1963
1964         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1965                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1966
1967         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1968                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1969                 if (!is_constant_expression(condition))
1970                         return false;
1971
1972                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1973                 if (val != 0)
1974                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1975                 else
1976                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1977         }
1978
1979         case EXPR_INVALID:
1980                 return true;
1981
1982         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1983                 break;
1984         }
1985         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1986 }
1987
1988 /**
1989  * Initialize the AST construction.
1990  */
1991 void init_ast(void)
1992 {
1993         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1994 }
1995
1996 /**
1997  * Free the AST.
1998  */
1999 void exit_ast(void)
2000 {
2001         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
2002 }
2003
2004 /**
2005  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
2006  *
2007  * @param stream  the output stream
2008  */
2009 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
2010 {
2011         out = stream;
2012         type_set_output(stream);
2013 }
2014
2015 /**
2016  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
2017  *
2018  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
2019  *
2020  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
2021  */
2022 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
2023 {
2024         return _allocate_ast(size);
2025 }