nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  34 #include <mathimf.h>
  35 #else
  36 #include <math.h>
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40
  41 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  42
  43 static FILE *out;
  44 static int   indent;
  45
  46 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  47 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  48
  49 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  50 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  51
  52 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  53 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  54
  55 void change_indent(int delta)
  56 {
  57         indent += delta;
  58         assert(indent >= 0);
  59 }
  60
  61 void print_indent(void)
  62 {
  63         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  64                 fputc('\t', out);
  65 }
  66
  67 enum precedence_t {
  68         PREC_BOTTOM  =  0,
  69         PREC_EXPR    =  2,
  70         PREC_COMMA   =  4, /* ,                                    left to right */
  71         PREC_ASSIGN  =  6, /* = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=    right to left */
  72         PREC_COND    =  8, /* ?:                                   right to left */
  73         PREC_LOG_OR  = 10, /* ||                                   left to right */
  74         PREC_LOG_AND = 12, /* &&                                   left to right */
  75         PREC_BIT_OR  = 14, /* |                                    left to right */
  76         PREC_BIT_XOR = 16, /* ^                                    left to right */
  77         PREC_BIT_AND = 18, /* &                                    left to right */
  78         PREC_EQ      = 20, /* == !=                                left to right */
  79         PREC_CMP     = 22, /* < <= > >=                            left to right */
  80         PREC_SHF     = 24, /* << >>                                left to right */
  81         PREC_PLUS    = 26, /* + -                                  left to right */
  82         PREC_MUL     = 28, /* * / %                                left to right */
  83         PREC_UNARY   = 30, /* ! ~ ++ -- + - (type) * & sizeof      right to left */
  84         PREC_ACCESS  = 32, /* () [] -> .                           left to right */
  85         PREC_PRIM    = 34, /* primary */
  86         PREC_TOP     = 36
  87 };
  88
  89 /**
  90  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  91  * associativity, else -1.
  92  *
  93  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  94  */
  95 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence) {
  96         return (precedence == PREC_ASSIGN || precedence == PREC_COND ||
  97                 precedence == PREC_UNARY) ? 1 : -1;
  98 }
  99
 100 /**
 101  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
 102  *
 103  * @param kind   the expression kind
 104  */
 105 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
 106 {
 107         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 108                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 109                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 110                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIM,
 111                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIM,
 112                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIM,
 113                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIM,
 114                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 115                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIM,
 116                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 117                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_ACCESS,
 118                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_COND,
 119                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_ACCESS,
 120                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_ACCESS,
 121                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 124
 125                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 126                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 127                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIM,
 128                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIM,
 129                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 130                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 131                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIM,
 132                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_ACCESS,
 133                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 134
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 141                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 142                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 143                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 144                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 145                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 146                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 147                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIM,
 148
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_PLUS,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_PLUS,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MUL,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MUL,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MUL,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQ,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQ,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_CMP,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_CMP,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_CMP,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_CMP,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_BIT_AND,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_BIT_OR,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_BIT_XOR,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOG_AND,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOG_OR,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHF,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHF,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGN,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGN,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_COMMA,
 179
 180                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIM,
 181                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIM,
 182                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIM,
 183                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 184                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIM,
 185                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIM,
 186                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIM
 187         };
 188         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 189         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 190
 191         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 192         return res;
 193 }
 194
 195 /**
 196  * Print a constant expression.
 197  *
 198  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 199  */
 200 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 201 {
 202         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 203                 return;
 204
 205         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 206
 207         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 208                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 209         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 210                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 211 #ifdef _WIN32
 212                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 213                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 214 #else
 215                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 216 #endif
 217                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 218                         fputs(".0", out);
 219         } else {
 220                 panic("unknown constant");
 221         }
 222
 223         char const* suffix;
 224         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 225                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 226                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 227                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 228                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 229                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 230                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 231                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 232
 233                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 234         }
 235         if (suffix != NULL)
 236                 fputs(suffix, out);
 237 }
 238
 239 /**
 240  * Print a quoted string constant.
 241  *
 242  * @param string  the string constant
 243  * @param border  the border char
 244  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 245  */
 246 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 247 {
 248         fputc(border, out);
 249         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 250         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 251                 if (*c == border) {
 252                         fputc('\\', out);
 253                 }
 254                 switch(*c) {
 255                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 256                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 257                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 258                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 259                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 260                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 261                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 262                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 263                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 264                 case 27:
 265                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 266                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 267                         }
 268                         /*fallthrough*/
 269                 default:
 270                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 271                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", *c);
 272                                 break;
 273                         }
 274                         fputc(*c, out);
 275                         break;
 276                 }
 277         }
 278         fputc(border, out);
 279 }
 280
 281 /**
 282  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 283  *
 284  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 285  * @param border  the border char
 286  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 287  */
 288 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 289                                      char border, int skip)
 290 {
 291         fputc('L', out);
 292         fputc(border, out);
 293         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 294         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 295                 switch (*c) {
 296                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 297                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 298                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 299                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 300                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 301                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 302                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 303                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 304                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 305                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 306                         case 27:
 307                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 308                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 309                                 }
 310                                 /*fallthrough*/
 311                         default: {
 312                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 313                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 314                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 315                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 316                                         } else {
 317                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 318                                         }
 319                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 320                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 321                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 322                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 323                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 324                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 325                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 326                                 } else {
 327                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 328                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 329                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 330                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 331                                 }
 332                         }
 333                 }
 334         }
 335         fputc(border, out);
 336 }
 337
 338 /**
 339  * Print a constant character expression.
 340  *
 341  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 342  */
 343 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 344 {
 345         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 346 }
 347
 348 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 349 {
 350         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 351 }
 352
 353 /**
 354  * Prints a string literal expression.
 355  *
 356  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 357  */
 358 static void print_string_literal(
 359                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 360 {
 361         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 362 }
 363
 364 /**
 365  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 366  */
 367 static void print_funcname(
 368                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 369 {
 370         const char *s = "";
 371         switch(funcname->kind) {
 372         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 373         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 374         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 375         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 376         }
 377         fputc('"', out);
 378         fputs(s, out);
 379         fputc('"', out);
 380 }
 381
 382 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 383         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 384 {
 385         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 386 }
 387
 388 static void print_compound_literal(
 389                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 390 {
 391         fputc('(', out);
 392         print_type(expression->type);
 393         fputs(") ", out);
 394         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 395 }
 396
 397 /**
 398  * Prints a call expression.
 399  *
 400  * @param call  the call expression
 401  */
 402 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 403 {
 404         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 405         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 406         fputc('(', out);
 407         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 408         int              first    = 1;
 409         while(argument != NULL) {
 410                 if(!first) {
 411                         fputs(", ", out);
 412                 } else {
 413                         first = 0;
 414                 }
 415                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 416
 417                 argument = argument->next;
 418         }
 419         fputc(')', out);
 420 }
 421
 422 /**
 423  * Prints a binary expression.
 424  *
 425  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 426  */
 427 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 428 {
 429         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 430         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 431
 432         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 433                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 434                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 435                 fputs(", ", out);
 436                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 437                 fputc(')', out);
 438                 return;
 439         }
 440
 441         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 442         if (binexpr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_COMMA) {
 443                 fputc(' ', out);
 444         }
 445         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
 461         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
 462         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
 463         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
 464         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
 465         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
 466
 467         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
 468         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
 469         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
 470         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
 471         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
 472         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
 473         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
 474         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
 475         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
 476         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
 477         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 478         }
 479         fputc(' ', out);
 480         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 481 }
 482
 483 /**
 484  * Prints an unary expression.
 485  *
 486  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 487  */
 488 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 489 {
 490         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 491         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 492         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-', out);  break;
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+', out);  break;
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!', out);  break;
 495         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~', out);  break;
 496         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 497         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 498         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*', out);  break;
 499         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&', out);  break;
 500
 501         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 502                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 503                 fputs("++", out);
 504                 return;
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 506                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 507                 fputs("--", out);
 508                 return;
 509         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 510         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 511                 fputc('(', out);
 512                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 513                 fputc(')', out);
 514                 break;
 515         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 516                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 517                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 518                 fputc(')', out);
 519                 return;
 520         default:
 521                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 522         }
 523         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 524 }
 525
 526 /**
 527  * Prints a reference expression.
 528  *
 529  * @param ref   the reference expression
 530  */
 531 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 532 {
 533         fputs(ref->declaration->symbol->string, out);
 534 }
 535
 536 /**
 537  * Prints a label address expression.
 538  *
 539  * @param ref   the reference expression
 540  */
 541 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 542 {
 543         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->declaration->symbol->string);
 544 }
 545
 546 /**
 547  * Prints an array expression.
 548  *
 549  * @param expression   the array expression
 550  */
 551 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 552 {
 553         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 554         if(!expression->flipped) {
 555                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 556                 fputc('[', out);
 557                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 558                 fputc(']', out);
 559         } else {
 560                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 561                 fputc('[', out);
 562                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_BOTTOM);
 563                 fputc(']', out);
 564         }
 565 }
 566
 567 /**
 568  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 569  *
 570  * @param expression   the type property expression
 571  */
 572 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 573 {
 574         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 575                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 576         } else {
 577                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 578                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 579         }
 580         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 581                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 582                 fputc('(', out);
 583                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_ACCESS);
 584                 fputc(')', out);
 585         } else {
 586                 fputc('(', out);
 587                 print_type(expression->type);
 588                 fputc(')', out);
 589         }
 590 }
 591
 592 /**
 593  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 594  *
 595  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 596  */
 597 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 598 {
 599         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 600 }
 601
 602 /**
 603  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 604  *
 605  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 606  */
 607 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 608 {
 609         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 610         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 611         fputc(')', out);
 612 }
 613
 614 /**
 615  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 616  *
 617  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 618  */
 619 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 620 {
 621         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 622         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 623         if (expression->rw) {
 624                 fputc(',', out);
 625                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 626         }
 627         if (expression->locality) {
 628                 fputc(',', out);
 629                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 630         }
 631         fputc(')', out);
 632 }
 633
 634 /**
 635  * Prints a conditional expression.
 636  *
 637  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 638  */
 639 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 640 {
 641         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOG_OR);
 642         fputs(" ? ", out);
 643         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 644                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPR);
 645                 fputs(" : ", out);
 646         } else {
 647                 fputs(": ", out);
 648         }
 649         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, PREC_COND);
 650 }
 651
 652 /**
 653  * Prints a va_start expression.
 654  *
 655  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 656  */
 657 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 658 {
 659         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 660         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 661         fputs(", ", out);
 662         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 663         fputs(")", out);
 664 }
 665
 666 /**
 667  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 668  *
 669  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 670  */
 671 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 672 {
 673         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 674         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 675         fputs(", ", out);
 676         print_type(expression->base.type);
 677         fputs(")", out);
 678 }
 679
 680 /**
 681  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 682  *
 683  * @param expression   the select expression
 684  */
 685 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 686 {
 687         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 688         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 689         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 690                 fputs("->", out);
 691         } else {
 692                 fputc('.', out);
 693         }
 694         fputs(expression->compound_entry->symbol->string, out);
 695 }
 696
 697 /**
 698  * Prints a type classify expression.
 699  *
 700  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 701  */
 702 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 703         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 704 {
 705         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 706         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 707         fputc(')', out);
 708 }
 709
 710 /**
 711  * Prints a designator.
 712  *
 713  * @param designator  the designator
 714  */
 715 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 716 {
 717         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 718                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 719                         fputc('[', out);
 720                         print_expression_prec(designator->array_index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 721                         fputc(']', out);
 722                 } else {
 723                         fputc('.', out);
 724                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 725                 }
 726         }
 727 }
 728
 729 /**
 730  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 731  *
 732  * @param expression   the offset expression
 733  */
 734 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 735 {
 736         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 737         fputc('(', out);
 738         print_type(expression->type);
 739         fputc(',', out);
 740         print_designator(expression->designator);
 741         fputc(')', out);
 742 }
 743
 744 /**
 745  * Prints a statement expression.
 746  *
 747  * @param expression   the statement expression
 748  */
 749 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 750 {
 751         fputc('(', out);
 752         print_statement(expression->statement);
 753         fputc(')', out);
 754 }
 755
 756 /**
 757  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 758  *
 759  * @param expression  the expression to print
 760  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 761  */
 762 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 763 {
 764         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 765                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 766         }
 767         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 768         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 769                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 770         if (top_prec > prec)
 771                 fputc('(', out);
 772         switch(expression->kind) {
 773         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 774         case EXPR_INVALID:
 775                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 776                 break;
 777         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 778                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 779                 break;
 780         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 781                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 782                 break;
 783         case EXPR_CONST:
 784                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 785                 break;
 786         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 787                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 788                 break;
 789         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 790                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 791                 break;
 792         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 793                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 794                 break;
 795         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 796                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 797                 break;
 798         case EXPR_CALL:
 799                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 800                 break;
 801         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 802                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 803                 break;
 804         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 805                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 806                 break;
 807         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 808                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 809                 break;
 810         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 811                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 812                 break;
 813         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 814                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 815                 break;
 816         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 817         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 818                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 819                 break;
 820         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 821                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 822                 break;
 823         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 824                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 825                 break;
 826         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 827                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 828                 break;
 829         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 830                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 831                 break;
 832         case EXPR_VA_START:
 833                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 834                 break;
 835         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 836                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 837                 break;
 838         case EXPR_SELECT:
 839                 print_select(&expression->select);
 840                 break;
 841         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 842                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 843                 break;
 844         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 845                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 846                 break;
 847         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 848                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 849                 break;
 850
 851         default:
 852                 /* TODO */
 853                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 854                 break;
 855         }
 856         if (top_prec > prec)
 857                 fputc(')', out);
 858 }
 859
 860 /**
 861  * Print an compound statement.
 862  *
 863  * @param block  the compound statement
 864  */
 865 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 866 {
 867         fputs("{\n", out);
 868         ++indent;
 869
 870         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 871         while (statement != NULL) {
 872                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 873                         --indent;
 874                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 875                         print_indent();
 876                 print_statement(statement);
 877
 878                 statement = statement->base.next;
 879         }
 880         --indent;
 881         print_indent();
 882         fputs("}\n", out);
 883 }
 884
 885 /**
 886  * Print a return statement.
 887  *
 888  * @param statement  the return statement
 889  */
 890 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 891 {
 892         fputs("return ", out);
 893         if(statement->value != NULL)
 894                 print_expression(statement->value);
 895         fputs(";\n", out);
 896 }
 897
 898 /**
 899  * Print an expression statement.
 900  *
 901  * @param statement  the expression statement
 902  */
 903 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 904 {
 905         print_expression(statement->expression);
 906         fputs(";\n", out);
 907 }
 908
 909 /**
 910  * Print a goto statement.
 911  *
 912  * @param statement  the goto statement
 913  */
 914 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 915 {
 916         fputs("goto ", out);
 917         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 918                 fputc('*', out);
 919                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 920         } else {
 921                 fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 922         }
 923         fputs(";\n", out);
 924 }
 925
 926 /**
 927  * Print a label statement.
 928  *
 929  * @param statement  the label statement
 930  */
 931 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 932 {
 933         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 934         print_indent();
 935         print_statement(statement->statement);
 936 }
 937
 938 /**
 939  * Print an if statement.
 940  *
 941  * @param statement  the if statement
 942  */
 943 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 944 {
 945         fputs("if (", out);
 946         print_expression(statement->condition);
 947         fputs(") ", out);
 948         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 949
 950         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 951                 print_indent();
 952                 fputs("else ", out);
 953                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 954         }
 955 }
 956
 957 /**
 958  * Print a switch statement.
 959  *
 960  * @param statement  the switch statement
 961  */
 962 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 963 {
 964         fputs("switch (", out);
 965         print_expression(statement->expression);
 966         fputs(") ", out);
 967         print_statement(statement->body);
 968 }
 969
 970 /**
 971  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 972  *
 973  * @param statement  the case label statement
 974  */
 975 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 976 {
 977         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 978                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 979         } else {
 980                 fputs("case ", out);
 981                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 982                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 983                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 984                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 985                 }
 986                 fputs(":\n", out);
 987         }
 988         ++indent;
 989         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 990                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 991                         --indent;
 992                 }
 993                 print_indent();
 994                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 995         }
 996 }
 997
 998 /**
 999  * Print a declaration statement.
1000  *
1001  * @param statement   the statement
1002  */
1003 static void print_declaration_statement(
1004                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1005 {
1006         bool first = true;
1007         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
1008
1009         if (declaration->namespc == NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL) {
1010                 fputs("__label__ ", out);
1011                 for (;
1012                         declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1013                         declaration = declaration->next) {
1014                         if (!first) {
1015                                 fputs(", ", out);
1016                         } else {
1017                                 first = false;
1018                         }
1019                         fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1020                 }
1021                 fputs(";\n", out);
1022         } else {
1023                 for (;
1024                          declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1025                          declaration = declaration->next) {
1026                         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1027                                 continue;
1028                         if (declaration->implicit)
1029                                 continue;
1030
1031                         if (!first) {
1032                                 print_indent();
1033                         } else {
1034                                 first = false;
1035                         }
1036                         print_declaration(declaration);
1037                         fputc('\n', out);
1038                 }
1039         }
1040 }
1041
1042 /**
1043  * Print a while statement.
1044  *
1045  * @param statement   the statement
1046  */
1047 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1048 {
1049         fputs("while (", out);
1050         print_expression(statement->condition);
1051         fputs(") ", out);
1052         print_statement(statement->body);
1053 }
1054
1055 /**
1056  * Print a do-while statement.
1057  *
1058  * @param statement   the statement
1059  */
1060 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1061 {
1062         fputs("do ", out);
1063         print_statement(statement->body);
1064         print_indent();
1065         fputs("while (", out);
1066         print_expression(statement->condition);
1067         fputs(");\n", out);
1068 }
1069
1070 /**
1071  * Print a for statement.
1072  *
1073  * @param statement   the statement
1074  */
1075 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1076 {
1077         fputs("for (", out);
1078         declaration_t *decl = statement->scope.declarations;
1079         while (decl != NULL && decl->implicit)
1080                 decl = decl->next;
1081         if (decl != NULL) {
1082                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1083                 print_declaration(decl);
1084                 if (decl->next != NULL) {
1085                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1086                 }
1087                 fputc(' ', out);
1088         } else {
1089                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1090                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1091                 }
1092                 fputs("; ", out);
1093         }
1094         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1095                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1096         }
1097         fputs("; ", out);
1098         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1099                 print_expression(statement->step);
1100         }
1101         fputs(") ", out);
1102         print_statement(statement->body);
1103 }
1104
1105 /**
1106  * Print assembler arguments.
1107  *
1108  * @param arguments   the arguments
1109  */
1110 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1111 {
1112         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1113         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1114                 if(argument != arguments)
1115                         fputs(", ", out);
1116
1117                 if(argument->symbol) {
1118                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1119                 }
1120                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1121                 fputs(" (", out);
1122                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1123                 fputs(")", out);
1124         }
1125 }
1126
1127 /**
1128  * Print assembler clobbers.
1129  *
1130  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1131  */
1132 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1133 {
1134         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1135         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1136                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1137                         fputs(", ", out);
1138
1139                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1140         }
1141 }
1142
1143 /**
1144  * Print an assembler statement.
1145  *
1146  * @param statement   the statement
1147  */
1148 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1149 {
1150         fputs("asm ", out);
1151         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1152                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1153         }
1154         fputs("(", out);
1155         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1156         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1157             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1158             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1159                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1160
1161         fputs(" : ", out);
1162         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1163         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1164                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1165
1166         fputs(" : ", out);
1167         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1168         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1169                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1170
1171         fputs(" : ", out);
1172         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1173
1174 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1175         fputs(");\n", out);
1176 }
1177
1178 /**
1179  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1180  *
1181  * @param statement   the statement
1182  */
1183 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1184 {
1185         fputs("__try ", out);
1186         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1187         print_indent();
1188         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1189                 fputs("__except(", out);
1190                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1191                 fputs(") ", out);
1192         } else {
1193                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1194         }
1195         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1196 }
1197
1198 /**
1199  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1200  *
1201  * @param statement   the statement
1202  */
1203 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1204 {
1205         (void) statement;
1206         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1207 }
1208
1209 /**
1210  * Print a statement.
1211  *
1212  * @param statement   the statement
1213  */
1214 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1215 {
1216         switch (statement->kind) {
1217         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1218                 fputs(";\n", out);
1219                 break;
1220         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1221                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1222                 break;
1223         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1224                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1225                 break;
1226         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1227                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1228                 break;
1229         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1230                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1231                 break;
1232         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1233                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1234                 break;
1235         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1236                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1237                 break;
1238         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1239                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1240                 break;
1241         case STATEMENT_IF:
1242                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1243                 break;
1244         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1245                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1246                 break;
1247         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1248                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1249                 break;
1250         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1251                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1252                 break;
1253         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1254                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1255                 break;
1256         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1257                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1258                 break;
1259         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1260                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1261                 break;
1262         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1263                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1264                 break;
1265         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1266                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1267                 break;
1268         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1269                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1270                 break;
1271         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1272                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1273                 break;
1274         }
1275 }
1276
1277 /**
1278  * Print a storage class.
1279  *
1280  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1281  */
1282 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1283 {
1284         switch(storage_class) {
1285         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1286         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1287                 break;
1288         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1289         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1290         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1291         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1292         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1293         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1294         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1295         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1296         }
1297 }
1298
1299 /**
1300  * Print an initializer.
1301  *
1302  * @param initializer  the initializer
1303  */
1304 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1305 {
1306         if(initializer == NULL) {
1307                 fputs("{}", out);
1308                 return;
1309         }
1310
1311         switch(initializer->kind) {
1312         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1313                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1314                 print_expression(value->value);
1315                 return;
1316         }
1317         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1318                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1319                 fputs("{ ", out);
1320                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1321
1322                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1323                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1324                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1325                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1326                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1327                                         fputs(", ", out);
1328                         }
1329                 }
1330                 fputs(" }", out);
1331                 return;
1332         }
1333         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1334                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1335                 return;
1336         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1337                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1338                 return;
1339         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1340                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1341                 fputs(" = ", out);
1342                 return;
1343         }
1344
1345         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1346 }
1347
1348 /**
1349  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1350  */
1351 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1352         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1353                 return;
1354
1355         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1356
1357         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1358         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1359             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1360             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1361             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1362                 char *next = "(";
1363
1364                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1365                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1366                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1367                 }
1368                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1369                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1370                 }
1371                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1372                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1373                 }
1374                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1375                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1376                 }
1377                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1378                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1379                 }
1380                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1381                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1382                 }
1383                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1384                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1385                 }
1386                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1387                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1388                 }
1389                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1390                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1391                 }
1392                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1393                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1394                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1395                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1396                 }
1397                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1398                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1399                 }
1400                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1401                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1402                 }
1403                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1404                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1405                 }
1406                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1407                         char *comma = "";
1408                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1409                         if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1410                                 fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1411                                 comma = ", ";
1412                         }
1413                         if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1414                                 fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1415                         fputc(')', out);
1416                 }
1417                 fputs(") ", out);
1418         }
1419 }
1420
1421 /**
1422  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1423  *
1424  * @param declaration  the declaration
1425  */
1426 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1427 {
1428         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1429         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1430                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1431                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1432                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1433                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1434                 } else {
1435                         fputs("inline ", out);
1436                 }
1437         }
1438         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1439         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1440                        &declaration->scope);
1441
1442         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1443                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1444                         fputs("\n", out);
1445                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1446                         return;
1447                 }
1448         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1449                 fputs(" = ", out);
1450                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1451         }
1452         fputc(';', out);
1453 }
1454
1455 /**
1456  * Prints an expression.
1457  *
1458  * @param expression  the expression
1459  */
1460 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression) {
1461         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1462 }
1463
1464 /**
1465  * Print a declaration.
1466  *
1467  * @param declaration  the declaration
1468  */
1469 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1470 {
1471         if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1472             declaration->symbol == NULL)
1473                 return;
1474
1475         switch (declaration->namespc) {
1476         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1477                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1478                 break;
1479         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1480                 fputs("struct ", out);
1481                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1482                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1483                         fputc(' ', out);
1484                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1485                 }
1486                 fputc(';', out);
1487                 break;
1488         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1489                 fputs("union ", out);
1490                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1491                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1492                         fputc(' ', out);
1493                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1494                 }
1495                 fputc(';', out);
1496                 break;
1497         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1498                 fputs("enum ", out);
1499                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1500                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1501                         fputc(' ', out);
1502                         print_enum_definition(declaration);
1503                 }
1504                 fputc(';', out);
1505                 break;
1506         }
1507 }
1508
1509 /**
1510  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1511  *
1512  * @param unit   the translation unit
1513  */
1514 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1515 {
1516         inc_type_visited();
1517
1518         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1519         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1520                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1521                         continue;
1522                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1523                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1524                         continue;
1525                 if (declaration->implicit)
1526                         continue;
1527
1528                 print_indent();
1529                 print_declaration(declaration);
1530                 fputc('\n', out);
1531         }
1532 }
1533
1534 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1535 {
1536         switch(initializer->kind) {
1537         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1538         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1539         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1540                 return true;
1541
1542         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1543                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1544
1545         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1546                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1547                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1548                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1549                                 return false;
1550                 }
1551                 return true;
1552         }
1553         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1554 }
1555
1556 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1557 {
1558         switch(expression->kind) {
1559         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1560                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1561
1562         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1563                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1564                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1565                         /* it's a -> */
1566                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1567                 } else {
1568                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1569                 }
1570         }
1571
1572         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1573                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1574                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1575
1576         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1577                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1578                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1579                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1580                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1581                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1582                         return true;
1583                 default:
1584                         return false;
1585                 }
1586         }
1587
1588         default:
1589                 return false;
1590         }
1591 }
1592
1593 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1594 {
1595         switch(expression->kind) {
1596         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1597                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1598
1599         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1600                 type_t *real_type
1601                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1602                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1603                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1604                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1605                 }
1606
1607                 /* fallthrough */
1608         }
1609
1610         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1611                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1612                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1613                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1614                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1615                         (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1616                     )))
1617                         return false;
1618
1619                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1620                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1621         }
1622
1623         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1624         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1625                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1626                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1627
1628                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1629                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1630                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1631                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1632                 }
1633
1634                 return false;
1635         }
1636
1637         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1638                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1639                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1640                 if(is_type_function(type))
1641                         return true;
1642                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1643                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1644                 }
1645                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1646                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1647                         return true;
1648                 return false;
1649         }
1650
1651         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1652                 type_t *const type =
1653                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1654                 return
1655                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1656                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1657                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1658         }
1659
1660         default:
1661                 return false;
1662         }
1663 }
1664
1665 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1666 {
1667         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1668         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1669                 return false;
1670         }
1671
1672         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1673
1674         switch (symbol->ID) {
1675         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1676         case T___builtin_nan:
1677         case T___builtin_nanf:
1678         case T___builtin_nand:
1679                 return true;
1680         }
1681
1682         return false;
1683 }
1684
1685 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1686 {
1687         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1688                 return true;
1689
1690         switch (expression->kind) {
1691         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1692                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1693         default:
1694                 return false;
1695         }
1696 }
1697
1698 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1699 {
1700         switch(expression->kind) {
1701         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1702                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1703                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1704                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1705                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1706                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1707                 } else {
1708                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1709                 }
1710         }
1711
1712         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1713                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1714                         &expression->array_access;
1715                 return
1716                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1717                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1718                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1719                         );
1720         }
1721
1722         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1723                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1724         default:
1725                 return false;
1726         }
1727 }
1728
1729 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1730 {
1731         switch (expression->kind) {
1732
1733         case EXPR_CONST:
1734         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1735         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1736         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1737         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1738         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1739         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1740         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1741         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1742         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1743         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1744                 return true;
1745
1746         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1747                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1748                 if (type == NULL)
1749                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1750
1751                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1752                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1753                         return false;
1754                 return true;
1755         }
1756
1757         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1758         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1759         case EXPR_SELECT:
1760         case EXPR_VA_START:
1761         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1762         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1763         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1764         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1765         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1766         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1767         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1768         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1769         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1770         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1771         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1772         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1773         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1774         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1775         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1776         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1777         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1778         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1779         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1780         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1781         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1782                 return false;
1783
1784         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1785                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1786
1787         case EXPR_CALL:
1788                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1789
1790         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1791         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1792         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1793         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1794                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1795
1796         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1797         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1798                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1799                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1800
1801         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1802         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1803         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1804         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1805         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1806         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1807         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1808         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1809         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1810         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1811         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1812         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1813         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1814         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1815         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1816         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1817         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1818         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1819         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1820         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1821         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1822         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1823         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1824         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1825         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1826                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1827                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1828
1829         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1830                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1831
1832         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1833                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1834                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1835                         return false;
1836
1837                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1838                 if(val != 0)
1839                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1840                 else
1841                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1842         }
1843
1844         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1845                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1846                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1847                         return true;
1848
1849                 return false;
1850         }
1851
1852         case EXPR_INVALID:
1853                 return true;
1854
1855         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1856                 break;
1857         }
1858         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1859 }
1860
1861 /**
1862  * Initialize the AST construction.
1863  */
1864 void init_ast(void)
1865 {
1866         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1867 }
1868
1869 /**
1870  * Free the AST.
1871  */
1872 void exit_ast(void)
1873 {
1874         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1875 }
1876
1877 /**
1878  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1879  *
1880  * @param stream  the output stream
1881  */
1882 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1883 {
1884         out = stream;
1885         type_set_output(stream);
1886 }
1887
1888 /**
1889  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1890  *
1891  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1892  *
1893  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1894  */
1895 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1896 {
1897         return _allocate_ast(size);
1898 }