nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28
  29 #include <assert.h>
  30 #include <stdio.h>
  31 #include <stdlib.h>
  32 #include <ctype.h>
  33
  34 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  35 #include <mathimf.h>
  36 #else
  37 #include <math.h>
  38 #endif
  39
  40 #include "adt/error.h"
  41
  42 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  43
  44 static FILE *out;
  45 static int   indent;
  46
  47 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  48 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  49
  50 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  51 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  52
  53 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  54 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  55
  56 void change_indent(int delta)
  57 {
  58         indent += delta;
  59         assert(indent >= 0);
  60 }
  61
  62 void print_indent(void)
  63 {
  64         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  65                 fputc('\t', out);
  66 }
  67
  68 /**
  69  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  70  * associativity, else 0.
  71  *
  72  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  73  */
  74 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  75 {
  76         switch (precedence) {
  77                 case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  78                 case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  79                 case PREC_UNARY:
  80                         return 1;
  81
  82                 default:
  83                         return 0;
  84         }
  85 }
  86
  87 /**
  88  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  89  *
  90  * @param kind   the expression kind
  91  */
  92 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  93 {
  94         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  95                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 103                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 105                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 107                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 108                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 109                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 111                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 112
 113                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 121                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 122
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]        = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]               = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 139
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 170
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 177         };
 178         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 179         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 180
 181         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 182         return res;
 183 }
 184
 185 /**
 186  * Print a constant expression.
 187  *
 188  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 189  */
 190 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 191 {
 192         if (cnst->base.type == NULL)
 193                 return;
 194
 195         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 196
 197         if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)) {
 198                 fputs(cnst->v.int_value ? "true" : "false", out);
 199         } else if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 200                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 201         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 202                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 203 #ifdef _WIN32
 204                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 205                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 206 #else
 207                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 208 #endif
 209                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 210                         fputs(".0", out);
 211         } else {
 212                 panic("unknown constant");
 213         }
 214
 215         char const* suffix;
 216         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 219                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 224
 225                 default: return;
 226         }
 227         fputs(suffix, out);
 228 }
 229
 230 /**
 231  * Print a quoted string constant.
 232  *
 233  * @param string  the string constant
 234  * @param border  the border char
 235  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 236  */
 237 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 238 {
 239         fputc(border, out);
 240         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 241         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 242                 if (*c == border) {
 243                         fputc('\\', out);
 244                 }
 245                 switch (*c) {
 246                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 247                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 248                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 249                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 250                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 251                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 252                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 253                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 254                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 255                 case 27:
 256                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 257                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 258                         }
 259                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 260                 default:
 261                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 262                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 263                                 break;
 264                         }
 265                         fputc(*c, out);
 266                         break;
 267                 }
 268         }
 269         fputc(border, out);
 270 }
 271
 272 /**
 273  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 274  *
 275  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 276  * @param border  the border char
 277  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 278  */
 279 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 280                                      char border, int skip)
 281 {
 282         fputc('L', out);
 283         fputc(border, out);
 284         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 285         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 286                 switch (*c) {
 287                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 288                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 289                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 290                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 293                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 297                         case 27:
 298                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 299                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 300                                 }
 301                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 302                         default: {
 303                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 304                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 305                                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 306                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 307                                         } else {
 308                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 309                                         }
 310                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 311                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 312                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 313                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 314                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 315                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 317                                 } else {
 318                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 321                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 322                                 }
 323                         }
 324                 }
 325         }
 326         fputc(border, out);
 327 }
 328
 329 /**
 330  * Print a constant character expression.
 331  *
 332  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 333  */
 334 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 335 {
 336         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 337 }
 338
 339 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 340 {
 341         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 342 }
 343
 344 /**
 345  * Prints a string literal expression.
 346  *
 347  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 348  */
 349 static void print_string_literal(
 350                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 351 {
 352         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 353 }
 354
 355 /**
 356  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 357  */
 358 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 359 {
 360         const char *s = "";
 361         switch (funcname->kind) {
 362         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 363         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 364         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 365         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 366         }
 367         fputs(s, out);
 368 }
 369
 370 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 371         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 372 {
 373         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 374 }
 375
 376 static void print_compound_literal(
 377                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 378 {
 379         fputc('(', out);
 380         print_type(expression->type);
 381         fputc(')', out);
 382         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 383 }
 384
 385 static void print_assignment_expression(const expression_t *const expr)
 386 {
 387         print_expression_prec(expr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 388 }
 389
 390 /**
 391  * Prints a call expression.
 392  *
 393  * @param call  the call expression
 394  */
 395 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 396 {
 397         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 398         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 399         fputc('(', out);
 400         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 401         int              first    = 1;
 402         while (argument != NULL) {
 403                 if (!first) {
 404                         fputs(", ", out);
 405                 } else {
 406                         first = 0;
 407                 }
 408                 print_assignment_expression(argument->expression);
 409
 410                 argument = argument->next;
 411         }
 412         fputc(')', out);
 413 }
 414
 415 /**
 416  * Prints a binary expression.
 417  *
 418  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 419  */
 420 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 421 {
 422         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 423         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 424
 425         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 426         char const* op;
 427         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 428         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 429         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 430         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 435         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 448
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 459         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 460         }
 461         fputs(op, out);
 462         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 463 }
 464
 465 /**
 466  * Prints an unary expression.
 467  *
 468  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 469  */
 470 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 471 {
 472         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 473         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 474         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-',          out); break;
 475         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+',          out); break;
 476         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!',          out); break;
 477         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~',          out); break;
 478         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++",         out); break;
 479         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--",         out); break;
 480         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*',          out); break;
 481         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&',          out); break;
 482         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           fputs("delete ",    out); break;
 483         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     fputs("delete [] ", out); break;
 484
 485         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 486                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 487                 fputs("++", out);
 488                 return;
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 490                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 491                 fputs("--", out);
 492                 return;
 493         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 495                 fputc('(', out);
 496                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 497                 fputc(')', out);
 498                 break;
 499         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 500                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 501                 print_assignment_expression(unexpr->value);
 502                 fputc(')', out);
 503                 return;
 504
 505         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 506                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 507                         fputs("throw", out);
 508                         return;
 509                 }
 510                 fputs("throw ", out);
 511                 break;
 512
 513         default:
 514                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 515         }
 516         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 517 }
 518
 519 /**
 520  * Prints a reference expression.
 521  *
 522  * @param ref   the reference expression
 523  */
 524 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 525 {
 526         fputs(ref->entity->base.symbol->string, out);
 527 }
 528
 529 /**
 530  * Prints a label address expression.
 531  *
 532  * @param ref   the reference expression
 533  */
 534 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 535 {
 536         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 537 }
 538
 539 /**
 540  * Prints an array expression.
 541  *
 542  * @param expression   the array expression
 543  */
 544 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 545 {
 546         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 547         if (!expression->flipped) {
 548                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 549                 fputc('[', out);
 550                 print_expression(expression->index);
 551                 fputc(']', out);
 552         } else {
 553                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 554                 fputc('[', out);
 555                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 556                 fputc(']', out);
 557         }
 558 }
 559
 560 /**
 561  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 562  *
 563  * @param expression   the type property expression
 564  */
 565 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 566 {
 567         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 568                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 569         } else {
 570                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 571                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 572         }
 573         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 574                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 575                 fputc('(', out);
 576                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 577                 fputc(')', out);
 578         } else {
 579                 fputc('(', out);
 580                 print_type(expression->type);
 581                 fputc(')', out);
 582         }
 583 }
 584
 585 /**
 586  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 587  *
 588  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 589  */
 590 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 591 {
 592         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 593 }
 594
 595 /**
 596  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 597  *
 598  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 599  */
 600 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 601 {
 602         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 603         print_assignment_expression(expression->value);
 604         fputc(')', out);
 605 }
 606
 607 /**
 608  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 609  *
 610  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 611  */
 612 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 613 {
 614         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 615         print_assignment_expression(expression->adr);
 616         if (expression->rw) {
 617                 fputc(',', out);
 618                 print_assignment_expression(expression->rw);
 619         }
 620         if (expression->locality) {
 621                 fputc(',', out);
 622                 print_assignment_expression(expression->locality);
 623         }
 624         fputc(')', out);
 625 }
 626
 627 /**
 628  * Prints a conditional expression.
 629  *
 630  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 631  */
 632 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 633 {
 634         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 635         fputs(" ? ", out);
 636         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 637                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 638                 fputs(" : ", out);
 639         } else {
 640                 fputs(": ", out);
 641         }
 642         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 643         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 644 }
 645
 646 /**
 647  * Prints a va_start expression.
 648  *
 649  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 650  */
 651 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 652 {
 653         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 654         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 655         fputs(", ", out);
 656         fputs(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string, out);
 657         fputc(')', out);
 658 }
 659
 660 /**
 661  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 662  *
 663  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 664  */
 665 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 666 {
 667         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 668         print_assignment_expression(expression->ap);
 669         fputs(", ", out);
 670         print_type(expression->base.type);
 671         fputc(')', out);
 672 }
 673
 674 /**
 675  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 676  *
 677  * @param expression   the select expression
 678  */
 679 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 680 {
 681         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 682         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 683         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 684                 fputs("->", out);
 685         } else {
 686                 fputc('.', out);
 687         }
 688         fputs(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string, out);
 689 }
 690
 691 /**
 692  * Prints a type classify expression.
 693  *
 694  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 695  */
 696 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 697         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 698 {
 699         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 700         print_assignment_expression(expr->type_expression);
 701         fputc(')', out);
 702 }
 703
 704 /**
 705  * Prints a designator.
 706  *
 707  * @param designator  the designator
 708  */
 709 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 710 {
 711         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 712                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 713                         fputc('[', out);
 714                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 715                         fputc(']', out);
 716                 } else {
 717                         fputc('.', out);
 718                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 719                 }
 720         }
 721 }
 722
 723 /**
 724  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 725  *
 726  * @param expression   the offset expression
 727  */
 728 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 729 {
 730         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 731         fputc('(', out);
 732         print_type(expression->type);
 733         fputc(',', out);
 734         print_designator(expression->designator);
 735         fputc(')', out);
 736 }
 737
 738 /**
 739  * Prints a statement expression.
 740  *
 741  * @param expression   the statement expression
 742  */
 743 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 744 {
 745         fputc('(', out);
 746         print_statement(expression->statement);
 747         fputc(')', out);
 748 }
 749
 750 /**
 751  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 752  *
 753  * @param expression  the expression to print
 754  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 755  */
 756 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 757 {
 758         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 759                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 760         }
 761
 762         bool parenthesized =
 763                 expression->base.parenthesized                 ||
 764                 (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM) ||
 765                 top_prec > get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 766
 767         if (parenthesized)
 768                 fputc('(', out);
 769         switch (expression->kind) {
 770         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 771         case EXPR_INVALID:
 772                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 773                 break;
 774         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 775                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 776                 break;
 777         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 778                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 779                 break;
 780         case EXPR_CONST:
 781                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 782                 break;
 783         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 784                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 785                 break;
 786         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 787                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 788                 break;
 789         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 790                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 791                 break;
 792         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 793                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 794                 break;
 795         case EXPR_CALL:
 796                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 797                 break;
 798         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 799                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 800                 break;
 801         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 802         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
 803                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 806                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 807                 break;
 808         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 809                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 810                 break;
 811         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 812                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 813                 break;
 814         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 815         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 816                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 817                 break;
 818         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 819                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 820                 break;
 821         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 822                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 823                 break;
 824         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 825                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 826                 break;
 827         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 828                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 829                 break;
 830         case EXPR_VA_START:
 831                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 832                 break;
 833         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 834                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 835                 break;
 836         case EXPR_SELECT:
 837                 print_select(&expression->select);
 838                 break;
 839         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 840                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 841                 break;
 842         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 843                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 844                 break;
 845         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 846                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 847                 break;
 848
 849         default:
 850                 /* TODO */
 851                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int)expression->kind);
 852                 break;
 853         }
 854         if (parenthesized)
 855                 fputc(')', out);
 856 }
 857
 858 /**
 859  * Print an compound statement.
 860  *
 861  * @param block  the compound statement
 862  */
 863 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 864 {
 865         fputs("{\n", out);
 866         ++indent;
 867
 868         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 869         while (statement != NULL) {
 870                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 871                         --indent;
 872                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 873                         print_indent();
 874                 print_statement(statement);
 875
 876                 statement = statement->base.next;
 877         }
 878         --indent;
 879         print_indent();
 880         fputs("}\n", out);
 881 }
 882
 883 /**
 884  * Print a return statement.
 885  *
 886  * @param statement  the return statement
 887  */
 888 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 889 {
 890         expression_t const *const val = statement->value;
 891         if (val != NULL) {
 892                 fputs("return ", out);
 893                 print_expression(val);
 894                 fputs(";\n", out);
 895         } else {
 896                 fputs("return;\n", out);
 897         }
 898 }
 899
 900 /**
 901  * Print an expression statement.
 902  *
 903  * @param statement  the expression statement
 904  */
 905 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 906 {
 907         print_expression(statement->expression);
 908         fputs(";\n", out);
 909 }
 910
 911 /**
 912  * Print a goto statement.
 913  *
 914  * @param statement  the goto statement
 915  */
 916 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 917 {
 918         fputs("goto ", out);
 919         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 920                 fputc('*', out);
 921                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 922         } else {
 923                 fputs(statement->label->base.symbol->string, out);
 924         }
 925         fputs(";\n", out);
 926 }
 927
 928 /**
 929  * Print a label statement.
 930  *
 931  * @param statement  the label statement
 932  */
 933 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 934 {
 935         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 936         print_indent();
 937         print_statement(statement->statement);
 938 }
 939
 940 /**
 941  * Print an if statement.
 942  *
 943  * @param statement  the if statement
 944  */
 945 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 946 {
 947         fputs("if (", out);
 948         print_expression(statement->condition);
 949         fputs(") ", out);
 950         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 951
 952         if (statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 953                 print_indent();
 954                 fputs("else ", out);
 955                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 956         }
 957 }
 958
 959 /**
 960  * Print a switch statement.
 961  *
 962  * @param statement  the switch statement
 963  */
 964 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 965 {
 966         fputs("switch (", out);
 967         print_expression(statement->expression);
 968         fputs(") ", out);
 969         print_statement(statement->body);
 970 }
 971
 972 /**
 973  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 974  *
 975  * @param statement  the case label statement
 976  */
 977 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 978 {
 979         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 980                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 981         } else {
 982                 fputs("case ", out);
 983                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 984                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 985                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 986                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 987                 }
 988                 fputs(":\n", out);
 989         }
 990         ++indent;
 991         if (statement->statement != NULL) {
 992                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 993                         --indent;
 994                 }
 995                 print_indent();
 996                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 997         }
 998 }
 999
1000 static void print_local_label(const local_label_statement_t *statement)
1001 {
1002         fputs("__label__ ", out);
1003
1004         bool      first  = true;
1005         entity_t *entity = statement->labels_begin;
1006         for (;
1007                 entity != statement->labels_end->base.next;
1008                 entity = entity->base.next) {
1009                 if (!first) {
1010                         fputs(", ", out);
1011                 } else {
1012                         first = false;
1013                 }
1014                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1015         }
1016         fputs(";\n", out);
1017 }
1018
1019 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
1020 {
1021         fputs("typedef ", out);
1022         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
1023         fputc(';', out);
1024 }
1025
1026 /**
1027  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
1028  * correspondenc in the source file
1029  */
1030 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1031 {
1032         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1033                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
1034
1035         if (is_declaration(entity))
1036                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
1037
1038         return false;
1039 }
1040
1041 /**
1042  * Print a declaration statement.
1043  *
1044  * @param statement   the statement
1045  */
1046 static void print_declaration_statement(
1047                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1048 {
1049         bool first = true;
1050         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
1051         if (entity == NULL) {
1052                 fputs("/* empty declaration statement */\n", out);
1053                 return;
1054         }
1055
1056         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
1057         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
1058                 if (!is_declaration(entity) && entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1059                         continue;
1060                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1061                         continue;
1062
1063                 if (!first) {
1064                         print_indent();
1065                 } else {
1066                         first = false;
1067                 }
1068
1069                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
1070                         print_typedef(entity);
1071                 } else {
1072                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1073                         print_declaration(entity);
1074                 }
1075
1076                 fputc('\n', out);
1077         }
1078 }
1079
1080 /**
1081  * Print a while statement.
1082  *
1083  * @param statement   the statement
1084  */
1085 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1086 {
1087         fputs("while (", out);
1088         print_expression(statement->condition);
1089         fputs(") ", out);
1090         print_statement(statement->body);
1091 }
1092
1093 /**
1094  * Print a do-while statement.
1095  *
1096  * @param statement   the statement
1097  */
1098 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1099 {
1100         fputs("do ", out);
1101         print_statement(statement->body);
1102         print_indent();
1103         fputs("while (", out);
1104         print_expression(statement->condition);
1105         fputs(");\n", out);
1106 }
1107
1108 /**
1109  * Print a for statement.
1110  *
1111  * @param statement   the statement
1112  */
1113 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1114 {
1115         fputs("for (", out);
1116         entity_t *entity = statement->scope.entities;
1117         while (entity != NULL && is_generated_entity(entity))
1118                 entity = entity->base.next;
1119
1120         if (entity != NULL) {
1121                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1122                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
1123                 print_declaration(entity);
1124                 if (entity->base.next != NULL) {
1125                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1126                 }
1127         } else {
1128                 if (statement->initialisation) {
1129                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1130                 }
1131                 fputc(';', out);
1132         }
1133         if (statement->condition != NULL) {
1134                 fputc(' ', out);
1135                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1136         }
1137         fputc(';', out);
1138         if (statement->step != NULL) {
1139                 fputc(' ', out);
1140                 print_expression(statement->step);
1141         }
1142         fputs(") ", out);
1143         print_statement(statement->body);
1144 }
1145
1146 /**
1147  * Print assembler arguments.
1148  *
1149  * @param arguments   the arguments
1150  */
1151 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1152 {
1153         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1154         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1155                 if (argument != arguments)
1156                         fputs(", ", out);
1157
1158                 if (argument->symbol) {
1159                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1160                 }
1161                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1162                 fputs(" (", out);
1163                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1164                 fputc(')', out);
1165         }
1166 }
1167
1168 /**
1169  * Print assembler clobbers.
1170  *
1171  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1172  */
1173 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1174 {
1175         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1176         for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1177                 if (clobber != clobbers)
1178                         fputs(", ", out);
1179
1180                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1181         }
1182 }
1183
1184 /**
1185  * Print an assembler statement.
1186  *
1187  * @param statement   the statement
1188  */
1189 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1190 {
1191         fputs("asm ", out);
1192         if (statement->is_volatile) {
1193                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1194         }
1195         fputc('(', out);
1196         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1197         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1198             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1199             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1200                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1201
1202         fputs(" : ", out);
1203         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1204         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1205                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1206
1207         fputs(" : ", out);
1208         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1209         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1210                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1211
1212         fputs(" : ", out);
1213         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1214
1215 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1216         fputs(");\n", out);
1217 }
1218
1219 /**
1220  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1221  *
1222  * @param statement   the statement
1223  */
1224 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1225 {
1226         fputs("__try ", out);
1227         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1228         print_indent();
1229         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1230                 fputs("__except(", out);
1231                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1232                 fputs(") ", out);
1233         } else {
1234                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1235         }
1236         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1237 }
1238
1239 /**
1240  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1241  *
1242  * @param statement   the statement
1243  */
1244 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1245 {
1246         (void)statement;
1247         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1248 }
1249
1250 /**
1251  * Print a statement.
1252  *
1253  * @param statement   the statement
1254  */
1255 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1256 {
1257         switch (statement->kind) {
1258         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1259                 fputs(";\n", out);
1260                 break;
1261         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1262                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1263                 break;
1264         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1265                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1266                 break;
1267         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1268                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1269                 break;
1270         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1271                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1272                 break;
1273         case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
1274                 print_local_label(&statement->local_label);
1275                 break;
1276         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1277                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1278                 break;
1279         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1280                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1281                 break;
1282         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1283                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1284                 break;
1285         case STATEMENT_IF:
1286                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1287                 break;
1288         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1289                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1290                 break;
1291         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1292                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1293                 break;
1294         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1295                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1296                 break;
1297         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1298                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1299                 break;
1300         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1301                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1302                 break;
1303         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1304                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1305                 break;
1306         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1307                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1308                 break;
1309         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1310                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1311                 break;
1312         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1313                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1314                 break;
1315         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1316                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1317                 break;
1318         }
1319 }
1320
1321 /**
1322  * Print a storage class.
1323  *
1324  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1325  */
1326 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1327 {
1328         const char *text;
1329         switch (storage_class) {
1330         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1331         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  text = "typedef ";  break;
1332         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   text = "extern ";   break;
1333         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   text = "static ";   break;
1334         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     text = "auto ";     break;
1335         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: text = "register "; break;
1336         }
1337         fputs(text, out);
1338 }
1339
1340 /**
1341  * Print an initializer.
1342  *
1343  * @param initializer  the initializer
1344  */
1345 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1346 {
1347         if (initializer == NULL) {
1348                 fputs("{}", out);
1349                 return;
1350         }
1351
1352         switch (initializer->kind) {
1353         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1354                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1355                 print_assignment_expression(value->value);
1356                 return;
1357         }
1358         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1359                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1360                 fputs("{ ", out);
1361                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1362
1363                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1364                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1365                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1366                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1367                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1368                                         fputs(", ", out);
1369                         }
1370                 }
1371                 fputs(" }", out);
1372                 return;
1373         }
1374         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1375                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1376                 return;
1377         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1378                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1379                 return;
1380         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1381                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1382                 fputs(" = ", out);
1383                 return;
1384         }
1385
1386         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1387 }
1388
1389 /**
1390  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1391  */
1392 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1393 {
1394         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1395                 return;
1396
1397         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1398
1399         bool        ds_shown = false;
1400         const char *next     = "(";
1401
1402         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1403                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1404                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1405                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1406                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1407                         if (!ds_shown) {
1408                                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1409                                 ds_shown = true;
1410                         }
1411
1412                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1413                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1414                         }
1415                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1416                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1417                                 char *comma = "";
1418                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1419                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1420                                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1421                                         comma = ", ";
1422                                 }
1423                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1424                                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1425                                 fputc(')', out);
1426                         }
1427                 }
1428         }
1429
1430         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1431         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1432                 if (!ds_shown) {
1433                         fputs("__declspec", out);
1434                         ds_shown = true;
1435                 }
1436                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1437                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1438                 }
1439                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1440                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1441                 }
1442                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1443                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1444                 }
1445                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1446                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1447                 }
1448                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1449                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1450                 }
1451                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1452                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1453                 }
1454                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1455                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1456                 }
1457                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1458                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1459                 }
1460                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1461                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1462                 }
1463                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1464                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1465                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1466                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")",
1467                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1468                 }
1469                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1470                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1471                 }
1472                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1473                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1474                 }
1475         }
1476
1477         if (ds_shown)
1478                 fputs(") ", out);
1479 }
1480
1481 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1482 {
1483         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1484         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1485                 print_indent();
1486                 print_entity(entity);
1487                 fputs("\n", out);
1488         }
1489 }
1490
1491 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1492 {
1493         fputs("namespace ", out);
1494         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1495                 fputs(namespace->base.symbol->string, out);
1496                 fputc(' ', out);
1497         }
1498
1499         fputs("{\n", out);
1500         ++indent;
1501
1502         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1503
1504         --indent;
1505         print_indent();
1506         fputs("}\n", out);
1507 }
1508
1509 /**
1510  * Print a variable or function declaration
1511  */
1512 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1513 {
1514         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1515         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1516
1517         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1518         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1519                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1520                 if (function->is_inline) {
1521                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1522                                 fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1523                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1524                                 fputs("__inline ", out);
1525                         } else {
1526                                 fputs("inline ", out);
1527                         }
1528                 }
1529         }
1530         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1531         switch (entity->kind) {
1532                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1533                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1534                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1535
1536                         if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1537                                 fputc('\n', out);
1538                                 print_indent();
1539                                 print_statement(entity->function.statement);
1540                                 return;
1541                         }
1542                         break;
1543
1544                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1545                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1546                                 fputs("__thread ", out);
1547                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1548                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1549                                 fputs(" = ", out);
1550                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1551                         }
1552                         break;
1553
1554                 default:
1555                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1556                         break;
1557         }
1558         fputc(';', out);
1559 }
1560
1561 /**
1562  * Prints an expression.
1563  *
1564  * @param expression  the expression
1565  */
1566 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1567 {
1568         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1569 }
1570
1571 /**
1572  * Print a declaration.
1573  *
1574  * @param declaration  the declaration
1575  */
1576 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1577 {
1578         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1579                 return;
1580
1581         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1582         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1583         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1584         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1585                 print_declaration(entity);
1586                 return;
1587         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1588                 print_declaration(entity);
1589                 return;
1590         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1591                 print_typedef(entity);
1592                 return;
1593         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1594                 fputs("struct ", out);
1595                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1596                 if (entity->structe.complete) {
1597                         fputc(' ', out);
1598                         print_compound_definition(&entity->structe);
1599                 }
1600                 fputc(';', out);
1601                 return;
1602         case ENTITY_UNION:
1603                 fputs("union ", out);
1604                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1605                 if (entity->unione.complete) {
1606                         fputc(' ', out);
1607                         print_compound_definition(&entity->unione);
1608                 }
1609                 fputc(';', out);
1610                 return;
1611         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1612                 fputs("enum ", out);
1613                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1614                 fputc(' ', out);
1615                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1616                 fputc(';', out);
1617                 return;
1618         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1619                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1620                 return;
1621         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1622         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1623         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1624                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1625         case ENTITY_INVALID:
1626                 break;
1627         }
1628         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1629 }
1630
1631 /**
1632  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1633  *
1634  * @param unit   the translation unit
1635  */
1636 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1637 {
1638         inc_type_visited();
1639
1640         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1641         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1642                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1643                         continue;
1644                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1645                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1646                         continue;
1647                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1648                         continue;
1649
1650                 print_indent();
1651                 print_entity(entity);
1652                 fputc('\n', out);
1653         }
1654 }
1655
1656 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1657 {
1658         switch (initializer->kind) {
1659         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1660         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1661         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1662                 return true;
1663
1664         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1665                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1666
1667         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1668                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1669                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1670                         if (!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1671                                 return false;
1672                 }
1673                 return true;
1674         }
1675         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1676 }
1677
1678 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1679 {
1680         switch (expression->kind) {
1681         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1682                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1683
1684         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1685                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1686                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1687                         /* it's a -> */
1688                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1689                 } else {
1690                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1691                 }
1692         }
1693
1694         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1695                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1696                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1697
1698         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1699                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1700                 if (is_declaration(entity)) {
1701                         switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1702                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1703                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1704                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1705                                 return
1706                                         entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1707                                         !entity->variable.thread_local;
1708
1709                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1710                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1711                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1712                                 break;
1713                         }
1714                 }
1715                 return false;
1716         }
1717
1718         default:
1719                 return false;
1720         }
1721 }
1722
1723 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1724 {
1725         switch (expression->kind) {
1726         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1727                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1728
1729         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1730                 type_t *real_type
1731                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1732                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1733                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1734                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1735                 }
1736                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1737         }
1738
1739         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1740                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1741                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1742                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1743                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1744                         get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1745                     ))
1746                         return false;
1747
1748                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1749                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1750         }
1751
1752         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1753         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1754                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1755                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1756
1757                 if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1758                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1759                 } else if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1760                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1761                 }
1762
1763                 return false;
1764         }
1765
1766         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1767                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1768                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1769                         return false;
1770
1771                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1772                 if (is_type_function(type))
1773                         return true;
1774                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1775                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1776                 }
1777                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1778                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1779                         return true;
1780                 return false;
1781         }
1782
1783         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1784                 type_t *const type =
1785                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1786                 return
1787                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1788                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1789                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1790         }
1791
1792         default:
1793                 return false;
1794         }
1795 }
1796
1797 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1798 {
1799         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1800         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1801                 return false;
1802         }
1803
1804         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1805
1806         switch (symbol->ID) {
1807         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1808         case T___builtin_inf:
1809         case T___builtin_inff:
1810         case T___builtin_infl:
1811         case T___builtin_nan:
1812         case T___builtin_nanf:
1813         case T___builtin_nanl:
1814                 return true;
1815         }
1816
1817         return false;
1818 }
1819
1820 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1821 {
1822         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1823                 return true;
1824
1825         switch (expression->kind) {
1826         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1827                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1828         default:
1829                 return false;
1830         }
1831 }
1832
1833 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1834 {
1835         switch (expression->kind) {
1836         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1837                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1838                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1839                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1840                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1841                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1842                 } else {
1843                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1844                 }
1845         }
1846
1847         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1848                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1849                         &expression->array_access;
1850                 return
1851                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1852                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1853                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1854                         );
1855         }
1856
1857         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1858                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1859         default:
1860                 return false;
1861         }
1862 }
1863
1864 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1865 {
1866         switch (expression->kind) {
1867
1868         case EXPR_CONST:
1869         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1870         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1871         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1872         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1873         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1874         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1875         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1876         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1877         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1878         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1879         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1880                 return true;
1881
1882         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1883                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1884                 if (type == NULL)
1885                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1886
1887                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1888                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1889                         return false;
1890                 return true;
1891         }
1892
1893         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1894         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1895         case EXPR_SELECT:
1896         case EXPR_VA_START:
1897         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1898         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1899         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
1900         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1901         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1902         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1903         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1904         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1905         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1906         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1907         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1908         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1909         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1910         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1911         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1912         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1913         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1914         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1915         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1916         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1917         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1918         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1919         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1920         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1921         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1922                 return false;
1923
1924         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1925                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1926
1927         case EXPR_CALL:
1928                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1929
1930         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1931         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1932         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1933         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1934                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1935
1936         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1937         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1938                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1939                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1940
1941         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1942         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1943         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1944         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1945         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1946         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1947         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1948         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1949         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1950         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1951         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1952         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1953         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1954         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1955         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1956         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1957         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1958         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1959         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1960         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1961         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1962         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1963         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1964         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1965                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1966                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1967
1968         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1969                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1970
1971         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1972                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1973                 if (!is_constant_expression(condition))
1974                         return false;
1975
1976                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1977                 if (val != 0)
1978                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1979                 else
1980                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1981         }
1982
1983         case EXPR_INVALID:
1984                 return true;
1985
1986         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1987                 break;
1988         }
1989         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1990 }
1991
1992 /**
1993  * Initialize the AST construction.
1994  */
1995 void init_ast(void)
1996 {
1997         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1998 }
1999
2000 /**
2001  * Free the AST.
2002  */
2003 void exit_ast(void)
2004 {
2005         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
2006 }
2007
2008 /**
2009  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
2010  *
2011  * @param stream  the output stream
2012  */
2013 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
2014 {
2015         out = stream;
2016         type_set_output(stream);
2017 }
2018
2019 /**
2020  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
2021  *
2022  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
2023  *
2024  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
2025  */
2026 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
2027 {
2028         return _allocate_ast(size);
2029 }