nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #include "adt/error.h"
  34
  35 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  36
  37 static FILE *out;
  38 static int   indent;
  39
  40 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  41 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  42
  43 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  44 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  45
  46 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  47 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  48
  49 void change_indent(int delta)
  50 {
  51         indent += delta;
  52         assert(indent >= 0);
  53 }
  54
  55 void print_indent(void)
  56 {
  57         for(int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  58                 fprintf(out, "\t");
  59 }
  60
  61 enum precedence_t {
  62         PREC_BOTTOM  =  0,
  63         PREC_COMMA   =  2, /* ,                                    left to right */
  64         PREC_ASSIGN  =  4, /* = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=    right to left */
  65         PREC_COND    =  6, /* ?:                                   right to left */
  66         PREC_LOG_OR  =  8, /* ||                                   left to right */
  67         PREC_LOG_AND = 10, /* &&                                   left to right */
  68         PREC_BIT_OR  = 12, /* |                                    left to right */
  69         PREC_BIT_XOR = 14, /* ^                                    left to right */
  70         PREC_BIT_AND = 16, /* &                                    left to right */
  71         PREC_EQ      = 18, /* == !=                                left to right */
  72         PREC_CMP     = 20, /* < <= > >=                            left to right */
  73         PREC_SHF     = 22, /* << >>                                left to right */
  74         PREC_PLUS    = 24, /* + -                                  left to right */
  75         PREC_MUL     = 26, /* * / %                                left to right */
  76         PREC_UNARY   = 28, /* ! ~ ++ -- + - (type) * & sizeof      right to left */
  77         PREC_ACCESS  = 30, /* () [] -> .                           left to right */
  78         PREC_PRIM    = 32, /* primary */
  79         PREC_TOP     = 34
  80 };
  81
  82 /**
  83  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  84  * associativity, else -1.
  85  *
  86  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  87  */
  88 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence) {
  89         return (precedence == PREC_ASSIGN || precedence == PREC_COND ||
  90                 precedence == PREC_UNARY) ? 1 : -1;
  91 }
  92
  93 /**
  94  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  95  *
  96  * @param kind   the expression kind
  97  */
  98 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  99 {
 100         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 101                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 102                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 103                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIM,
 104                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIM,
 105                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIM,
 106                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIM,
 107                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 108                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIM,
 109                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_PRIM,
 111                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_COND,
 112                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_ACCESS,
 113                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_ACCESS,
 114                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 115                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 116                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 117
 118                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 119                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 120                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIM,
 121                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIM,
 122                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 123                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 124                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIM,
 125                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_ACCESS,
 126
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIM,
 140                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT]    = PREC_ACCESS,
 141
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_PLUS,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_PLUS,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MUL,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MUL,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MUL,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQ,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQ,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_CMP,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_CMP,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_CMP,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_CMP,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_BIT_AND,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_BIT_OR,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_BIT_XOR,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOG_AND,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOG_OR,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHF,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHF,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGN,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGN,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_COMMA,
 172
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIM,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIM,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIM,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIM,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIM,
 179                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIM
 180         };
 181         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 182         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 183
 184         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 185         return res;
 186 }
 187
 188 /**
 189  * Print a constant expression.
 190  *
 191  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 192  */
 193 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 194 {
 195         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 196                 return;
 197
 198         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 199
 200         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 201                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 202         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 203                 fprintf(out, "%Lf", cnst->v.float_value);
 204         } else {
 205                 panic("unknown constant");
 206         }
 207 }
 208
 209 /**
 210  * Print a quoted string constant.
 211  *
 212  * @param string  the string constant
 213  * @param border  the border char
 214  */
 215 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border)
 216 {
 217         fputc(border, out);
 218         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - 1;
 219         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 220                 if (*c == border) {
 221                         fputc('\\', out);
 222                 }
 223                 switch(*c) {
 224                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 225                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 226                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 227                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 228                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 229                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 230                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 231                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 232                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 233                 default:
 234                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 235                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", *c);
 236                                 break;
 237                         }
 238                         fputc(*c, out);
 239                         break;
 240                 }
 241         }
 242         fputc(border, out);
 243 }
 244
 245 /**
 246  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 247  *
 248  * @param wstr  the wide string literal expression
 249  */
 250 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 251                                      char border)
 252 {
 253         fputc('L', out);
 254         fputc(border, out);
 255         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin, *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size-1;
 256              c != end; ++c) {
 257                 switch (*c) {
 258                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 259                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 260                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 261                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 262                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 263                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 264                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 265                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 266                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 267                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 268                         default: {
 269                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 270                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 271                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 272                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 273                                         } else {
 274                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 275                                         }
 276                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 277                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 278                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 279                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 280                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 281                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 282                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 283                                 } else {
 284                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 285                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 286                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 287                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 288                                 }
 289                         }
 290                 }
 291         }
 292         fputc(border, out);
 293 }
 294
 295 /**
 296  * Print a constant character expression.
 297  *
 298  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 299  */
 300 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 301 {
 302         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'');
 303 }
 304
 305 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 306 {
 307         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'');
 308 }
 309
 310 /**
 311  * Prints a string literal expression.
 312  *
 313  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 314  */
 315 static void print_string_literal(
 316                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 317 {
 318         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"');
 319 }
 320
 321 /**
 322  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 323  */
 324 static void print_funcname(
 325                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 326 {
 327         const char *s = "";
 328         switch(funcname->kind) {
 329         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 330         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 331         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 332         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 333         }
 334         fputc('"', out);
 335         fputs(s, out);
 336         fputc('"', out);
 337 }
 338
 339 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 340         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 341 {
 342         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"');
 343 }
 344
 345 static void print_compound_literal(
 346                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 347 {
 348         fputc('(', out);
 349         print_type(expression->type);
 350         fputs(") ", out);
 351         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 352 }
 353
 354 /**
 355  * Prints a call expression.
 356  *
 357  * @param call  the call expression
 358  */
 359 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 360 {
 361         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 362         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 363         fprintf(out, "(");
 364         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 365         int              first    = 1;
 366         while(argument != NULL) {
 367                 if(!first) {
 368                         fprintf(out, ", ");
 369                 } else {
 370                         first = 0;
 371                 }
 372                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 373
 374                 argument = argument->next;
 375         }
 376         fprintf(out, ")");
 377 }
 378
 379 /**
 380  * Prints a binary expression.
 381  *
 382  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 383  */
 384 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 385 {
 386         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 387         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 388
 389         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 390                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 391                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 392                 fputs(", ", out);
 393                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 394                 fputc(')', out);
 395                 return;
 396         }
 397
 398         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 399         if (binexpr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_COMMA) {
 400                 fputc(' ', out);
 401         }
 402         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 403         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
 404         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
 405         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
 406         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
 407         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
 408         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
 409         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
 410         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
 411         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
 412         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
 413         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
 414         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
 415         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
 416         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
 417         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
 418         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
 419         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
 420         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
 421         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
 422         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
 423
 424         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
 425         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
 426         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
 427         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
 428         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
 429         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
 430         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
 434         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 435         }
 436         fputc(' ', out);
 437         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 438 }
 439
 440 /**
 441  * Prints an unary expression.
 442  *
 443  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 444  */
 445 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 446 {
 447         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 448         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 449         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputs("-", out);  break;
 450         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputs("+", out);  break;
 451         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputs("!", out);  break;
 452         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputs("~", out);  break;
 453         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 454         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 455         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputs("*", out);  break;
 456         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputs("&", out);  break;
 457
 458         case EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT:
 459                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 460                 return;
 461
 462         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 463                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 464                 fputs("++", out);
 465                 return;
 466         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 467                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 468                 fputs("--", out);
 469                 return;
 470         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 471                 if(!print_implicit_casts) {
 472                         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 473                         return;
 474                 }
 475                 /* fallthrough */
 476         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 477                 fputc('(', out);
 478                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 479                 fputc(')', out);
 480                 break;
 481         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 482                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 483                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 484                 fputc(')', out);
 485                 return;
 486         default:
 487                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 488         }
 489         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 490 }
 491
 492 /**
 493  * Prints a reference expression.
 494  *
 495  * @param ref   the reference expression
 496  */
 497 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 498 {
 499         fprintf(out, "%s", ref->declaration->symbol->string);
 500 }
 501
 502 /**
 503  * Prints an array expression.
 504  *
 505  * @param expression   the array expression
 506  */
 507 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 508 {
 509         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 510         if(!expression->flipped) {
 511                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 512                 fputc('[', out);
 513                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 514                 fputc(']', out);
 515         } else {
 516                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 517                 fputc('[', out);
 518                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 519                 fputc(']', out);
 520         }
 521 }
 522
 523 /**
 524  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 525  *
 526  * @param expression   the type property expression
 527  */
 528 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 529 {
 530         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 531                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 532         } else {
 533                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 534                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 535         }
 536         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 537                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 538                 fputc('(', out);
 539                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_ACCESS);
 540                 fputc(')', out);
 541         } else {
 542                 fputc('(', out);
 543                 print_type(expression->type);
 544                 fputc(')', out);
 545         }
 546 }
 547
 548 /**
 549  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 550  *
 551  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 552  */
 553 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 554 {
 555         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 556 }
 557
 558 /**
 559  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 560  *
 561  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 562  */
 563 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 564 {
 565         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 566         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 567         fputc(')', out);
 568 }
 569
 570 /**
 571  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 572  *
 573  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 574  */
 575 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 576 {
 577         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 578         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 579         if (expression->rw) {
 580                 fputc(',', out);
 581                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 582         }
 583         if (expression->locality) {
 584                 fputc(',', out);
 585                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 586         }
 587         fputc(')', out);
 588 }
 589
 590 /**
 591  * Prints a conditional expression.
 592  *
 593  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 594  */
 595 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 596 {
 597         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 598         fputs("(", out);
 599         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, prec);
 600         fputs(" ? ", out);
 601         print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, prec);
 602         fputs(" : ", out);
 603         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 604         fputs(")", out);
 605 }
 606
 607 /**
 608  * Prints a va_start expression.
 609  *
 610  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 611  */
 612 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 613 {
 614         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 615         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 616         fputs(", ", out);
 617         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 618         fputs(")", out);
 619 }
 620
 621 /**
 622  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 623  *
 624  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 625  */
 626 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 627 {
 628         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 629         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 630         fputs(", ", out);
 631         print_type(expression->base.type);
 632         fputs(")", out);
 633 }
 634
 635 /**
 636  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 637  *
 638  * @param expression   the select expression
 639  */
 640 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 641 {
 642         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 643         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 644         if(is_type_pointer(expression->compound->base.type)) {
 645                 fputs("->", out);
 646         } else {
 647                 fputc('.', out);
 648         }
 649         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 650 }
 651
 652 /**
 653  * Prints a type classify expression.
 654  *
 655  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 656  */
 657 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 658         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 659 {
 660         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 661         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 662         fputc(')', out);
 663 }
 664
 665 /**
 666  * Prints a designator.
 667  *
 668  * @param designator  the designator
 669  */
 670 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 671 {
 672         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 673                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 674                         fputc('[', out);
 675                         print_expression_prec(designator->array_index, PREC_ACCESS);
 676                         fputc(']', out);
 677                 } else {
 678                         fputc('.', out);
 679                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 680                 }
 681         }
 682 }
 683
 684 /**
 685  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 686  *
 687  * @param expression   the offset expression
 688  */
 689 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 690 {
 691         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 692         fputc('(', out);
 693         print_type(expression->type);
 694         fputc(',', out);
 695         print_designator(expression->designator);
 696         fputc(')', out);
 697 }
 698
 699 /**
 700  * Prints a statement expression.
 701  *
 702  * @param expression   the statement expression
 703  */
 704 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 705 {
 706         fputc('(', out);
 707         print_statement(expression->statement);
 708         fputc(')', out);
 709 }
 710
 711 /**
 712  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 713  *
 714  * @param expression  the expression to print
 715  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 716  */
 717 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 718 {
 719         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 720         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 721                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 722         if (top_prec > prec)
 723                 fputc('(', out);
 724         switch(expression->kind) {
 725         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 726         case EXPR_INVALID:
 727                 fprintf(out, "$invalid expression$");
 728                 break;
 729         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 730                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 731                 break;
 732         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 733                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 734                 break;
 735         case EXPR_CONST:
 736                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 737                 break;
 738         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 739                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 740                 break;
 741         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 742                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 743                 break;
 744         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 745                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 746                 break;
 747         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 748                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 749                 break;
 750         case EXPR_CALL:
 751                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 752                 break;
 753         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 754                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 755                 break;
 756         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 757                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 758                 break;
 759         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 760                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 761                 break;
 762         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 763                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 764                 break;
 765         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 766         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 767                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 768                 break;
 769         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 770                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 771                 break;
 772         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 773                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 774                 break;
 775         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 776                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 777                 break;
 778         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 779                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 780                 break;
 781         case EXPR_VA_START:
 782                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 783                 break;
 784         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 785                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 786                 break;
 787         case EXPR_SELECT:
 788                 print_select(&expression->select);
 789                 break;
 790         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 791                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 792                 break;
 793         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 794                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 795                 break;
 796         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 797                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 798                 break;
 799
 800         default:
 801                 /* TODO */
 802                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 803                 break;
 804         }
 805         if (top_prec > prec)
 806                 fputc(')', out);
 807 }
 808
 809 /**
 810  * Print an compound statement.
 811  *
 812  * @param block  the compound statement
 813  */
 814 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 815 {
 816         fputs("{\n", out);
 817         ++indent;
 818
 819         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 820         while(statement != NULL) {
 821                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 822                         --indent;
 823                 print_indent();
 824                 print_statement(statement);
 825
 826                 statement = statement->base.next;
 827         }
 828         --indent;
 829         print_indent();
 830         fputs("}\n", out);
 831 }
 832
 833 /**
 834  * Print a return statement.
 835  *
 836  * @param statement  the return statement
 837  */
 838 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 839 {
 840         fprintf(out, "return ");
 841         if(statement->value != NULL)
 842                 print_expression(statement->value);
 843         fputs(";\n", out);
 844 }
 845
 846 /**
 847  * Print an expression statement.
 848  *
 849  * @param statement  the expression statement
 850  */
 851 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 852 {
 853         print_expression(statement->expression);
 854         fputs(";\n", out);
 855 }
 856
 857 /**
 858  * Print a goto statement.
 859  *
 860  * @param statement  the goto statement
 861  */
 862 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 863 {
 864         fprintf(out, "goto ");
 865         fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 866         fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
 867         fputs(";\n", out);
 868 }
 869
 870 /**
 871  * Print a label statement.
 872  *
 873  * @param statement  the label statement
 874  */
 875 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 876 {
 877         fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
 878         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 879         print_statement(statement->statement);
 880 }
 881
 882 /**
 883  * Print an if statement.
 884  *
 885  * @param statement  the if statement
 886  */
 887 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 888 {
 889         fputs("if (", out);
 890         print_expression(statement->condition);
 891         fputs(") ", out);
 892         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 893
 894         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 895                 print_indent();
 896                 fputs("else ", out);
 897                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 898         }
 899 }
 900
 901 /**
 902  * Print a switch statement.
 903  *
 904  * @param statement  the switch statement
 905  */
 906 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 907 {
 908         fputs("switch (", out);
 909         print_expression(statement->expression);
 910         fputs(") ", out);
 911         print_statement(statement->body);
 912 }
 913
 914 /**
 915  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 916  *
 917  * @param statement  the case label statement
 918  */
 919 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 920 {
 921         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 922                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 923         } else {
 924                 fputs("case ", out);
 925                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 926                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 927                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 928                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 929                 }
 930                 fputs(":\n", out);
 931         }
 932         ++indent;
 933         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 934                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 935                         --indent;
 936                 }
 937                 print_indent();
 938                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 939         }
 940 }
 941
 942 /**
 943  * Print a declaration statement.
 944  *
 945  * @param statement   the statement
 946  */
 947 static void print_declaration_statement(
 948                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 949 {
 950         int first = 1;
 951         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
 952         for( ; declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
 953                declaration = declaration->next) {
 954             if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
 955                 continue;
 956
 957                 if(!first) {
 958                         print_indent();
 959                 } else {
 960                         first = 0;
 961                 }
 962                 print_declaration(declaration);
 963                 fputc('\n', out);
 964         }
 965 }
 966
 967 /**
 968  * Print a while statement.
 969  *
 970  * @param statement   the statement
 971  */
 972 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
 973 {
 974         fputs("while (", out);
 975         print_expression(statement->condition);
 976         fputs(") ", out);
 977         print_statement(statement->body);
 978 }
 979
 980 /**
 981  * Print a do-while statement.
 982  *
 983  * @param statement   the statement
 984  */
 985 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 986 {
 987         fputs("do ", out);
 988         print_statement(statement->body);
 989         print_indent();
 990         fputs("while (", out);
 991         print_expression(statement->condition);
 992         fputs(");\n", out);
 993 }
 994
 995 /**
 996  * Print a for statement.
 997  *
 998  * @param statement   the statement
 999  */
1000 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1001 {
1002         fputs("for (", out);
1003         if(statement->scope.declarations != NULL) {
1004                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1005                 print_declaration(statement->scope.declarations);
1006                 if(statement->scope.declarations->next != NULL) {
1007                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1008                 }
1009                 fputc(' ', out);
1010         } else {
1011                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1012                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1013                 }
1014                 fputs("; ", out);
1015         }
1016         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1017                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1018         }
1019         fputs("; ", out);
1020         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1021                 print_expression(statement->step);
1022         }
1023         fputs(")", out);
1024         print_statement(statement->body);
1025 }
1026
1027 /**
1028  * Print assembler constraints.
1029  *
1030  * @param constraints   the constraints
1031  */
1032 static void print_asm_constraints(asm_constraint_t *constraints)
1033 {
1034         asm_constraint_t *constraint = constraints;
1035         for( ; constraint != NULL; constraint = constraint->next) {
1036                 if(constraint != constraints)
1037                         fputs(", ", out);
1038
1039                 if(constraint->symbol) {
1040                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", constraint->symbol->string);
1041                 }
1042                 print_quoted_string(&constraint->constraints, '"');
1043                 fputs(" (", out);
1044                 print_expression(constraint->expression);
1045                 fputs(")", out);
1046         }
1047 }
1048
1049 /**
1050  * Print assembler clobbers.
1051  *
1052  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1053  */
1054 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1055 {
1056         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1057         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1058                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1059                         fputs(", ", out);
1060
1061                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"');
1062         }
1063 }
1064
1065 /**
1066  * Print an assembler statement.
1067  *
1068  * @param statement   the statement
1069  */
1070 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1071 {
1072         fputs("asm ", out);
1073         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1074                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1075         }
1076         fputs("(", out);
1077         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"');
1078         if(statement->inputs == NULL && statement->outputs == NULL
1079                         && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1080                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1081
1082         fputs(" : ", out);
1083         print_asm_constraints(statement->inputs);
1084         if(statement->outputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1085                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1086
1087         fputs(" : ", out);
1088         print_asm_constraints(statement->outputs);
1089         if(statement->clobbers == NULL)
1090                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1091
1092         fputs(" : ", out);
1093         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1094
1095 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1096         fputs(");\n", out);
1097 }
1098
1099 /**
1100  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1101  *
1102  * @param statement   the statement
1103  */
1104 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1105 {
1106         fputs("__try ", out);
1107         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1108         print_indent();
1109         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1110                 fputs("__except(", out);
1111                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1112                 fputs(") ", out);
1113         } else {
1114                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1115         }
1116         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1117 }
1118
1119 /**
1120  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1121  *
1122  * @param statement   the statement
1123  */
1124 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1125 {
1126         (void) statement;
1127         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1128 }
1129
1130 /**
1131  * Print a statement.
1132  *
1133  * @param statement   the statement
1134  */
1135 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1136 {
1137         switch(statement->kind) {
1138         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1139                 fputs(";\n", out);
1140                 break;
1141         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1142                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1143                 break;
1144         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1145                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1146                 break;
1147         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1148                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1149                 break;
1150         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1151                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1152                 break;
1153         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1154                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1155                 break;
1156         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1157                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1158                 break;
1159         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1160                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1161                 break;
1162         case STATEMENT_IF:
1163                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1164                 break;
1165         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1166                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1167                 break;
1168         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1169                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1170                 break;
1171         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1172                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1173                 break;
1174         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1175                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1176                 break;
1177         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1178                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1179                 break;
1180         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1181                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1182                 break;
1183         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1184                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1185                 break;
1186         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1187                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1188                 break;
1189         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1190                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1191                 break;
1192         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1193                 fprintf(out, "$invalid statement$");
1194                 break;
1195         }
1196 }
1197
1198 /**
1199  * Print a storage class.
1200  *
1201  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1202  */
1203 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1204 {
1205         switch(storage_class) {
1206         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1207         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1208                 break;
1209         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1210         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1211         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1212         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1213         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1214         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1215         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1216         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1217         }
1218 }
1219
1220 /**
1221  * Print an initializer.
1222  *
1223  * @param initializer  the initializer
1224  */
1225 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1226 {
1227         if(initializer == NULL) {
1228                 fputs("{}", out);
1229                 return;
1230         }
1231
1232         switch(initializer->kind) {
1233         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1234                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1235                 print_expression(value->value);
1236                 return;
1237         }
1238         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1239                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1240                 fputs("{ ", out);
1241                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1242
1243                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1244                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1245                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1246                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1247                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1248                                         fputs(", ", out);
1249                         }
1250                 }
1251                 fputs(" }", out);
1252                 return;
1253         }
1254         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1255                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"');
1256                 return;
1257         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1258                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"');
1259                 return;
1260         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1261                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1262                 fputs(" = ", out);
1263                 return;
1264         }
1265
1266         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1267 }
1268
1269 /**
1270  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1271  */
1272 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1273         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1274                 return;
1275
1276         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->decl_modifiers;
1277
1278         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1279         if((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0 ||
1280             declaration->alignment != 0 || declaration->deprecated != 0 ||
1281             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1282                 char *next = "(";
1283
1284                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1285                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1286                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1287                 }
1288                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1289                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1290                 }
1291                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1292                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1293                 }
1294                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1295                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1296                 }
1297                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1298                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1299                 }
1300                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1301                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1302                 }
1303                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1304                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1305                 }
1306                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1307                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1308                 }
1309                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1310                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1311                 }
1312                 if(declaration->deprecated != 0) {
1313                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1314                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1315                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1316                 }
1317                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1318                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1319                 }
1320                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1321                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1322                 }
1323                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1324                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1325                 }
1326             if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1327                 char *comma = "";
1328                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "property(");
1329                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1330                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1331                         comma = ", ";
1332                         }
1333                 if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1334                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1335                         fputc(')', out);
1336                 }
1337                 fputs(") ", out);
1338         }
1339 }
1340
1341 /**
1342  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1343  *
1344  * @param declaration  the declaration
1345  */
1346 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1347 {
1348         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1349         if(declaration->is_inline) {
1350                 if(declaration->decl_modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE)
1351                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1352                 else {
1353                         if(declaration->decl_modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE)
1354                                 fputs("__inline ", out);
1355                         else
1356                                 fputs("inline ", out);
1357                 }
1358         }
1359         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1360         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1361                        &declaration->scope);
1362
1363         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1364                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1365                         fputs("\n", out);
1366                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1367                         return;
1368                 }
1369         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1370                 fputs(" = ", out);
1371                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1372         }
1373         fputc(';', out);
1374 }
1375
1376 /**
1377  * Prints an expression.
1378  *
1379  * @param expression  the expression
1380  */
1381 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression) {
1382         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1383 }
1384
1385 /**
1386  * Print a declaration.
1387  *
1388  * @param declaration  the declaration
1389  */
1390 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1391 {
1392         if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1393                         declaration->symbol == NULL)
1394                 return;
1395
1396         switch(declaration->namespc) {
1397         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1398                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1399                 break;
1400         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1401                 fputs("struct ", out);
1402                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1403                 fputc(' ', out);
1404                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1405                 fputc(';', out);
1406                 break;
1407         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1408                 fputs("union ", out);
1409                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1410                 fputc(' ', out);
1411                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1412                 fputc(';', out);
1413                 break;
1414         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1415                 fputs("enum ", out);
1416                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1417                 fputc(' ', out);
1418                 print_enum_definition(declaration);
1419                 fputc(';', out);
1420                 break;
1421         }
1422 }
1423
1424 /**
1425  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1426  *
1427  * @param unit   the translation unit
1428  */
1429 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1430 {
1431         inc_type_visited();
1432
1433         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1434         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1435                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1436                         continue;
1437                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1438                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1439                         continue;
1440
1441                 print_indent();
1442                 print_declaration(declaration);
1443                 fputc('\n', out);
1444         }
1445 }
1446
1447 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1448 {
1449         switch(initializer->kind) {
1450         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1451         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1452         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1453                 return true;
1454
1455         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1456                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1457
1458         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1459                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1460                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1461                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1462                                 return false;
1463                 }
1464                 return true;
1465         }
1466         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1467 }
1468
1469 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1470 {
1471         switch(expression->kind) {
1472         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1473                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1474
1475         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1476                 if(is_type_pointer(expression->select.compound->base.type)) {
1477                         /* it's a -> */
1478                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1479                 } else {
1480                         return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1481                 }
1482         }
1483
1484         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1485                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1486                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1487
1488         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1489                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1490                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1491                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1492                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1493                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1494                         return true;
1495                 default:
1496                         return false;
1497                 }
1498         }
1499
1500         default:
1501                 return false;
1502         }
1503 }
1504
1505 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1506 {
1507         switch(expression->kind) {
1508         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1509                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1510
1511         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1512                 type_t *real_type = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1513                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1514                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1515                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1516                 }
1517         }
1518
1519         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1520                 return is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1521                         && (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1522                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1523
1524         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1525         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1526                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1527                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1528
1529                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1530                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1531                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1532                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1533                 }
1534
1535                 return false;
1536         }
1537
1538         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1539                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1540                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1541                 if(is_type_function(type))
1542                         return true;
1543                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1544                         return is_object_with_constant_address(expression);
1545                 }
1546                 return false;
1547         }
1548
1549         default:
1550                 return false;
1551         }
1552 }
1553
1554 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1555 {
1556         switch(expression->kind) {
1557
1558         case EXPR_CONST:
1559         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1560         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1561         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1562         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1563         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
1564         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1565         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1566         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1567         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1568         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1569                 return true;
1570
1571         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1572         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1573         case EXPR_CALL:
1574         case EXPR_SELECT:
1575         case EXPR_VA_START:
1576         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1577         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1578         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1579         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1580         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1581         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1582         case EXPR_UNARY_BITFIELD_EXTRACT:
1583         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1584         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1585         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1586         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1587         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1588         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1589         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1590         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1591         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1592         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1593         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1594         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1595         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1596         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1597         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1598                 return false;
1599
1600         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1601         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1602         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1603         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1604                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1605
1606         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1607         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1608                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1609                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1610
1611         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1612         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1613         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1614         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1615         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1616         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1617         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1618         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1619         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1620         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1621         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1622         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1623         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1624         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1625         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1626         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1627         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1628         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1629         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1630         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1631         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1632         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1633         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1634         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1635         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1636                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1637                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1638
1639         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1640                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1641
1642         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1643                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1644                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1645                         return false;
1646
1647                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1648                 if(val != 0)
1649                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1650                 else
1651                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1652         }
1653
1654         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1655                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1656                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1657
1658         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1659                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1660                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1661                         return true;
1662
1663                 return false;
1664         }
1665
1666         case EXPR_INVALID:
1667                 return true;
1668
1669         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1670                 break;
1671         }
1672         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1673 }
1674
1675 /**
1676  * Initialize the AST construction.
1677  */
1678 void init_ast(void)
1679 {
1680         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1681 }
1682
1683 /**
1684  * Free the AST.
1685  */
1686 void exit_ast(void)
1687 {
1688         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1689 }
1690
1691 /**
1692  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1693  *
1694  * @param stream  the output stream
1695  */
1696 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1697 {
1698         out = stream;
1699         type_set_output(stream);
1700 }
1701
1702 /**
1703  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1704  *
1705  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1706  *
1707  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1708  */
1709 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1710 {
1711         return _allocate_ast(size);
1712 }