nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  34 #include <mathimf.h>
  35 #else
  36 #include <math.h>
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #include "adt/error.h"
  40
  41 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  42
  43 static FILE *out;
  44 static int   indent;
  45
  46 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  47 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  48
  49 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  50 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  51
  52 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  53 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  54
  55 void change_indent(int delta)
  56 {
  57         indent += delta;
  58         assert(indent >= 0);
  59 }
  60
  61 void print_indent(void)
  62 {
  63         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  64                 fputc('\t', out);
  65 }
  66
  67 /**
  68  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  69  * associativity, else 0.
  70  *
  71  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  72  */
  73 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  74 {
  75         switch (precedence) {
  76                 case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  77                 case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  78                 case PREC_UNARY:
  79                         return 1;
  80
  81                 default:
  82                         return 0;
  83         }
  84 }
  85
  86 /**
  87  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  88  *
  89  * @param kind   the expression kind
  90  */
  91 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  92 {
  93         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  94                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  95                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 103                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 104                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 105                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 107                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 108                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 109                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 110
 111                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 112                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 113                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120
 121                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 122                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 134
 135                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 136                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 137                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 138                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 139                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 165
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 173         };
 174         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 175         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 176
 177         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 178         /* we need the lowest bit for right-to-left precedence */
 179         return 2 * res;
 180 }
 181
 182 /**
 183  * Print a constant expression.
 184  *
 185  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 186  */
 187 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 188 {
 189         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 190                 return;
 191
 192         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 193
 194         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 195                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 196         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 197                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 198 #ifdef _WIN32
 199                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 200                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 201 #else
 202                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 203 #endif
 204                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 205                         fputs(".0", out);
 206         } else {
 207                 panic("unknown constant");
 208         }
 209
 210         char const* suffix;
 211         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 212                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 213                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 214                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 215                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 216                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 219
 220                 default: suffix = NULL; break;
 221         }
 222         if (suffix != NULL)
 223                 fputs(suffix, out);
 224 }
 225
 226 /**
 227  * Print a quoted string constant.
 228  *
 229  * @param string  the string constant
 230  * @param border  the border char
 231  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 232  */
 233 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 234 {
 235         fputc(border, out);
 236         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 237         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 238                 if (*c == border) {
 239                         fputc('\\', out);
 240                 }
 241                 switch(*c) {
 242                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 243                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 244                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 245                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 246                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 247                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 248                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 249                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 250                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 251                 case 27:
 252                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 253                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 254                         }
 255                         /*fallthrough*/
 256                 default:
 257                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 258                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 259                                 break;
 260                         }
 261                         fputc(*c, out);
 262                         break;
 263                 }
 264         }
 265         fputc(border, out);
 266 }
 267
 268 /**
 269  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 270  *
 271  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 272  * @param border  the border char
 273  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 274  */
 275 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 276                                      char border, int skip)
 277 {
 278         fputc('L', out);
 279         fputc(border, out);
 280         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 281         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 282                 switch (*c) {
 283                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 284                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 285                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 286                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 287                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 288                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 289                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 290                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 293                         case 27:
 294                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 295                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 296                                 }
 297                                 /*fallthrough*/
 298                         default: {
 299                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 300                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 301                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 302                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 303                                         } else {
 304                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 305                                         }
 306                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 307                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 308                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 309                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 310                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 311                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 312                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 313                                 } else {
 314                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 315                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 317                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 318                                 }
 319                         }
 320                 }
 321         }
 322         fputc(border, out);
 323 }
 324
 325 /**
 326  * Print a constant character expression.
 327  *
 328  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 329  */
 330 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 331 {
 332         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 333 }
 334
 335 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 336 {
 337         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 338 }
 339
 340 /**
 341  * Prints a string literal expression.
 342  *
 343  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 344  */
 345 static void print_string_literal(
 346                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 347 {
 348         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 349 }
 350
 351 /**
 352  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 353  */
 354 static void print_funcname(
 355                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 356 {
 357         const char *s = "";
 358         switch(funcname->kind) {
 359         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 360         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 361         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 362         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 363         }
 364         fputc('"', out);
 365         fputs(s, out);
 366         fputc('"', out);
 367 }
 368
 369 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 370         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 371 {
 372         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 373 }
 374
 375 static void print_compound_literal(
 376                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 377 {
 378         fputc('(', out);
 379         print_type(expression->type);
 380         fputc(')', out);
 381         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 382 }
 383
 384 /**
 385  * Prints a call expression.
 386  *
 387  * @param call  the call expression
 388  */
 389 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 390 {
 391         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 392         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 393         fputc('(', out);
 394         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 395         int              first    = 1;
 396         while(argument != NULL) {
 397                 if(!first) {
 398                         fputs(", ", out);
 399                 } else {
 400                         first = 0;
 401                 }
 402                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 403
 404                 argument = argument->next;
 405         }
 406         fputc(')', out);
 407 }
 408
 409 /**
 410  * Prints a binary expression.
 411  *
 412  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 413  */
 414 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 415 {
 416         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 417         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 418
 419         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 420                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 421                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 422                 fputs(", ", out);
 423                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 424                 fputc(')', out);
 425                 return;
 426         }
 427
 428         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 429         char const* op;
 430         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 435         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 451
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 454         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 455         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 456         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 457         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 458         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 459         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 460         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 461         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 462         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 463         }
 464         fputs(op, out);
 465         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 466 }
 467
 468 /**
 469  * Prints an unary expression.
 470  *
 471  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 472  */
 473 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 474 {
 475         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 476         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 477         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-', out);  break;
 478         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+', out);  break;
 479         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!', out);  break;
 480         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~', out);  break;
 481         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 482         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 483         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*', out);  break;
 484         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&', out);  break;
 485
 486         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 487                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 488                 fputs("++", out);
 489                 return;
 490         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 491                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 492                 fputs("--", out);
 493                 return;
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 495         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 496                 fputc('(', out);
 497                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 498                 fputc(')', out);
 499                 break;
 500         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 501                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 502                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 503                 fputc(')', out);
 504                 return;
 505         default:
 506                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 507         }
 508         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 509 }
 510
 511 /**
 512  * Prints a reference expression.
 513  *
 514  * @param ref   the reference expression
 515  */
 516 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 517 {
 518         fputs(ref->declaration->symbol->string, out);
 519 }
 520
 521 /**
 522  * Prints a label address expression.
 523  *
 524  * @param ref   the reference expression
 525  */
 526 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 527 {
 528         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->declaration->symbol->string);
 529 }
 530
 531 /**
 532  * Prints an array expression.
 533  *
 534  * @param expression   the array expression
 535  */
 536 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 537 {
 538         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 539         if(!expression->flipped) {
 540                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 541                 fputc('[', out);
 542                 print_expression(expression->index);
 543                 fputc(']', out);
 544         } else {
 545                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 546                 fputc('[', out);
 547                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 548                 fputc(']', out);
 549         }
 550 }
 551
 552 /**
 553  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 554  *
 555  * @param expression   the type property expression
 556  */
 557 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 558 {
 559         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 560                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 561         } else {
 562                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 563                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 564         }
 565         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 566                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 567                 fputc('(', out);
 568                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 569                 fputc(')', out);
 570         } else {
 571                 fputc('(', out);
 572                 print_type(expression->type);
 573                 fputc(')', out);
 574         }
 575 }
 576
 577 /**
 578  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 579  *
 580  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 581  */
 582 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 583 {
 584         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 585 }
 586
 587 /**
 588  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 589  *
 590  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 591  */
 592 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 593 {
 594         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 595         print_expression_prec(expression->value, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 596         fputc(')', out);
 597 }
 598
 599 /**
 600  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 601  *
 602  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 603  */
 604 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 605 {
 606         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 607         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 608         if (expression->rw) {
 609                 fputc(',', out);
 610                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 611         }
 612         if (expression->locality) {
 613                 fputc(',', out);
 614                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 615         }
 616         fputc(')', out);
 617 }
 618
 619 /**
 620  * Prints a conditional expression.
 621  *
 622  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 623  */
 624 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 625 {
 626         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, 2 * PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 627         fputs(" ? ", out);
 628         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 629                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, 2 * PREC_EXPRESSION);
 630                 fputs(" : ", out);
 631         } else {
 632                 fputs(": ", out);
 633         }
 634         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, 2 * PREC_CONDITIONAL);
 635 }
 636
 637 /**
 638  * Prints a va_start expression.
 639  *
 640  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 641  */
 642 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 643 {
 644         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 645         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 646         fputs(", ", out);
 647         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 648         fputc(')', out);
 649 }
 650
 651 /**
 652  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 653  *
 654  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 655  */
 656 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 657 {
 658         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 659         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 660         fputs(", ", out);
 661         print_type(expression->base.type);
 662         fputc(')', out);
 663 }
 664
 665 /**
 666  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 667  *
 668  * @param expression   the select expression
 669  */
 670 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 671 {
 672         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 673         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 674         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 675                 fputs("->", out);
 676         } else {
 677                 fputc('.', out);
 678         }
 679         fputs(expression->compound_entry->symbol->string, out);
 680 }
 681
 682 /**
 683  * Prints a type classify expression.
 684  *
 685  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 686  */
 687 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 688         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 689 {
 690         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 691         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, 2 * PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 692         fputc(')', out);
 693 }
 694
 695 /**
 696  * Prints a designator.
 697  *
 698  * @param designator  the designator
 699  */
 700 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 701 {
 702         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 703                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 704                         fputc('[', out);
 705                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 706                         fputc(']', out);
 707                 } else {
 708                         fputc('.', out);
 709                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 710                 }
 711         }
 712 }
 713
 714 /**
 715  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 716  *
 717  * @param expression   the offset expression
 718  */
 719 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 720 {
 721         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 722         fputc('(', out);
 723         print_type(expression->type);
 724         fputc(',', out);
 725         print_designator(expression->designator);
 726         fputc(')', out);
 727 }
 728
 729 /**
 730  * Prints a statement expression.
 731  *
 732  * @param expression   the statement expression
 733  */
 734 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 735 {
 736         fputc('(', out);
 737         print_statement(expression->statement);
 738         fputc(')', out);
 739 }
 740
 741 /**
 742  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 743  *
 744  * @param expression  the expression to print
 745  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 746  */
 747 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 748 {
 749         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 750                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 751         }
 752         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 753         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 754                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 755         if (top_prec > prec)
 756                 fputc('(', out);
 757         switch(expression->kind) {
 758         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 759         case EXPR_INVALID:
 760                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 761                 break;
 762         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 763                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 764                 break;
 765         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 766                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 767                 break;
 768         case EXPR_CONST:
 769                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 770                 break;
 771         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 772                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 773                 break;
 774         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 775                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 776                 break;
 777         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 778                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 779                 break;
 780         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 781                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 782                 break;
 783         case EXPR_CALL:
 784                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 785                 break;
 786         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 787                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 788                 break;
 789         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 790                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 791                 break;
 792         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 793                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 794                 break;
 795         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 796                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 797                 break;
 798         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 799                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 800                 break;
 801         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 802         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 803                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 804                 break;
 805         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 806                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 807                 break;
 808         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 809                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 810                 break;
 811         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 812                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 813                 break;
 814         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 815                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 816                 break;
 817         case EXPR_VA_START:
 818                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 819                 break;
 820         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 821                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 822                 break;
 823         case EXPR_SELECT:
 824                 print_select(&expression->select);
 825                 break;
 826         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 827                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 828                 break;
 829         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 830                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 831                 break;
 832         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 833                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 834                 break;
 835
 836         default:
 837                 /* TODO */
 838                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 839                 break;
 840         }
 841         if (top_prec > prec)
 842                 fputc(')', out);
 843 }
 844
 845 /**
 846  * Print an compound statement.
 847  *
 848  * @param block  the compound statement
 849  */
 850 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 851 {
 852         fputs("{\n", out);
 853         ++indent;
 854
 855         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 856         while (statement != NULL) {
 857                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 858                         --indent;
 859                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 860                         print_indent();
 861                 print_statement(statement);
 862
 863                 statement = statement->base.next;
 864         }
 865         --indent;
 866         print_indent();
 867         fputs("}\n", out);
 868 }
 869
 870 /**
 871  * Print a return statement.
 872  *
 873  * @param statement  the return statement
 874  */
 875 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 876 {
 877         fputs("return ", out);
 878         if(statement->value != NULL)
 879                 print_expression(statement->value);
 880         fputs(";\n", out);
 881 }
 882
 883 /**
 884  * Print an expression statement.
 885  *
 886  * @param statement  the expression statement
 887  */
 888 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 889 {
 890         print_expression(statement->expression);
 891         fputs(";\n", out);
 892 }
 893
 894 /**
 895  * Print a goto statement.
 896  *
 897  * @param statement  the goto statement
 898  */
 899 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 900 {
 901         fputs("goto ", out);
 902         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 903                 fputc('*', out);
 904                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 905         } else {
 906                 fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 907         }
 908         fputs(";\n", out);
 909 }
 910
 911 /**
 912  * Print a label statement.
 913  *
 914  * @param statement  the label statement
 915  */
 916 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 917 {
 918         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 919         print_indent();
 920         print_statement(statement->statement);
 921 }
 922
 923 /**
 924  * Print an if statement.
 925  *
 926  * @param statement  the if statement
 927  */
 928 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 929 {
 930         fputs("if (", out);
 931         print_expression(statement->condition);
 932         fputs(") ", out);
 933         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 934
 935         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 936                 print_indent();
 937                 fputs("else ", out);
 938                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 939         }
 940 }
 941
 942 /**
 943  * Print a switch statement.
 944  *
 945  * @param statement  the switch statement
 946  */
 947 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 948 {
 949         fputs("switch (", out);
 950         print_expression(statement->expression);
 951         fputs(") ", out);
 952         print_statement(statement->body);
 953 }
 954
 955 /**
 956  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 957  *
 958  * @param statement  the case label statement
 959  */
 960 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 961 {
 962         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 963                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 964         } else {
 965                 fputs("case ", out);
 966                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 967                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 968                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 969                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 970                 }
 971                 fputs(":\n", out);
 972         }
 973         ++indent;
 974         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 975                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 976                         --indent;
 977                 }
 978                 print_indent();
 979                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 980         }
 981 }
 982
 983 /**
 984  * Print a declaration statement.
 985  *
 986  * @param statement   the statement
 987  */
 988 static void print_declaration_statement(
 989                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 990 {
 991         bool first = true;
 992         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
 993
 994         if (declaration->namespc == NAMESPACE_LOCAL_LABEL) {
 995                 fputs("__label__ ", out);
 996                 for (;
 997                         declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
 998                         declaration = declaration->next) {
 999                         if (!first) {
1000                                 fputs(", ", out);
1001                         } else {
1002                                 first = false;
1003                         }
1004                         fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1005                 }
1006                 fputs(";\n", out);
1007         } else {
1008                 for (;
1009                          declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
1010                          declaration = declaration->next) {
1011                         if (declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1012                                 continue;
1013                         if (declaration->implicit)
1014                                 continue;
1015
1016                         if (!first) {
1017                                 print_indent();
1018                         } else {
1019                                 first = false;
1020                         }
1021                         print_declaration(declaration);
1022                         fputc('\n', out);
1023                 }
1024         }
1025 }
1026
1027 /**
1028  * Print a while statement.
1029  *
1030  * @param statement   the statement
1031  */
1032 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1033 {
1034         fputs("while (", out);
1035         print_expression(statement->condition);
1036         fputs(") ", out);
1037         print_statement(statement->body);
1038 }
1039
1040 /**
1041  * Print a do-while statement.
1042  *
1043  * @param statement   the statement
1044  */
1045 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1046 {
1047         fputs("do ", out);
1048         print_statement(statement->body);
1049         print_indent();
1050         fputs("while (", out);
1051         print_expression(statement->condition);
1052         fputs(");\n", out);
1053 }
1054
1055 /**
1056  * Print a for statement.
1057  *
1058  * @param statement   the statement
1059  */
1060 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1061 {
1062         fputs("for (", out);
1063         declaration_t *decl = statement->scope.declarations;
1064         while (decl != NULL && decl->implicit)
1065                 decl = decl->next;
1066         if (decl != NULL) {
1067                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1068                 print_declaration(decl);
1069                 if (decl->next != NULL) {
1070                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1071                 }
1072                 fputc(' ', out);
1073         } else {
1074                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1075                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1076                 }
1077                 fputs("; ", out);
1078         }
1079         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1080                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1081         }
1082         fputs("; ", out);
1083         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1084                 print_expression(statement->step);
1085         }
1086         fputs(") ", out);
1087         print_statement(statement->body);
1088 }
1089
1090 /**
1091  * Print assembler arguments.
1092  *
1093  * @param arguments   the arguments
1094  */
1095 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1096 {
1097         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1098         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1099                 if(argument != arguments)
1100                         fputs(", ", out);
1101
1102                 if(argument->symbol) {
1103                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1104                 }
1105                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1106                 fputs(" (", out);
1107                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1108                 fputc(')', out);
1109         }
1110 }
1111
1112 /**
1113  * Print assembler clobbers.
1114  *
1115  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1116  */
1117 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1118 {
1119         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1120         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1121                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1122                         fputs(", ", out);
1123
1124                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1125         }
1126 }
1127
1128 /**
1129  * Print an assembler statement.
1130  *
1131  * @param statement   the statement
1132  */
1133 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1134 {
1135         fputs("asm ", out);
1136         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1137                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1138         }
1139         fputc('(', out);
1140         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1141         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1142             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1143             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1144                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1145
1146         fputs(" : ", out);
1147         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1148         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1149                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1150
1151         fputs(" : ", out);
1152         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1153         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1154                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1155
1156         fputs(" : ", out);
1157         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1158
1159 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1160         fputs(");\n", out);
1161 }
1162
1163 /**
1164  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1165  *
1166  * @param statement   the statement
1167  */
1168 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1169 {
1170         fputs("__try ", out);
1171         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1172         print_indent();
1173         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1174                 fputs("__except(", out);
1175                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1176                 fputs(") ", out);
1177         } else {
1178                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1179         }
1180         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1181 }
1182
1183 /**
1184  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1185  *
1186  * @param statement   the statement
1187  */
1188 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1189 {
1190         (void) statement;
1191         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1192 }
1193
1194 /**
1195  * Print a statement.
1196  *
1197  * @param statement   the statement
1198  */
1199 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1200 {
1201         switch (statement->kind) {
1202         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1203                 fputs(";\n", out);
1204                 break;
1205         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1206                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1207                 break;
1208         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1209                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1210                 break;
1211         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1212                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1213                 break;
1214         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1215                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1216                 break;
1217         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1218                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1219                 break;
1220         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1221                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1222                 break;
1223         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1224                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1225                 break;
1226         case STATEMENT_IF:
1227                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1228                 break;
1229         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1230                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1231                 break;
1232         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1233                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1234                 break;
1235         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1236                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1237                 break;
1238         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1239                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1240                 break;
1241         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1242                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1243                 break;
1244         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1245                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1246                 break;
1247         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1248                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1249                 break;
1250         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1251                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1252                 break;
1253         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1254                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1255                 break;
1256         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1257                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1258                 break;
1259         }
1260 }
1261
1262 /**
1263  * Print a storage class.
1264  *
1265  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1266  */
1267 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1268 {
1269         switch(storage_class) {
1270         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1271         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1272                 break;
1273         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1274         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1275         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1276         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1277         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1278         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1279         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1280         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1281         }
1282 }
1283
1284 /**
1285  * Print an initializer.
1286  *
1287  * @param initializer  the initializer
1288  */
1289 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1290 {
1291         if(initializer == NULL) {
1292                 fputs("{}", out);
1293                 return;
1294         }
1295
1296         switch(initializer->kind) {
1297         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1298                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1299                 print_expression(value->value);
1300                 return;
1301         }
1302         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1303                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1304                 fputs("{ ", out);
1305                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1306
1307                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1308                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1309                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1310                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1311                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1312                                         fputs(", ", out);
1313                         }
1314                 }
1315                 fputs(" }", out);
1316                 return;
1317         }
1318         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1319                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1320                 return;
1321         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1322                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1323                 return;
1324         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1325                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1326                 fputs(" = ", out);
1327                 return;
1328         }
1329
1330         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1331 }
1332
1333 /**
1334  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1335  */
1336 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1337         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1338                 return;
1339
1340         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1341
1342         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1343         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1344             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1345             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1346             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1347                 char *next = "(";
1348
1349                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1350                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1351                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1352                 }
1353                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1354                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1355                 }
1356                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1357                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1358                 }
1359                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1360                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1361                 }
1362                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1363                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1364                 }
1365                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1366                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1367                 }
1368                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1369                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1370                 }
1371                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1372                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1373                 }
1374                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1375                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1376                 }
1377                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1378                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1379                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1380                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1381                 }
1382                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1383                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1384                 }
1385                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1386                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1387                 }
1388                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1389                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1390                 }
1391                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1392                         char *comma = "";
1393                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1394                         if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1395                                 fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1396                                 comma = ", ";
1397                         }
1398                         if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1399                                 fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1400                         fputc(')', out);
1401                 }
1402                 fputs(") ", out);
1403         }
1404 }
1405
1406 /**
1407  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1408  *
1409  * @param declaration  the declaration
1410  */
1411 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1412 {
1413         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1414         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1415                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1416                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1417                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1418                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1419                 } else {
1420                         fputs("inline ", out);
1421                 }
1422         }
1423         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1424         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1425                        &declaration->scope);
1426
1427         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1428                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1429                         fputs("\n", out);
1430                         print_indent();
1431                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1432                         return;
1433                 }
1434         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1435                 fputs(" = ", out);
1436                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1437         }
1438         fputc(';', out);
1439 }
1440
1441 /**
1442  * Prints an expression.
1443  *
1444  * @param expression  the expression
1445  */
1446 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1447 {
1448         print_expression_prec(expression, 2 * PREC_BOTTOM);
1449 }
1450
1451 /**
1452  * Print a declaration.
1453  *
1454  * @param declaration  the declaration
1455  */
1456 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1457 {
1458         if (declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1459             declaration->symbol == NULL)
1460                 return;
1461
1462         switch (declaration->namespc) {
1463         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1464                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1465                 break;
1466         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1467                 fputs("struct ", out);
1468                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1469                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1470                         fputc(' ', out);
1471                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1472                 }
1473                 fputc(';', out);
1474                 break;
1475         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1476                 fputs("union ", out);
1477                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1478                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1479                         fputc(' ', out);
1480                         print_compound_definition(declaration);
1481                 }
1482                 fputc(';', out);
1483                 break;
1484         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1485                 fputs("enum ", out);
1486                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1487                 if (declaration->init.complete) {
1488                         fputc(' ', out);
1489                         print_enum_definition(declaration);
1490                 }
1491                 fputc(';', out);
1492                 break;
1493         }
1494 }
1495
1496 /**
1497  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1498  *
1499  * @param unit   the translation unit
1500  */
1501 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1502 {
1503         inc_type_visited();
1504
1505         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1506         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1507                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1508                         continue;
1509                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1510                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1511                         continue;
1512                 if (declaration->implicit)
1513                         continue;
1514
1515                 print_indent();
1516                 print_declaration(declaration);
1517                 fputc('\n', out);
1518         }
1519 }
1520
1521 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1522 {
1523         switch(initializer->kind) {
1524         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1525         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1526         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1527                 return true;
1528
1529         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1530                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1531
1532         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1533                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1534                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1535                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1536                                 return false;
1537                 }
1538                 return true;
1539         }
1540         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1541 }
1542
1543 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1544 {
1545         switch(expression->kind) {
1546         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1547                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1548
1549         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1550                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1551                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1552                         /* it's a -> */
1553                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1554                 } else {
1555                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1556                 }
1557         }
1558
1559         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1560                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1561                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1562
1563         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1564                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1565                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1566                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1567                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1568                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1569                         return true;
1570                 default:
1571                         return false;
1572                 }
1573         }
1574
1575         default:
1576                 return false;
1577         }
1578 }
1579
1580 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1581 {
1582         switch(expression->kind) {
1583         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1584                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1585
1586         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1587                 type_t *real_type
1588                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1589                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1590                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1591                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1592                 }
1593
1594                 /* fallthrough */
1595         }
1596
1597         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1598                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1599                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1600                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1601                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1602                         (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1603                     )))
1604                         return false;
1605
1606                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1607                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1608         }
1609
1610         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1611         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1612                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1613                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1614
1615                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1616                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1617                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1618                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1619                 }
1620
1621                 return false;
1622         }
1623
1624         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1625                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1626                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1627                 if(is_type_function(type))
1628                         return true;
1629                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1630                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1631                 }
1632                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1633                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1634                         return true;
1635                 return false;
1636         }
1637
1638         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1639                 type_t *const type =
1640                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1641                 return
1642                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1643                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1644                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1645         }
1646
1647         default:
1648                 return false;
1649         }
1650 }
1651
1652 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1653 {
1654         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1655         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1656                 return false;
1657         }
1658
1659         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1660
1661         switch (symbol->ID) {
1662         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1663         case T___builtin_inf:
1664         case T___builtin_inff:
1665         case T___builtin_infl:
1666         case T___builtin_nan:
1667         case T___builtin_nanf:
1668         case T___builtin_nanl:
1669                 return true;
1670         }
1671
1672         return false;
1673 }
1674
1675 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1676 {
1677         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1678                 return true;
1679
1680         switch (expression->kind) {
1681         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1682                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1683         default:
1684                 return false;
1685         }
1686 }
1687
1688 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1689 {
1690         switch(expression->kind) {
1691         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1692                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1693                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1694                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1695                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1696                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1697                 } else {
1698                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1699                 }
1700         }
1701
1702         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1703                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1704                         &expression->array_access;
1705                 return
1706                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1707                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1708                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1709                         );
1710         }
1711
1712         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1713                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1714         default:
1715                 return false;
1716         }
1717 }
1718
1719 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1720 {
1721         switch (expression->kind) {
1722
1723         case EXPR_CONST:
1724         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1725         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1726         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1727         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1728         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1729         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1730         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1731         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1732         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1733         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1734                 return true;
1735
1736         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1737                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1738                 if (type == NULL)
1739                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1740
1741                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1742                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1743                         return false;
1744                 return true;
1745         }
1746
1747         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1748         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1749         case EXPR_SELECT:
1750         case EXPR_VA_START:
1751         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1752         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1753         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1754         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1755         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1756         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1757         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1758         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1759         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1760         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1761         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1762         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1763         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1764         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1765         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1766         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1767         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1768         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1769         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1770         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1771         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1772                 return false;
1773
1774         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1775                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1776
1777         case EXPR_CALL:
1778                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1779
1780         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1781         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1782         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1783         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1784                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1785
1786         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1787         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1788                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1789                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1790
1791         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1792         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1793         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1794         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1795         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1796         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1797         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1798         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1799         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1800         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1801         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1802         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1803         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1804         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1805         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1806         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1807         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1808         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1809         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1810         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1811         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1812         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1813         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1814         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1815         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1816                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1817                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1818
1819         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1820                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1821
1822         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1823                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1824                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1825                         return false;
1826
1827                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1828                 if(val != 0)
1829                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1830                 else
1831                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1832         }
1833
1834         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1835                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1836                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1837                         return true;
1838
1839                 return false;
1840         }
1841
1842         case EXPR_INVALID:
1843                 return true;
1844
1845         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1846                 break;
1847         }
1848         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1849 }
1850
1851 /**
1852  * Initialize the AST construction.
1853  */
1854 void init_ast(void)
1855 {
1856         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1857 }
1858
1859 /**
1860  * Free the AST.
1861  */
1862 void exit_ast(void)
1863 {
1864         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1865 }
1866
1867 /**
1868  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1869  *
1870  * @param stream  the output stream
1871  */
1872 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1873 {
1874         out = stream;
1875         type_set_output(stream);
1876 }
1877
1878 /**
1879  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1880  *
1881  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1882  *
1883  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1884  */
1885 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1886 {
1887         return _allocate_ast(size);
1888 }