nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27
  28 #include <assert.h>
  29 #include <stdio.h>
  30 #include <stdlib.h>
  31 #include <ctype.h>
  32
  33 #include "adt/error.h"
  34
  35 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  36
  37 static FILE *out;
  38 static int   indent;
  39
  40 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  41 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  42
  43 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  44 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  45
  46 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  47 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  48
  49 void change_indent(int delta)
  50 {
  51         indent += delta;
  52         assert(indent >= 0);
  53 }
  54
  55 void print_indent(void)
  56 {
  57         for(int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  58                 fprintf(out, "\t");
  59 }
  60
  61 enum precedence_t {
  62         PREC_BOTTOM  =  0,
  63         PREC_COMMA   =  2, /* ,                                    left to right */
  64         PREC_ASSIGN  =  4, /* = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= &= ^= |=    right to left */
  65         PREC_COND    =  6, /* ?:                                   right to left */
  66         PREC_LOG_OR  =  8, /* ||                                   left to right */
  67         PREC_LOG_AND = 10, /* &&                                   left to right */
  68         PREC_BIT_OR  = 12, /* |                                    left to right */
  69         PREC_BIT_XOR = 14, /* ^                                    left to right */
  70         PREC_BIT_AND = 16, /* &                                    left to right */
  71         PREC_EQ      = 18, /* == !=                                left to right */
  72         PREC_CMP     = 20, /* < <= > >=                            left to right */
  73         PREC_SHF     = 22, /* << >>                                left to right */
  74         PREC_PLUS    = 24, /* + -                                  left to right */
  75         PREC_MUL     = 26, /* * / %                                left to right */
  76         PREC_UNARY   = 28, /* ! ~ ++ -- + - (type) * & sizeof      right to left */
  77         PREC_ACCESS  = 30, /* () [] -> .                           left to right */
  78         PREC_PRIM    = 32, /* primary */
  79         PREC_TOP     = 34
  80 };
  81
  82 /**
  83  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  84  * associativity, else -1.
  85  *
  86  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  87  */
  88 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence) {
  89         return (precedence == PREC_ASSIGN || precedence == PREC_COND ||
  90                 precedence == PREC_UNARY) ? 1 : -1;
  91 }
  92
  93 /**
  94  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  95  *
  96  * @param kind   the expression kind
  97  */
  98 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  99 {
 100         static const unsigned prec[] = {
 101                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 102                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIM,
 103                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIM,
 104                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIM,
 105                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIM,
 106                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIM,
 107                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 108                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIM,
 109                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_PRIM,
 111                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_COND,
 112                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_ACCESS,
 113                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_ACCESS,
 114                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 115                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 116                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 117
 118                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 119                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIM,
 120                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIM,
 121                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIM,
 122                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 123                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIM,
 124                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIM,
 125                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_ACCESS,
 126
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 139                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIM,
 140
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_PLUS,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_PLUS,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MUL,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MUL,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MUL,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQ,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQ,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_CMP,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_CMP,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_CMP,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_CMP,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_BIT_AND,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_BIT_OR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_BIT_XOR,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOG_AND,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOG_OR,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHF,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHF,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGN,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGN,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGN,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGN,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGN,
 170                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_COMMA,
 171
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT]     = PREC_PRIM,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIM,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIM,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIM,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIM,
 177                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIM,
 178                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIM
 179         };
 180         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 181         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 182
 183         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 184         return res;
 185 }
 186
 187 /**
 188  * Print a constant expression.
 189  *
 190  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 191  */
 192 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 193 {
 194         if(cnst->base.type == NULL)
 195                 return;
 196
 197         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 198
 199         if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 200                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 201         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 202                 fprintf(out, "%Lf", cnst->v.float_value);
 203         } else {
 204                 panic("unknown constant");
 205         }
 206 }
 207
 208 /**
 209  * Print a quoted string constant.
 210  *
 211  * @param string  the string constant
 212  * @param border  the border char
 213  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 214  */
 215 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 216 {
 217         fputc(border, out);
 218         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 219         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 220                 if (*c == border) {
 221                         fputc('\\', out);
 222                 }
 223                 switch(*c) {
 224                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 225                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 226                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 227                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 228                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 229                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 230                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 231                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 232                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 233                 case 27:
 234                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 235                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 236                         }
 237                         /*fallthrough*/
 238                 default:
 239                         if(!isprint(*c)) {
 240                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", *c);
 241                                 break;
 242                         }
 243                         fputc(*c, out);
 244                         break;
 245                 }
 246         }
 247         fputc(border, out);
 248 }
 249
 250 /**
 251  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 252  *
 253  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 254  * @param border  the border char
 255  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 256  */
 257 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 258                                      char border, int skip)
 259 {
 260         fputc('L', out);
 261         fputc(border, out);
 262         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 263         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 264                 switch (*c) {
 265                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 266                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 267                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 268                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 269                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 270                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 271                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 272                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 273                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 274                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 275                         case 27:
 276                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 277                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 278                                 }
 279                                 /*fallthrough*/
 280                         default: {
 281                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 282                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 283                                         if (!isprint(*c))  {
 284                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 285                                         } else {
 286                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 287                                         }
 288                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 289                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 290                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 291                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 292                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 293                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 294                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 295                                 } else {
 296                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 297                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 298                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 299                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 300                                 }
 301                         }
 302                 }
 303         }
 304         fputc(border, out);
 305 }
 306
 307 /**
 308  * Print a constant character expression.
 309  *
 310  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 311  */
 312 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 313 {
 314         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 315 }
 316
 317 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 318 {
 319         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 320 }
 321
 322 /**
 323  * Prints a string literal expression.
 324  *
 325  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 326  */
 327 static void print_string_literal(
 328                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 329 {
 330         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 331 }
 332
 333 /**
 334  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 335  */
 336 static void print_funcname(
 337                 const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 338 {
 339         const char *s = "";
 340         switch(funcname->kind) {
 341         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 342         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 343         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 344         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 345         }
 346         fputc('"', out);
 347         fputs(s, out);
 348         fputc('"', out);
 349 }
 350
 351 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 352         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 353 {
 354         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 355 }
 356
 357 static void print_compound_literal(
 358                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 359 {
 360         fputc('(', out);
 361         print_type(expression->type);
 362         fputs(") ", out);
 363         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 364 }
 365
 366 /**
 367  * Prints a call expression.
 368  *
 369  * @param call  the call expression
 370  */
 371 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 372 {
 373         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 374         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 375         fprintf(out, "(");
 376         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 377         int              first    = 1;
 378         while(argument != NULL) {
 379                 if(!first) {
 380                         fprintf(out, ", ");
 381                 } else {
 382                         first = 0;
 383                 }
 384                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 385
 386                 argument = argument->next;
 387         }
 388         fprintf(out, ")");
 389 }
 390
 391 /**
 392  * Prints a binary expression.
 393  *
 394  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 395  */
 396 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 397 {
 398         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 399         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 400
 401         if(binexpr->base.kind == EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT) {
 402                 fputs("__builtin_expect(", out);
 403                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec);
 404                 fputs(", ", out);
 405                 print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec);
 406                 fputc(')', out);
 407                 return;
 408         }
 409
 410         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 411         if (binexpr->base.kind != EXPR_BINARY_COMMA) {
 412                 fputc(' ', out);
 413         }
 414         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 415         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              fputs(",", out);     break;
 416         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             fputs("=", out);     break;
 417         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                fputs("+", out);     break;
 418         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                fputs("-", out);     break;
 419         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                fputs("*", out);     break;
 420         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                fputs("%", out);     break;
 421         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                fputs("/", out);     break;
 422         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         fputs("|", out);     break;
 423         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        fputs("&", out);     break;
 424         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        fputs("^", out);     break;
 425         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         fputs("||", out);    break;
 426         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        fputs("&&", out);    break;
 427         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           fputs("!=", out);    break;
 428         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              fputs("==", out);    break;
 429         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               fputs("<", out);     break;
 430         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          fputs("<=", out);    break;
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            fputs(">", out);     break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       fputs(">=", out);    break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          fputs("<<", out);    break;
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         fputs(">>", out);    break;
 435
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         fputs("+=", out);    break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         fputs("-=", out);    break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         fputs("*=", out);    break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         fputs("%=", out);    break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         fputs("/=", out);    break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  fputs("|=", out);    break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: fputs("&=", out);    break;
 443         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: fputs("^=", out);    break;
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   fputs("<<=", out);   break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  fputs(">>=", out);   break;
 446         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 447         }
 448         fputc(' ', out);
 449         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec - r2l);
 450 }
 451
 452 /**
 453  * Prints an unary expression.
 454  *
 455  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 456  */
 457 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 458 {
 459         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 460         switch(unexpr->base.kind) {
 461         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputs("-", out);  break;
 462         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputs("+", out);  break;
 463         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputs("!", out);  break;
 464         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputs("~", out);  break;
 465         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++", out); break;
 466         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--", out); break;
 467         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputs("*", out);  break;
 468         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputs("&", out);  break;
 469
 470         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 471                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 472                 fputs("++", out);
 473                 return;
 474         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 475                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 476                 fputs("--", out);
 477                 return;
 478         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 479         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 480                 fputc('(', out);
 481                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 482                 fputc(')', out);
 483                 break;
 484         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 485                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 486                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 487                 fputc(')', out);
 488                 return;
 489         default:
 490                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 491         }
 492         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 493 }
 494
 495 /**
 496  * Prints a reference expression.
 497  *
 498  * @param ref   the reference expression
 499  */
 500 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 501 {
 502         fprintf(out, "%s", ref->declaration->symbol->string);
 503 }
 504
 505 /**
 506  * Prints an array expression.
 507  *
 508  * @param expression   the array expression
 509  */
 510 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 511 {
 512         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 513         if(!expression->flipped) {
 514                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 515                 fputc('[', out);
 516                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 517                 fputc(']', out);
 518         } else {
 519                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 520                 fputc('[', out);
 521                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, PREC_BOTTOM);
 522                 fputc(']', out);
 523         }
 524 }
 525
 526 /**
 527  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 528  *
 529  * @param expression   the type property expression
 530  */
 531 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 532 {
 533         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 534                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 535         } else {
 536                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 537                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 538         }
 539         if(expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 540                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 541                 fputc('(', out);
 542                 print_expression_prec(expression->tp_expression, PREC_ACCESS);
 543                 fputc(')', out);
 544         } else {
 545                 fputc('(', out);
 546                 print_type(expression->type);
 547                 fputc(')', out);
 548         }
 549 }
 550
 551 /**
 552  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 553  *
 554  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 555  */
 556 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 557 {
 558         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 559 }
 560
 561 /**
 562  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 563  *
 564  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 565  */
 566 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 567 {
 568         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 569         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 570         fputc(')', out);
 571 }
 572
 573 /**
 574  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 575  *
 576  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 577  */
 578 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 579 {
 580         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 581         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 582         if (expression->rw) {
 583                 fputc(',', out);
 584                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 585         }
 586         if (expression->locality) {
 587                 fputc(',', out);
 588                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 589         }
 590         fputc(')', out);
 591 }
 592
 593 /**
 594  * Prints a conditional expression.
 595  *
 596  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 597  */
 598 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 599 {
 600         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 601         fputs("(", out);
 602         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, prec);
 603         fputs(" ? ", out);
 604         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 605                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, prec);
 606                 fputs(" : ", out);
 607         } else {
 608                 fputs(": ", out);
 609         }
 610         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 611         fputs(")", out);
 612 }
 613
 614 /**
 615  * Prints a va_start expression.
 616  *
 617  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 618  */
 619 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 620 {
 621         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 622         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 623         fputs(", ", out);
 624         fputs(expression->parameter->symbol->string, out);
 625         fputs(")", out);
 626 }
 627
 628 /**
 629  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 630  *
 631  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 632  */
 633 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 634 {
 635         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 636         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 637         fputs(", ", out);
 638         print_type(expression->base.type);
 639         fputs(")", out);
 640 }
 641
 642 /**
 643  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 644  *
 645  * @param expression   the select expression
 646  */
 647 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 648 {
 649         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 650         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 651         if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 652                 fputs("->", out);
 653         } else {
 654                 fputc('.', out);
 655         }
 656         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 657 }
 658
 659 /**
 660  * Prints a type classify expression.
 661  *
 662  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 663  */
 664 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 665         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 666 {
 667         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 668         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_COMMA + 1);
 669         fputc(')', out);
 670 }
 671
 672 /**
 673  * Prints a designator.
 674  *
 675  * @param designator  the designator
 676  */
 677 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 678 {
 679         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 680                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 681                         fputc('[', out);
 682                         print_expression_prec(designator->array_index, PREC_BOTTOM);
 683                         fputc(']', out);
 684                 } else {
 685                         fputc('.', out);
 686                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 687                 }
 688         }
 689 }
 690
 691 /**
 692  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 693  *
 694  * @param expression   the offset expression
 695  */
 696 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 697 {
 698         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 699         fputc('(', out);
 700         print_type(expression->type);
 701         fputc(',', out);
 702         print_designator(expression->designator);
 703         fputc(')', out);
 704 }
 705
 706 /**
 707  * Prints a statement expression.
 708  *
 709  * @param expression   the statement expression
 710  */
 711 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 712 {
 713         fputc('(', out);
 714         print_statement(expression->statement);
 715         fputc(')', out);
 716 }
 717
 718 /**
 719  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 720  *
 721  * @param expression  the expression to print
 722  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 723  */
 724 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 725 {
 726         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 727                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 728         }
 729         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 730         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 731                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 732         if (top_prec > prec)
 733                 fputc('(', out);
 734         switch(expression->kind) {
 735         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 736         case EXPR_INVALID:
 737                 fprintf(out, "$invalid expression$");
 738                 break;
 739         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 740                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 741                 break;
 742         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 743                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 744                 break;
 745         case EXPR_CONST:
 746                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 747                 break;
 748         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 749                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 750                 break;
 751         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 752                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 753                 break;
 754         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 755                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 756                 break;
 757         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 758                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 759                 break;
 760         case EXPR_CALL:
 761                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 762                 break;
 763         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 764                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 765                 break;
 766         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 767                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 768                 break;
 769         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 770                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 771                 break;
 772         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 773                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 774                 break;
 775         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 776         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 777                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 778                 break;
 779         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 780                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 781                 break;
 782         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 783                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 784                 break;
 785         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 786                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 787                 break;
 788         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 789                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 790                 break;
 791         case EXPR_VA_START:
 792                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 793                 break;
 794         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 795                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 796                 break;
 797         case EXPR_SELECT:
 798                 print_select(&expression->select);
 799                 break;
 800         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 801                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 802                 break;
 803         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 804                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 805                 break;
 806         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 807                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 808                 break;
 809
 810         default:
 811                 /* TODO */
 812                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int) expression->kind);
 813                 break;
 814         }
 815         if (top_prec > prec)
 816                 fputc(')', out);
 817 }
 818
 819 /**
 820  * Print an compound statement.
 821  *
 822  * @param block  the compound statement
 823  */
 824 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 825 {
 826         fputs("{\n", out);
 827         ++indent;
 828
 829         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 830         while(statement != NULL) {
 831                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 832                         --indent;
 833                 print_indent();
 834                 print_statement(statement);
 835
 836                 statement = statement->base.next;
 837         }
 838         --indent;
 839         print_indent();
 840         fputs("}\n", out);
 841 }
 842
 843 /**
 844  * Print a return statement.
 845  *
 846  * @param statement  the return statement
 847  */
 848 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 849 {
 850         fprintf(out, "return ");
 851         if(statement->value != NULL)
 852                 print_expression(statement->value);
 853         fputs(";\n", out);
 854 }
 855
 856 /**
 857  * Print an expression statement.
 858  *
 859  * @param statement  the expression statement
 860  */
 861 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 862 {
 863         print_expression(statement->expression);
 864         fputs(";\n", out);
 865 }
 866
 867 /**
 868  * Print a goto statement.
 869  *
 870  * @param statement  the goto statement
 871  */
 872 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 873 {
 874         fprintf(out, "goto ");
 875         fputs(statement->label->symbol->string, out);
 876         fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
 877         fputs(";\n", out);
 878 }
 879
 880 /**
 881  * Print a label statement.
 882  *
 883  * @param statement  the label statement
 884  */
 885 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 886 {
 887         fprintf(stderr, "(%p)", (void*) statement->label);
 888         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->symbol->string);
 889         print_statement(statement->statement);
 890 }
 891
 892 /**
 893  * Print an if statement.
 894  *
 895  * @param statement  the if statement
 896  */
 897 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 898 {
 899         fputs("if (", out);
 900         print_expression(statement->condition);
 901         fputs(") ", out);
 902         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 903
 904         if(statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 905                 print_indent();
 906                 fputs("else ", out);
 907                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 908         }
 909 }
 910
 911 /**
 912  * Print a switch statement.
 913  *
 914  * @param statement  the switch statement
 915  */
 916 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 917 {
 918         fputs("switch (", out);
 919         print_expression(statement->expression);
 920         fputs(") ", out);
 921         print_statement(statement->body);
 922 }
 923
 924 /**
 925  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 926  *
 927  * @param statement  the case label statement
 928  */
 929 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 930 {
 931         if(statement->expression == NULL) {
 932                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 933         } else {
 934                 fputs("case ", out);
 935                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 936                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 937                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 938                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 939                 }
 940                 fputs(":\n", out);
 941         }
 942         ++indent;
 943         if(statement->statement != NULL) {
 944                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 945                         --indent;
 946                 }
 947                 print_indent();
 948                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 949         }
 950 }
 951
 952 /**
 953  * Print a declaration statement.
 954  *
 955  * @param statement   the statement
 956  */
 957 static void print_declaration_statement(
 958                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
 959 {
 960         int first = 1;
 961         declaration_t *declaration = statement->declarations_begin;
 962         for( ; declaration != statement->declarations_end->next;
 963                declaration = declaration->next) {
 964             if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
 965                 continue;
 966
 967                 if(!first) {
 968                         print_indent();
 969                 } else {
 970                         first = 0;
 971                 }
 972                 print_declaration(declaration);
 973                 fputc('\n', out);
 974         }
 975 }
 976
 977 /**
 978  * Print a while statement.
 979  *
 980  * @param statement   the statement
 981  */
 982 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
 983 {
 984         fputs("while (", out);
 985         print_expression(statement->condition);
 986         fputs(") ", out);
 987         print_statement(statement->body);
 988 }
 989
 990 /**
 991  * Print a do-while statement.
 992  *
 993  * @param statement   the statement
 994  */
 995 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
 996 {
 997         fputs("do ", out);
 998         print_statement(statement->body);
 999         print_indent();
1000         fputs("while (", out);
1001         print_expression(statement->condition);
1002         fputs(");\n", out);
1003 }
1004
1005 /**
1006  * Print a for statement.
1007  *
1008  * @param statement   the statement
1009  */
1010 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1011 {
1012         fputs("for (", out);
1013         if(statement->scope.declarations != NULL) {
1014                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1015                 print_declaration(statement->scope.declarations);
1016                 if(statement->scope.declarations->next != NULL) {
1017                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1018                 }
1019                 fputc(' ', out);
1020         } else {
1021                 if(statement->initialisation) {
1022                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1023                 }
1024                 fputs("; ", out);
1025         }
1026         if(statement->condition != NULL) {
1027                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1028         }
1029         fputs("; ", out);
1030         if(statement->step != NULL) {
1031                 print_expression(statement->step);
1032         }
1033         fputs(")", out);
1034         print_statement(statement->body);
1035 }
1036
1037 /**
1038  * Print assembler arguments.
1039  *
1040  * @param arguments   the arguments
1041  */
1042 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1043 {
1044         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1045         for( ; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1046                 if(argument != arguments)
1047                         fputs(", ", out);
1048
1049                 if(argument->symbol) {
1050                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1051                 }
1052                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1053                 fputs(" (", out);
1054                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1055                 fputs(")", out);
1056         }
1057 }
1058
1059 /**
1060  * Print assembler clobbers.
1061  *
1062  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1063  */
1064 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1065 {
1066         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1067         for( ; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1068                 if(clobber != clobbers)
1069                         fputs(", ", out);
1070
1071                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1072         }
1073 }
1074
1075 /**
1076  * Print an assembler statement.
1077  *
1078  * @param statement   the statement
1079  */
1080 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1081 {
1082         fputs("asm ", out);
1083         if(statement->is_volatile) {
1084                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1085         }
1086         fputs("(", out);
1087         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1088         if(statement->inputs == NULL && statement->outputs == NULL
1089                         && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1090                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1091
1092         fputs(" : ", out);
1093         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1094         if(statement->outputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1095                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1096
1097         fputs(" : ", out);
1098         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1099         if(statement->clobbers == NULL)
1100                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1101
1102         fputs(" : ", out);
1103         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1104
1105 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1106         fputs(");\n", out);
1107 }
1108
1109 /**
1110  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1111  *
1112  * @param statement   the statement
1113  */
1114 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1115 {
1116         fputs("__try ", out);
1117         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1118         print_indent();
1119         if(statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1120                 fputs("__except(", out);
1121                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1122                 fputs(") ", out);
1123         } else {
1124                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1125         }
1126         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1127 }
1128
1129 /**
1130  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1131  *
1132  * @param statement   the statement
1133  */
1134 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1135 {
1136         (void) statement;
1137         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1138 }
1139
1140 /**
1141  * Print a statement.
1142  *
1143  * @param statement   the statement
1144  */
1145 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1146 {
1147         switch(statement->kind) {
1148         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1149                 fputs(";\n", out);
1150                 break;
1151         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1152                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1153                 break;
1154         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1155                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1156                 break;
1157         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1158                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1159                 break;
1160         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1161                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1162                 break;
1163         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1164                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1165                 break;
1166         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1167                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1168                 break;
1169         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1170                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1171                 break;
1172         case STATEMENT_IF:
1173                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1174                 break;
1175         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1176                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1177                 break;
1178         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1179                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1180                 break;
1181         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1182                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1183                 break;
1184         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1185                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1186                 break;
1187         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1188                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1189                 break;
1190         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1191                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1192                 break;
1193         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1194                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1195                 break;
1196         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1197                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1198                 break;
1199         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1200                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1201                 break;
1202         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1203                 fprintf(out, "$invalid statement$");
1204                 break;
1205         }
1206 }
1207
1208 /**
1209  * Print a storage class.
1210  *
1211  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1212  */
1213 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1214 {
1215         switch(storage_class) {
1216         case STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY:
1217         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1218                 break;
1219         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:       fputs("typedef ",        out); break;
1220         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:        fputs("extern ",         out); break;
1221         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:        fputs("static ",         out); break;
1222         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:          fputs("auto ",           out); break;
1223         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:      fputs("register ",       out); break;
1224         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD:        fputs("__thread",        out); break;
1225         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_EXTERN: fputs("extern __thread", out); break;
1226         case STORAGE_CLASS_THREAD_STATIC: fputs("static __thread", out); break;
1227         }
1228 }
1229
1230 /**
1231  * Print an initializer.
1232  *
1233  * @param initializer  the initializer
1234  */
1235 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1236 {
1237         if(initializer == NULL) {
1238                 fputs("{}", out);
1239                 return;
1240         }
1241
1242         switch(initializer->kind) {
1243         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1244                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1245                 print_expression(value->value);
1246                 return;
1247         }
1248         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1249                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1250                 fputs("{ ", out);
1251                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1252
1253                 for(size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1254                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1255                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1256                         if(i < list->len-1) {
1257                                 if(sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1258                                         fputs(", ", out);
1259                         }
1260                 }
1261                 fputs(" }", out);
1262                 return;
1263         }
1264         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1265                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1266                 return;
1267         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1268                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1269                 return;
1270         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1271                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1272                 fputs(" = ", out);
1273                 return;
1274         }
1275
1276         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1277 }
1278
1279 /**
1280  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1281  */
1282 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration) {
1283         if((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1284                 return;
1285
1286         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1287
1288         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1289         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0    ||
1290             declaration->alignment        != 0    ||
1291             declaration->get_property_sym != NULL ||
1292             declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1293                 char *next = "(";
1294
1295                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1296                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1297                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1298                 }
1299                 if(modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1300                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1301                 }
1302                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1303                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1304                 }
1305                 if(modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1306                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1307                 }
1308                 if(modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1309                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1310                 }
1311                 if(modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1312                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1313                 }
1314                 if(modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1315                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1316                 }
1317                 if(modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1318                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1319                 }
1320                 if(modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1321                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1322                 }
1323                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1324                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1325                         if(declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1326                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")", declaration->deprecated_string);
1327                 }
1328                 if(declaration->alignment != 0) {
1329                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", declaration->alignment);
1330                 }
1331                 if(modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1332                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1333                 }
1334                 if(modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1335                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1336                 }
1337             if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL || declaration->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1338                 char *comma = "";
1339                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "property(");
1340                 if(declaration->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1341                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", declaration->get_property_sym->string);
1342                         comma = ", ";
1343                         }
1344                 if(declaration->put_property_sym != NULL)
1345                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, declaration->put_property_sym->string);
1346                         fputc(')', out);
1347                 }
1348                 fputs(") ", out);
1349         }
1350 }
1351
1352 /**
1353  * Print a declaration in the NORMAL namespace.
1354  *
1355  * @param declaration  the declaration
1356  */
1357 static void print_normal_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1358 {
1359         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->declared_storage_class);
1360         if (declaration->is_inline) {
1361                 if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1362                         fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1363                 } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1364                         fputs("__inline ", out);
1365                 } else {
1366                         fputs("inline ", out);
1367                 }
1368         }
1369         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1370         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->symbol,
1371                        &declaration->scope);
1372
1373         if(declaration->type->kind == TYPE_FUNCTION) {
1374                 if(declaration->init.statement != NULL) {
1375                         fputs("\n", out);
1376                         print_statement(declaration->init.statement);
1377                         return;
1378                 }
1379         } else if(declaration->init.initializer != NULL) {
1380                 fputs(" = ", out);
1381                 print_initializer(declaration->init.initializer);
1382         }
1383         fputc(';', out);
1384 }
1385
1386 /**
1387  * Prints an expression.
1388  *
1389  * @param expression  the expression
1390  */
1391 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression) {
1392         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1393 }
1394
1395 /**
1396  * Print a declaration.
1397  *
1398  * @param declaration  the declaration
1399  */
1400 void print_declaration(const declaration_t *declaration)
1401 {
1402         if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1403                         declaration->symbol == NULL)
1404                 return;
1405
1406         switch(declaration->namespc) {
1407         case NAMESPACE_NORMAL:
1408                 print_normal_declaration(declaration);
1409                 break;
1410         case NAMESPACE_STRUCT:
1411                 fputs("struct ", out);
1412                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1413                 fputc(' ', out);
1414                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1415                 fputc(';', out);
1416                 break;
1417         case NAMESPACE_UNION:
1418                 fputs("union ", out);
1419                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1420                 fputc(' ', out);
1421                 print_compound_definition(declaration);
1422                 fputc(';', out);
1423                 break;
1424         case NAMESPACE_ENUM:
1425                 fputs("enum ", out);
1426                 fputs(declaration->symbol->string, out);
1427                 fputc(' ', out);
1428                 print_enum_definition(declaration);
1429                 fputc(';', out);
1430                 break;
1431         }
1432 }
1433
1434 /**
1435  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1436  *
1437  * @param unit   the translation unit
1438  */
1439 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1440 {
1441         inc_type_visited();
1442
1443         declaration_t *declaration = unit->scope.declarations;
1444         for( ; declaration != NULL; declaration = declaration->next) {
1445                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1446                         continue;
1447                 if(declaration->namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL &&
1448                                 declaration->symbol == NULL)
1449                         continue;
1450
1451                 print_indent();
1452                 print_declaration(declaration);
1453                 fputc('\n', out);
1454         }
1455 }
1456
1457 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1458 {
1459         switch(initializer->kind) {
1460         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1461         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1462         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1463                 return true;
1464
1465         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1466                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1467
1468         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1469                 for(size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1470                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1471                         if(!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1472                                 return false;
1473                 }
1474                 return true;
1475         }
1476         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1477 }
1478
1479 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1480 {
1481         switch(expression->kind) {
1482         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1483                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1484
1485         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1486                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1487                 if(is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1488                         /* it's a -> */
1489                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1490                 } else {
1491                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1492                 }
1493         }
1494
1495         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1496                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1497                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1498
1499         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1500                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1501                 switch((storage_class_tag_t) declaration->storage_class) {
1502                 case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1503                 case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1504                 case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1505                         return true;
1506                 default:
1507                         return false;
1508                 }
1509         }
1510
1511         default:
1512                 return false;
1513         }
1514 }
1515
1516 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1517 {
1518         switch(expression->kind) {
1519         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1520                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1521
1522         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1523                 type_t *real_type
1524                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1525                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1526                 if(is_type_function(real_type)) {
1527                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1528                 }
1529
1530                 /* fallthrough */
1531         }
1532
1533         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1534                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1535                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) &&
1536                                 ! (dest->kind == TYPE_ATOMIC
1537                                         && (get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER)
1538                                         && (get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) >= get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind()))))
1539                         return false;
1540
1541                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1542                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1543         }
1544
1545         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1546         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1547                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1548                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1549
1550                 if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1551                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1552                 } else if(is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1553                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1554                 }
1555
1556                 return false;
1557         }
1558
1559         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1560                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1561                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(declaration->type);
1562                 if(is_type_function(type))
1563                         return true;
1564                 if(is_type_array(type)) {
1565                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1566                 }
1567                 return false;
1568         }
1569
1570         default:
1571                 return false;
1572         }
1573 }
1574
1575 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1576 {
1577         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1578         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1579                 return false;
1580         }
1581
1582         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1583
1584         switch (symbol->ID) {
1585         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1586         case T___builtin_nan:
1587         case T___builtin_nanf:
1588         case T___builtin_nand:
1589                 return true;
1590         }
1591
1592         return false;
1593 }
1594
1595 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1596 {
1597         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1598                 return true;
1599
1600         switch (expression->kind) {
1601         case EXPR_SELECT:
1602                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->select.compound);
1603         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1604                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1605         default:
1606                 return false;
1607         }
1608 }
1609
1610 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1611 {
1612         switch(expression->kind) {
1613         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1614                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1615                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1616                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1617                 if(is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1618                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1619                 } else {
1620                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1621                 }
1622         }
1623         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1624                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1625                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1626         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1627                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1628         default:
1629                 return false;
1630         }
1631 }
1632
1633 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1634 {
1635         switch(expression->kind) {
1636
1637         case EXPR_CONST:
1638         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1639         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1640         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1641         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1642         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1643         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1644         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1645         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1646         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1647                 return true;
1648
1649         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1650                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1651                 if (type == NULL)
1652                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1653
1654                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1655                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1656                         return false;
1657                 return true;
1658         }
1659
1660         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1661         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1662         case EXPR_SELECT:
1663         case EXPR_VA_START:
1664         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1665         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1666         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1667         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1668         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1669         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1670         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1671         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1672         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1673         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1674         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1675         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1676         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1677         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1678         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1679         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1680         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1681         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1682         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1683         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1684                 return false;
1685
1686         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1687                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1688
1689         case EXPR_CALL:
1690                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1691
1692         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1693         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1694         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1695         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1696                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1697
1698         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1699         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1700                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1701                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1702
1703         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1704         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1705         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1706         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1707         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1708         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1709         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1710         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1711         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1712         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1713         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1714         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1715         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1716         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1717         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1718         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1719         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1720         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1721         case EXPR_BINARY_BUILTIN_EXPECT:
1722         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1723         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1724         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1725         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1726         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1727         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1728                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1729                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1730
1731         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1732                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1733
1734         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1735                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1736                 if(!is_constant_expression(condition))
1737                         return false;
1738
1739                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1740                 if(val != 0)
1741                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1742                 else
1743                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1744         }
1745
1746         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1747                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.array_ref)
1748                         && is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index);
1749
1750         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1751                 declaration_t *declaration = expression->reference.declaration;
1752                 if(declaration->storage_class == STORAGE_CLASS_ENUM_ENTRY)
1753                         return true;
1754
1755                 return false;
1756         }
1757
1758         case EXPR_INVALID:
1759                 return true;
1760
1761         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1762                 break;
1763         }
1764         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1765 }
1766
1767 /**
1768  * Initialize the AST construction.
1769  */
1770 void init_ast(void)
1771 {
1772         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1773 }
1774
1775 /**
1776  * Free the AST.
1777  */
1778 void exit_ast(void)
1779 {
1780         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1781 }
1782
1783 /**
1784  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1785  *
1786  * @param stream  the output stream
1787  */
1788 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
1789 {
1790         out = stream;
1791         type_set_output(stream);
1792 }
1793
1794 /**
1795  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
1796  *
1797  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
1798  *
1799  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
1800  */
1801 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
1802 {
1803         return _allocate_ast(size);
1804 }