nsz Git - cparser/blob - ast.c

   1 /*
   2  * This file is part of cparser.
   3  * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Matthias Braun <matze@braunis.de>
   4  *
   5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   6  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
   7  * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
   8  * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
   9  *
  10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
  18  * 02111-1307, USA.
  19  */
  20 #include <config.h>
  21
  22 #include "ast_t.h"
  23 #include "symbol_t.h"
  24 #include "type_t.h"
  25 #include "parser.h"
  26 #include "lang_features.h"
  27 #include "entity_t.h"
  28
  29 #include <assert.h>
  30 #include <stdio.h>
  31 #include <stdlib.h>
  32 #include <ctype.h>
  33
  34 #ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
  35 #include <mathimf.h>
  36 #else
  37 #include <math.h>
  38 #endif
  39
  40 #include "adt/error.h"
  41
  42 struct obstack ast_obstack;
  43
  44 static FILE *out;
  45 static int   indent;
  46
  47 /** If set, implicit casts are printed. */
  48 bool print_implicit_casts = false;
  49
  50 /** If set parenthesis are printed to indicate operator precedence. */
  51 bool print_parenthesis = false;
  52
  53 static void print_statement(const statement_t *statement);
  54 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned prec);
  55
  56 void change_indent(int delta)
  57 {
  58         indent += delta;
  59         assert(indent >= 0);
  60 }
  61
  62 void print_indent(void)
  63 {
  64         for (int i = 0; i < indent; ++i)
  65                 fputc('\t', out);
  66 }
  67
  68 /**
  69  * Returns 1 if a given precedence level has right-to-left
  70  * associativity, else 0.
  71  *
  72  * @param precedence   the operator precedence
  73  */
  74 static int right_to_left(unsigned precedence)
  75 {
  76         switch (precedence) {
  77                 case PREC_ASSIGNMENT:
  78                 case PREC_CONDITIONAL:
  79                 case PREC_UNARY:
  80                         return 1;
  81
  82                 default:
  83                         return 0;
  84         }
  85 }
  86
  87 /**
  88  * Return the precedence of an expression given by its kind.
  89  *
  90  * @param kind   the expression kind
  91  */
  92 static unsigned get_expression_precedence(expression_kind_t kind)
  93 {
  94         static const unsigned prec[] = {
  95                 [EXPR_UNKNOWN]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  96                 [EXPR_INVALID]                   = PREC_PRIMARY,
  97                 [EXPR_REFERENCE]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
  98                 [EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
  99                 [EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 100                 [EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT]   = PREC_PRIMARY,
 101                 [EXPR_CONST]                     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 102                 [EXPR_STRING_LITERAL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 103                 [EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL]       = PREC_PRIMARY,
 104                 [EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL]          = PREC_UNARY,
 105                 [EXPR_CALL]                      = PREC_POSTFIX,
 106                 [EXPR_CONDITIONAL]               = PREC_CONDITIONAL,
 107                 [EXPR_SELECT]                    = PREC_POSTFIX,
 108                 [EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS]              = PREC_POSTFIX,
 109                 [EXPR_SIZEOF]                    = PREC_UNARY,
 110                 [EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE]             = PREC_UNARY,
 111                 [EXPR_ALIGNOF]                   = PREC_UNARY,
 112
 113                 [EXPR_FUNCNAME]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 114                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL]            = PREC_PRIMARY,
 115                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 116                 [EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 117                 [EXPR_OFFSETOF]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 118                 [EXPR_VA_START]                  = PREC_PRIMARY,
 119                 [EXPR_VA_ARG]                    = PREC_PRIMARY,
 120                 [EXPR_STATEMENT]                 = PREC_PRIMARY,
 121                 [EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 122
 123                 [EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 124                 [EXPR_UNARY_PLUS]                = PREC_UNARY,
 125                 [EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE]      = PREC_UNARY,
 126                 [EXPR_UNARY_NOT]                 = PREC_UNARY,
 127                 [EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE]         = PREC_UNARY,
 128                 [EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS]        = PREC_UNARY,
 129                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 130                 [EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT]   = PREC_POSTFIX,
 131                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 132                 [EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT]    = PREC_UNARY,
 133                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST]                = PREC_UNARY,
 134                 [EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT]       = PREC_UNARY,
 135                 [EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME]              = PREC_PRIMARY,
 136                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE]              = PREC_UNARY,
 137                 [EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY]        = PREC_UNARY,
 138                 [EXPR_UNARY_THROW]               = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 139
 140                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 141                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB]                = PREC_ADDITIVE,
 142                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 143                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 144                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD]                = PREC_MULTIPLICATIVE,
 145                 [EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL]              = PREC_EQUALITY,
 146                 [EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL]           = PREC_EQUALITY,
 147                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESS]               = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 148                 [EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL]          = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 149                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATER]            = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 150                 [EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL]       = PREC_RELATIONAL,
 151                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND]        = PREC_AND,
 152                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR]         = PREC_OR,
 153                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR]        = PREC_XOR,
 154                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND]        = PREC_LOGICAL_AND,
 155                 [EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR]         = PREC_LOGICAL_OR,
 156                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT]          = PREC_SHIFT,
 157                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT]         = PREC_SHIFT,
 158                 [EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN]             = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 159                 [EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 160                 [EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 161                 [EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 162                 [EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 163                 [EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN]         = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 164                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN]   = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 165                 [EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 166                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 167                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN] = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 168                 [EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN]  = PREC_ASSIGNMENT,
 169                 [EXPR_BINARY_COMMA]              = PREC_EXPRESSION,
 170
 171                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER]          = PREC_PRIMARY,
 172                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL]     = PREC_PRIMARY,
 173                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS]             = PREC_PRIMARY,
 174                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL]        = PREC_PRIMARY,
 175                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER]      = PREC_PRIMARY,
 176                 [EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED]        = PREC_PRIMARY
 177         };
 178         assert((unsigned)kind < (sizeof(prec)/sizeof(prec[0])));
 179         unsigned res = prec[kind];
 180
 181         assert(res != PREC_BOTTOM);
 182         return res;
 183 }
 184
 185 /**
 186  * Print a constant expression.
 187  *
 188  * @param cnst  the constant expression
 189  */
 190 static void print_const(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 191 {
 192         if (cnst->base.type == NULL)
 193                 return;
 194
 195         const type_t *const type = skip_typeref(cnst->base.type);
 196
 197         if (is_type_atomic(type, ATOMIC_TYPE_BOOL)) {
 198                 fputs(cnst->v.int_value ? "true" : "false", out);
 199         } else if (is_type_integer(type)) {
 200                 fprintf(out, "%lld", cnst->v.int_value);
 201         } else if (is_type_float(type)) {
 202                 long double const val = cnst->v.float_value;
 203 #ifdef _WIN32
 204                 /* ARG, no way to print long double */
 205                 fprintf(out, "%.20g", (double)val);
 206 #else
 207                 fprintf(out, "%.20Lg", val);
 208 #endif
 209                 if (isfinite(val) && truncl(val) == val)
 210                         fputs(".0", out);
 211         } else {
 212                 panic("unknown constant");
 213         }
 214
 215         char const* suffix;
 216         switch (type->atomic.akind) {
 217                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_UINT:        suffix = "U";   break;
 218                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG:        suffix = "L";   break;
 219                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONG:       suffix = "UL";  break;
 220                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONGLONG:    suffix = "LL";  break;
 221                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_ULONGLONG:   suffix = "ULL"; break;
 222                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_FLOAT:       suffix = "F";   break;
 223                 case ATOMIC_TYPE_LONG_DOUBLE: suffix = "L";   break;
 224
 225                 default: return;
 226         }
 227         fputs(suffix, out);
 228 }
 229
 230 /**
 231  * Print a quoted string constant.
 232  *
 233  * @param string  the string constant
 234  * @param border  the border char
 235  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 236  */
 237 static void print_quoted_string(const string_t *const string, char border, int skip)
 238 {
 239         fputc(border, out);
 240         const char *end = string->begin + string->size - skip;
 241         for (const char *c = string->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 242                 if (*c == border) {
 243                         fputc('\\', out);
 244                 }
 245                 switch (*c) {
 246                 case '\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 247                 case '\a':  fputs("\\a", out); break;
 248                 case '\b':  fputs("\\b", out); break;
 249                 case '\f':  fputs("\\f", out); break;
 250                 case '\n':  fputs("\\n", out); break;
 251                 case '\r':  fputs("\\r", out); break;
 252                 case '\t':  fputs("\\t", out); break;
 253                 case '\v':  fputs("\\v", out); break;
 254                 case '\?':  fputs("\\?", out); break;
 255                 case 27:
 256                         if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 257                                 fputs("\\e", out); break;
 258                         }
 259                         /* FALLTHROUGH */
 260                 default:
 261                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 262                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (unsigned)*c);
 263                                 break;
 264                         }
 265                         fputc(*c, out);
 266                         break;
 267                 }
 268         }
 269         fputc(border, out);
 270 }
 271
 272 /**
 273  * Prints a wide string literal expression.
 274  *
 275  * @param wstr    the wide string literal expression
 276  * @param border  the border char
 277  * @param skip    number of chars to skip at the end
 278  */
 279 static void print_quoted_wide_string(const wide_string_t *const wstr,
 280                                      char border, int skip)
 281 {
 282         fputc('L', out);
 283         fputc(border, out);
 284         const wchar_rep_t *end = wstr->begin + wstr->size - skip;
 285         for (const wchar_rep_t *c = wstr->begin; c != end; ++c) {
 286                 switch (*c) {
 287                         case L'\"':  fputs("\\\"", out); break;
 288                         case L'\\':  fputs("\\\\", out); break;
 289                         case L'\a':  fputs("\\a",  out); break;
 290                         case L'\b':  fputs("\\b",  out); break;
 291                         case L'\f':  fputs("\\f",  out); break;
 292                         case L'\n':  fputs("\\n",  out); break;
 293                         case L'\r':  fputs("\\r",  out); break;
 294                         case L'\t':  fputs("\\t",  out); break;
 295                         case L'\v':  fputs("\\v",  out); break;
 296                         case L'\?':  fputs("\\?",  out); break;
 297                         case 27:
 298                                 if (c_mode & _GNUC) {
 299                                         fputs("\\e", out); break;
 300                                 }
 301                                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
 302                         default: {
 303                                 const unsigned tc = *c;
 304                                 if (tc < 0x80U) {
 305                                         if (!isprint(*c)) {
 306                                                 fprintf(out, "\\%03o", (char)*c);
 307                                         } else {
 308                                                 fputc(*c, out);
 309                                         }
 310                                 } else if (tc < 0x800) {
 311                                         fputc(0xC0 | (tc >> 6),   out);
 312                                         fputc(0x80 | (tc & 0x3F), out);
 313                                 } else if (tc < 0x10000) {
 314                                         fputc(0xE0 | ( tc >> 12),         out);
 315                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 316                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 317                                 } else {
 318                                         fputc(0xF0 | ( tc >> 18),         out);
 319                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >> 12) & 0x3F), out);
 320                                         fputc(0x80 | ((tc >>  6) & 0x3F), out);
 321                                         fputc(0x80 | ( tc        & 0x3F), out);
 322                                 }
 323                         }
 324                 }
 325         }
 326         fputc(border, out);
 327 }
 328
 329 /**
 330  * Print a constant character expression.
 331  *
 332  * @param cnst  the constant character expression
 333  */
 334 static void print_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 335 {
 336         print_quoted_string(&cnst->v.character, '\'', 0);
 337 }
 338
 339 static void print_wide_character_constant(const const_expression_t *cnst)
 340 {
 341         print_quoted_wide_string(&cnst->v.wide_character, '\'', 0);
 342 }
 343
 344 /**
 345  * Prints a string literal expression.
 346  *
 347  * @param string_literal  the string literal expression
 348  */
 349 static void print_string_literal(
 350                 const string_literal_expression_t *string_literal)
 351 {
 352         print_quoted_string(&string_literal->value, '"', 1);
 353 }
 354
 355 /**
 356  * Prints a predefined symbol.
 357  */
 358 static void print_funcname(const funcname_expression_t *funcname)
 359 {
 360         const char *s = "";
 361         switch (funcname->kind) {
 362         case FUNCNAME_FUNCTION:        s = (c_mode & _C99) ? "__func__" : "__FUNCTION__"; break;
 363         case FUNCNAME_PRETTY_FUNCTION: s = "__PRETTY_FUNCTION__"; break;
 364         case FUNCNAME_FUNCSIG:         s = "__FUNCSIG__"; break;
 365         case FUNCNAME_FUNCDNAME:       s = "__FUNCDNAME__"; break;
 366         }
 367         fputs(s, out);
 368 }
 369
 370 static void print_wide_string_literal(
 371         const wide_string_literal_expression_t *const wstr)
 372 {
 373         print_quoted_wide_string(&wstr->value, '"', 1);
 374 }
 375
 376 static void print_compound_literal(
 377                 const compound_literal_expression_t *expression)
 378 {
 379         fputc('(', out);
 380         print_type(expression->type);
 381         fputc(')', out);
 382         print_initializer(expression->initializer);
 383 }
 384
 385 /**
 386  * Prints a call expression.
 387  *
 388  * @param call  the call expression
 389  */
 390 static void print_call_expression(const call_expression_t *call)
 391 {
 392         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(call->base.kind);
 393         print_expression_prec(call->function, prec);
 394         fputc('(', out);
 395         call_argument_t *argument = call->arguments;
 396         int              first    = 1;
 397         while (argument != NULL) {
 398                 if (!first) {
 399                         fputs(", ", out);
 400                 } else {
 401                         first = 0;
 402                 }
 403                 print_expression_prec(argument->expression, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 404
 405                 argument = argument->next;
 406         }
 407         fputc(')', out);
 408 }
 409
 410 /**
 411  * Prints a binary expression.
 412  *
 413  * @param binexpr   the binary expression
 414  */
 415 static void print_binary_expression(const binary_expression_t *binexpr)
 416 {
 417         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(binexpr->base.kind);
 418         int      r2l  = right_to_left(prec);
 419
 420         print_expression_prec(binexpr->left, prec + r2l);
 421         char const* op;
 422         switch (binexpr->base.kind) {
 423         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:              op = ", ";    break;
 424         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:             op = " = ";   break;
 425         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:                op = " + ";   break;
 426         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:                op = " - ";   break;
 427         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:                op = " * ";   break;
 428         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:                op = " % ";   break;
 429         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:                op = " / ";   break;
 430         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:         op = " | ";   break;
 431         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:        op = " & ";   break;
 432         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:        op = " ^ ";   break;
 433         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:         op = " || ";  break;
 434         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:        op = " && ";  break;
 435         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:           op = " != ";  break;
 436         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:              op = " == ";  break;
 437         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:               op = " < ";   break;
 438         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:          op = " <= ";  break;
 439         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:            op = " > ";   break;
 440         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:       op = " >= ";  break;
 441         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:          op = " << ";  break;
 442         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:         op = " >> ";  break;
 443
 444         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:         op = " += ";  break;
 445         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:         op = " -= ";  break;
 446         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:         op = " *= ";  break;
 447         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:         op = " %= ";  break;
 448         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:         op = " /= ";  break;
 449         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:  op = " |= ";  break;
 450         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN: op = " &= ";  break;
 451         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN: op = " ^= ";  break;
 452         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:   op = " <<= "; break;
 453         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:  op = " >>= "; break;
 454         default: panic("invalid binexpression found");
 455         }
 456         fputs(op, out);
 457         print_expression_prec(binexpr->right, prec + 1 - r2l);
 458 }
 459
 460 /**
 461  * Prints an unary expression.
 462  *
 463  * @param unexpr   the unary expression
 464  */
 465 static void print_unary_expression(const unary_expression_t *unexpr)
 466 {
 467         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(unexpr->base.kind);
 468         switch (unexpr->base.kind) {
 469         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:           fputc('-',          out); break;
 470         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:             fputc('+',          out); break;
 471         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:              fputc('!',          out); break;
 472         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:   fputc('~',          out); break;
 473         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT: fputs("++",         out); break;
 474         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT: fputs("--",         out); break;
 475         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:      fputc('*',          out); break;
 476         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:     fputc('&',          out); break;
 477         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:           fputs("delete ",    out); break;
 478         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:     fputs("delete [] ", out); break;
 479
 480         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
 481                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 482                 fputs("++", out);
 483                 return;
 484         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
 485                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 486                 fputs("--", out);
 487                 return;
 488         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
 489         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
 490                 fputc('(', out);
 491                 print_type(unexpr->base.type);
 492                 fputc(')', out);
 493                 break;
 494         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME:
 495                 fputs("__assume(", out);
 496                 print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 497                 fputc(')', out);
 498                 return;
 499
 500         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
 501                 if (unexpr->value == NULL) {
 502                         fputs("throw", out);
 503                         return;
 504                 }
 505                 fputs("throw ", out);
 506                 break;
 507
 508         default:
 509                 panic("invalid unary expression found");
 510         }
 511         print_expression_prec(unexpr->value, prec);
 512 }
 513
 514 /**
 515  * Prints a reference expression.
 516  *
 517  * @param ref   the reference expression
 518  */
 519 static void print_reference_expression(const reference_expression_t *ref)
 520 {
 521         fputs(ref->entity->base.symbol->string, out);
 522 }
 523
 524 /**
 525  * Prints a label address expression.
 526  *
 527  * @param ref   the reference expression
 528  */
 529 static void print_label_address_expression(const label_address_expression_t *le)
 530 {
 531         fprintf(out, "&&%s", le->label->base.symbol->string);
 532 }
 533
 534 /**
 535  * Prints an array expression.
 536  *
 537  * @param expression   the array expression
 538  */
 539 static void print_array_expression(const array_access_expression_t *expression)
 540 {
 541         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 542         if (!expression->flipped) {
 543                 print_expression_prec(expression->array_ref, prec);
 544                 fputc('[', out);
 545                 print_expression(expression->index);
 546                 fputc(']', out);
 547         } else {
 548                 print_expression_prec(expression->index, prec);
 549                 fputc('[', out);
 550                 print_expression(expression->array_ref);
 551                 fputc(']', out);
 552         }
 553 }
 554
 555 /**
 556  * Prints a typeproperty expression (sizeof or __alignof__).
 557  *
 558  * @param expression   the type property expression
 559  */
 560 static void print_typeprop_expression(const typeprop_expression_t *expression)
 561 {
 562         if (expression->base.kind == EXPR_SIZEOF) {
 563                 fputs("sizeof", out);
 564         } else {
 565                 assert(expression->base.kind == EXPR_ALIGNOF);
 566                 fputs("__alignof__", out);
 567         }
 568         if (expression->tp_expression != NULL) {
 569                 /* always print the '()' here, sizeof x is right but unusual */
 570                 fputc('(', out);
 571                 print_expression(expression->tp_expression);
 572                 fputc(')', out);
 573         } else {
 574                 fputc('(', out);
 575                 print_type(expression->type);
 576                 fputc(')', out);
 577         }
 578 }
 579
 580 /**
 581  * Prints an builtin symbol.
 582  *
 583  * @param expression   the builtin symbol expression
 584  */
 585 static void print_builtin_symbol(const builtin_symbol_expression_t *expression)
 586 {
 587         fputs(expression->symbol->string, out);
 588 }
 589
 590 /**
 591  * Prints a builtin constant expression.
 592  *
 593  * @param expression   the builtin constant expression
 594  */
 595 static void print_builtin_constant(const builtin_constant_expression_t *expression)
 596 {
 597         fputs("__builtin_constant_p(", out);
 598         print_expression_prec(expression->value, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 599         fputc(')', out);
 600 }
 601
 602 /**
 603  * Prints a builtin prefetch expression.
 604  *
 605  * @param expression   the builtin prefetch expression
 606  */
 607 static void print_builtin_prefetch(const builtin_prefetch_expression_t *expression)
 608 {
 609         fputs("__builtin_prefetch(", out);
 610         print_expression_prec(expression->adr, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 611         if (expression->rw) {
 612                 fputc(',', out);
 613                 print_expression_prec(expression->rw, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 614         }
 615         if (expression->locality) {
 616                 fputc(',', out);
 617                 print_expression_prec(expression->locality, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 618         }
 619         fputc(')', out);
 620 }
 621
 622 /**
 623  * Prints a conditional expression.
 624  *
 625  * @param expression   the conditional expression
 626  */
 627 static void print_conditional(const conditional_expression_t *expression)
 628 {
 629         print_expression_prec(expression->condition, PREC_LOGICAL_OR);
 630         fputs(" ? ", out);
 631         if (expression->true_expression != NULL) {
 632                 print_expression_prec(expression->true_expression, PREC_EXPRESSION);
 633                 fputs(" : ", out);
 634         } else {
 635                 fputs(": ", out);
 636         }
 637         precedence_t prec = c_mode & _CXX ? PREC_ASSIGNMENT : PREC_CONDITIONAL;
 638         print_expression_prec(expression->false_expression, prec);
 639 }
 640
 641 /**
 642  * Prints a va_start expression.
 643  *
 644  * @param expression   the va_start expression
 645  */
 646 static void print_va_start(const va_start_expression_t *const expression)
 647 {
 648         fputs("__builtin_va_start(", out);
 649         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 650         fputs(", ", out);
 651         fputs(expression->parameter->base.base.symbol->string, out);
 652         fputc(')', out);
 653 }
 654
 655 /**
 656  * Prints a va_arg expression.
 657  *
 658  * @param expression   the va_arg expression
 659  */
 660 static void print_va_arg(const va_arg_expression_t *expression)
 661 {
 662         fputs("__builtin_va_arg(", out);
 663         print_expression_prec(expression->ap, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 664         fputs(", ", out);
 665         print_type(expression->base.type);
 666         fputc(')', out);
 667 }
 668
 669 /**
 670  * Prints a select expression (. or ->).
 671  *
 672  * @param expression   the select expression
 673  */
 674 static void print_select(const select_expression_t *expression)
 675 {
 676         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 677         print_expression_prec(expression->compound, prec);
 678         if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(expression->compound->base.type))) {
 679                 fputs("->", out);
 680         } else {
 681                 fputc('.', out);
 682         }
 683         fputs(expression->compound_entry->base.symbol->string, out);
 684 }
 685
 686 /**
 687  * Prints a type classify expression.
 688  *
 689  * @param expr   the type classify expression
 690  */
 691 static void print_classify_type_expression(
 692         const classify_type_expression_t *const expr)
 693 {
 694         fputs("__builtin_classify_type(", out);
 695         print_expression_prec(expr->type_expression, PREC_ASSIGNMENT);
 696         fputc(')', out);
 697 }
 698
 699 /**
 700  * Prints a designator.
 701  *
 702  * @param designator  the designator
 703  */
 704 static void print_designator(const designator_t *designator)
 705 {
 706         for ( ; designator != NULL; designator = designator->next) {
 707                 if (designator->symbol == NULL) {
 708                         fputc('[', out);
 709                         print_expression(designator->array_index);
 710                         fputc(']', out);
 711                 } else {
 712                         fputc('.', out);
 713                         fputs(designator->symbol->string, out);
 714                 }
 715         }
 716 }
 717
 718 /**
 719  * Prints an offsetof expression.
 720  *
 721  * @param expression   the offset expression
 722  */
 723 static void print_offsetof_expression(const offsetof_expression_t *expression)
 724 {
 725         fputs("__builtin_offsetof", out);
 726         fputc('(', out);
 727         print_type(expression->type);
 728         fputc(',', out);
 729         print_designator(expression->designator);
 730         fputc(')', out);
 731 }
 732
 733 /**
 734  * Prints a statement expression.
 735  *
 736  * @param expression   the statement expression
 737  */
 738 static void print_statement_expression(const statement_expression_t *expression)
 739 {
 740         fputc('(', out);
 741         print_statement(expression->statement);
 742         fputc(')', out);
 743 }
 744
 745 /**
 746  * Prints an expression with parenthesis if needed.
 747  *
 748  * @param expression  the expression to print
 749  * @param top_prec    the precedence of the user of this expression.
 750  */
 751 static void print_expression_prec(const expression_t *expression, unsigned top_prec)
 752 {
 753         if (expression->kind == EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT && !print_implicit_casts) {
 754                 expression = expression->unary.value;
 755         }
 756         unsigned prec = get_expression_precedence(expression->base.kind);
 757         if (print_parenthesis && top_prec != PREC_BOTTOM)
 758                 top_prec = PREC_TOP;
 759         if (top_prec > prec)
 760                 fputc('(', out);
 761         switch (expression->kind) {
 762         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
 763         case EXPR_INVALID:
 764                 fputs("$invalid expression$", out);
 765                 break;
 766         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 767                 print_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 768                 break;
 769         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
 770                 print_wide_character_constant(&expression->conste);
 771                 break;
 772         case EXPR_CONST:
 773                 print_const(&expression->conste);
 774                 break;
 775         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
 776                 print_funcname(&expression->funcname);
 777                 break;
 778         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
 779                 print_string_literal(&expression->string);
 780                 break;
 781         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
 782                 print_wide_string_literal(&expression->wide_string);
 783                 break;
 784         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
 785                 print_compound_literal(&expression->compound_literal);
 786                 break;
 787         case EXPR_CALL:
 788                 print_call_expression(&expression->call);
 789                 break;
 790         EXPR_BINARY_CASES
 791                 print_binary_expression(&expression->binary);
 792                 break;
 793         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
 794         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
 795                 print_reference_expression(&expression->reference);
 796                 break;
 797         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
 798                 print_array_expression(&expression->array_access);
 799                 break;
 800         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
 801                 print_label_address_expression(&expression->label_address);
 802                 break;
 803         EXPR_UNARY_CASES
 804                 print_unary_expression(&expression->unary);
 805                 break;
 806         case EXPR_SIZEOF:
 807         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
 808                 print_typeprop_expression(&expression->typeprop);
 809                 break;
 810         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
 811                 print_builtin_symbol(&expression->builtin_symbol);
 812                 break;
 813         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
 814                 print_builtin_constant(&expression->builtin_constant);
 815                 break;
 816         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
 817                 print_builtin_prefetch(&expression->builtin_prefetch);
 818                 break;
 819         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL:
 820                 print_conditional(&expression->conditional);
 821                 break;
 822         case EXPR_VA_START:
 823                 print_va_start(&expression->va_starte);
 824                 break;
 825         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
 826                 print_va_arg(&expression->va_arge);
 827                 break;
 828         case EXPR_SELECT:
 829                 print_select(&expression->select);
 830                 break;
 831         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
 832                 print_classify_type_expression(&expression->classify_type);
 833                 break;
 834         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
 835                 print_offsetof_expression(&expression->offsetofe);
 836                 break;
 837         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
 838                 print_statement_expression(&expression->statement);
 839                 break;
 840
 841         default:
 842                 /* TODO */
 843                 fprintf(out, "some expression of type %d", (int)expression->kind);
 844                 break;
 845         }
 846         if (top_prec > prec)
 847                 fputc(')', out);
 848 }
 849
 850 /**
 851  * Print an compound statement.
 852  *
 853  * @param block  the compound statement
 854  */
 855 static void print_compound_statement(const compound_statement_t *block)
 856 {
 857         fputs("{\n", out);
 858         ++indent;
 859
 860         statement_t *statement = block->statements;
 861         while (statement != NULL) {
 862                 if (statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL)
 863                         --indent;
 864                 if (statement->kind != STATEMENT_LABEL)
 865                         print_indent();
 866                 print_statement(statement);
 867
 868                 statement = statement->base.next;
 869         }
 870         --indent;
 871         print_indent();
 872         fputs("}\n", out);
 873 }
 874
 875 /**
 876  * Print a return statement.
 877  *
 878  * @param statement  the return statement
 879  */
 880 static void print_return_statement(const return_statement_t *statement)
 881 {
 882         fputs("return ", out);
 883         if (statement->value != NULL)
 884                 print_expression(statement->value);
 885         fputs(";\n", out);
 886 }
 887
 888 /**
 889  * Print an expression statement.
 890  *
 891  * @param statement  the expression statement
 892  */
 893 static void print_expression_statement(const expression_statement_t *statement)
 894 {
 895         print_expression(statement->expression);
 896         fputs(";\n", out);
 897 }
 898
 899 /**
 900  * Print a goto statement.
 901  *
 902  * @param statement  the goto statement
 903  */
 904 static void print_goto_statement(const goto_statement_t *statement)
 905 {
 906         fputs("goto ", out);
 907         if (statement->expression != NULL) {
 908                 fputc('*', out);
 909                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 910         } else {
 911                 fputs(statement->label->base.symbol->string, out);
 912         }
 913         fputs(";\n", out);
 914 }
 915
 916 /**
 917  * Print a label statement.
 918  *
 919  * @param statement  the label statement
 920  */
 921 static void print_label_statement(const label_statement_t *statement)
 922 {
 923         fprintf(out, "%s:\n", statement->label->base.symbol->string);
 924         print_indent();
 925         print_statement(statement->statement);
 926 }
 927
 928 /**
 929  * Print an if statement.
 930  *
 931  * @param statement  the if statement
 932  */
 933 static void print_if_statement(const if_statement_t *statement)
 934 {
 935         fputs("if (", out);
 936         print_expression(statement->condition);
 937         fputs(") ", out);
 938         print_statement(statement->true_statement);
 939
 940         if (statement->false_statement != NULL) {
 941                 print_indent();
 942                 fputs("else ", out);
 943                 print_statement(statement->false_statement);
 944         }
 945 }
 946
 947 /**
 948  * Print a switch statement.
 949  *
 950  * @param statement  the switch statement
 951  */
 952 static void print_switch_statement(const switch_statement_t *statement)
 953 {
 954         fputs("switch (", out);
 955         print_expression(statement->expression);
 956         fputs(") ", out);
 957         print_statement(statement->body);
 958 }
 959
 960 /**
 961  * Print a case label (including the default label).
 962  *
 963  * @param statement  the case label statement
 964  */
 965 static void print_case_label(const case_label_statement_t *statement)
 966 {
 967         if (statement->expression == NULL) {
 968                 fputs("default:\n", out);
 969         } else {
 970                 fputs("case ", out);
 971                 print_expression(statement->expression);
 972                 if (statement->end_range != NULL) {
 973                         fputs(" ... ", out);
 974                         print_expression(statement->end_range);
 975                 }
 976                 fputs(":\n", out);
 977         }
 978         ++indent;
 979         if (statement->statement != NULL) {
 980                 if (statement->statement->base.kind == STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL) {
 981                         --indent;
 982                 }
 983                 print_indent();
 984                 print_statement(statement->statement);
 985         }
 986 }
 987
 988 static void print_local_label(const local_label_statement_t *statement)
 989 {
 990         fputs("__label__ ", out);
 991
 992         bool      first  = true;
 993         entity_t *entity = statement->labels_begin;
 994         for (;
 995                 entity != statement->labels_end->base.next;
 996                 entity = entity->base.next) {
 997                 if (!first) {
 998                         fputs(", ", out);
 999                 } else {
1000                         first = false;
1001                 }
1002                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1003         }
1004         fputs(";\n", out);
1005 }
1006
1007 static void print_typedef(const entity_t *entity)
1008 {
1009         fputs("typedef ", out);
1010         print_type_ext(entity->typedefe.type, entity->base.symbol, NULL);
1011         fputc(';', out);
1012 }
1013
1014 /**
1015  * returns true if the entity is a compiler generated one and has no real
1016  * correspondenc in the source file
1017  */
1018 static bool is_generated_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1019 {
1020         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1021                 return entity->typedefe.builtin;
1022
1023         if (is_declaration(entity))
1024                 return entity->declaration.implicit;
1025
1026         return false;
1027 }
1028
1029 /**
1030  * Print a declaration statement.
1031  *
1032  * @param statement   the statement
1033  */
1034 static void print_declaration_statement(
1035                 const declaration_statement_t *statement)
1036 {
1037         bool first = true;
1038         entity_t *entity = statement->declarations_begin;
1039         if (entity == NULL) {
1040                 fputs("/* empty declaration statement */\n", out);
1041                 return;
1042         }
1043
1044         entity_t *const end = statement->declarations_end->base.next;
1045         for (; entity != end; entity = entity->base.next) {
1046                 if (!is_declaration(entity) && entity->kind != ENTITY_TYPEDEF)
1047                         continue;
1048                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1049                         continue;
1050
1051                 if (!first) {
1052                         print_indent();
1053                 } else {
1054                         first = false;
1055                 }
1056
1057                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_TYPEDEF) {
1058                         print_typedef(entity);
1059                 } else {
1060                         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1061                         print_declaration(entity);
1062                 }
1063
1064                 fputc('\n', out);
1065         }
1066 }
1067
1068 /**
1069  * Print a while statement.
1070  *
1071  * @param statement   the statement
1072  */
1073 static void print_while_statement(const while_statement_t *statement)
1074 {
1075         fputs("while (", out);
1076         print_expression(statement->condition);
1077         fputs(") ", out);
1078         print_statement(statement->body);
1079 }
1080
1081 /**
1082  * Print a do-while statement.
1083  *
1084  * @param statement   the statement
1085  */
1086 static void print_do_while_statement(const do_while_statement_t *statement)
1087 {
1088         fputs("do ", out);
1089         print_statement(statement->body);
1090         print_indent();
1091         fputs("while (", out);
1092         print_expression(statement->condition);
1093         fputs(");\n", out);
1094 }
1095
1096 /**
1097  * Print a for statement.
1098  *
1099  * @param statement   the statement
1100  */
1101 static void print_for_statement(const for_statement_t *statement)
1102 {
1103         fputs("for (", out);
1104         entity_t *entity = statement->scope.entities;
1105         while (entity != NULL && is_generated_entity(entity))
1106                 entity = entity->base.next;
1107
1108         if (entity != NULL) {
1109                 assert(statement->initialisation == NULL);
1110                 assert(is_declaration(entity));
1111                 print_declaration(entity);
1112                 if (entity->base.next != NULL) {
1113                         panic("multiple declarations in for statement not supported yet");
1114                 }
1115                 fputc(' ', out);
1116         } else {
1117                 if (statement->initialisation) {
1118                         print_expression(statement->initialisation);
1119                 }
1120                 fputs("; ", out);
1121         }
1122         if (statement->condition != NULL) {
1123                 print_expression(statement->condition);
1124         }
1125         fputs("; ", out);
1126         if (statement->step != NULL) {
1127                 print_expression(statement->step);
1128         }
1129         fputs(") ", out);
1130         print_statement(statement->body);
1131 }
1132
1133 /**
1134  * Print assembler arguments.
1135  *
1136  * @param arguments   the arguments
1137  */
1138 static void print_asm_arguments(asm_argument_t *arguments)
1139 {
1140         asm_argument_t *argument = arguments;
1141         for (; argument != NULL; argument = argument->next) {
1142                 if (argument != arguments)
1143                         fputs(", ", out);
1144
1145                 if (argument->symbol) {
1146                         fprintf(out, "[%s] ", argument->symbol->string);
1147                 }
1148                 print_quoted_string(&argument->constraints, '"', 1);
1149                 fputs(" (", out);
1150                 print_expression(argument->expression);
1151                 fputc(')', out);
1152         }
1153 }
1154
1155 /**
1156  * Print assembler clobbers.
1157  *
1158  * @param clobbers   the clobbers
1159  */
1160 static void print_asm_clobbers(asm_clobber_t *clobbers)
1161 {
1162         asm_clobber_t *clobber = clobbers;
1163         for (; clobber != NULL; clobber = clobber->next) {
1164                 if (clobber != clobbers)
1165                         fputs(", ", out);
1166
1167                 print_quoted_string(&clobber->clobber, '"', 1);
1168         }
1169 }
1170
1171 /**
1172  * Print an assembler statement.
1173  *
1174  * @param statement   the statement
1175  */
1176 static void print_asm_statement(const asm_statement_t *statement)
1177 {
1178         fputs("asm ", out);
1179         if (statement->is_volatile) {
1180                 fputs("volatile ", out);
1181         }
1182         fputc('(', out);
1183         print_quoted_string(&statement->asm_text, '"', 1);
1184         if (statement->outputs  == NULL &&
1185             statement->inputs   == NULL &&
1186             statement->clobbers == NULL)
1187                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1188
1189         fputs(" : ", out);
1190         print_asm_arguments(statement->outputs);
1191         if (statement->inputs == NULL && statement->clobbers == NULL)
1192                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1193
1194         fputs(" : ", out);
1195         print_asm_arguments(statement->inputs);
1196         if (statement->clobbers == NULL)
1197                 goto end_of_print_asm_statement;
1198
1199         fputs(" : ", out);
1200         print_asm_clobbers(statement->clobbers);
1201
1202 end_of_print_asm_statement:
1203         fputs(");\n", out);
1204 }
1205
1206 /**
1207  * Print a microsoft __try statement.
1208  *
1209  * @param statement   the statement
1210  */
1211 static void print_ms_try_statement(const ms_try_statement_t *statement)
1212 {
1213         fputs("__try ", out);
1214         print_statement(statement->try_statement);
1215         print_indent();
1216         if (statement->except_expression != NULL) {
1217                 fputs("__except(", out);
1218                 print_expression(statement->except_expression);
1219                 fputs(") ", out);
1220         } else {
1221                 fputs("__finally ", out);
1222         }
1223         print_statement(statement->final_statement);
1224 }
1225
1226 /**
1227  * Print a microsoft __leave statement.
1228  *
1229  * @param statement   the statement
1230  */
1231 static void print_leave_statement(const leave_statement_t *statement)
1232 {
1233         (void)statement;
1234         fputs("__leave;\n", out);
1235 }
1236
1237 /**
1238  * Print a statement.
1239  *
1240  * @param statement   the statement
1241  */
1242 void print_statement(const statement_t *statement)
1243 {
1244         switch (statement->kind) {
1245         case STATEMENT_EMPTY:
1246                 fputs(";\n", out);
1247                 break;
1248         case STATEMENT_COMPOUND:
1249                 print_compound_statement(&statement->compound);
1250                 break;
1251         case STATEMENT_RETURN:
1252                 print_return_statement(&statement->returns);
1253                 break;
1254         case STATEMENT_EXPRESSION:
1255                 print_expression_statement(&statement->expression);
1256                 break;
1257         case STATEMENT_LABEL:
1258                 print_label_statement(&statement->label);
1259                 break;
1260         case STATEMENT_LOCAL_LABEL:
1261                 print_local_label(&statement->local_label);
1262                 break;
1263         case STATEMENT_GOTO:
1264                 print_goto_statement(&statement->gotos);
1265                 break;
1266         case STATEMENT_CONTINUE:
1267                 fputs("continue;\n", out);
1268                 break;
1269         case STATEMENT_BREAK:
1270                 fputs("break;\n", out);
1271                 break;
1272         case STATEMENT_IF:
1273                 print_if_statement(&statement->ifs);
1274                 break;
1275         case STATEMENT_SWITCH:
1276                 print_switch_statement(&statement->switchs);
1277                 break;
1278         case STATEMENT_CASE_LABEL:
1279                 print_case_label(&statement->case_label);
1280                 break;
1281         case STATEMENT_DECLARATION:
1282                 print_declaration_statement(&statement->declaration);
1283                 break;
1284         case STATEMENT_WHILE:
1285                 print_while_statement(&statement->whiles);
1286                 break;
1287         case STATEMENT_DO_WHILE:
1288                 print_do_while_statement(&statement->do_while);
1289                 break;
1290         case STATEMENT_FOR:
1291                 print_for_statement(&statement->fors);
1292                 break;
1293         case STATEMENT_ASM:
1294                 print_asm_statement(&statement->asms);
1295                 break;
1296         case STATEMENT_MS_TRY:
1297                 print_ms_try_statement(&statement->ms_try);
1298                 break;
1299         case STATEMENT_LEAVE:
1300                 print_leave_statement(&statement->leave);
1301                 break;
1302         case STATEMENT_INVALID:
1303                 fputs("$invalid statement$\n", out);
1304                 break;
1305         }
1306 }
1307
1308 /**
1309  * Print a storage class.
1310  *
1311  * @param storage_class   the storage class
1312  */
1313 static void print_storage_class(storage_class_tag_t storage_class)
1314 {
1315         const char *text;
1316         switch (storage_class) {
1317         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:     return;
1318         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:  text = "typedef ";  break;
1319         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:   text = "extern ";   break;
1320         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:   text = "static ";   break;
1321         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:     text = "auto ";     break;
1322         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER: text = "register "; break;
1323         }
1324         fputs(text, out);
1325 }
1326
1327 /**
1328  * Print an initializer.
1329  *
1330  * @param initializer  the initializer
1331  */
1332 void print_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1333 {
1334         if (initializer == NULL) {
1335                 fputs("{}", out);
1336                 return;
1337         }
1338
1339         switch (initializer->kind) {
1340         case INITIALIZER_VALUE: {
1341                 const initializer_value_t *value = &initializer->value;
1342                 print_expression(value->value);
1343                 return;
1344         }
1345         case INITIALIZER_LIST: {
1346                 assert(initializer->kind == INITIALIZER_LIST);
1347                 fputs("{ ", out);
1348                 const initializer_list_t *list = &initializer->list;
1349
1350                 for (size_t i = 0 ; i < list->len; ++i) {
1351                         const initializer_t *sub_init = list->initializers[i];
1352                         print_initializer(list->initializers[i]);
1353                         if (i < list->len-1) {
1354                                 if (sub_init == NULL || sub_init->kind != INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR)
1355                                         fputs(", ", out);
1356                         }
1357                 }
1358                 fputs(" }", out);
1359                 return;
1360         }
1361         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1362                 print_quoted_string(&initializer->string.string, '"', 1);
1363                 return;
1364         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1365                 print_quoted_wide_string(&initializer->wide_string.string, '"', 1);
1366                 return;
1367         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1368                 print_designator(initializer->designator.designator);
1369                 fputs(" = ", out);
1370                 return;
1371         }
1372
1373         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1374 }
1375
1376 /**
1377  * Print microsoft extended declaration modifiers.
1378  */
1379 static void print_ms_modifiers(const declaration_t *declaration)
1380 {
1381         if ((c_mode & _MS) == 0)
1382                 return;
1383
1384         decl_modifiers_t modifiers = declaration->modifiers;
1385
1386         bool        ds_shown = false;
1387         const char *next     = "(";
1388
1389         if (declaration->base.kind == ENTITY_VARIABLE) {
1390                 variable_t *variable = (variable_t*)declaration;
1391                 if (variable->alignment != 0
1392                                 || variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1393                                 || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1394                         if (!ds_shown) {
1395                                 fputs("__declspec", out);
1396                                 ds_shown = true;
1397                         }
1398
1399                         if (variable->alignment != 0) {
1400                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fprintf(out, "align(%u)", variable->alignment);
1401                         }
1402                         if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL
1403                                         || variable->put_property_sym != NULL) {
1404                                 char *comma = "";
1405                                 fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("property(", out);
1406                                 if (variable->get_property_sym != NULL) {
1407                                         fprintf(out, "get=%s", variable->get_property_sym->string);
1408                                         comma = ", ";
1409                                 }
1410                                 if (variable->put_property_sym != NULL)
1411                                         fprintf(out, "%sput=%s", comma, variable->put_property_sym->string);
1412                                 fputc(')', out);
1413                         }
1414                 }
1415         }
1416
1417         /* DM_FORCEINLINE handled outside. */
1418         if ((modifiers & ~DM_FORCEINLINE) != 0) {
1419                 if (!ds_shown) {
1420                         fputs("__declspec", out);
1421                         ds_shown = true;
1422                 }
1423                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLIMPORT) {
1424                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllimport", out);
1425                 }
1426                 if (modifiers & DM_DLLEXPORT) {
1427                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("dllexport", out);
1428                 }
1429                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1430                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1431                 }
1432                 if (modifiers & DM_NAKED) {
1433                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("naked", out);
1434                 }
1435                 if (modifiers & DM_THREAD) {
1436                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("thread", out);
1437                 }
1438                 if (modifiers & DM_SELECTANY) {
1439                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("selectany", out);
1440                 }
1441                 if (modifiers & DM_NOTHROW) {
1442                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("nothrow", out);
1443                 }
1444                 if (modifiers & DM_NORETURN) {
1445                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noreturn", out);
1446                 }
1447                 if (modifiers & DM_NOINLINE) {
1448                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noinline", out);
1449                 }
1450                 if (modifiers & DM_DEPRECATED) {
1451                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("deprecated", out);
1452                         if (declaration->deprecated_string != NULL)
1453                                 fprintf(out, "(\"%s\")",
1454                                         declaration->deprecated_string);
1455                 }
1456                 if (modifiers & DM_RESTRICT) {
1457                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("restrict", out);
1458                 }
1459                 if (modifiers & DM_NOALIAS) {
1460                         fputs(next, out); next = ", "; fputs("noalias", out);
1461                 }
1462         }
1463
1464         if (ds_shown)
1465                 fputs(") ", out);
1466 }
1467
1468 static void print_scope(const scope_t *scope)
1469 {
1470         const entity_t *entity = scope->entities;
1471         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1472                 print_indent();
1473                 print_entity(entity);
1474                 fputs("\n", out);
1475         }
1476 }
1477
1478 static void print_namespace(const namespace_t *namespace)
1479 {
1480         fputs("namespace ", out);
1481         if (namespace->base.symbol != NULL) {
1482                 fputs(namespace->base.symbol->string, out);
1483                 fputc(' ', out);
1484         }
1485
1486         fputs("{\n", out);
1487         ++indent;
1488
1489         print_scope(&namespace->members);
1490
1491         --indent;
1492         print_indent();
1493         fputs("}\n", out);
1494 }
1495
1496 /**
1497  * Print a variable or function declaration
1498  */
1499 void print_declaration(const entity_t *entity)
1500 {
1501         assert(is_declaration(entity));
1502         const declaration_t *declaration = &entity->declaration;
1503
1504         print_storage_class((storage_class_tag_t)declaration->declared_storage_class);
1505         if (entity->kind == ENTITY_FUNCTION) {
1506                 function_t *function = (function_t*)declaration;
1507                 if (function->is_inline) {
1508                         if (declaration->modifiers & DM_FORCEINLINE) {
1509                                 fputs("__forceinline ", out);
1510                         } else if (declaration->modifiers & DM_MICROSOFT_INLINE) {
1511                                 fputs("__inline ", out);
1512                         } else {
1513                                 fputs("inline ", out);
1514                         }
1515                 }
1516         }
1517         print_ms_modifiers(declaration);
1518         switch (entity->kind) {
1519                 case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1520                         print_type_ext(entity->declaration.type, entity->base.symbol,
1521                                         &entity->function.parameters);
1522
1523                         if (entity->function.statement != NULL) {
1524                                 fputc('\n', out);
1525                                 print_indent();
1526                                 print_statement(entity->function.statement);
1527                                 return;
1528                         }
1529                         break;
1530
1531                 case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1532                         if (entity->variable.thread_local)
1533                                 fputs("__thread ", out);
1534                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1535                         if (entity->variable.initializer != NULL) {
1536                                 fputs(" = ", out);
1537                                 print_initializer(entity->variable.initializer);
1538                         }
1539                         break;
1540
1541                 default:
1542                         print_type_ext(declaration->type, declaration->base.symbol, NULL);
1543                         break;
1544         }
1545         fputc(';', out);
1546 }
1547
1548 /**
1549  * Prints an expression.
1550  *
1551  * @param expression  the expression
1552  */
1553 void print_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1554 {
1555         print_expression_prec(expression, PREC_BOTTOM);
1556 }
1557
1558 /**
1559  * Print a declaration.
1560  *
1561  * @param declaration  the declaration
1562  */
1563 void print_entity(const entity_t *entity)
1564 {
1565         if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1566                 return;
1567
1568         switch ((entity_kind_tag_t)entity->kind) {
1569         case ENTITY_VARIABLE:
1570         case ENTITY_PARAMETER:
1571         case ENTITY_COMPOUND_MEMBER:
1572                 print_declaration(entity);
1573                 return;
1574         case ENTITY_FUNCTION:
1575                 print_declaration(entity);
1576                 return;
1577         case ENTITY_TYPEDEF:
1578                 print_typedef(entity);
1579                 return;
1580         case ENTITY_STRUCT:
1581                 fputs("struct ", out);
1582                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1583                 if (entity->structe.complete) {
1584                         fputc(' ', out);
1585                         print_compound_definition(&entity->structe);
1586                 }
1587                 fputc(';', out);
1588                 return;
1589         case ENTITY_UNION:
1590                 fputs("union ", out);
1591                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1592                 if (entity->unione.complete) {
1593                         fputc(' ', out);
1594                         print_compound_definition(&entity->unione);
1595                 }
1596                 fputc(';', out);
1597                 return;
1598         case ENTITY_ENUM:
1599                 fputs("enum ", out);
1600                 fputs(entity->base.symbol->string, out);
1601                 fputc(' ', out);
1602                 print_enum_definition(&entity->enume);
1603                 fputc(';', out);
1604                 return;
1605         case ENTITY_NAMESPACE:
1606                 print_namespace(&entity->namespacee);
1607                 return;
1608         case ENTITY_LABEL:
1609         case ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE:
1610         case ENTITY_LOCAL_LABEL:
1611                 panic("print_entity used on unexpected entity type");
1612         case ENTITY_INVALID:
1613                 break;
1614         }
1615         panic("Invalid entity type encountered");
1616 }
1617
1618 /**
1619  * Print the AST of a translation unit.
1620  *
1621  * @param unit   the translation unit
1622  */
1623 void print_ast(const translation_unit_t *unit)
1624 {
1625         inc_type_visited();
1626
1627         entity_t *entity = unit->scope.entities;
1628         for ( ; entity != NULL; entity = entity->base.next) {
1629                 if (entity->kind == ENTITY_ENUM_VALUE)
1630                         continue;
1631                 if (entity->base.namespc != NAMESPACE_NORMAL
1632                                 && entity->base.symbol == NULL)
1633                         continue;
1634                 if (is_generated_entity(entity))
1635                         continue;
1636
1637                 print_indent();
1638                 print_entity(entity);
1639                 fputc('\n', out);
1640         }
1641 }
1642
1643 bool is_constant_initializer(const initializer_t *initializer)
1644 {
1645         switch (initializer->kind) {
1646         case INITIALIZER_STRING:
1647         case INITIALIZER_WIDE_STRING:
1648         case INITIALIZER_DESIGNATOR:
1649                 return true;
1650
1651         case INITIALIZER_VALUE:
1652                 return is_constant_expression(initializer->value.value);
1653
1654         case INITIALIZER_LIST:
1655                 for (size_t i = 0; i < initializer->list.len; ++i) {
1656                         initializer_t *sub_initializer = initializer->list.initializers[i];
1657                         if (!is_constant_initializer(sub_initializer))
1658                                 return false;
1659                 }
1660                 return true;
1661         }
1662         panic("invalid initializer kind found");
1663 }
1664
1665 static bool is_object_with_linker_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1666 {
1667         switch (expression->kind) {
1668         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1669                 return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1670
1671         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1672                 type_t *base_type = skip_typeref(expression->select.compound->base.type);
1673                 if (is_type_pointer(base_type)) {
1674                         /* it's a -> */
1675                         return is_address_constant(expression->select.compound);
1676                 } else {
1677                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->select.compound);
1678                 }
1679         }
1680
1681         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1682                 return is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index)
1683                         && is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1684
1685         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1686                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1687                 if (is_declaration(entity)) {
1688                         switch ((storage_class_tag_t)entity->declaration.storage_class) {
1689                         case STORAGE_CLASS_NONE:
1690                         case STORAGE_CLASS_EXTERN:
1691                         case STORAGE_CLASS_STATIC:
1692                                 return
1693                                         entity->kind != ENTITY_VARIABLE ||
1694                                         !entity->variable.thread_local;
1695
1696                         case STORAGE_CLASS_REGISTER:
1697                         case STORAGE_CLASS_TYPEDEF:
1698                         case STORAGE_CLASS_AUTO:
1699                                 break;
1700                         }
1701                 }
1702                 return false;
1703         }
1704
1705         default:
1706                 return false;
1707         }
1708 }
1709
1710 bool is_address_constant(const expression_t *expression)
1711 {
1712         switch (expression->kind) {
1713         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1714                 return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1715
1716         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE: {
1717                 type_t *real_type
1718                         = revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression->unary.value);
1719                 /* dereferencing a function is a NOP */
1720                 if (is_type_function(real_type)) {
1721                         return is_address_constant(expression->unary.value);
1722                 }
1723                 /* FALLTHROUGH */
1724         }
1725
1726         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST: {
1727                 type_t *dest = skip_typeref(expression->base.type);
1728                 if (!is_type_pointer(dest) && (
1729                         dest->kind != TYPE_ATOMIC                                               ||
1730                         !(get_atomic_type_flags(dest->atomic.akind) & ATOMIC_TYPE_FLAG_INTEGER) ||
1731                         get_atomic_type_size(dest->atomic.akind) < get_atomic_type_size(get_intptr_kind())
1732                     ))
1733                         return false;
1734
1735                 return (is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value)
1736                         || is_address_constant(expression->unary.value));
1737         }
1738
1739         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1740         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB: {
1741                 expression_t *left  = expression->binary.left;
1742                 expression_t *right = expression->binary.right;
1743
1744                 if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(left->base.type))) {
1745                         return is_address_constant(left) && is_constant_expression(right);
1746                 } else if (is_type_pointer(skip_typeref(right->base.type))) {
1747                         return is_constant_expression(left)     && is_address_constant(right);
1748                 }
1749
1750                 return false;
1751         }
1752
1753         case EXPR_REFERENCE: {
1754                 entity_t *entity = expression->reference.entity;
1755                 if (!is_declaration(entity))
1756                         return false;
1757
1758                 type_t *type = skip_typeref(entity->declaration.type);
1759                 if (is_type_function(type))
1760                         return true;
1761                 if (is_type_array(type)) {
1762                         return is_object_with_linker_constant_address(expression);
1763                 }
1764                 /* Prevent stray errors */
1765                 if (!is_type_valid(type))
1766                         return true;
1767                 return false;
1768         }
1769
1770         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1771                 type_t *const type =
1772                         skip_typeref(revert_automatic_type_conversion(expression));
1773                 return
1774                         is_type_array(type)                                    &&
1775                         is_constant_expression(expression->array_access.index) &&
1776                         is_address_constant(expression->array_access.array_ref);
1777         }
1778
1779         default:
1780                 return false;
1781         }
1782 }
1783
1784 static bool is_builtin_const_call(const expression_t *expression)
1785 {
1786         expression_t *function = expression->call.function;
1787         if (function->kind != EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL) {
1788                 return false;
1789         }
1790
1791         symbol_t *symbol = function->builtin_symbol.symbol;
1792
1793         switch (symbol->ID) {
1794         case T___builtin_huge_val:
1795         case T___builtin_inf:
1796         case T___builtin_inff:
1797         case T___builtin_infl:
1798         case T___builtin_nan:
1799         case T___builtin_nanf:
1800         case T___builtin_nanl:
1801                 return true;
1802         }
1803
1804         return false;
1805 }
1806
1807 static bool is_constant_pointer(const expression_t *expression)
1808 {
1809         if (is_constant_expression(expression))
1810                 return true;
1811
1812         switch (expression->kind) {
1813         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1814                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1815         default:
1816                 return false;
1817         }
1818 }
1819
1820 static bool is_object_with_constant_address(const expression_t *expression)
1821 {
1822         switch (expression->kind) {
1823         case EXPR_SELECT: {
1824                 expression_t *compound      = expression->select.compound;
1825                 type_t       *compound_type = compound->base.type;
1826                 compound_type = skip_typeref(compound_type);
1827                 if (is_type_pointer(compound_type)) {
1828                         return is_constant_pointer(compound);
1829                 } else {
1830                         return is_object_with_constant_address(compound);
1831                 }
1832         }
1833
1834         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS: {
1835                 array_access_expression_t const* const array_access =
1836                         &expression->array_access;
1837                 return
1838                         is_constant_expression(array_access->index) && (
1839                                 is_object_with_constant_address(array_access->array_ref) ||
1840                                 is_constant_pointer(array_access->array_ref)
1841                         );
1842         }
1843
1844         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1845                 return is_constant_pointer(expression->unary.value);
1846         default:
1847                 return false;
1848         }
1849 }
1850
1851 bool is_constant_expression(const expression_t *expression)
1852 {
1853         switch (expression->kind) {
1854
1855         case EXPR_CONST:
1856         case EXPR_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1857         case EXPR_WIDE_CHARACTER_CONSTANT:
1858         case EXPR_STRING_LITERAL:
1859         case EXPR_WIDE_STRING_LITERAL:
1860         case EXPR_CLASSIFY_TYPE:
1861         case EXPR_FUNCNAME:
1862         case EXPR_OFFSETOF:
1863         case EXPR_ALIGNOF:
1864         case EXPR_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P:
1865         case EXPR_LABEL_ADDRESS:
1866         case EXPR_REFERENCE_ENUM_VALUE:
1867                 return true;
1868
1869         case EXPR_SIZEOF: {
1870                 type_t *type = expression->typeprop.type;
1871                 if (type == NULL)
1872                         type = expression->typeprop.tp_expression->base.type;
1873
1874                 type = skip_typeref(type);
1875                 if (is_type_array(type) && type->array.is_vla)
1876                         return false;
1877                 return true;
1878         }
1879
1880         case EXPR_BUILTIN_SYMBOL:
1881         case EXPR_BUILTIN_PREFETCH:
1882         case EXPR_SELECT:
1883         case EXPR_VA_START:
1884         case EXPR_VA_ARG:
1885         case EXPR_STATEMENT:
1886         case EXPR_REFERENCE:
1887         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_INCREMENT:
1888         case EXPR_UNARY_POSTFIX_DECREMENT:
1889         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_INCREMENT:
1890         case EXPR_UNARY_PREFIX_DECREMENT:
1891         case EXPR_UNARY_ASSUME: /* has VOID type */
1892         case EXPR_UNARY_DEREFERENCE:
1893         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE:
1894         case EXPR_UNARY_DELETE_ARRAY:
1895         case EXPR_UNARY_THROW:
1896         case EXPR_BINARY_ASSIGN:
1897         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL_ASSIGN:
1898         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV_ASSIGN:
1899         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD_ASSIGN:
1900         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD_ASSIGN:
1901         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB_ASSIGN:
1902         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT_ASSIGN:
1903         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT_ASSIGN:
1904         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND_ASSIGN:
1905         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR_ASSIGN:
1906         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR_ASSIGN:
1907         case EXPR_BINARY_COMMA:
1908         case EXPR_ARRAY_ACCESS:
1909                 return false;
1910
1911         case EXPR_UNARY_TAKE_ADDRESS:
1912                 return is_object_with_constant_address(expression->unary.value);
1913
1914         case EXPR_CALL:
1915                 return is_builtin_const_call(expression);
1916
1917         case EXPR_UNARY_NEGATE:
1918         case EXPR_UNARY_PLUS:
1919         case EXPR_UNARY_BITWISE_NEGATE:
1920         case EXPR_UNARY_NOT:
1921                 return is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1922
1923         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST:
1924         case EXPR_UNARY_CAST_IMPLICIT:
1925                 return is_type_arithmetic(skip_typeref(expression->base.type))
1926                         && is_constant_expression(expression->unary.value);
1927
1928         case EXPR_BINARY_ADD:
1929         case EXPR_BINARY_SUB:
1930         case EXPR_BINARY_MUL:
1931         case EXPR_BINARY_DIV:
1932         case EXPR_BINARY_MOD:
1933         case EXPR_BINARY_EQUAL:
1934         case EXPR_BINARY_NOTEQUAL:
1935         case EXPR_BINARY_LESS:
1936         case EXPR_BINARY_LESSEQUAL:
1937         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATER:
1938         case EXPR_BINARY_GREATEREQUAL:
1939         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_AND:
1940         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_OR:
1941         case EXPR_BINARY_BITWISE_XOR:
1942         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_AND:
1943         case EXPR_BINARY_LOGICAL_OR:
1944         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTLEFT:
1945         case EXPR_BINARY_SHIFTRIGHT:
1946         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATER:
1947         case EXPR_BINARY_ISGREATEREQUAL:
1948         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESS:
1949         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSEQUAL:
1950         case EXPR_BINARY_ISLESSGREATER:
1951         case EXPR_BINARY_ISUNORDERED:
1952                 return is_constant_expression(expression->binary.left)
1953                         && is_constant_expression(expression->binary.right);
1954
1955         case EXPR_COMPOUND_LITERAL:
1956                 return is_constant_initializer(expression->compound_literal.initializer);
1957
1958         case EXPR_CONDITIONAL: {
1959                 expression_t *condition = expression->conditional.condition;
1960                 if (!is_constant_expression(condition))
1961                         return false;
1962
1963                 long val = fold_constant(condition);
1964                 if (val != 0)
1965                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.true_expression);
1966                 else
1967                         return is_constant_expression(expression->conditional.false_expression);
1968         }
1969
1970         case EXPR_INVALID:
1971                 return true;
1972
1973         case EXPR_UNKNOWN:
1974                 break;
1975         }
1976         panic("invalid expression found (is constant expression)");
1977 }
1978
1979 /**
1980  * Initialize the AST construction.
1981  */
1982 void init_ast(void)
1983 {
1984         obstack_init(&ast_obstack);
1985 }
1986
1987 /**
1988  * Free the AST.
1989  */
1990 void exit_ast(void)
1991 {
1992         obstack_free(&ast_obstack, NULL);
1993 }
1994
1995 /**
1996  * Set the output stream for the AST printer.
1997  *
1998  * @param stream  the output stream
1999  */
2000 void ast_set_output(FILE *stream)
2001 {
2002         out = stream;
2003         type_set_output(stream);
2004 }
2005
2006 /**
2007  * Allocate an AST object of the given size.
2008  *
2009  * @param size  the size of the object to allocate
2010  *
2011  * @return  A new allocated object in the AST memeory space.
2012  */
2013 void *(allocate_ast)(size_t size)
2014 {
2015         return _allocate_ast(size);
2016 }